Academic literature on the topic 'Malnutrition – Economic aspects – Dominican Republic'

This paper presents the results of a research project that included the application of a survey in 597 university students in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, and Tijuana, México, whose central aim was to examine the degree of violence in intimate couples, including that of men towards women and women against men, in different countries. It also explores the level of knowledge and analyzes the degree of awareness that the samples have about existing abuse. The results show similarity in the exercise of violence by both sexes; aspects of hegemonic masculinity that still permeates both, and the need for studies that have a real impact on education against this problem. This, irrespectively of age and socio-economic stratum to which both sexes belong.

The role and importance is growing fast in the world for international trade, technology transfer, interstate financial cooperation, cooperative and integration, interdisciplinary, regional and international cooperation, including the one in agriculture and food security fields. At the same time, the cases of food insecurity due to situation changes in foreign markets for agricultural raw materials and prepared food are becoming frequent. Access to food becomes a lever of foreign policy influence, and the weight of food expenditures in the structure of consumer spending takes a decisive role in ensuring food security. In this regard, the problem of hunger and malnutrition is still relevant in many regions due lack or deficiency of population income. The paper presents a comprehensive research of modern aspects for ensuring food security at global and national levels, including the current state of agricultural production and its development prospects, international assessment of food security level in countries and regions of the world, global trends in world agricultural trade of raw materials and prepared food, assessment of physical and economic affordability of foodstuff, nutrition level, welfare and public health. The results of assessing the environmental sustainability of agricultural production are presented. The level of public awareness in the field of food security is analyzed. It was determined that in general, there are prospects for Belarus for more efficient food security gaining due to qualitative parameters, for instance, increasing efficiency of resource potential, growth of consumer purchasing power, expansion of domestic market by increasing the proportion of safe functional nutrition for specific population categories according to occupation, age, health status, etc.

Purpose This paper aims to explore the creation of shared value (Porter and Kramer, 2011) through technical education by analyzing key events and factors associated with the midsize firm IMCA and the Business Initiative for Technical Education (BITE), a private-public alliance in the Dominican Republic. Design/methodology/approach The paper results from a five-year longitudinal case study that included an embedded participant (the third author of the paper) and was based on structured and unstructured interviews, observations and multiple archival records. Thematic and content analyses were applied to most of these sources. Findings IMCA’s staffing needs and search for a solid competitive strategy (one dependent on qualified technicians able to provide multiple services) was the original driver of BITE. The Initiative managed to enlist a formidable alliance of stakeholders, engaged in systemic, bottom-up, “small wins” approaches that targeted not only contents but also pedagogies that transformed multiple polytechnic schools. The initiative has resulted in significant corporate economic benefits and is currently altering fundamental aspects of the technical education of an entire nation. Research limitations/implications The research upon which the paper is based consists of a longitudinal case study comprising the years 2011-2015. BITE is a long-term project of which only the first stages have taken place. Originality/value The paper focuses specifically on two modalities of shared value creation: productivity in the value chain and local cluster development. It expands the understanding of important issues around shared value creation through private investment in (technical) education, particularly around the following dimensions: curricular and pedagogical transformation, stakeholder engagement and place/time scale. Insights may be of particular relevance for developing regions with significant educational needs.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the performance and the relationship between competitiveness, real gross domestic product (GDP) growth and human development in 20 countries of the Latin America and Caribbean region during the 2006-2015 period. The main argument to uphold here is that – from the perspective of virtuous circle – countries with better conditions of competitiveness are those with better economic performance and with better conditions for human development. Design/methodology/approach Time series data were organized at three levels: individual countries, groups of nations and Latin America and Caribbean as a whole. Indicators used were: index of competitiveness, rates of change in real GDP and Human Development Index. Cluster analysis tests were performed: data ranges were determined and quintiles were established. Countries were ranked in five categories and comparative position matrices were determined for each variable. Linear correlations between indexes were calculated. Linear correlation coefficients were determined in terms of groups of countries and considering Latin America and Caribbean as a whole. Findings Findings revealed that decreasing conditions in competitiveness and economic growth indicators are the representative situation since 2009. The most competitive country in the region is Chile, and the weakest is Venezuela. Nevertheless, all Latin American and Caribbean countries analyzed seem to have made progress in terms of human, economic and social development. Regarding correlations, Dominican Republic showed an inverse relationship between competitiveness and economic growth, while Jamaica and Venezuela showed inverse relationships between competitiveness and human development. At the individual country level, no statistically significant relationship between economic growth and human development was detected. Research limitations/implications Findings highlight the necessity of future research that result in a deeper understanding of the transmission mechanisms between economic and social performance in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Particular reasons at the micro level that explain improvements or deteriorations in competitiveness and human development must also be analyzed. Based on the degrees of freedom, time series could have included more years, but a lack of information was found for some countries. It would also be necessary to observe each particular case considering the type of economy, production characteristics and export/import composition. Practical implications Results complement the existing literature by exploring competitiveness and its relationship with economic and social variables in developing countries. The authors also believe that this paper is relevant for macroeconomic and social policy debates involving competitiveness and human well-being in this region of the world. Originality/value This paper supports an important argument: human well-being and national development must be the ultimate goal of competitiveness. Traditional literature focuses on levels and determinants of competitiveness in developed countries, but it usually does not take into account social and human aspects of the process in developing countries. Little attention has been paid to analyze the relationship between competitiveness and socioeconomic variables in developing countries. Methods and findings of this paper complement the existing literature by studying the relationships among competitiveness, real GDP growth and human development in Latin American and Caribbean countries, using correlation analysis.

-Gesa Mackenthun, Stephen Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The wonder of the New World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. ix + 202 pp.-Peter Redfield, Peter Hulme ,Wild majesty: Encounters with Caribs from Columbus to the present day. An Anthology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. x + 369 pp., Neil L. Whitehead (eds)-Michel R. Doortmont, Philip D. Curtin, The rise and fall of the plantation complex: Essays in Atlantic history. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. xi + 222 pp.-Roderick A. McDonald, Hilary McD.Beckles, A history of Barbados: From Amerindian settlement to nation-state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. xv + 224 pp.-Gertrude J. Fraser, Hilary McD.Beckles, Natural rebels; A social history of enslaved black women in Barbados. New Brunswick NJ and London: Rutgers University Press and Zed Books, 1990 and 1989. ix + 197 pp.-Bridget Brereton, Thomas C. Holt, The problem of freedom: Race, labor, and politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1991. xxxi + 517 pp.-Peter C. Emmer, A. Meredith John, The plantation slaves of Trinidad, 1783-1816: A mathematical and demographic inquiry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. xvi + 259 pp.-Richard Price, Robert Cohen, Jews in another environment: Surinam in the second half of the eighteenth century. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. xv + 350 pp.-Russell R. Menard, Nigel Tattersfield, The forgotten trade: comprising the log of the Daniel and Henry of 1700 and accounts of the slave trade from the minor ports of England, 1698-1725. London: Jonathan Cape, 1991. ixx + 460 pp.-John D. Garrigus, James E. McClellan III, Colonialism and science: Saint Domingue in the old regime. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1992. xviii + 393 pp.-Lowell Gudmundson, Richard H. Collin, Theodore Roosevelt's Caribbean: The Panama canal, the Monroe doctrine, and the Latin American context. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990. xviii + 598 pp.-Andrés Serbin, Ivelaw L. Griffith, Strategy and security in the Caribbean. New York : Praeger, 1991. xv + 208 pp.-W.E. Renkema, M.J. van den Blink, Olie op de golven: de betrekkingen tussen Nederland/Curacao en Venezuela gedurende de eerste helft van de twintigste eeuw. Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 1989. 119 pp.-Horatio Williams, Obika Gray, Radicalism and social change in Jamaica, 1960-1972. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991. xiv + 289 pp.-Daniel A. Segal, Brackette F. Williams, Stains on my name, war in my veins: Guyana and the politics of cultural struggle. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991. xix + 322 pp.-A. Lynn Bolles, Olive Senior, Working miracles: Women's lives in the English-speaking Caribbean. Bloomington: Indiana University Press (and Bridgetown, Barbados: ISER),1991. xiii + 210 pp.-Teresita Martínez Vergne, Margarita Ostolaza Bey, Política sexual en Puerto Rico. Río Piedras PR: Ediciones Huracán, 1989. 203 pp.-David J. Dodd, Dora Nevares ,Delinquency in Puerto Rico: The 1970 birth cohort study. With the collaboration of Steven Aurand. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1990. x + 232 pp., Marvin E. Wolfgang, Paul E. Tracy (eds)-Karen E. Richman, Paul Farmer, AIDS and accusation: Haiti and the geography of blame. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. xiv + 338 pp.-Alex Stepick, Robert Lawless, Haiti: A research handbook. (With contributions by Ilona Maria Lawless, Paul F. Monaghan, Florence Etienne Sergile & Charles A. Woods). New York: Garland, 1990. ix + 354 pp.-Lucien Taylor, Richard Price ,Equatoria. With sketches by Sally Price. New York & London: Routledge, 1992. 295 pp., Sally Price (eds)-Edward L. Cox, Kai Schoenhals, Grenada. World bibliographical series volume 119. Oxford: Clio Press, 1990. xxxviii + 181 pp.-Henry Wells, Kai Schoenhals, Dominican Republic. World bibliographical series volume 111. Oxford: Clio Press, 1990. xxx + 211 pp.-Stuart H. Surlin, John A. Lent, Mass communications in the Caribbean. Ames: Iowa State University Press. 1990. xviii + 398 pp.-Ellen M. Schnepel, Max Sulty ,La migration de l'Hindouisme vers les Antilles au XIXe siècle, après l'abolition de l'esclavage. Paris: Librairie de l'Inde, 1989. 255 pp., Jocelyn Nagapin (eds)-Viranjini Munasinghe, Steven Vertovec, Hindu Trinidad: Religion, ethnicity and socio-economic change.-Alvina Ruprecht, Selwyn R. Cudjoe, Caribbean women writers: Essays from the first international conference. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990. xv + 382 pp.-J. van Donselaar, Michiel van Kempen et al, Nieuwe Surinaamse verhalen. Paramaribo: De Volksboekwinkel, 1986. 202 pp.''Suriname. De Gids 153:791-954. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1990.-J. van Donselaar, Literatuur in Suriname: nieuwe, nog niet eerder gepubliceerde verhalen en gedichten van Surinaamse auteurs. Preludium 5(3): 1-80. Michiel van Kempen (compiler). Breda: Stichting Preludium, 1988.''Verhalen van Surinaamse schrijvers. Michiel van Kempen (compiler). Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers. 1989. 248 pp.''Hoor die tori! Surinaamse vertellingen. Michiel van Kempen (compiler). Amsterdam: In de Knipscheer, 1990. 267 pp.-Beth Craig, Francis Byrne ,Development and structures of creole languages: Essays in honor of Derek Bickerton. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1991. x + 222 pp., Thom Huebner (eds)-William W. Megenney, John M. Lipski, The speech of the negros congos of Panama. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1989. vii + 159 pp.-Hein D. Vruggink, Clare Wolfowitz, Language, style and social space: Stylistic choice in Suriname Javanese. Champaign; University of Illinois Press, 1992. viii + 265 pp.-Keith A.P. Sandiford, Brian Douglas Tennyson, Canadian-Caribbean relations: Aspects of a relationship. Sydney, Nova Scotia: Centre for international studies, 1990. vii + 379 pp.-Gloria Cumper, Philip Sherlock ,The University of the West Indies: A Caribbean response to the challenge of change. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1990. viii + 315 pp., Rex Nettleford (eds)

Abstract Background The feminization and ethnic diversification of HIV infection, has resulted in a call for gender- and culture-specific prevention strategies for at-risk groups including Latinos in the United States. The steadily changing demographic profile of the AIDS epidemic challenges prevention strategies to remain relevant and up-to-date, particularly in populations of women midlife and older where an understanding of risk remains under explored. As the CDC requests country-specific HIV risk profiles for Latino communities in the US, understanding the socio-economic, behavioral and personal risk reasons of HIV risk for older Dominican women is critical for prevention. Methods We conducted focus group discussions informed by the Theory of Gender and Power (TGP). The three constructs of the TGP: 1) Affective influences/social norms; 2) Gender-specific norms and. 3) Power and Authority guided the thematic analysis and identified themes that described the socio-cultural and contextual reasons that that contribute to perceptions of HIV risk. Results Sixty Dominican American women ages 57–73 participated in our focus group discussions. Sexual Division of Labour: 1) Economic Dependence; 2) Financial Need and 3) Education and Empowerment. Sexual Division of Power: 4) HIV Risk and 5) Relationship Dynamics. Cathexis: Affective Influences/Social Norms: 6) HIV/AIDS Knowledge and 7) Prevention and Testing. Importantly, participants were concerned about partner fidelity when visiting the Dominican Republic, as the country accounts for the second highest HIV rates in the Caribbean. Conclusions Our results confirm previous findings about perceptions of HIV risk and provide additional insight into aging-related aspects of HIV risk for Latino women midlife and older.

Sexual activity among teenagers has been increasing over the past decade, accompanied by younger age at first intercourse which is associated with inconsistent or nonuse of contraception. Problems become more complex because the onset of puberty is earlier than before and sociocultural and religious norm are less stringent, leading to greater opportunities to have pre-marital sex.1 Between 2011 and 2020, more than 140 million girls will become child brides, according to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).2 If current levels of child marriages hold, 39.000 girls daily will marry too young.1 "Complication of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death in young women aged 15 - 19. Young girls who marry later and delay pregnancy beyond their adolescence have more chance to stay healthy, get higher education, and build a better life.", says Flavia Bustreo, MD, the Assistant Director-General for Family, Women and Children’s. The prevalence of teenage pregnancy in industrialized differs in developing countries. In developed regions, teen parents tend to be unmarried, and adolescent pregnancy is seen as a social issue. By contrast, teenage parents in developing countries, such as in the WHO SEARO regions and in S.E. Asia countries, including Indonesia, are often married and their pregnancy maybe welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, early pregnancy is usually accompanied by malnutrition and poor health care to cause medical problems.3 A report by Save the Children found that 13 million children are born to women under 20 worldwide each year, more than 90% of these births occur to women living in developing countries. The complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of mortality among women between the age of 15 and 19.4 Resources about teenage pregnancy in Indonesia are scarce. The following data were derived from a keynote speech by the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, at the Annual Scientific Meeting of HOGSI, in Banjarmasin 2015: 38.5% and 18.4% of 22.136.584 teenage women with protein energy deficiency were pregnant and anemic, respectively. Furthermore, the pregnancy rate was 48 per 1000, the total life birth was approximately 4.809.304, and 40% of teenage mothers ended their education. Further reports have identified that premarital sex is uncommon in India, but early marriage often occurs, which means that the rate of adolescent pregnancy is high in that country. The rate of teenage pregnancy in rural regions are higher than in urbanized areas such as South Korea and Singapore. In these areas, marriage before age 20 is rare. Although the occurrence of sexual intercourse before marriage has risen, the rate of adolescent child bearing are low, approximately 4 to 8 per 1000. In Indonesia, the rate of early marriage and pregnancy has decreased sharply; however, it remains high compared to the rest of Asia. According to the World Health Organization, in several Asian countries including Bangladesh and Indonesia, maternal causes contributed a large proportion (26 - 37 %) of death among female adolescents.5 The Importance of Prevention Teenage pregnancy and childbearing bring substantial social and economic burden through immediate and long term impact on teenage parents and their children.6 Pregnancy and birth are significant contributors to high school drop outs rates among girls, only about 50% of teen mothers receive a high school diploma by 22 year of age, where as approximately 90% of woman who do not give birth, during adolescent graduate from high school. Adolescent pregnancy (i.e., in females 13 to 19 years of age) is associated with an increased risk of maternal complications during pregnancy and delivery as well as an increased risk to the fetus. Complications that are associated with adolescent pregnancy include preterm delivery, low birth weight, and infant mortality. The complications are usually are associated with behavioral, psychosocial, and economic factors. Therefore, psychosocial risk factors should be the main focus of care.7 In general, focus priorities should be given to young adolescents before the age of 15, in which relatively high proportion of young boys and girls already have sexual intercourse, and childbearing in some cases. Teenage pregnancy is one of the causes of the failure, making the goals United National Millenium Development Goals 4 and 5 failed to be accomplished. Adolescent pregnancy is a high risk, and has considerable impact in both physical and psychosocial aspects. Youth - friendly services with sensitive counseling, high quality obstetric and antenatal care, as well as a range of safe and affordable contraceptive methods should be available.

The Dominican Republic is the most-visited country in the Caribbean. The development of tourism is continuous and, in the future, it is still going to be one of the most important sectors that brings significant source of income for the country. The country's dependence on tourism causes and is going to cause problems in economic, social and environmental areas. The aim of this article is to analyze the current situation and to identify problematic aspects of tourism and possibilities of future development based on an interview with the country's leading tourism expert. Among the most critical identified are water management, which overlaps only to tourism, but also to agriculture and the protection of natural resources, ownership of recreational facilities or the security of the country.

The objective of this project was to perform an analysis of all of the major aspects of implementing electrical power generation using wind energy in a specific location. The project consisted of three main sections: location selection, turbine modeling and selection, and an economic analysis of the potential project as a whole. A limiting factor for a location was the availability of adequate wind speed data for analysis of the area’s potential. With these criteria, several locations were considered, and the Dominican Republic was selected because of high wind energy potential as well as high demand for electricity. There were several regions of the country with class 4 winds [1], and the average cost of electricity was very high at $0.15/kWh [2]. For the modeling and design of a wind turbine, a program named PROPID was used, which is a tool that takes design and wind parameters and returns simulated data such as power curves. The software was first validated for known configurations, to show the accuracy of the program, and it was then used to iteratively design new turbine configurations. The design of a popular 1300 kW commercial turbine, the Nordex N60, was scaled down to produce 1000 kW, and then gradually redesigned to increase the ratio of the power output to the surface area of the turbine, which was termed the design-factor, which would help to increase profitability of the turbine. The design-factor was increased from 320.9 for the original design to 466.2 for the final design. The final portion of the project was an economic analysis of a proposed wind farm. A software tool called HOMER was used, as well as Microsoft Excel’s internal rate of return function to calculate the long-term return of the project. Initial and annual costs were estimated based on available data for existing projects, and a 10 MW, 20 year life-span project was simulated using the newly designed turbine. Total levelized cost of energy was found to be between $0.042 and $0.057/kWh, depending on actual costs, and the overall annual return on investment in the project was calculated to be between a very conservatively determined value of 9.1% and a more general value of 12.9%. These values are limited in accuracy, and a more detailed study would be required prior to further project consideration, however they do indicate that this area is highly likely to have profitable wind energy resources.

Women's participation in the labor market in Central America is low for the international standard. Increase such participation is on the agenda of many policymakers who want to improve women's access to quality employment. In this paper, we use data from Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic to assess whether gender equality in the law helps increasing women's participation in the labor force and, therefore, boosts GDP per capita. The study is based on two econometric methodologies to evaluate distinct aspects of the economic mechanism.