Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Malédictions des ressources'
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Knierzinger, Johannes. "Le contrôle des multinationales sur les villes de bauxite en Guinée : comment descendre d'un lion." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010657.
Full textThis is a thesis on the social and political consequences of bauxite mining in Guinea . A few years before independance in October 1958, Guinea became part of a worldwide production network of mines, refineries, smelters and metal-working factories which where all controlled by a few interconnected companies. The thesis focuses on the political and social consequences of this inclusion into global commodity chain which results in cars, cans, airplanes, building and other things made out of aluminium. Beside the de facto foreign control over several bauxite towns, the three Guinean bauxite mines also provided also most governmental income since independance and had thereby a strong impact on the history of this country. In order to show these interconnections the thesis treats (1) the intrests of producer countries, receiver countries and international institutions (2) risk management and profit maximizing strategies (chain governance) of transnational companies and (3)the renogatiation and the effects of this global production network on the local level
Azizi, Jamal. "Gestion des ressources naturelles non renouvelables : Équilibre du marché, impacts socio-économiques et canaux potentiels de malédiction des ressources -Une application au Phosphate-." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM030/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to examine the sustainable management of non-renewable resources in general and phosphate rock in particular. The first chapter presents the current situation, future trends and geopolitical issues pertaining to the global phosphate market. The analysis shows a large deficit in world phosphate supply in the future, inciting producers with sufficient phosphate reserves to invest in new capacities. The second chapter develops a multi-leader-multi-follower Stackelberg model, calibrated using real data from the phosphate market. This model derives the optimal future capacities for different producers according to their reserve levels and their development costs. The results show that the market would become more concentrated in 2100, with Morocco being the dominante country wich already holding three quarters of the world's reserves. The third chapter presents and calculates the linkage effects generated by Morocco’s phosphates exploitation. Using the Input-Output model, the proposed empirical analysis compares the socio-economic impacts of extraction to those related to transformation or valorization. The results of this analysis show that phosphates transformation is more linked to the other sectors and generates higher socio-economic impacts in terms of added value, income and employement. The last chapter contributes to the literature on the natural resources curse by linking agricultural performance and urbanization to the abundance of resources. The empirical study, based on a panel of African countries, shows a significant link between the abundance of mineral resources, the underdevelopment of the agricultural sector and urban explosion
Mousavi, Seyed Mohammad Amir. "L’abondance (dépendance) des ressources naturelles influence-t-elle l’accumulation de capital humain ? Les Ressources Naturelles sont-elles une Malédiction pour l'Education et la Santé ?" Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ0016.
Full textAs illustrated by the “Human Development Index” published by the United Nations and used by the World Bank, a society’s progress is often judged not just by its income, but also its human capital outcomes in education and health. It is therefore not surprising that, just as a large number of studies have asked whether natural resource dependence or abundance harms or helps a society’s income, a growing number of papers have separately asked if they harm or help a society’s accumulation of human capital. To date, however, no one has surveyed this body of research. This is what we attempt to do in the dissertation. This new survey then is followed by several empirical analyses and conceptual models to check whether the abundance/dependence of natural resources hurt/help or does not affect the accumulation of human capital. While the literature typically focuses on a national-level analysis of the resource curse, chapter two of this dissertation investigates the impact on the human capital of the abundance of petroleum resources in 28 provinces of Iran from 2000 to 2014. It also contributes to the literature by distinguishing between upstream and downstream impacts i.e. whether the effects of the oil and gas industry on human capital are associated mostly with extraction (upstream) or refining and distribution (downstream) activities. Second, the approach of the dissertation inclined from macro to the microeconomic view in chapter three. Although a growing body of literature studies the HCIF’s (Human Capital-Intensive Firms) boundary and governance, few try to focus on these firms when the abundance of resources is involved in the economy. Similarly, in resource curse literature much has been said about the natural resource effects on human capital, however, fewer studies have been conducted for the immigration of the talented students in the resource abundance countries and the potential impacts this might have on human capital. This gap inspired me to study the effect of oil rent, brain drain, and good governance on human capital in a set of countries listed in the Natural Resource Governance Index (NRGI) Report. 3. Overall, all the empirical analysis of this dissertation significantly confirms the curse of natural resource abundance/dependence for the accumulation of human capital, measured by different indicators of health and education. For example, regarding the case of Iran, the empirical results show that apart from the global crowding effect of natural resources on human capital, the provinces involved in both downstream and upstream oil activities have significantly lower levels of human capital compared to both oil-free provinces and provinces involved only in downstream oil activities. This suggests a double resource curse. We also find the same negative effects for a cross-section of 81 NRGI countries by estimating a system of multiple linear regression models, by using ordinary least squares (OLS). Another interesting result of this dissertation was the negative impacts of brain drain on the accumulation of human capital. Contrary, we find that the determinants of good governance show a significant and positive impact on human capital accumulation, indicating the important role of good governance in resource-abundant countries to harness the curse of oil abundance. Finally, the positive and significant coefficient of interaction term -in chapter four- between natural resource governance and oil rent (as a proxy for resource dependence) implies that natural resource good governance is one key to avoid the negative effect of resources on the accumulation of human capital
Kangandio, José Watunda. "Les ressources du discours polémique dans La Malédiction, Les Etoiles écrasées et Le Doyen marri de Pius Ngandu Nkashama." Lyon 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO20088.
Full textThe analysis of the resources devoted to controversial speech (polemic discourse) is part of human communication. The study was apprehended in connection with the dynamism of discurvive practice in a rhetorical and enunciative perspective. Violent speech that justifies the esthétique of the corpus is based on historical and existential phenomena. The three novels paint a society that is both abnormal and anomic. Through conflictual language filled in by hyperboles, duplication, metaphors (especially red), ironies, vocabulary from the regional home to the author, and other strategies for appealing to emotion, writer arises in giving lesson to restore the (real) peace in his country and the dignity of his compatriots. At the unprecedented violence of the ‘political animal’, ie one that has social values collapse of a people, opposes another: didactic violence. It is both liberating and constructive. By presenting a grim picture of leaders who sow terror in their own people, and by describing the people excessively, violent speech carries out the perlocutoire function: it compels the virtual public to react in accordance with the author’s expectations
Mbangare, Mobe Milaiti. "La richesse pétrolière : une malédiction pour les pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest ? Une étude comparative." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18551.
Full textClootens, Nicolas. "Trois essais sur les Relations de Long Terme entre Croissance et Environnement." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE0505/document.
Full textHuman activities and the environment interact through multiple and complex relations. Can the natural environment be viewed as a limit to growth ? This thesis tries to develop answers to this crucial question.The first chapter shows that environmental degradations may constitute a brake on growth diminishing life expectancy, and thus savings. It also shows that environmental poverty traps may exist. However,public environmental policies may help countries to escape from such traps, and to reach a higher level of income per capita. In the second chapter, we suggest that the existence of polluting non-renewable resources necessary for production may hamper growth. However, we show that flow pollutions caused by the use of resources can’t be seen as a development brake. Then, following neoclassical works of the1970s, we confirm that exogenous technological progress and sufficient substitution possibilities mayal low to overcome difficulties linked to the exhaustibility of resources. Finally, the third chapter demonstrates that, in low-income economies, strong resource dependency dampens growth while abundanceis growth promoting. Dependence is the outcome of economic choices. Thus a diversification policy that consists on investing the rent in secondary and tertiary sectors may help reduce dependence. Finally, we suggest that the development of education, institutions, and financial markets may allow to decrease the probability to experience a resource curse
Dauvin, Magali. "Essais sur la dépendance des économies aux ressources naturelles." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100093.
Full textThe recent drop in commodity prices showed the high vulnerability implied by being too much dependent on revenues stemming from natural resources. In the first chapter, we look into the way financial markets assess the market risk of twenty-two emerging economies. More precisely, the purpose of this chapter is to investigate how natural resources are incorporated in the way international investors perceived the ability to service external debt obligationsduring the 2003-2014 period. The results indicate that commodity prices are an important driver of sovereign spreads in the case of exporters while it is not the case for importing countries. In the second chapter, we investigate the link between energy prices and the real effective exchange rate of commodity-exporting countries. Estimating a panel cointegration relation between the real effective exchange rate and its fundamentals, we provide evidence for the existence of both energy and commodity currencies and we show that when the oil market is highly volatile (downwards), currencies follow an "oil currency regime", terms-of trade becoming an important driver of the real exchange rate A conventional wisdom has spread in the literature stating that a high endowment in natural resources is detrimental for growth, yet the debate is still ongoing In this chapter, we aim at providing quantitative results on the magnitude of the link between natural resources and growth found in the literature, as well as discussing, on quantitative bases, whether the sources of heterogeneity are significant. To this end, we implement a meta-analysis based on 67 empirical studies that investigate the link between natural resources and growth, totaling 1405 estimates. The results show a "soft" curse that may be reverted together with the importance of institutions in mitigating the curse
Etemad, Alexandre. "Efficacité des fonds souverains pétroliers en tant qu'instruments de stabilité macroéconomique et fiscale." Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA01A069.
Full textSeghir, Majda. "Essays in oil and the economic development of resource rich countries." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST0047.
Full textIs natural wealth a guarantee of prosperity or is it a curse? How has petroleum shaped growth economic process in oil producing countries? To the extent that these questions have to be raise, the purpose of this thesis is to move towards a better understanding of the mechanisms that make oil becoming a curse as often as a blessing, in oil exporting countries. The empirical studies conducted in this thesis help answer three main questions: (i) What is the contribution of oil as energy (or an energy source) in the process of economic growth? (ii) What are the direct and indirect effects of dependence to oil revenues on economic growth? (iii) Is the oil curse a question of macroeconomic stability?Our contributions thus highlight the following results. (i) Abundant oil wealth and overconsumption observed in the vast majority of oil exporting countries contribute positively to the economic growth process. This result is, however, valid only in the short term. Indeed, in the long term, oil consumption appears to be a consequence of economic growth. (ii) Oil as a source of revenue impacts economic growth directly and indirectly through its effect on the amount and quality of public spending as well as on trade openness. Given these mechanisms, our results show that beyond a certain threshold of dependence on oil revenues, economic growth is constrained by the direct and indirect effects of oil revenues. However, these effects can be contained, first, by reducing dependence on oil revenues; then, by improving government effectiveness; and finally by increasing political stability. (iii) Oil revenues, due to their extreme instability may harm economic growth by inducing macroeconomic distortions. This instability results more precisely by an appreciation of the real exchange rate, a rise in public spending and inflation. The most dependent are countries, the most they are exposed to macroeconomic instability. Similarly, countries with an efficient and credible government are the one which suffer economic growth suffers the less from macroeconomic instability.Oil is, thus, a vantage for oil exporting countries but the adverse effects of such a natural resource on the economy must be mastered. One solution would, then, be to reduce the level of dependence of the economy on oil revenues to reduce the exposure to volatile oil prices and to reduce the risk of contagion to the economy. Another solution would be to improve the ability of governments to implement efficient economic policies
Henry, Alexandre. "Essays on Economic Development in Commodity-Dependent Economies." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0076.
Full textThis thesis belongs to the literature on natural resource dependence and brings a new perspective by focusing on the sub-Saharan African region. This dependence introduces numerous challenges for policy makers both in terms of fiscal and monetary policy. The main research question explored in this thesis is the following : to which extent sub- Saharan African governments can rely on fiscal and monetary policies to mitigate the adverse impacts of commodity dependence and trigger positive spillover and achieve sustainable growth? The second chapter of the thesis unfolds short-term versus long-term mechanisms of the resource curse by using a two-step analysis: an error-correction model is performed after co-integrating the explana- tory variables. Main findings highlight the crucial role of institutions. On the long run, the negative impact of the dependence is confirmed independently of the institution quality. However, countries with weak institutions are more vulnerable to the curse because the re- source dependence not only negatively impacts long-term growth but also adversely impacts the recovery process. Finally, in a strong in- stitutional environment, results points to a potential positive impact of natural resources during recovery process. In the third chapter, a panel vector auto-regressive model compares macro-economic interactions in the pegged CFA monetary union versus a comparable sample. Considering their export structure dominated by raw commodities, results suggests that the CFA zone members do not suffer from a loss of competitiveness from belonging to the monetary union. However, foreign direct investments fail to generate the same spillover effect in the CFA zone compared to non-CFA countries. The forth chapter provides insights on the optimal management of fiscal resources, especially during a windfall period. Growth elasticities of different government choices regarding revenue allocation is performed. Results show that in a con- text of limited access to capital, resource windfall are considered as a crucial opportunity to scale up investment. In fact, below a level of public capital stock (estimated around 750 USD per capita), public investment during a boom has a four-fold higher impact on growth than above the threshold. This scaling up is conditional on low levels of public debt: countries featuring unsustainable public debt levels should prioritize the restoration of stronger foreign reserves
Touazi, Mahdi. "Le boom pétrolier et le syndrome hollandais au Cameroun : symptômes et canaux de transmissions." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26808.
Full textNaderan, Elias. "Les facteurs de la mobilisation fiscale en Iran." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CLF10181.
Full textCantuarias-Villessuzanne, Carmen. "La mesure économique de la dépréciation du capital minier au Pérou." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00724852.
Full textCantuarias-Villessuzanne, Carmen Amalia. "La mesure économique de la dépréciation du capital minier au Pérou." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40009/document.
Full textSince the 2000s, Peru, a country extremely rich in minerals has experienced strong economic growth. WouldPeru be condemned to the resource curse because of its mineral wealth? For now this is not the case; howeverwe point up a strong dependence upon the mining sector. The main question relates to the sustainability of themining industry. The mineral depletion rate is a fundamental indicator to assess the situation. To calculate this,there are many forecasting methods available ; our microeconomic analysis based on the Hotelling rule providesa value of around 7 % of gdp for the period between 2000 and 2008, which represents double the estimation ofthe World Bank.We recommend the mineral depletion be taken into account when calculating traditional macroeconomic indicators;it would highlight the overestimation of economic growth. According to the Hartwick rule, it is clearthat Peruvian development is not sustainable; mining revenues do not offset the mineral depletion and are notreinvested in the development of the country. Therefore, the solution should be to tax mining companies at alevel equivalent to that of depletion and, with the new income, to create a natural resource fund. Saving only8 % of the mineral depletion would suffice to generate sustainable rent for futures generations. In addition, thecreation of a natural resource fund would reduce macroeconomic instability and enforce better governance
Wadho, Waqar ahmed. "Essays on the economics of corruption." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24005/document.
Full textThis dissertation consists of three essays. The topics cover determination, variance and repercussions of corruption (essay one), corruption deterrence through wage incentives (essay two), and natural resource curse (essay three). In the first essay, I show that for a larger population of unskilled labor, there is a widespread corruption and for a smaller population there is no corruption. For the intermediate levels there are multiple equilibria. On its consequences, corruption increases wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers, and results in output and welfare losses. In the second essay, I argue that deterring corruption through efficiency wage may become prohibitively expensive. With endogenous monitoring technology that allows capturing the dual role of auditing, as a complement with and as a substitute for wage incentives, I find that the government is better-off accepting corruption when it is costly to monitor. When it is optimal to deter bribery, the government can do it either through efficiency wages or monitoring. The role of efficiency wages decreases in societies with higher level of dishonesty. In the third essay, I build a theory explaining a resource curse. In contrast to the existing literature which generally considers low education, corruption and natural resources separately, I combine three strands of literature. Natural resources affect incentives to invest in education and rent seeking that in turn affects growth. Second, the relationship between resource-abundance and resource-curse is non-monotonic. For low inequality in access to education and high cost of political participation, high-growth and poverty-trap equilibria co-exist
De, Rosa Donato. "Essays on Institutions and Economic Performance." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0097.
Full textThe three essays contained in this thesis aim at filling part of the gap in the literature by empirically exploring specific instances of the importance of institutions for economic performance. The first essay examines how corruption affects productivity in a sample of firms from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Results indicate that the payment of bribes has, on average, a negative effect on firm level productivity. Moreover, firms in countries with generally poor institutional quality - proxied by greater prevalence of corruption at the country level and a by weak legal framework - see their productivity more negatively affected by the payment of bribes. The second essay examines whether regional institutional conditions have an effect on the exporting behaviour of Russian manufacturers between 1996 and 2001. Results indicate that the quality of the institutional environment, while it is inconsequential for the export decision per se, has a positive effect on the intensity of exporting to more developed foreign markets. The final essay investigates the consequences of dependence on natural resources for institutional quality in a panel of countries worldwide from the late 1990s to the late 2000s. Results point towards a negative association between an export structure dominated by extractive industries and the quality of the institutional environment measured by an indicator of government effectiveness
Heidari, Fariba. "Boom pétrolier et syndrome hollandais en Iran : une approche par un modèle d'équilibre général calculable." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE0025/document.
Full textIran as a country dominated by oil exports offers unique insights and rich rewards considering its economic and socio-political environment. Although according to a resource-based analysis this economy has the potential of being the world's 20th strongest economy because of its rich reserves in minerals and other natural resources alongside with country's geo-strategic position. It really seems strange and unbelievable how Iran can remain underdeveloped while having so many rare resources highly appreciated by the rest of the world. How we can explain this incoherence? The classic economic model describing Dutch Disease was developed by the economists W. Max Corden and J. Peter Neary in 1982. The so-called "Dutch Disease" as an economic concept explains the seeming relationship between natural resource abundance in a country and decline in other economic sectors specially manufacturing. This theory reveals that an increase in revenues from natural resources will de-industrialize the economy by raising exchange rate, which makes manufacturing sectors to become less competitive. The primary purpose of this paper is to determine if Iranian economy is suffering from this problem and if so what will be the impact of this issue on different sectors economy of Iran. In this paper, using an applied general equilibrium model, and not partial equilibrium model, we analyze Dutch disease in Iranian economy. We use the model that has been made by Dr Lofgren as a base and extend and adjust it for Iran economy. In order to solve the general equilibrium pattern numerically, GAMS software package can be used which is a powerful tool for solving linear and nonlinear equations
Tcheta-Bampa, Albert. "Cinq essais sur la mauvaise qualité des institutions en Afrique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010017.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the impact of institutional quality on the economic development of countries. It is in the perspective of the work of the new political economy. The methodology used is mainly econometric analysis of original data, including deep historical events such as the identity of the colonizer, conflicts at Independence, the Cold War and the support of powerful states in the world. It deals in the first chapter of the effect of institutions on economic growth via the variables that affect the total factor productivity. The variable 'quality of institutions' explains differential growth of total factor productivity. However, the analysis conducted shows that the way institutions and economic policies affect it depends on the level of human development in each country. There is therefore no universal model of good institutions. Instead, institutions should be adapted to contexts according t the degree of development. From the result obtained, the thesis then explains why in some countries, especially African countries, institutions are of lower quality than in others. The main cause of the existence of an adverse institutional system to economic development is the existence of strong incentives for elites or social groups who wield political power to maintain inefficient policies and institutions to make the rents expropriation easier in sector with immobile natural resources. It is shown, in fact, that these elites can maintain power to enrich themselves even without implementing institutions and 'developmentalist' economic policies that is to say in favor of economic development. The second chapter presents a theoretical model allowing to analyze the endogenous government policy and differences in economic performance related to political incentives generated by resource rents in African countries. The third chapter empirically analyzes the impact of institutional quality and dependence on natural resources on the growth rate of GDP. The analysis shows that there is a curse of natural resources in countries where extractive institutions were established during the colonial period. ln addition, the phenomenon of the curse decreases, gradually in Africa as, one moves away from the end of the Cold War. The fourth chapter explains from the duration models, large differences in longevity in the power of African presidents. The test found that it is sponsorship by powerful States more than the presence of natural resources which explains the longevity in power and Soviet aid is more effective than American aid when it comes to keeping dictators in power. The use of sponsorships for their military defense allows dictators to avoid developing effective institutions and taxation. The fifth and final chapter analyzes the effect of institutionalization of political parties (measured by the difference in a country, the number of years the leader of the political party, and the number of years of exercise of power the latter) on the institutional quality of a country. It shows that when the party is organized around a man, debates within the party are only on leadership, whereas when it is based around a program debating the definition of general interest. The analysis also shows that the lack of institutionalization of the parties has an effect on the selection of elites and the governance of a country, in other words, the quality of its institutions
Hernández-Luna, Yezid. "International trade and labor markets : empirical and theoretical evidence." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0547.
Full textI study the relationship between international trade and labor markets in three papers. In the first one, I find for the Colombian case, that together, the sector skill intensity and the international trade bring about more skill-biased technical change, increasing wage inequality, though such an effect is offset using temporary workers. In the second one, the analysis of a trade model with formal and informal heterogeneous firms, under full employment, shows that an openness policy decreases the average productivity of informal firms while makes formal to become informal, worsening welfare. However, forcing informal firms to become formal, increases average wages and raises welfare. In the third one, Diff in Diff estimates presents the impact of the 2003-2013 oil prices boom, on countries affected and not affected by the Dutch disease. In the former group, international trade flow increases although agriculture at a lower magnitude, while unemployment and informal labor decrease
Roy, Nicolas. "Migrations, cohabitations et visions du développement régional dans la Baie-des-Chaleurs : Étude des représentations sociales chez les jeunes adultes natifs, nouvellement arrivés ou de retour." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34543.
Full textFor several decades, the Eastern Quebec regions have been experiencing accelerated population aging and depopulation through youth migration to Quebec’s major metropolitan centers (Mathews 1996, Morin, 2013). However, since 2002, the MRC of Avignon and Bonaventure on the Gaspé Coast have experienced a reduction in their annual population deficit, culminating for the 2008-2012 period by migratory gains and population growth (ISQ, 2016). In the wake of work on the development of the regions of Quebec (Jean, 1997, Polèse, 2009, Proulx, 2011), this memoir takes an original look at new trends in the occupation of a "rural", "peripheral" and "resource" territory. This master thesis presents a study of social representations (Abric, 2001) of migration, integration and regional development among young natives of Avignon and Bonaventure who have remained in their home environment, among others who have returned from migration and newcomers from metropolitan areas. The results of the analysis suggests that the metropolitan experience (Simmel, 2013) and the sharing of the social memory (Halbwachs, 1970) of the place are decisive in the construction of representations. The representations that emerge from the migrants' discourse are those of an environment enriched by urbanity distinct from that of the cities, of an integration confronted with the mutual acquaintance of the host community and of a worried optimism of development, prompted by projects in the primary sector that deteriorate the idealized territory of their migration project. Their representations of life in the two MRC’s were compared to those of a native youth group for whom this space is judged to be declining and dependent on a natural resource economy. This study highlights the cohabitation of groups that now share the same space without necessarily meeting and sharing the same aspirations for its future. This phenomenon contributes to the increase of a social mix in the environment and to a "metropolisation" of this regional subassembly.
Benkhodja, Mohamed Tahar. "Essays on Monetary Policy in an Oil Exporting Economy." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO22008.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to analyze the impact of external shocks on oil exporting economies and the role of monetary policy in this context. It consists of three essays. In the first essay, we build a Multi-sector Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model to investigate the impact of both windfall (an increase in oil price) and boom (an increase in oil resource) on an oil exporting economy. Our model is built to see if the two oil shocks (windfall and boom) generate, in the same proportion, a Dutch Disease effect. Our main findings show that the Dutch disease effect under its two main mechanisms, namely spending effect and resource-movement effect, occurs only in the case of flexible wages and sticky prices, when exchange rate is fixed. We also compare the source of fluctuations that leads to a strong effect in term of de-industrialization. We conclude that the windfall leads to a stronger effect than a boom. Finally, the choice of flexible exchange rate regime helps to improve welfare.In the second essay, we estimate, by using the Bayesian approach, a DSGE model for Algerian economy investigating the dynamic effect of four external shocks (oil price, real exchange rate, international interest rate and foreign inflation), and examining the appropriate monetary policy rule. Our main findings show that, over the period 1990Q1-2010Q4, core inflation target is the best monetary rule to stabilize both output and inflation. In the third essay, we investigate the impact of the recent increase of oil price on a small open oil exporting economy. For this, we estimate a Dynamic, Stochastic, General equilibrium (DSGE) model for some oil producing countries using the Bayesian approach. We consider, in this essay, a sample of 16 oil exporting countries (Algeria, Argentina, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Oman, Russia, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela) over the period from 1980 to 2010, except for Russia where our sample begins in 1992. In order to distinguish between high-dependent and low-dependent countries, we use two indicators : the ratio of fuel exports to total merchandise exports and the ratio of oil exports to GDP. We estimate the median for each ratio on our 16 studied countries. Countries above (below) the median are considered as high (low) oil dependent economies. We verify if the first group is more sensitive to the Dutch disease effect. We also assess the role of monetary policy. Our main findings show that in the first sample, namely high oil dependant economies, 6 countries are affected by the Dutch disease (decrease in the manufacturing production). Low oil dependant countries, are less affected by the fluctuation of oil price. Indeed, only one country has suffered a Dutch disease effect after the shock. Nevertheless, Regarding the appropriate monetary policy rule, we find that both inflation targeting and exchange rate rules may be effective to contain the size of the Dutch disease effect. Our results suggest that in Algeria and Saudi Arabia, inflation targeting offers better performances. We observe the opposite in Gabon, Kuwait, Oman, and Venezuela. Such results are consistent with economic theory. Indeed, we see that in more open economies and smaller countries (in terms of economic size), the exchange rate rule is preferable to inflation rule. Venezuela seems an exception. Such country does not fulfill the traditional criteria favoring the choice of the exchange rule. In fact, this exception is only apparent. First, if we consider the volatility, we see that Venezuela is among the most volatile economy. Second, Venezuela suffers from a fiscal dominance effect: both inflation rate and fiscal deficit are the highest relative to other studied countries
Christophe, Véronique. "La malédiction des ressources naturelles : une question de dépendance ou de dispersion?" Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4947/1/M12515.pdf.
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