Journal articles: 'Malocclusion in children, Uganda'

1

Miotti, F. A., G. Ceretti, P. A. Battistella, R. Cernetti, and S. Soriani. "Headache and Malocclusion in Children." Cephalalgia 15, no. 16_suppl (October 1995): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102495015s1644.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Giri, Nidhi, Anand Acharya, and Kanika Yadav. "Prevalence of Malocclusion among School Children of Biratnagar, Nepal." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 11, no. 1 (August 16, 2021): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v11i1.39086.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction: Various forms of malocclusion are a matter of serious concern in Nepalese population. This study was carried out to understand the prevalence of malocclusion among the school children of Biratnagar. The objective of this research is to find out the prevalence of malocclusion of children from different schools of Biratnagar visiting the Pedodontics and Orthodontics department of Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar. Materials and Method: A descriptive cross sectional study method was used in this research. Data was collected by using direct observation of the subjects and occlusal assessment was done according to Angle’s classification and Dewey’s modification types of class I, class II and class III malocclusion. Result: Subjects with normal occlusion was found to be 39 % and with malocclusion was found to be 61%. Among them, class I malocclusion (60%) and angles class II div I subjects (88.33%) were in majority of the total study population. Conclusion: The present study helps to determine the prevalence of malocclusion and need of orthodontic treatment for the school children of Biratnagar

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Munuiz, Beatriz R. "Epidemiology of malocclusion in Argentine children." Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 14, no. 4 (August 1986): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1986.tb01539.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Alkhadra, Thamer. "Characteristic of Malocclusion among Saudi Special Need Group Children." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 18, no. 10 (2017): 959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2156.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Introduction The present study analyzed the characteristics of malocclusions, occlusal traits among Special Health care Needs (SHCN) children with Down syndrome (DS) and autism disorder (AD) in Riyadh City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods A total of 100 DS and 100 AD children from five rehabilitation centers in and around Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, were included in the study. Any children with history of ongoing medical treatment, extraction, or orthodontic treatment were excluded from the study. Out of the 200 patients examined, 131 were males and 69 were females and the age of the children ranged from 6 to 14 years. The children were examined for malocclusion characteristics using the Angle's classification of malocclusion, and also other occlusal traits, such as overjet, overbite, cross bite, and open bite were also determined. The data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 16 to generate descriptive statistics for each variable. Results The analyzed data of the right and left permanent molar relation showed higher incidence of class III malocclusion (66%) in DS children as compared with (3–4%) AD children. The AD children presented with higher percentage of class I malocclusion (40–41%) as compared with (10–14%) DS children. During examination of the primary molars, the analyzed data showed that left primary molar had more mesial shift in AD children as compared with DS children. Conclusion Down syndrome children had high incidence of class III malocclusion and autistic children had high incidence of class I malocclusion. Overall, the DS children were more prone to malocclusion. Clinical significance This study provides database for health professionals in Saudi Arabia in regard to malocclusion of autistics and DS patients. How to cite this article Alkhadra T. Characteristic of Malocclusion among Saudi Special Need Group Children. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(10):959-963.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Bajracharya, Manju, Sunanda Sundas, Resina Pradhan, and Surendra Maharjan. "Prevalence of malocclusion among school Children of Kathmandu, Nepal." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 9, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v9i1.25693.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction: this study was carried to understand Prevalence of malocclusion among the school children of Kathmandu, Sorakhutte residing near school during mixed dentition period. A sample of 600 children ; 365 male, 235 female in age group of 6-13yrs was selected randomly from different school of Kathmandu city. The aim of our study is to find out prevalence of malocclusion among the mixed detention children of Kathmandu. Materials & Method: Data was collected using direct observation of the subjects, Descriptive cross-sectional study method was used in this research. Occlusal assessment were done according to angle’s classification and dewey’s modification type of class I, class III malocclusion. Result: Subjects with normal occlusion was found to be 59.3% and with malocclusion was found to 40.7%. Among them class I malocclusion was majority of (57%) of study population, crowded incisors and significant difference was observed between male and female in the study. Conclusion: This study helps to access the prevalence malocclusion and need of orthodontic treatment for the mixed dentition period children.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Dawoodbhoy, Irfan, Elsa K. Delgado-Angulo, and Eduardo Bernabé. "Impact of malocclusion on the quality of life of Saudi children." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 6 (April 25, 2013): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/012713-83.1.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the relationship between malocclusion severity and quality of life in children. Materials and Method: Two hundred and seventy-eight children aged 11 to 14 years were recruited voluntarily from the Dental and Maxillofacial Centre of the Almana General Hospital in Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia. The children were asked to fill out the Arabic version of the Child Perception Questionnaire for 11- to 14-year-old children (CPQ11–14) and were then clinically examined to determine the severity of their malocclusion using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare the four domains and the total CPQ11–14 scores between the four DAI severity groups. Results: Significant differences were found between DAI severity groups for the four domains and the total CPQ11–14 scores. Although children with very severe (handicapping) malocclusion had significantly higher domain and total CPQ11–14 scores than all the other groups (differences of up to 6 and 22 units, respectively, compared to children with no/minor malocclusion), there were no differences between those with no/minor, definite, and severe malocclusion. Conclusion: These findings suggest that only very severe malocclusion had an impact on the quality of life of the participants. Orthodontists should focus not only on clinical measures of malocclusion but should also consider the impact of severe malocclusion on patients' quality of life.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Alves e Luna, Ana Cláudia, Fabiana Godoy, and Valdenice Aparecida de Menezes. "Malocclusion and treatment need in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease." Angle Orthodontist 84, no. 3 (November 25, 2013): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/070913-503.1.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the prevalence of malocclusion and treatment need in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the sample size comprised 35 five-year-old children and 36 adolescents of both sexes, aged between 12 to 18 years, with SCD. Dental occlusion was assessed using two indexes: the Malocclusion Index (World Health Organization) and the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Results: The prevalence of malocclusion in the preschool children was 62.9%. The main malocclusions observed in this age group were Class II (37.1%), increased overjet (28.6%), reduced overbite (28.6%), and open bite (17.1%). In the 12- to 18-year-old subjects, the prevalence of malocclusion was 100%, and the most prevalent types of malocclusion were maxillary overjet (63.9%) and maxillary misalignment (58.3%). It is noteworthy that the majority of adolescents (80.6%) had very severe or disabling malocclusions. Conclusion: The results revealed a high prevalence of malocclusion in children and adolescents with SCD. According to DAI score, the majority of the sample presented with very severe malocclusion and a compulsory treatment need.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Thiviya Raaj, Vignesh Ravindran, and Sri Sakthi D. "Malocclusion in Children with and without Cleft Palate - A case - Control Study." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL3 (September 11, 2020): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl3.2932.

Full text

Abstract:

There is a principle agreement that malocclusion is a major health concern as it is the third most common oral disease, next only to dental caries and periodontal disease. As it is a major challenge for even normally abled children to handle these problems, questions arise as to the difference in the extent or severity of manifestation of malocclusion in the oral cavity of patients with cleft palate. The study aims to determine the prevalence of malocclusion in children with and without cleft palate. A sample size of 18 case sheets was reviewed for malocclusion in children with cleft only. The data was obtained from record management software of a private dental institute. Data was analysed using SPSS software, and Mann-Whitney was done. The results were recorded. Children with cleft palate showed higher incidence of malocclusion when compared to children without cleft palate. Within the limitations of the present study, children with cleft palate (case) showed a higher incidence of malocclusion than the control group.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Martins-Júnior, PA, LS Marques, and ML Ramos-Jorge ML. "Malocclusion: Social, Functional and Emotional Influence on Children." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 37, no. 1 (September 1, 2012): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.37.1.y75430328427210j.

Full text

Abstract:

Objectives: To determine the association between types of malocclusion and quality of life in children between 8-10 years of age and establish correlations between the severity of the malocclusion and particular bio-psychosocial variables. Study design: The sample was made up of 102 schoolchildren aged 8-10 years. Clinical exams were performed using the criteria of the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) to determine the presence and severity of malocclusions. The impact on quality of life was assessed using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8-10). Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and Spearman's correlation analysis. Results: Malocclusions affected 61% of the children examined. There was a positive correlation between total CPQ8-10 and DAI scores (P = 0.034). The following types of malocclusion had a significant effect on the quality of life of the children: upper anterior irregularity ≥ 2 mm, anterior open bite ≥ 2mm and diastema ≥ 2mm. Children with malocclusion experienced a greater negative impact on quality of life in comparison to those without malocclusion. Conclusions: Malocclusions had a negative influence over the quality of life of children between 8-10 years of age. More severe malocclusions had a greater impact with regard to social, emotional and functional aspects.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Lira, Ana de Lourdes Sá de, and Guilherme Henrique Alves da Fonseca. "Anterior crossbite malocclusion." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 18 (November 12, 2019): e191502. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v18i0.8657251.

Full text

Abstract:

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of anterior crossbite and to verify the effectiveness of the orthodontic appliance Inclined Plane in the correction of this malocclusion. Methods: The clinical examination was performed 702 children in the deciduous or mixed dentition of 7 schools and in those found the anterior crossbite was performed treatment with fixed Inclined Plane. Results: The prevalence of the anterior crossbite was 2.14%, characterizing 15 of the 702 children evaluated, of which 60% were female and 40% male, all of which were dental crossbites. Only 12 accepted the treatment with an average duration of 4.4 weeks. Conclusion: The prevalence of anterior crossbite was 2.14%. The inclined plane proved to be a viable and effective therapy in the correction of anterior crossbite. It is one of the options of the orthodontic treatment in patients in the deciduous or mixed dentition, propitiating greater possibility of dentoskeletal development, since the malocclusion is corrected. However this method needs to be correctly indicated and its execution technique rigorously followed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

ÖZ, Esra, and Çiğdem KÜÇÜKEŞMEN. "Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment Need in Children." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences 25, no. 2 (2019): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/dentalsci.2017-58400.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

B, Valli. "Management of class iii malocclusion in children." International Journal of Current Advanced Research 6, no. 5 (May 28, 2017): 3641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijcar.2017.3644.0337.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Al-Zubair, Nabil Muhsen, and Aussama Almulla. "Malocclusion Traits of Yemeni Female School Children." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 4, no. 1 (October 24, 2014): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v4i1.11310.

Full text

Abstract:

Objective: To provide detailed information concerning clinically relevant occlusal traits and prevalence of occlusal anomaliesin orthodontically relevant period of dental development.Materials & Method: 1501 Yemeni female school children aged 12 years were clinically examined. Overjet was measured to thenearest of 0.5 mm, and sagittal molar relationship were measured. In addition, missing permanent teeth, crowding, spacing,anterior maxillary and mandibular irregularities and anterior open bite were evaluated. Descriptive analysis was carried out toassess the frequency.Result: 9.1% female presented with at least one missing permanent tooth. The mean overjet was 2.8 mm, an increased overjetgreater than 6 mm was affecting around 4 per cent of the children. Similarly, spacing and crowding were present in 25.8% and30.4% respectively. Anterior open bite was affected in every tenth child. Molar relations other than Class I were reported in 29.5%of the sample.Conclusion: Wide range of orthodontically relevant occlusal traits found in the present study underlines the need for orthodonticscreening of children at the age of 12 years or earlier.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v4i1.11310 Orthodontic Journal of Nepal Vol.4(1) 2014; 41-44

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Pałka, Justyna, Grzegorz Zieliński, Joanna Gawda, and Piotr Gawda. "Diagnostic methods used in children with malocclusion." Polish Journal of Public Health 130, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjph-2020-0009.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Introduction. With advances in technology, there has been a need for more precise imaging methods which have become an integral part of the orthodontic treatment plan. Aim. The aim of this study is to present diagnostic methods that are currently used in children with malocclusion. Material and methods. The materials analysed in this review are articles from PubMed and Google Scholar. To identify relevant publications, the search was carried out using the key word combination: imaging, diagnostics, malocclusion, children, orthodontics. The number of 16 research papers in which these keywords appeared were qualified for this review. Results. According to the mentioned publications, pantomographic images are the most frequently recommended method for detecting dental anomalies. Cephalometry was used to observe changes in the facial axis and to measure the length of the jaw. CBCT is being used more and more often, mainly to identify possible prognostic factors in the case of canine retention/eruption in the maxilla. The method of magnetic resonance imaging was also compared with cephalometric images. Conclusions. 1. The pantomogram is a useful and frequently used method in the detection of craniofacial anomalies. 2. Cephalometry allows the effects of the treatment to be monitored. 3. CBCT is a significant diagnostic tool to assess the growth of craniofacial structures. 4. MRI diagnostics limits the patient’s exposure to harmful ionizing radiation. 5. There is a need to educate medical staff and conduct further research on the methods of diagnostic imaging in children.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Khan, Saeed Hossain, Md Nazmul Hasan, Sakiba Anjum, and Tanzila Rafique. "Is there is any relationship between malocclusion and nutritional pattern of children." Update Dental College Journal 4, no. 2 (July 9, 2015): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v4i2.24041.

Full text

Abstract:

Objective: Malnutrition of children results the underdevelopment of skeleton and facial structure, which might causes the malocclusion in developing dentitions. The study was aimed to investigate the relationship between the malocclusion and malnutrition.Method: Cross-sectional observational study was done with structured questioner from 627 school children (276 male, 349 female) of 7 to 15years age. Variable were set according to WHO guideline of malocclusion and malnutrition.Result: Among the study populations subject with malnutrition, having persistent digit sucking habit of more than 6years of age has been associated with malocclusion (OR = 3.1; 95%CI).Conclusion: No association was reported between malnutrition and malocclusion.Update Dent. Coll. j: 2014; 4 (2): 09-13

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Aditya, M. Yaqiudin, Moh Baehaqi, and Rahmawati Sri Praptiningsih. "PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN ORANG TUA TENTANG ORTODONSI PREVENTIF DENGAN PERILAKU PENCEGAHAN MALOKLUSI PADA GIGI ANAK." ODONTO : Dental Journal 2, no. 1 (November 12, 2015): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/odj.2.1.46-50.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Malocclusion is abnormal occlusion which signed the unsimetric position of its teeth that caused by genetic factor, unappropiate development, bad habit and malnutrition. The children who got malocclusion problem doesn,t need any attention because children usually still lack of responsbility to take care the dental problem. That,s why the role of parents is very needed. Parents knowledge about preventive ortodensi can make easier to prevent children malocclusion. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to know the influence of parents knowledge about preventive ortodensi to prevent children malocclusion. Method: This research using analitic observational with survey cross sectional method. Data comes from kuisioner. The parents knowledge means everything about the prevention of malocclusion, meanwhile preventive action is the action to handle malocclusion itself. wIlcoxon experiment is used for analitical tool with p < 0.05. Result: The result shown that the parents knowledge about ortodensi will appear better to parents who got the bachelor or diploma degree (65.9%). And preventive action for malocclusion also shown better from parents with bachelor or diploma degree also (71.05%). Conclusion: The conclusion is the influence of parents knowledge about malocclusion prevention in children teethwith level of (p=0.001) with confident level 90%.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Paulsson, Liselotte, Björn Söderfeldt, and Lars Bondemark. "Malocclusion Traits and Orthodontic Treatment Needs in Prematurely Born Children." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 5 (September 1, 2008): 786–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/083007-402.1.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Objective: To evaluate if prematurely born children have higher prevalence of malocclusion traits and greater orthodontic treatment need than matched full-term born controls. Materials and Methods: Seventy-three preterm children were selected from the Medical Birth Register and divided into two subgroups according to their gestational age. One group consisted of 37 very preterm children (VPT), born in gestational week 29–32, and the other of 36 extremely preterm children (EPT), born before the 29th gestational week. The subjects were compared with a control group of 41 full-term children, who were matched for sex, age, and nationality. Data from clinical examinations, study casts, and panoramic radiographs were used to determine malocclusion traits. The dental health component of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) was used to rank the treatment need. Results: Two or more malocclusion traits occurred significantly more often among EPT (83.3%) and VPT children (73.0%), compared with the full-term children (51.2%). Significantly higher prevalence of deep bites and was found in EPT and VPT groups compared with the full-term control group. Deep bite was the most common malocclusion trait in the EPT and VPT group. Higher orthodontic treatment need was found for the preterm children but no differences in prevalence of malocclusion traits and treatment need were found between VPT and EPT children. Conclusion: The clinician should be aware of the potential for a higher number of malocclusion traits and greater orthodontic treatment need in prematurely born children compared with full-term children.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Sonnesen, L. "Malocclusion traits and symptoms and signs of temporomandibular disorders in children with severe malocclusion." European Journal of Orthodontics 20, no. 5 (October 1, 1998): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/20.5.543.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Bernkopf, Edoardo, Andrea Lovato, Giulia Bernkopf, Luciano Giacomelli, Giovanni Carlo De Vincentis, Francesco Macrì, and Cosimo de Filippis. "Outcomes of Recurrent Acute Otitis Media in Children Treated for Dental Malocclusion: A Preliminary Report." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2473059.

Full text

Abstract:

Aim. To investigate the role of dental malocclusion treatment in the outcomes of Recurrent Acute Otitis Media (RAOM). Materials and Methods. The clinical outcome (number of acute recurrences in 12 months) of 61 consecutive children treated medically for RAOM was analysed. Children underwent an odontostomatologic evaluation, a fiberoptic endoscopy, and skin-prick tests. Results. 32 children (group A) were diagnosed with dental malocclusion and treated with a mandibular repositioning plate. Dental malocclusion was ruled out in the other 29 patients with RAOM, and they were used as controls (group B). The two groups were homogeneous in terms of sex, exposure to RAOM risk factors, skin test results, and adenoid hypertrophy, while age was significantly higher in group A. Age, sex, exposure to RAOM risk factors, adenoid hypertrophy, and skin test results were not associated with RAOM outcome. Children in group A treated for dental malocclusion were strongly associated with a lower number of acute episode recurrences at both univariate (p<0.0001) and multivariate analysis (p=0.001). Conclusions. RAOM showed better outcomes in children with dental malocclusion wearing a mandibular repositioning device. Dental malocclusion in children with RAOM may play a role in the pathogenesis of Eustachian tube dysfunction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Omona, George, and Karen Elise Matheson. "Uganda: stolen children, stolen lives." Lancet 351, no. 9100 (February 1998): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)78383-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Golovachova, Elene, Tinatin Mikadze, and Otar Darjania. "Prevalence of Malocclusion and Associated Variables in Preschool Children of Tbilisi, Georgia." Open Dentistry Journal 15, no. 1 (September 17, 2021): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210602115010457.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Primary dentition is a determinant for future permanent occlusion. Objective: This aimed to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and associated variables in the primary dentition among preschoolers in the city of Tbilisi, Georgia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among kindergarten children aged 3–5 years. Orthodontic characteristics were assessed by one calibrated clinician (E.G). Questionnaires were given to parents to record associated variables like general health problems, functional changes, and the presence of non-nutritive sucking habits. Results: A total of 396 participants aged 3-5 were included in the study. The prevalence of malocclusion was 49.8%, without significant differences among genders. The prevalence of Class II malocclusion was 21.2%(±4.091), followed by a deep overbite, i.e, 10.7% (±3.14), crossbite, i.e, 7% (±2.561), anterior open bite, i.e, 6.9%, and Class III malocclusion, i.e, 1.6% (±1.513). A total of 41.5% of children with breathing problems had Class II and 13% had crossbite. Speech disorder in 46.8% of cases was associated with anterior open bite. Pacifier users had Class II in 22.5%, deep overbite in 12.2%, and open bite in 9.2% of cases. There was a high prevalence of anterior open bite (25.2%) in children with a thumb-sucking habit (RR=4.90). These data sets are statistically reliable (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Almost half of the evaluated preschoolers had malocclusion. The most frequent disorder was Class II. Malocclusion is associated with non-nutritive sucking habits and mouth breathing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Piassi, Eluza, Leonardo Santos Antunes, Tereza Cristina Almeida Graça, and Lívia Azeredo Alves Antunes. "The Impact of Mixed Dentition Malocclusion on the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life for Children and Their Families: A Case-Control Study." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 43, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4625-43.3.12.

Full text

Abstract:

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between malocclusion in mixed dentition and its impact on the oral health-related quality of life OHRQoL of children and their families as well to determine if there were any reported differences in OHRQoL due to malocclusion severity. Study design: A total of 144 subjects, which included 70 children (aged 8–10 years) and their parents, were recruited on the basis of predetermined criteria and divided into the following groups: children with malocclusion (case group) and children without malocclusion (control group). The OHRQoL was assessed using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8–10) and the Family Impact Scale (FIS). The severity of malocclusion was assessed using the Dental Aesthetic Index. The specific types of malocclusions (anterior open bite, anterior/ posterior crossbite and overjet) and their severity were considered for the statistical analyses by applying the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, respectively, with a set at p<0.05. Results: The CPQ8–10 and FIS scores demonstrated higher impact on OHRQoL in the case group (p<0.01). There were no reported differences in OHRQoL according to the dental aesthetic index severity (p>0.05) and no differences between specific types of malocclusion (p>0.05) Conclusions: Mixed dentition malocclusion impacted the oral-health quality of life for children and their families independently of the severity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Tschill, P., W. Bacon, and A. Sonko. "Malocclusion in the deciduous dentition of Caucasian children." European Journal of Orthodontics 19, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/19.4.361.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Eltahir, Salma, and Amal H. Abu Affan. "Malocclusion among Sudanese Children with Beta-Thalassemia Major." Indian Journal of Dental Education 11, no. 3 (2018): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijde.0974.6099.11318.2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Bugaighis, Iman. "Prevalence of malocclusion in urban libyan preschool children." Journal of Orthodontic Science 2, no. 2 (2013): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2278-0203.115085.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Corrêa-Faria, P., M. L. Ramos-Jorge, P. A. Martins-Júnior, R. G. Vieira-Andrade, and L. S. Marques. "Malocclusion in preschool children: prevalence and determinant factors." European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 15, no. 2 (July 16, 2013): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40368-013-0069-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Brustowicz, K. A., and B. L. Padwa. "Malocclusion in children caused by temporomandibular joint effusion." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 42, no. 8 (August 2013): 1034–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2013.03.017.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Carvalho, Anita Cruz, Saul Martins Paiva, Claudia Marina Viegas, Ana Carolina Scarpelli, Fernanda Morais Ferreira, and Isabela Almeida Pordeus. "Impact of Malocclusion on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life among Brazilian Preschool Children: a Population-Based Study." Brazilian Dental Journal 24, no. 6 (December 2013): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201302360.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of malocclusion on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) of children and their families. A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. A representative sample of 1069 male and female preschoolers aged 60 to 71 months was randomly selected from public and private preschools and daycare centers. Data were collected using the B-ECOHIS. In addition, a questionnaire addressing socioeconomic and demographic data was self-administered by the parents/guardians. The criteria used to diagnose malocclusion were based on Foster and Hamilton (1969), Graboswki et al. (2007) and Oliveira et al. (2008). Descriptive, univariate and multiple Poison logistic regression analyses were carried out. The prevalence of malocclusion was observed in 46.2% of the children and deep overbite was the most prevalent type of malocclusion (19.7%), followed by posterior crossbite (13.1%), accentuated overjet (10.5%), anterior open bite (7.9%) and anterior crossbite (6.7%). The impact of malocclusion on OHRQoL was 32.7% among the children and 27.1% among the families. In Poisson multiple regression model adjusted for socioeconomic status, no significant association was found between malocclusion and OHRQoL of the children (PR=1.09, 95% CI: 0.96-1.24) and their families (PR=1.11, 95% CI: 0.94-1.31). It is concluded that children with malocclusion in this sample did not have a negative impact on their OHRQoL and of their families.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Shivakumar, KM, GN Chandu, and MD Shafiulla. "Severity of Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment Needs among 12- to 15-Year-Old School Children of Davangere District, Karnataka, India." European Journal of Dentistry 04, no. 03 (July 2010): 298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697843.

Full text

Abstract:

Objectives: To assess the severity of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12- to 15-year-old school children of Davangere District, India, by using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI).Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 1800 12- to 15-year-old school children of Davangere District, Karnataka, India. Talukas (administrative units in some states in India) were considered clusters. Schools were selected using simple random sampling procedures. The 300 study subjects were selected using systematic random sampling procedures. Data consisting of DAI components were recorded pro forma. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis. The Chi-square test (X2) was used to compare malocclusion severity. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the changes in DAI scores and the mean DAI scores between age groups. The Z test was used to compare mean DAI scores between the 2 sexes and between children residing in urban and rural areas.Results: Of the 1800 school children examined, 899 (49.9%) were boys and 901 (50.1%) were girls. Most of the children (79.9%) had DAI scores ≤ 25 with no or minor malocclusion requiring no or little treatment, 15.4% had DAI scores of 26–30 with definite malocclusion requiring elective treatment, 4.2% had DAI scores of 31–35 with severe malocclusion requiring highly desirable treatment, and 0.5% had DAI scores ≥ 36 with handicapping malocclusion requiring mandatory treatment.Conclusions: The majority of the children in our study (79.9%) required no or little treatment; 20.1% had definite malocclusion requiring definite orthodontic treatment. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:298- 307)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Dutra, Sônia Rodrigues, Henrique Pretti, Milene Torres Martins, Cristiane Baccin Bendo, and Miriam Pimenta Vale. "Impact of malocclusion on the quality of life of children aged 8 to 10 years." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 23, no. 2 (April 2018): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.23.2.046-053.oar.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to assess the impact of malocclusion on the quality of life of children aged 8 to 10 years attending public elementary schools in Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: The Brazilian version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 8-10 (CPQ8-10) was used to evaluate oral health-related quality of life. The children were examined for the diagnosis of malocclusion using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). The data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate descriptive statistics using Poisson regression at a 5% significance level. A total of 270 children participated in the study. Results: Children with normal occlusion or mild malocclusion (DAI ≤ 25) were 56% less likely (95%CI: 0.258-0.758; p= 0.003) to have their quality of life affected compared with children diagnosed with extremely severe malocclusion (DAI ≥ 36). Children with a maxillary anterior overjet ≥ 3 mm had higher CPQ8-10 mean scores (19.4; SD = 17.1) than those with an overjet < 3 mm (13.6; SD = 11.7; p= 0.038). Conclusions: Extremely severe malocclusion and pronounced maxillary anterior overjet were associated with a negative impact on quality of life.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Albakri, Fahad M., Navin Ingle, and Mansour K. Assery. "Prevalence of Malocclusion among Male School Children in Riyadh City." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 1296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.207.

Full text

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Malocclusion is defined as irregularity of the teeth or a molar relationship between the dental arches beyond the range of what is accepted as normal.AIM: To determine the prevalence of malocclusion among male school children aged 12-15 years old in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five hundred (500) school children in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia with an age of 12-15 years participated in this study. The prevalence of malocclusion among the students was determined using a clinical examination form specially prepared for this study. The required information was collected from each subject, and descriptive statistics were performed.RESULTS: The Molar Class I relation involved the highest percentage of the sample (71.2%) while Class II relation involved only 23% which was four times of Class III (5.8%). The maxillary arch crowding was present in 23.2% of the sample which was double than that of spacing. Whereas, the mandibular arch crowding was present in 28% of the sample which was three times more than spacing (8.8%). The open bite was present in 4% of the sample while deep bite was present in 9.6%.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of malocclusion involved the highest percentage in Class I in comparison with other malocclusions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Alonso Chevitarese, Ana Beatriz, Daniella Della Valle, and Teresa Cristina Moreira. "Prevalence of malocclusion in 4-6 year old Brazilian children." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 27, no. 1 (September 1, 2003): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.27.1.an436m284201571p.

Full text

Abstract:

The prevalence of malocclusion and the relationship with oral habits in Brazilian children from two public primary schools was evaluated. The sample was composed of 112 children with mean age of 61 ± 6.67 months. The results demonstrated the presence of malocclusions in 75.8% (n=85). The oral habits was related by 34.8% (n=39). The open bite was the most prevalent malocclusion in the studied population and the oral habits was the decisive etiological factor.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Sardenberg, Fernanda, Milene T. Martins, Cristiane B. Bendo, Isabela A. Pordeus, Saul M. Paiva, Sheyla M. Auad, and Miriam P. Vale. "Malocclusion and oral health-related quality of life in Brazilian school children." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 1 (May 21, 2012): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/010912-20.1.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that malocclusion and its impact on quality of life has no effect on 8- to 10-year-old Brazilian schoolchildren as measured by an oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) instrument. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a population-based sample of 1204 8- to 10-year-old children attending elementary schools in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Dental examinations were carried out by two calibrated examiners. OHRQoL was assessed using the Brazilian version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire. The Dental Aesthetic Index was used for the clinical assessment of malocclusion. Dental caries and socioeconomic factors were used as controlling variables. Bivariate analysis involved the chi-square test and the Fisher exact test. A Poisson regression model was employed for the multivariate analysis (P < .05). Results: Anterior segment spacing and anterior mandibular overjet were significantly associated with impact on OHRQoL (P < .05). Schoolchildren with malocclusion were 1.30-fold (95% CI: 1.15–1.46; P < 0.001) more likely to experience a negative impact on OHRQoL than those without malocclusion. Children belonging to families with an income less than or equal to two times the minimum wage were 1.59-fold (95% CI: 1.35–1.88; P < 0.001) more likely to experience a negative impact on OHRQoL than those belonging to families with the highest income. Conclusions: Schoolchildren with malocclusion from lower-income families experience a greater negative impact on OHRQoL.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Stojanovic, Zdenka, Jasmina Milic, and Verica Pavlic. "Vertical facial disproportions in children with Class III malocclusion." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 147, no. 3-4 (2019): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh180319041s.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction/Objective. Class III malocclusion is a sagittal intermaxillary disproportion with dominant presence of mandible. Apart from primary sagittal, anomalies in vertical face dimension can also be present. The aim of this study is to evaluate vertical facial disproportions in the skeletal Class III malocclusion in stage of mixed dentition, in order to better plan its early therapy. Methods. In total 100 children were randomly selected and divided according to cephalometric analyzes in the two equal groups: Group 1 (experimental group) ? skeletal Class III malocclusion (n = 50) and Group 2 (control group) ? skeletal Class I (n = 50). The groups were further divided into three subgroups according to the age and gender of the children. Vertical craniofacial proportions were measured by anterior (upper, lower and total) and posterior facial height and their proportion. The values were statistically analyzed (p ? 0.05). Results. Upper anterior, lower anterior, total anterior and posterior facial height, proportion between lower and total anterior facial height, and proportion of posterior to total anterior facial height did not have a significant difference among children with Class I and Class III malocclusions. Upper anterior facial height proportional to total anterior facial height was statistically significant greater in experimental group when compared to control. Significant gender dimorphism was noted among the same subgroups. Conclusion. Vertical craniofacial proportions in children with Class III malocclusion in stage of mixed dentition was not significantly changed. This finding leaves room for the successful application of early, individually planned orthodontic therapy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Jeelani, Waqar, Uroosa Sher, and Maheen Ahmed. "Nature and severity of dental malocclusion in children suffering from transfusion-dependent (-thalassemia major." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 25, no. 6 (December 2020): 26e1–26e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.25.6.26.e1-9.onl.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and severity of malocclusion in children suffering from β-thalassemia and to assess orthodontic treatment need using Grainger’s Treatment Priority Index (TPI) and index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN)-dental health component (DHC). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 transfusion-dependent children diagnosed with homozygous β-thalassemia and 200 healthy school children aged 11-17 years. The TPI and IOTN-DHC data was recorded for both groups. Total TPI score for each subject was calculated and graded according to malocclusion severity estimate (MSE). Independent sample t-test was used to compare mean TPI scores, overjet and overbite between thalassemic and healthy children. Chi-square test was used to compare the frequency of IOTN-DHC grades, Angle’s classification, and MSE grades between thalassemic and healthy children. Results: The most prevalent malocclusion was Class I in normal children (67.5%) and Class II in thalassemic children (59%). The mean overjet and overbite were significantly (p<0.001) greater in thalassemic children than in healthy children. Severe tooth displacements were 3.5 times greater in thalassemic children, compared to controls. A greater proportion of thalassemic children were in IOTN grades 3 and 4, compared to the controls (p<0.001). MSE grades 4 and 5 were significantly (p<0.001) more prevalent in thalassemic children, compared to the controls. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of Angle’s Class II malocclusion in thalassemic children. Majority of these children are categorized in higher grades of IOTN-DHC and TPI-MSE, showing a great severity of malocclusion and high orthodontic treatment needs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Dorsch, Ellen, Cole P. Dodge, and Magne Raundalen. "War, Violence, and Children in Uganda." Journal of Public Health Policy 9, no. 3 (1988): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3342649.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Howell, Joy. "Helping animals and children of Uganda." Veterinary Nursing Journal 21, no. 7 (January 2006): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17415349.2006.11081852.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Tang, Endarra L. K., and Lisa L. Y. So. "Prevalence and Severity of Malocclusion in Children with Cleft Lip and/or Palate in Hong Kong." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 29, no. 3 (May 1992): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1992_029_0287_pasomi_2.3.co_2.

Full text

Abstract:

The prevalence and severity of malocclusion among children with cleft lip and palate in Hong Kong has never been assessed or documented. A group of 20 children in the primary or early mixed dentition stages, with clefts of the lip and/or palate were assessed using the Occlusal Index. Results of this preliminary study showed that 92.3 percent of the male and 71.5 percent of the female subjects had severe malocclusion, which Implied that comprehensive orthodontic treatment at a later stage would be needed. More than half (69.2% of the male, and 57.1% of the female subjects) had syndrome F, defined as mesial molar relationship, overjet, overbite, posterior crossbite, midline diastema, and midline deviation (Summers, 1966). Therefore malocclusion problems were shown to manifest early in patients with cleft lip and/or palate, and further that it is possible to assess malocclusion prevalence and severity in early stages of dental development.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Ingle, NA, S. Hemapriya, PE Chaly, and VC Reddy. "Prevalence of Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment Needs Among 12 and 15 Years Old Rural School Children in Kancheepuram District, Tamilnadu." Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 7, no. 2 (2013): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-7-2-84.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Introduction Oral health care in rural areas is limited due to shortage of dental manpower, financial constraints and the lack of perceived need for dental care among rural masses. Aim and Objectives To assess malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12 and 15 years old rural school children in Kancheepuram district. Materials and Methods Multistage random sampling methodology was employed for the selection of blocks, village panchayats, schools and school children. The final sample size of the study is 1000 which included 500 children from 12 years and 500 from 15 years. The malocclusion was recorded using Dental Aesthetic Index. Results The overall prevalence of malocclusion among both the age groups was 75%. The mean DAI score among the 12 years was 29.1 ± 6.02 and among the 15 years was 28.2 ± 5.45 respectively. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that there is high prevalence of malocclusion among the rural school children.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Phillips, Ceib, and Kimberly N. Edwards Beal. "Self-Concept and the Perception of Facial Appearance in Children and Adolescents Seeking Orthodontic Treatment." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/071307-328.1.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Objective: To examine, in adolescents with mild to moderate malocclusion, the relationship between self-concept and demographic characteristics, a clinical assessment of malocclusion, self-perception of malocclusion, and self-perception of facial attractiveness. Methods and Materials: Fifty-nine consecutive patients ages 9 to 15 years scheduled for initial records in a graduate orthodontic clinic consented to participate. Each subject independently completed the Multidimensional Self-Concept Scale (MSCS), the Facial Image Scale, and the Index of Treatment Need–Aesthetic Component (IOTN-AC). Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) scores were obtained from the patients' diagnostic dental casts. Forward multiple-regression analysis with a backward overlook was used to analyze the effect of the demographic, clinical, and self-perception measures on each of the six self-concept (MSCS) domains. Results: Self-perception of the dentofacial region was the only statistically significant predictor (P < .05) for the Global, Competence, Affect, Academic, and Physical domains of self-concept, while age, parental marital status, and the adolescent's self-perception of the dentofacial region were statistically significant predictors (P < .05) of Social Self-Concept. Conclusion: The self-perceived level of the attractiveness or “positive” feelings toward the dentofacial region is more strongly related to self-concept than the severity of the malocclusion as indicated by the PAR score or by the adolescent's perception of their malocclusion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Singh, Varun Pratap, and Amita Sharma. "Epidemiology of Malocclusion and Assessment of Orthodontic Treatment Need for Nepalese Children." International Scholarly Research Notices 2014 (December 22, 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/768357.

Full text

Abstract:

Objective. To evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12- to 15-year-old schoolchildren in eastern Nepal and compare the findings with those of other populations. Methods. Two thousand seventy-four children (1149 males and 925 females) aged between 12 and 15 years were evaluated. Their orthodontic treatment need was assessed using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Needs (IOTN) (dental health component (DHC)). Angle’s classes of malocclusion were also evaluated. Results. The prevalence of classes I, II, and III was 48.50%, 32.68%, and 4.32%, respectively. The IOTN showed that 21.59% had an extreme treatment need, 24.67% had severe treatment need, 24.07% had moderate treatment need, 14.7% had mild treatment need, and 15.02% had no treatment need. Conclusion. Class I malocclusion is the most common, while class III is the least prevalent in eastern Nepal. The majority of the children need orthodontic treatment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Mohan Das, Usha, Divya Reddy, and Venkatsubramanian LNU. "Prevalence of Malocclusion Among School Children in Bangalore, India." International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 1, no. 1 (2008): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1002.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Pliska, Benjamin T., Janson Lee, and Neil K. Chadha. "Prevalence of Malocclusion in Children With Sleep-Disordered Breathing." Journal of Dental Sleep Medicine 04, no. 02 (April 10, 2017): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15331/jdsm.6526.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Lin, Tzuu-Zenn. "Postero-anterior cephalometric features in Japanese children with malocclusion." JOURNAL OF THE STOMATOLOGICAL SOCIETY,JAPAN 56, no. 2 (1989): 361–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5357/koubyou.56.361.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Trottman, Alphonso, and Henry G. Elsbach. "Comparison of malocclusion in preschool black and white children." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 110, no. 1 (July 1996): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(96)70089-6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Roy, Annie, Beatriz Ferraz dos Santos, Pierre Rompré, and Clarice Nishio. "Dental malocclusion among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 158, no. 5 (November 2020): 694–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.10.016.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Chang, Hong-Po, Tsau-Mau Chou, Shu-Hui Hsieh, and Yu-Chuan Tseng. "Cranial-Base Morphology in Children with Class III Malocclusion." Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 21, no. 4 (April 2005): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1607-551x(09)70295-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

YATA, RYOKO, ETSUKO MOTEGI, KIMIKO UEDA, TOMOKO TORIKAI, MORIHIRO HARAZAKI, and YASUSHIGE ISSHIKI. "A Lip Seal Study of Japanese Children with Malocclusion." Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College 42, no. 2 (2001): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2209/tdcpublication.42.73.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Galeotti, Angela, Paola Festa, Valeria Viarani, Vincenzo D'Antò, Emanuela Sitzia, Simone Piga, and Martino Pavone. "Prevalence of malocclusion in children with obstructive sleep apnoea." Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research 21, no. 4 (September 6, 2018): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12242.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Abu Alhaija, Elham S. J., Kazem S. Al-Nimri, and Susan N. Al-Khateeb. "Self-perception of malocclusion among north jordanian school children." European Journal of Orthodontics 27, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjh094.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Malocclusion in children, Uganda'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles