Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Malta, history'

Cette thèse étudie la dynamique de la végétation Holocène pour Burmarrad dans le NW Malte et fournit une reconstruction paléoclimatique quantitative à base de pollen pour cet archipel méditerranéen situé au centre. Le record de pollen donne un nouvel aperçu l'échange végétation 7280-1730 cal BP qui correspondent bien avec other régional dossiers. La reconstruction du climat fournit également forte corrélation avec les sites du sud (en dessous de 40oN) de la Méditerranée. L'interprétation suggère un paysage initialement ouvert au début du néolithique, se développer en un dense Pistacia brousse ca. 6700 calBP. Depuis environ 4450 calBP le paysage devient de nouveau ouvert, coïncidant avec le début de l'âge du bronze sur l'archipel. Cette période coïncide avec une instabilité accrue du climat (entre 4500 et 3700 calBP) qui est suivie par une diminution progressive de la disponibilité de l'humidité de l'été à la fin de l'Holocène. Durant la période romaine début de l'occupation (1972-1730 calBP) le paysage reste généralement ouvert avec une augmentation modérée de Olea. Cette augmentation correspond à des preuves archéologiques pour la production de l'huile d'olive dans la région, avec l'augmentation des taxons cultivés des cultures et des espèces rudérales associés, ainsi que d'une hausse des cas d'incendies. Cette thèse propose également une synthèse des résultats d'un autre noyau (BM1) provenant de la même zone de chalandise, ainsi que les résultats d'une étude préliminaire de la pluie de pollen de surface moderne. L'archipel fournit des indications sur la végétation, les impacts humains et les changements climatiques dans un contexte de l'île au cours de l'Holocène
This thesis investigates the Holocene vegetation dynamics for Burmarrad in north-west Malta and provides a pollen-based quantitative palaeoclimatic reconstruction for this centrally located Mediterranean archipelago. The pollen record from this site provides new insight into the vegetation changes from 7280 to 1730 cal BP which correspond well with other regional records. The climate reconstruction for the area also provides strong correlation with southern (below 40oN) Mediterranean sites. The interpretation suggests an initially open landscape during the early Neolithic, surrounding a large palaeobay, developing into a dense Pistacia scrubland ca. 6700 cal BP. From about 4450 cal BP the landscape once again becomes open, coinciding with the start of the Bronze Age on the archipelago. This period is concurrent with increased climatic instability (between 4500 and 3700 cal BP) which is followed by a gradual decrease in summer moisture availability in the late Holocene. During the early Roman occupation period (1972 to 1730 cal BP) the landscape remains generally open with a moderate increase in Olea. This increase corresponds to archaeological evidence for olive oil production in the area, along with increases in cultivated crop taxa and associated ruderal species, as well as a rise in fire events. This thesis also provides a synthesis with the results from another core (BM1) taken from the same catchment area, as well as results of a preliminary modern surface pollen rain study. The Maltese archipelago provides important insight into vegetation, human impacts and climatic changes in an island context during the Holocene

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
A presente dissertação busca aproximar memória e fotografia, bem como o ato de fotografar do ato de historiar. A partir daí, se volta para a proposta específica de analisar um grupo de fotografias que Augusto Malta fez das ruas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro no início do século XX. Já no século XIX foi atribuída aos fotógrafos a função de registradores de um mundo que se dissipava e de outro que se anunciava. Esses profissionais eram contratados como os responsáveis por guardarem as imagens que se transformavam rapidamente, especialmente nas cidades. Tratava-se de um desejo de construir um álbum que conservasse a memória do antes, do durante e do depois, e que servisse de registro confiável das mudanças promovidas. Esta é a função que Augusto César Malta de Campos assumiu na prefeitura da cidade-capital, comandada por Francisco Pereira Passos. É através desse caminho que se busca analisar a fotografia como artifício capaz de inventariar as transformações da cidade, uma representação fiel do mundo visível. Assim, as imagens dos Kiosques, dentre outras tantas, se tornaram instrumentos com valor de prova a serviço de um projeto modernizador da cidade-capital, numa íntima relação com a mobilização nacional em torno de uma identidade moderna que se forjava naquele tempo.
This work tries to approximate memory and photography, and at the same time the act of make photography and act of writing history. Then the work persecutes the propose of analyze a group of four photos that Augusto Malta made in the streets of Rio de Janeiro in the beginning of the 20th century. In the 19th century was given to the photographers the function of recorders of a world passing through many changes. Those professionals were hired as the responsibles to keep the images that were changing quickly, especially in the cities. There was a desire to build an album dedicated to the memory of times, and prove of the changes in the world. This was the work that Augusto Malta did for the mayor Pereira Passos. Through this way the photography is analyzed as a faithful representation of the visible world. The Kiosque s images became a prove to the project of modernization of the city, in a relation to the national mobilization around a modern identity.

This work traces the Maltese Islands' forest history. In prehistoric time the flora changed accordingly to climatic oscillations. The first people of Malta were Neolithic. Their forest clearance and the drying up of the climate led to population collapse. After a period of time, the forest may have recovered allowing colonisation by a Bronze Age people. The Classical Era where Malta's vegetation was changed and arable agriculture prevailed following this. Olive industry finds dating from the Roman period reveal that olive cultivation was widespread. The Arab period saw the depopulation of the Islands allowing forest recovery to take place. The medieval period saw large areas turned to pasture. Grazing reduced the forest to much garrigue-steppe. Later land enclosure for arable agriculture prepared the way for Malta's traditional landscape with cotton cultivation becoming predominant. During the Knights of St. John period (1530-1798), Buskett and other gardens were established. Documentation reveals the survival of holm oak remnants at Buskett and Wied Hazrum. Drawings of the time depict trees near buildings. There also exists a mid-17^th century description of Gozo's vegetation and a tree name list from the 18^th century. In the mid-18^th century a project for the widespread cultivation of white mulberries was made. In 1798 the French occupation began, although soon the Maltese rebelled. The revolt lasted two years, during which many gardens were devastated. Reconstruction took up most of the 19^th century. Agricultural expansion left little space for trees in the landscape, creating a treelessness paradigm in the people's culture, although 20^th century tree planting is changing this thus Malta is becoming greener.

The research examined the curriculum history of Home Economics and Textiles Studies in Malta. Although some studies on the history of Home Economics were carried out internationally, none had yet focused on the Maltese context which presents an interesting and unique case, the islands being a former British colony with a Catholic Mediterranean culture. This study, conducted from an insider perspective, focused on the development of the micro and macro level of the curriculum of both subjects over a span of fifty years, during which many changes occurred in the Maltese social, political and economic scene. These changes, in turn, had an impact on the local educational system, which was influenced by foreign models. The study adopted a social constructionist perspective towards the development of Home Economics and Textiles Studies, whereby it identified the influences that were most significant, and changes that took place over that particular span of time. The academic, utilitarian and pedagogical traditions were also analysed in relation to the change in status of the Home Economic and Textiles Studies curriculum. This multi-dimensional study included life-history narratives with key individuals who played an important role in the field, semi-structured interviews with various individuals who had a link with the learning or teaching of the subjects, focus group discussions with a group of young teachers, and archival research which shed further light on what led to the changes that occurred in the curriculum over time. The findings revealed that a number of factors led to the current status of the subjects. These included the relationship between patterns of status and resource allocation, the challenges posed by other subjects, the gendered nature of the subjects, the issues regarding name change, the development of the curriculum and role of examinations, and the career prospects of those involved in the learning and teaching of Home Economics and Textiles Studies. The research showed how and to what extent the socio-economic, political and cultural changes the Maltese islands experienced in the period under study affected both the curriculum and the subjects’ community. The study also revealed that the curricula of Home Economics and Textiles Studies developed and evolved according to these various influences, which in turn had a considerable effect on their status and significance, as the subjects have traditionally been considered marginal. The analysis highlighted the impact that various government policies had on the subjects and on the teachers’ lives and experiences, as well as the influence it had on their beliefs and ideals.

This thesis is an investigation of Roman pottery from the Maltese islands from the 1st century BC to the mid-4th century AD, and how pottery can help assess Malta's economic role in the wider central Mediterranean region. The archipelago's locally produced vessels, its range of ceramic exports, and the quantification of the types of amphorae, fine, and cooking wares the islands imported, were studied and the data were used to compare with the pottery available from the small islands of Pantelleria, Lampedusa and the Kerkennah isles. The aim is to revisit the theme of the economic role of the Maltese islands and other similar-sized islands in the region by moving away from the tradition of unilateral and monographic narratives, which more often than not, omit the wealth of information that can be garnered from pottery. In the first instance, a detailed study of three complete and new ceramic assemblages, including amphorae, fine, cooking and coarse wares, was undertaken. The opportunity to quantify identifiable imports and compare them with local products - the first of its kind for fine, cooking and coarse wares - provided valuable proxy data for comparing Malta with neighbouring islands and centres, and demonstrated what proportion of ceramic vessels were locally supplied, and how these changed over time. These data were also fed into a series of network analyses, which plotted the common pottery links shared between small-island and mainland sites in the region. The analyses were interpreted in conjunction with a critique of existing pottery quantification methods, and the potential acceptance for utilising all known pottery data irrespective of the quality and quantity of the published data available. Most importantly, the import trends obtained from this study were incorporated into the existing narrative of how small islands and their local industries featured in the central Mediterranean's regional economy, highlighting the types of archaeologically visible industries that existed; how these developed symbiotically alongside other larger supply networks; and what effect this might have had on the integration of small islands in the Roman Mediterranean.

This study aimed at describing how the nursing profession in Malta changed between 1964 and 1996 emerging as a profession a result of circumstances and changes within and without. Change appears to have been imposed from outside the profession but Maltese nurses did not react to changes whether it was to their benefit or not. Meanwhile, the cumulative effect of various factors such as demographical changes, educational status and political decisions initiated the process of professionalisation of nursing in Malta. Source materials included archival sources and oral history interviews with twenty four interviewees consisting of nurses and other persons who were influential during the time, including politicians. These were analysed in order to produce a narrative of professionalisation of nursing in Malta. This is the first indepth study on the subject. The chosen period under study begins in 1964, the year Malta gained independence and ends in 1996, the year when the post of Nursing Director was established, thus allowing nurses a relative autonomy. Nurses were initially led by the Sisters of Charity who supervised them. Changes in the demographics of nursing, the type of preparation needed for it and the management system together with political decisions that often followed similar ones taken abroad, affected Maltese nurses. The official opening of the St Luke's School for Nurses and the introduction of nurse education at tertiary level were significant markers in the process of professionalisation. The thesis presents an insight into how Maltese nurses did not show much eagerness to reach professionalisation but were still propelled towards it by changes occurring extrinsically and then intrinsically. This is perhaps unique since nurses in other countries had nurse leaders who actively worked to reach professionalisation.

This thesis explores the macro-economic history of Cyprus and Malta in the inter-war period. It constructs the first detailed estimates of output at aggregate and sector levels, enabling the analysis of economic growth and the sector structure of the islands‟ economies. It evaluates their performance within the context of economic change on Europe‟s South Eastern periphery and, specifically, in light of the experience of British colonial rule. The thesis argues, first, that economic growth was slow in wider European comparison and as sluggish as in neighbouring countries. It was so despite the two islands' being far less exposed to the political upheavals of the First World War than most other economies in South Eastern Europe. Second, the proximate reasons for their comparatively weak growth performance differed: Cyprus experienced a prolonged agricultural crisis, but participated in the post-depression recovery through the growth in international demand for the output of its copper mining industry. Malta‟s growth was slower than Cyprus due to the combination of declining British military expenditure and the population increasing faster than previously. These differences notwithstanding, the islands were ultimately affected by common problems. Their small overall size had a negative effect on their performance as global protectionism increased and restricted export opportunities. In addition, the colonial governments remained committed to balanced budgets and non-intervention in the economy, limiting their ability to combat the effects of the great depression. As a result, the deteriorating economic situation increased the political tension between the islanders and the colonial governments. The reluctance to mount an effective policy response to the great depression acted as a catalyst to political polarization, leading to violence and the suspension of the islands‟ constitutions.

Located approximately in the middle of the central Mediterranean channel, the Maltese Archipelago was touched by the historical events that effected the political, economic and cultural environment of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The islands were close to the major maritime routes throughout history and they were often on the border between clashing military, political, religious, and cultural entities. For these reasons, the islands were presumed to have been strategically and economically important, and, thus, frequented by ships. An underwater archaeological survey around the archipelago revealed the scarcity of submerged cultural remains, especially pertaining to shipping and navigation. Preliminary findings elucidate a story that contrasts with the picture presented by modern history and historiography. In this sense, a comparison of the underwater archaeological data with the information gathered through a detailed study of Maltese maritime history clearly shows that the islands were attributed an exaggerated importance in historical texts, due to political and religious trends that are rooted in the period during which the islands were under the control of the Order of Saint John. An objective investigation of the historical and archaeological material provides a more balanced picture, and places the islands in a Mediterranean-wide historical framework from the first colonization of the archipelago eight thousands years ago to the twentieth century.

In 1806, the British protectorate of Malta was engulfed in political scandal when accusations of ‘despotism’, ‘tyranny’ and ‘torture’, were made against the island’s Civil Commissioner, Sir Alexander Ball. This episode, alongside other contemporary colonial controversies, has recently attracted attention as a starting point for histories charting British attempts to construct a coherent imperial legal system across the first half of the nineteenth century. Rather than viewing the events at Malta in 1806 as the beginnings of a nineteenth-century story, this thesis however argues for the need to understand them as the culmination of a longer eighteenth-century saga. Applying a biographical lens, this thesis traces the Mediterranean career of William Eton, the minor colonial official who was chiefly responsible for the accusations made at Malta. As this thesis argues, ostensibly marginal figures such as Eton make particularly useful subjects for such an approach due to the fact that their life stories do not fit neatly into existing historical narratives, and thus cut across and connect supposedly distinct historical processes. Through Eton, this thesis connects the political scandal at Malta in 1806 to the intellectual and cultural circles of the North-German Enlightenment, to London networks of metropolitan political radicalism in the 1790s, as well as to the secret diplomacy, espionage, and foreign policy endeavours of the British and Russian empires in the Mediterranean in the late-eighteenth century. By piecing together the fragmentary traces of Eton’s transient career, with his diverse networks and multi-layered sociability, as well as his many endeavours to succeed, this thesis therefore provides a clear insight into just how interconnected British and Mediterranean trade was with diplomacy, politics, and the social and intellectual currents of European life during the ‘Age of Revolutions,’ as well as the lasting impacts these connections had on shaping British imperial governance at Malta.

This study attempts to follow the stage history of three of Marlowe's plays, Dr. Faustus, Edward II, and The Jew of Malta, from Marlowe's own time to our own time. It also attempts to discuss changes in critical attitudes to these plays in particular, and to Marlowe in general, and to relate these to the plays' theatrical fortunes. Each of the first and last three chapters is devoted to one play. The first three deal with the early stage history of the three plays under discussion. Chapter One discusses that of Dr. Faustus, Chapter Two discusses that of The Jew of Malta, and Chapter Three, that of Edward H. On the basis of what is known with reasonable certainty, and of what can be deduced from a general knowledge of the Elizabethan theatre, the first three chapters explore dates, places and circumstances of the performances of these plays. They also attempt to reconstruct the stage action of major scenes in the plays and to investigate what theatrical techniques were available or were made exclusively available for staging these scenes. In the light of the social, political, and cultural climate of the sixteenth and seventeenth century, there is also an attempt to study what the thematic issues in each play represented for Elizabethan audiences, and this is juxtaposed in the three last chapters with what they now represent for modern audiences. This juxtaposition hopefully illuminates our understanding of the plays in their own time and shows how some aspects of these plays which do not appeal to modern audiences and directors were, in fact, of great significance to their first audiences. Chapters Six, Seven and Eight deal with the twentieth-century stage history of the plays in the same order as that of the three early chapters. The large number of performances in the twentieth century made the approach to these chapters inevitably selective. Therefore, in each chapter a certain number of performances have been chosen for detailed analysis, some of which have been seen; other performances have been discussed more briefly and only with a view to their effect in the stage history of the plays. For the productions discussed in detail, promptbooks and reviews have been examined, and, where possible, directors have been interviewed. Together, the early and the modern period seem to exhibit two peaks of Marlowe's popularity on the stage. These are bridged by Chapters Four and Five, where the lack of Marlowe performances formed a kind of valley between two mountains. Thus these two middle chapters, as it were, provide the stepping stones between the first and the last three chapters. Chapter Four deals with the period between 1642 and 1800, reviewing the prevailing critical attitudes to Marlowe, and their relation to his absence from the stage. Chapter Five opens with a study of Edmund Kean's revival of The Jew of Malta in 1818 and of how the play was adapted to the social and theatrical climate of the time. The Chapter also reviews the critical attitudes to Marlowe's plays in the nineteenth century, as seen in editions of, and essays on, the plays; and it ends with a study of William Poel's revivals of two of the plays under discussion, Dr. Faustus and Edward II, in 1896 and in 1903, respectively. All the eight chapters attempt to discuss the stage history of the plays in the light of the theatrical conditions of the times, and the ways in which these influenced the staging and interpretation of the text. There is no claim that it is possible to reconstruct the effect of a certain performance or how words were spoken, but, where promptbooks are available, there is a fair degree of certainty concerning what was spoken in the production. Thus, a study of cuts and additions made by actor-managers and directors proved necessary. In cases where further extracts from the promptbooks may be helpful to the reader, such extracts have been provided in appendices. There are also lists of dates and places of modern professional and amateur productions of these plays, which are useful though by no means exhaustive. Illustrations have also been provided, to illuminate points made in the discussion of particular productions. The conclusion sums up the reasons why Marlowe's plays were popular only at certain times and in certain climates, discusses how certain difficulties experienced in staging them are still seen as major obstacles in productions. It finally focuses on Marlowe's position in the theatre of today.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt das Bibliothekswesen auf den Maltesischen Inseln. Einleitend werden Länderinformationen, Informationen zur maltesischen Sprache und zu Schul- und Berufsausbildung gegeben, gefolgt von einem Überblick über die maltesische Druckgeschichte, dem Buchmarkt und der Pflichtexemplarregelung auf den Inseln. Im Hauptteil wird auf Unterhaltsträger von maltesischen Bibliotheken eingegangen und alle bekannten Bibliothekstypen vorgestellt. Innerhalb der verschiedenen Bibliotheksgruppen wird mindestens eine Bibliothek anhand ihrer Funktion, Mitarbeiter, finanziellen Situation, vorhandenen Sammlungen, Erschließungsinstrumenten und Benutzungsmodalitäten detailliert dargestellt. Andere Bibliotheken des gleichen Bibliothekstyps werden genannt, Besonderheiten werden erörtert. Des Weiteren wird ein Überblick über die Möglichkeiten bibliothekarischer Ausbildung gegeben. Die beiden bibliothekarischen Berufsverbände MaLIA und MSLA werden kurz anhand ihrer Aufgaben und Tätigkeiten dargestellt. Ausführliche Informationen über die Literaturversorgung der Malteser durch Bibliotheken und die Struktur des Bibliothekswesens in Malta werden in der Zusammenfassung erörtert. Der Text wurde gelegentlich durch graphische Darstellungen ergänzt. Im Anhang der Arbeit befinden sich unter anderem Adressverzeichnisse der bekannten öffentlichen und wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken sowie Karten im DIN A3 Format, auf welchen die Bibliotheken verzeichnet wurden. Die Diplomarbeit basiert auf Literaturstudium, Befragungen per E-Mail und Experteninterviews.

La presente tesi si prefigge di colmare una lacuna nella conoscenza sulle scelte patrimoniali, in età moderna, di un grande attore territoriale, il Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rodi e di Malta. La storiografia sulle vicende di quest’Ordine in periodo medioevale è cospicua e storici di grande rilievo si sono adoperati nella ricostruzione delle sue caratteristiche e dei meccanismi amministrativi fin dai suoi albori, da Gerusalemme a Rodi. Lo studio della storia dei cavalieri in età moderna è, al contrario, lacunoso: in parte per il fatto che molti documenti sono andati perduti prima dell’arrivo dell’Ordine a Malta nel 1530 e in parte perché vi è più difficoltà nel reperimento delle fonti, andate disperse negli Archivi di Stato di tutta Europa. Nel secolo scorso su quest’ordine dalla preminente vocazione ospedaliera numerosi sono stati gli approfondimenti da differenti punti di vista, spesso puntuali e non sistematici: da qui l’opportunità e l’interesse scientifico per un progetto organico volto a ricostruire origine, sviluppo e trasformazione dei beni architettonici e territoriali degli ospedalieri durante la fase moderna, ai fini di una loro valorizzazione. In tale periodo storico quasi ogni Stato si è dotato di ordini laici cavallereschi o religioso-militari, ma quelli che hanno mantenuto una loro propria aderenza al modello originale sono in prevalenza di origine medievale. Alcuni di questi sono sopravvissuti sino ai giorni nostri, rinunciando all’aspetto militare e trovando nuova vita nello spirito caritatevole: tra questi, l’Ordine dei Cavalieri di Malta è uno dei pochi, se non quasi l’unico, che ha saputo completamente riconvertirsi. Rispetto agli altri ordini religioso-militari, l’Ordine di Malta si caratterizza sia per la sua solida struttura gerarchico-amministrativa, che rimane pressoché intatta nei secoli, sia per il suo carattere patrimoniale e territoriale, che gli consente di allargare continuamente il suo dominio a livello internazionale, da Gerusalemme a Rodi e a Malta, fino a tutta l’Europa allora conosciuta. Comprendere la gerarchia amministrativa dell’ordine è molto importante per ricostruire le ricadute dirette sui beni a livello territoriale attraverso il sistema essenzialmente commendatizio. Il consolidamento di quest’ultimo, a partire dall’età moderna, è un aspetto fondamentale per i Cavalieri di Malta al fine di ottenere le risorse economiche necessarie per portare a termine la costruzione della cosiddetta “città dell’Ordine”, La Valletta, a partire dal 1565. Le relazioni intercorse poi tra i Gran Maestri, i papi e i principi italiani e stranieri a fine Cinquecento trovano un riscontro diretto anche di carattere architettonico: gli scambi epistolari tra l’imperatore Carlo V e l’ordine religioso-militare a seguito della donazione di Malta nel 1530, e quello tra il Gran Maestro Jean de La Valette e Cosimo I de’ Medici concorrono all’ideazione di una città che rispecchi, anche da un punto di vista architettonico, la potenza cristiana nel Mediterraneo, quale era diventata allora quella in capo all’Ordine di Malta. A fine Cinquecento proliferano le idee sul tema delle città ideali: basti pensare a Vitry-le François (1545), Carlentini (1551) e Palmanova (1593). I più grandi ingegneri militari dell’epoca vengono chiamati nei maggiori Stati italiani e stranieri per realizzare le ambizioni di papi, duchi, principi e imperatori, facilitando la migrazione di stile del linguaggio architettonico del Rinascimento tardivo in tutta Europa. I viaggi di questi celebri ingegneri militari da una città all’altra comportano una diretta ricaduta sia sulle scelte linguistiche dell’architettura, sia nella misura di un costante scambio con le maestranze del luogo, così come accade nella capitale dell’ordine a La Valletta. Vi è, inoltre, un rapporto simbiotico tra gli ingegneri scelti dall'ordine, che portano nuovi modelli architettonico-urbanistici, e le maestranze maltesi, formate nella loro tradizione, che trasmettono lo stile del tardo Rinascimento anche agli insediamenti più minuti del luogo. Con questa tesi si è cercato, dunque, di fare luce sul patrimonio dell’Ordine di Malta in età moderna, un patrimonio ancora presente oggi come monumentum: lo studio ha mostrato quanto sia necessario conoscere per evitare di cancellare, a volte inconsapevolmente, la traccia di una presenza antica, profondamente legata alla storia locale, ma facente capo al contempo a una più ampia storia europea. Hanno contribuito a questa lettura integrata, a scala europea, la cotutela con l’École Pratique des Hautes Études della Sorbonne di Parigi e la collaborazione costante da parte degli enti di tutela di Malta.
This dissertation aims to fill the knowledge gap about the property choices – during the Modern Age – of a great territorial mover, the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta. The historiography about the events of this Order during the Middle Ages is considerable and very prominent historians have worked to reconstruct its features and administrative machinery from its dawning, from Jerusalem to Rhodes. On the contrary, the research of Knights’ history during the Modern Age is full of lacunae: partly because a lot of documents are lost before the Order arrival in Malta on 1530 and partly because finding the sources – lost in the State Archives of all Europe – is more difficult. In the past century, many in-depth studies – often accurate and non-systematic – have been made from different points of view: from hence the opportunity and the scientific interest for an organic project intended to reconstruct the origin, the development and transformation of the architectural and territorial goods of the Hospitallers during the Modern period, counting towards their enhancement. During this historical period almost each State has secular orders of knighthood or military-religious orders, but the ones who kept their own adherence to the original model have principally a medieval origin. Some of them survive up to the present day, renouncing the military aspect and finding new life in the charitable spirit: among them, the Order of Malta is one of the few, maybe the only one, that was been able to be completely reconverted. Compared to the other military-religious orders, the Order of Malta is characteristic of both the solid hierarchical administrative structure, all but intact during the centuries, and its property and territorial nature allowing to widen continuously its international rule, from Jerusalem to Rhodes and Malta, and the then known Europe. It is very important to understand the order administrative hierarchy to reconstruct the direct repercussions on the international goods through the system basically of recommendation, which consolidation is – from the Modern Age – an essential aspect for the Knights of Malta to get the economical resources needed to achieve the construction of the so-called “City of the Order”, Valletta, from 1565. The relations existing between the Grand Masters, the popes and the Italian princes to the end of Cinquecento find a direct confirmation in the architectural feature too: the epistolary correspondence between the Emperor Charles V and the military-religious order following the deed of donation of the Maltese Island in 1530, and the one between the Grand Master Jean de Valette and Cosimo I de’ Medici concur to the invention of a city mirroring, also from an architectural point of view, the Christian power in the Mediterranean Sea, as the Order of Malta was. At the end of Cinquecento the ideas about ideal cities topic proliferate: only think about Vitry-le François (1545), Carlentini and Palmanova (1593). The greatest military engineers of the period are called into the more important Italian and foreign States to achieve the ambitions of popes, dukes, princes and emperors, simplifying the style migration of the late Renaissance and Mannerism architectural language in all Europe. The journeys of these famous military engineers from a city to another involve a direct repercussion on the architectural language choices, both in the measure of a constant exchange with the local workers, and as it happens in Valletta, the capital of the order. Moreover, there is a symbiotic relationship between the engineers the order chose, bringing new urban architectural models, and the Maltese workers, grown up in their tradition, handing on the late Renaissance style also to the most minute settlements. By this dissertation we tried then to throw some daylight on the Order of Malta property in the Modern Age, a property still present today as monumentum: the research has showed how is necessary knowing to avoid effacing, sometimes unconsciously, the trace of an ancient presence, deeply connected to the local history, but referred to a wider European history. Having contributed to this integrated reading the co-preservation with the École Pratique des Hautes Études de la Sorbonne in Paris and the constant cooperation with the Board of preservation of Malta.
La recherche, qui fait l'objet de cette thèse, a pour but de combler une lacune au sujet de la connaissance des choix patrimoniaux à l’époque moderne d’un grand acteur territorial, l’Ordre souverain militaire hospitalier de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem, de Rhodes et de Malte. L’historiographie relative au cheminement de cet Ordre à l’époque médiévale est considérable et des historiens de grande envergure se sont occupés d’en reconstruire les caractéristiques et les mécanismes administratifs dès son commencement, de Jérusalem à Rhodes. Au contraire, l’étude de l’histoire des chevaliers à l’époque moderne souffre de lacunes, d’une part à cause du fait que de nombreux documents se sont perdus avant l’arrivée de l’Ordre à Malte en 1530, d’autre part, parce qu’il y a de considérables difficultés à repérer les sources parsemées dans les Archives d’État de toute l'Europe. Au cours du siècle dernier, nombreux ont été les approfondissements sous différents points de vue, souvent ponctuels et donc non systématiques, sur cet ordre à vocation majoritairement hospitalière : donc l'occasion et l’intérêt scientifique pour l’élaboration d’un projet organique consacré à la reconstruction de l’origine, du développement et de la transformation des biens architecturaux et territoriaux des hospitaliers à l’époque moderne avec comme finalité leur valorisation. Durant la première modernité, quasiment chaque État se précautionnait d’ordres laïcs chevaleresques ou religieux-militaires, mais ceux qui demeurèrent fidèles au modèle original sont prioritairement ceux d’origine médiévale. Certains d’entre eux ont survécu jusqu’à nos jours, en renonçant au versant militaire et en trouvant une nouvelle substance dans l’action charitable : l’Ordre des Chevaliers de Malte est l'un des rares Ordres, sinon le seul, qui a dû se reconstruire entièrement. Par rapport aux autres ordres religieux-militaires, l’Ordre de Malte se caractérise tant par sa solide structure hiérarchique administrative, qui se maintient inaltérée pendant des siècles, que par sa nature patrimoniale et territoriale, qui lui permet d’accroître sans cesse sa domination au niveau international, de Jérusalem à Rhodes et Malte, jusqu’à atteindre toute l’Europe de cette époque. Appréhender la hiérarchie administrative de l’Ordre est très important pour reconstruire les retombées directes sur les biens à au niveau territorial, notamment à travers le système des commanderies. La consolidation de ce dernier, à partir de l’époque moderne, est, pour les chevaliers de Malte, un aspect fondamental afin d’obtenir les ressources économiques nécessaires pour mener à son terme la construction de « la ville de l’Ordre », La Valette, à partir de 1565. Les relations établies entre les Grands Maîtres, les papes et les princes italiens et étrangers à la fin du XVIe siècle trouvent une démonstration directe même sous sur le plan de l’architecture : les échanges épistolaires entre l’empereur Charles Quint et l’Ordre religieux militaire suite à la donation de Malte en 1530, et celui entre le Grand Maître, Jean de La Valette, et Cosme Ier de Toscane, concourent à l’idéation d’une ville qui réfléchisse, même sous l’angle architectural, la puissance chrétienne dans la Méditerranée, tel que la manifestait l’Ordre de Malte. À la fin du XVIe siècle, il y a un foisonnement d’idées autour du thème de la ville idéale : il suffit de penser à Vitry-le-François (1545), Carlentini (1551) e Palmanova (1593). Les plus grands ingénieurs militaires de l’époque furent appelés dans les plus importants États italiens et étrangers afin de réaliser les ambitions des papes, ducs, princes et empereurs, en facilitant en Europe la migration de style du langage architectural de la Renaissance tardive. Les voyages d’une ville à l’autre, de ces célèbres ingénieurs militaires, ont une conséquence directe autant sur les choix du langage architectural, que pour ce qui concerne l’échange constant de main-d’œuvre locale, comme c’est le cas pour la capitale de l’Ordre, La Valette. De plus, il y a un rapport symbiotique entre les ingénieurs choisis par l’Ordre qui portent de nouveaux modèles architecturaux et urbanistiques et la main-d’œuvre maltaise, formée dans la tradition, qui transmettent le style de la Renaissance tardive même aux plus petites agglomérations. Cette thèse a donc voulu chercher à faire la lumière sur le patrimoine de l’Ordre de Malte à l’époque moderne, un patrimoine encore existant à ce jour comme un monumentum : la recherche a démontré à quel point il est nécessaire de le connaître pour éviter d’effacer, parfois sans s’en rendre compte, la trace d’une présence vénérable, profondément liée à l’histoire locale, tout en étant à la tête d’une plus ample histoire européenne. Cette lecture intégrée à échelle européenne a été menée en cotutelle avec l’École Pratique des Hautes Études de la Sorbonne de Paris, sous la constante collaboration des organismes de tutelle de Malte.

The insular nature of the Maltese archipelago provides a unique opportunity to explore trade and cultural change from the Neolithic to the Bronze Ages in the central Mediterranean. I hypothesize that, during the period in which the Maltese islands were experiencing a form of isolation—owing either to their distance from Sicily and other populated regions, to the collective formation of an inwardly-focused culture, or to a combination of these factors—it is unlikely that pottery played a significant role as either an import or export in the archipelago’s exchange relationships with other communities in the central Mediterranean. I accordingly propose that ceramics were only significant in the interaction networks between Malta and its neighbors during periods when the archipelago was culturally connected to Sicily. Except for a limited number of archaeometric studies (Barone et al. 2015; Molitor 1988; Mommsen et al. 2006), analysis of similarities among ceramic wares produced in Malta and elsewhere that allow archaeologists to draw conclusions about the nature of Malta’s connectivity to other communities has been based on macroscopic observation. The present study builds on the few archaeometric studies by determining the provenance of ceramic samples based on their trace elemental composition. Included in this study were both clay samples and ceramic artifacts representing each of Malta’s chronological phases from the Neolithic to the Bronze Ages. Specifically, in order to address the question of the role that pottery played in the prehistoric trade of the Maltese islands, 392 Maltese ceramic sherds were analyzed using a Bruker III-V handheld portable X-ray fluorescence device, which revealed the relative abundance of six trace elements, namely thorium, rubidium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, and niobium. The trace elemental composition of the Maltese pottery was compared with that of 18 Sicilian ceramic sherds and clay samples from both Malta and Sicily. The results of this research support my hypothesis in part, suggesting that neither ceramics nor raw clay materials played a significant role in overseas trade during Malta’s period of cultural isolation, which extended from the Ġgantija phase to the end of the Tarxien phase. On the other hand, ceramics played a more active role in Malta’s interaction networks during periods of connectivity with Sicily, for instance in the Neolithic Age. This study also provides the first chemical evidence that Malta exported pottery to Sicily during the Bronze Age and that Malta’s contact with Mycenaeans was indirect in nature. The findings presented here thus contribute to understanding Malta’s role in trade and interaction networks from the Neolithic to the Bronze Ages and point to new approaches to exploring the cultural change that becomes apparent in the Maltese Temple Period.

Loin d’être une nouveauté, les revendications fascistes autour de « l’italianité » de la Corse et de Malte prennent la suite des campagnes irrédentistes de l’époque crispienne. A partir de 1923, les mêmes arguments d’ordre géographique, historique, linguistique ou ethnographique, tout comme les supposés liens culturels entre les élites italiennes, corses et maltaises du XIXe siècle, furent à nouveau au coeur du débat. Cette défense d’une l’italianité corse et maltaise, tout comme le mythe du Risorgimento méditerranéen, ne constitue cependant qu’une réactualisation de la politique impérialiste de la Rome antique dans le Lebensraum italien qui se concrétise autour du concept de Mare Nostrum.Cette recherche a ainsi permis de combiner l’étude des structures de sociabilité culturelle et scientifique liés à la valorisation linguistique avec une nouvelle l’analyse de la politique méditerranéenne de l’Italie fasciste, tout en gardant une approche sociale et politique des réseaux et vecteurs internes de l’autonomisme corse et du nationalisme maltais. En abordant la question de l’irrédentisme en Corse et à Malte émerge alors le problème de la proximité linguistique des idiomes locaux avec la langue italienne. Dans les deux cas, nous nous heurtons à une des plus délicates questions de l’histoire corse et maltaise: le désir d’autonomie et indépendance. Les fascistes, en s’appuyant sur des arguments d’ordre culturel et en faisant appel aux revendications des populations issues des mauvaises conditions économiques, ont cherché à rallier à la cause irrédentiste les plus fervents opposants aux gouvernements français et anglais: les membres du Parti Corse d’Action (PCA) et du Parti Nationaliste Maltais. Ce problème linguistique qui aurait dû se cantonner à un débat purement scientifique, a ainsi été dévoyé sur le terrain politique au profit des irrédentistes fascistes et des nationalistes corses et maltais
In 1923 the Fascist regime began a propaganda campaign by claiming the territories of Corsica and Malta, held by France and Great Britain, that were deemed to be Italian lands. The Fascist regime produced literature on Corsica and Malta that justified that both islands were Italian lands based on historic, ethnic, and linguistic grounds. The Fascists quoted historical, geographical, linguistic, ethnographic and cultural relations between the Italian peninsula and the island elite during the nineteenth century, in order to present evidence of the Italianità of Corsica and Malta. The Fascist regime activate cultural institutions and the majority of the Italian intellectuals in order to justify, on the ideological level, the irredentist and imperial ambitions in the Mediterranean basin. This research aims to investigate the myth of the Risorgimento Mediterranean, a myth that was created in order to explain to Italian public opinion the Mussolini's foreign policy regarding Corsica and Malta. The myth of the Risorgimento Mediterranean created a strong link between the imperial mission of ancient Rome and the "Mediterranean destiny" of the House of Savoy. It gradually became a prevalent subject in Fascist publications and writings of personalities of the Italian cultural life. This study aims to examine the distance and the convergence between the mythological construction of the Risorgimento Mediterranean and the reality of the Fascist territorial claims in the Mediterranean, in particular on Corsica and Malta

Diploma thesis called Historical Self-consciousness works with the topic of personal art history, that is natural to the work of every author. Time is cyclic and different epochs are changing and overlaping. Diploma thesis is result of my very long interest in history and understanting to this term, as it have been changing during my studies.

In 1923 the Fascist regime began a propaganda campaign by claiming the territories of Corsica and Malta, held by France and Great Britain, that were deemed to be Italian lands. The Fascist regime produced literature on Corsica and Malta that justified that both islands were Italian lands based on historic, ethnic, and linguistic grounds. The Fascists quoted historical, geographical, linguistic, ethnographic and cultural relations between the Italian peninsula and the island elite during the nineteenth century, in order to present evidence of the Italianità of Corsica and Malta. The Fascist regime activate cultural institutions and the majority of the Italian intellectuals in order to justify, on the ideological level, the irredentist and imperial ambitions in the Mediterranean basin. This research aims to investigate the myth of the Risorgimento Mediterranean, a myth that was created in order to explain to Italian public opinion the Mussolini's foreign policy regarding Corsica and Malta. The myth of the Risorgimento Mediterranean created a strong link between the imperial mission of ancient Rome and the "Mediterranean destiny" of the House of Savoy. It gradually became a prevalent subject in Fascist publications and writings of personalities of the Italian cultural life. This study aims to examine the distance and the convergence between the mythological construction of the Risorgimento Mediterranean and the reality of the Fascist territorial claims in the Mediterranean, in particular on Corsica and Malta.
A partire dal 1923 il regime fascista diede avvio a una campagna propagandistica di rivendicazioni territoriali nei riguardi di Malta e della Corsica, facendo appello ad argomentazioni di ordine storico, geografico, linguistico, etnografico nonché ai legami culturali tra la Penisola italiana e le élites insulari risalenti al XIX secolo, al fine di comprovare l’italianità delle due isole. Il regime mobilitò le istituzioni culturali e larga parte dell’intellettualità italiana con l’intento dichiarato di suffragare, sul piano ideologico, le mire irredentiste e imperialiste nel bacino del Mediterraneo. Questa ricerca intende ricostruire la parabola del mito del Risorgimento mediterraneo, un mito che fu concepito e costruito con il proposito di giustificare e motivare, di fronte all’opinione pubblica italiana, le scelte compiute dal governo mussoliniano in materia di politica estera e in particolare nei confronti delle terre irredente mediterranee: la Corsica e Malta. Statuendo un nesso indissolubile tra la missione imperiale fascista, che era stata di Roma antica, e il «destino mediterraneo» di Casa Savoia, il mito del Risorgimento mediterraneo divenne progressivamente un motivo dominante nella pubblicistica fascista e negli scritti di insigni personalità dell’intellettualità italiana. Questo studio si propone di valutare la distanza e la convergenza tra la costruzione mitologica del Risorgimento mediterraneo e la realtà delle rivendicazioni territoriali dell’Italia fascista nel Mediterraneo, in particolare nei riguardi della Corsica e di Malta.

Cette étude concerne l'histoire de la chapelle de la cathédrale de Malte à partir de sa constitution au début du 17eme siècle, jusqu'au 18eme siècle. Bien que le chant figure ait été introduit en 1573 avec le maitre italien Giulio Scala, c'est seulement vers le début des années '20 du 17eme siècle, après la visite pastorale de l'évêque Baldassarre Cagliares, qu'on décida d'établir la somme de 1000 écus par an pour la constitution d'une chapelle musicale. Déjà à partir des premières années, les activités de la chapelle sont bien attestées : de la musique pour trois chœurs à la pratique quotidienne caractérisée par l'emploi des voix accompagnées à l'orgue. Le 17eme siècle se caractérise aussi par la forte présence d'organiers, maitres et musiciens siciliens dont quelques-unes de leurs œuvres sont conservées uniquement à Malte. La comparaison entre la chapelle maltaise et les villes les plus importantes de la Sicile montre en outre plusieurs similitudes, étant donné le même substrat culturel. La destruction de la cathédrale causée par le tremblement de terre de 1693 provoqua la réduction de l'ensemble à un seul chœur vocal. Avec la reconstruction de la cathédrale en 1702, la chapelle reprendra ses activités normales. Graduellement on introduisit les instruments à vent (hautbois, trompettes, cors de chasse) en conformité avec les nouvelles tendances musicales européennes. Si le siècle précèdent était caractérisé par la présences de siciliens, pendant le 18eme sont des maltais à la direction de la chapelle. Ces maitres étaient généralement sponsorisés par la cathédrale pour compléter leurs études musicales dans les conservatoires de Naples. Les contacts avec l'ambiance napolitaine furent fondamentaux pour le développement musical de la chapelle. Au 18eme siècle Naples représentait le réfèrent idéal pour le recrutement aussi bien des solistes castrats que des organiers pour les orgues de la cathédrale de Malte
This study traces the history of the musical chapel of the cathedral of Malta from its constitution to the 18th century. Although polyphonic chant was introduced in 1573 with the employment of the Italian Giulio Scala, it is only around 1620, following the pastoral visit of the bishop Baldassarre Cagliares that the sum of 1000 scudi was approved for the constitution of a musical chapel. These first years of the musical chapel bear witness of its activities: from solemn polychoral music to daily practice for voices and organ. The 17th century was deeply influenced by the presence of Sicilian organ builders, maestros and instrumentalists some of whose music is today still preserved as "unique" copy in Malta. Furthermore, strong similarities can be ascertained between this chapel and other important Sicilian chapels, both belonging to a similar cultural area. The destruction of the cathedral after the earthquake of 1693 caused the reduction of chapel staff. After its reconstruction in 1702, the musical activities resumed to a normal routine. The chapel gradually started to develop the wind section (horns, oboes, trumpets) following the new musical trends. In contrast to the 17th century where the Sicilian presence was very strong, the 18th century is dominated by Maltese maestros who were usually sent by the cathedral to Neapolitan conservatories to further their musical studies. Among these, maestro don Benigno Zerafa and organist Francesco Azopardi had a fundamental role in the development of the chapel as well as the repertoire. During the 18th century, Naples had also been chosen as the most important place to recruit Italian singers as well as organ builders. These continuous exchanges between Malta and Naples influenced deeply the development of the musical chapel through an enlargement of the instrumental and vocal ensemble as well as the musical style

Orientador: Wilton Carlos Lima da Silva
Banca: Cristiane Coppe de Oliveira
Banca: Áureo Busseto
Resumo: O presente trabalho dissertativo tem como objetivo apresentar o Oriente criado por Malba Tahan ao longo de sua carreira literária e intelectual. Partindo da análise de parte de sua extensa bibliografia o texto parte da premissa que o conjunto de sua criação foi elemento facilitador da aceitação da cultura árabe/oriental em terras brasileiras. Criado por Júlio César de Mello e Souza o pseudônimo Malba Tahan, diferente de outros autores nacionais que inseriram ou trataram da cultura arábica em suas obras, não apenas buscou a inserção de personagens orientais na realidade nacional, mas, apresentou e fez o leitor aproximar-se daquela realidade. A alteridade construída pelo pseudônimo baseou-se na criação de cenários mágicos, longínquos e com aspectos religiosos e sociais que diferenciavam-se da realidade vivida pelo leitor, mas que eram misturados com características conhecidas pelos mesmos. Esta mistura de realidades fez com que sua obra fosse consumida nas mais variadas faixas etárias e em diferentes suportes, como páginas de jornais e livros a partir da segunda década do século passado até os dias atuais
Abstract: The presented dissertational work has the aim to introduce the East created by Malba Tahan throughout his literary and intelectual carreer. Based on the analysis of part of its intensive bibliography. The text assumes that the set of its creation was a facilitator element of acceptance of the Arab culture/Eastern of Brazil soil. Created by Julio Cesar de Mello the pseudonym Malba Tahan, different from other authors who have inserted or treated the Arabic culture in their works, not only searched for the inclusion of oriental characters on the national reality, but presented and made the reader closer to that reality. The alterity built by the pseudonym was based on the creation of magical scenery, distant religious and social aspects that differed from the reality experienced by the reader, but were mixed with known characteristics by the same. This mix of realities caused his work to be consumed in various age groups and in different media as newspapers and books from the second decade of the last century to present days
Mestre

Dans cette etude, la diffusion linguistique est prise dans son sens le plus large. Sans exclure l'enseignement, ce concept englobe aussi des modes de diffusion tels que les voyages, les contacts, le commerce, la circulation du livre, le theatre et les medias. Le francais peut etre considere comme une marque de distinction. Il fit son entree dans le systeme educatif maltais, en tant que discipline a part entiere, au xixe siecle. La langue francaise occupait souvent une place privilegiee dans les etablissements scolaires diriges par des congregations francaises. Paradoxalement, elle finit par consolider sa position lors de la "question de la langue". Le francais langue etrangere se constitua tradivement en champ et les enseignements maltais ont tendance a opter pour une pedagogie traditionnelle. Actuellement, ce sont les manifestations culturelles et la methodologie qui sont privilegiees dans le champ maltais de la diffusion
In this study, the expression "language diffusion" is used in its widest sense. Besides language teaching, this concept also includes the spreading of a language by means of travelling, contacts, commerce, books, the theatre and the media. French can also be considered as a distinctive feature. It became an academic subject during the 19th century. French teaching congregations played an important role in the spreading of the language in their schools. The position of the french languageimproved during the "language question". In malta, french as a foreign language took long to emerge as a "field". Maltese teachers tend to teach the language in a traditional way. At present, special importance in given to cultural activities and methodology in this field in malta

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
In this study, we propose to make a study of the area as a historic building. Thus, we believe that the spaces are built from a complex network of sociability and power, where a particular social group seeks exert power over the region and define its forms of production, making the daily lives of other rural social segments a field of confrontations. These forces can be scaled by the study of spatial configurations and historic culture, since these mechanisms can vary with the gimmicks that each of these groups have to materialize their practices for the production of space. Therefore, to understand these disputes, we choose the Forest north, of the state of Alagoas between the end of the eighteenth century and the first three decades of the nineteenth and its main stakeholders: the Portuguese Crown; owners, especially the gentlemen of ingenuity and the free and poor population; the Indians and maroon, examining the tactics and strategies developed by each of these social follow through data in inventories, wills, reports from the administration of the Portuguese Crown and memories travelers.
No presente trabalho, propomo-nos a fazer um estudo do espaço enquanto construção histórica. Dessa forma, entendemos que os espaços são construídos a partir de uma complexa rede de sociabilidades e poderes, onde um determinado grupo social busca definir as suas formas de produção na região. Essas forças podem ser dimensionadas pelo estudo das configurações espaciais e da cultura histórica, uma vez que, esses mecanismos de poder variam de acordo com as astúcias que cada um desses grupos constroem para materializar em suas práticas. Assim, para compreendermos essas disputas, escolhemos a Mata Norte de Alagoas, entre o final do século XVIII e as três primeiras décadas do XIX, e seus principais agentes sociais: a Coroa portuguesa; proprietários, especialmente os senhores de engenho; a população livre e pobre; os índios e os quilombolas, buscando analisar as táticas e estratégias elaboradas pelos segmentos sociais.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O presente trabalho dissertativo tem como objetivo apresentar o Oriente criado por Malba Tahan ao longo de sua carreira literária e intelectual. Partindo da análise de parte de sua extensa bibliografia o texto parte da premissa que o conjunto de sua criação foi elemento facilitador da aceitação da cultura árabe/oriental em terras brasileiras. Criado por Júlio César de Mello e Souza o pseudônimo Malba Tahan, diferente de outros autores nacionais que inseriram ou trataram da cultura arábica em suas obras, não apenas buscou a inserção de personagens orientais na realidade nacional, mas, apresentou e fez o leitor aproximar-se daquela realidade. A alteridade construída pelo pseudônimo baseou-se na criação de cenários mágicos, longínquos e com aspectos religiosos e sociais que diferenciavam-se da realidade vivida pelo leitor, mas que eram misturados com características conhecidas pelos mesmos. Esta mistura de realidades fez com que sua obra fosse consumida nas mais variadas faixas etárias e em diferentes suportes, como páginas de jornais e livros a partir da segunda década do século passado até os dias atuais
The presented dissertational work has the aim to introduce the East created by Malba Tahan throughout his literary and intelectual carreer. Based on the analysis of part of its intensive bibliography. The text assumes that the set of its creation was a facilitator element of acceptance of the Arab culture/Eastern of Brazil soil. Created by Julio Cesar de Mello the pseudonym Malba Tahan, different from other authors who have inserted or treated the Arabic culture in their works, not only searched for the inclusion of oriental characters on the national reality, but presented and made the reader closer to that reality. The alterity built by the pseudonym was based on the creation of magical scenery, distant religious and social aspects that differed from the reality experienced by the reader, but were mixed with known characteristics by the same. This mix of realities caused his work to be consumed in various age groups and in different media as newspapers and books from the second decade of the last century to present days

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo
El siguiente trabajo se basa en tres partes: En Primer Lugar una perspectiva histórica desde los inicios de la Universidad de San Felipe, pasando por la creación del Instituto Nacional, La inauguración de la Universidad de Chile, la Dictación del Código Civil, la Universidad del Siglo XX, con las reformas de 1935, 1946, 1966 y 1970, la contrarreforma de la Dictadura y la Reforma de 1998. En cada una de ellas se toma en primer lugar los antecedentes Históricos, para luego desarrollar la Malla Académica y los Procesos de Titulación, terminando con la Evolución Histórica del Periodo. El Segundo Capítulo analiza en profundidad los 5 grandes procesos de Reforma del Siglo XX, el proceso de 1931-36, de 1939-46, de 1964-66, de 1970 y de 1996-2001, en ellos se describe en profundidad el trabajo de las comisiones de elaboración, sus perspectivas de enseñanza, los principales cambios y la idea central de su trabajo. El Tercer y Último Capítulo se encarga de dar una perspectiva del proceso de Revisión que se desarrolla actualmente en la Facultad, donde se busca repasar y mejorar los cambios que se impulsaron en la Reforma que culminó el año 2001. Todo termina con conclusiones sobre todo el desarrollo académico de la Escuela, los grandes hitos, los desarrollos y mejoras, los errores del Proceso y las áreas que quedan por perfeccionar.

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This work is a history about the Gaviões da mata, dating from the first contacts made with them, in the 19th century, until today. The denomination Gaviões da mata features the local groups Akrãtikatêjê, Kỳikatêjê and Parkatêjê, located in the native land Mãe Maria in the Southeast of Pará‟s mesoregion. It tries to recover the cultural elements that deeply link the Gaviões da mata to the timbira native communities located in the Eastern region of the Tocantins river. As such, it seeks to interpret the natives‟ resistance and their contact relations with the conqueror society and the conqueror State. It narrates the Gaviões da mata‟s different strategies adopted in order to battle the integration and emancipation politics promoted towards the natives by the Brazilian State in the 70‟s, when the natives were confined to the native land Mãe Maria. It also discusses further invasions made in the mentioned territory by governmental projects of integration of the Amazon region. It shows how the natives established themselves in the Gavião unit, or, better yet, in the native community Parkatêjê , seeking organization and mobilization through united actions in the search for autonomy and self-determination. Those efforts are made by them through the nut commerce or through the quarrelsome negotiations between them and the State or companies such as Eletronorte and CVRD miner.
Trata-se de uma história dos "Gaviões da mata" do período que vai dos primeiros contatos com eles, no século XIX, até a atualidade. Esta denominação, "Gaviões da mata", engloba os grupos locais Akrãtikatêjê, Kỳikatêjê e Parkatêjê, que se encontram localizados na mesorregião do Sudeste Paraense, na Terra Indígena Mãe Maria. O trabalho procura recuperar os elementos culturais dos "Gaviões da mata" que os ligam profundamente às sociedades indígenas timbira da região a leste do rio Tocantins. Assim, procura-se interpretar suas relações de contato e resistência em relação à sociedade e ao Estado conquistadores. Faz-se a narrativa das diferentes estratégias dos "Gaviões da mata" para enfrentar a política de integração e emancipação indígena promovida pelo Estado brasileiro nos anos de 1970, quando estavam confinados no interior da Área Indígena Mãe Maria, bem como narra-se a respeito das posteriores invasões desse território por projetos governamentais de integração regional da Amazônia. Mostra-se como os indígenas constituíram-se na unidade "Gavião", ou melhor, na Comunidade Indígena Parkatêjê , objetivando a organização e mobilização de ações conjuntas na busca por autonomia e autodeterminação, seja por meio da comercialização da castanha, ou das conflituosas negociações com o Estado ou com empresas, como a Eletronorte e a mineradora CVRD.

The thesis explores Mario Vargas Llosa's Historia de Mayta in light of recent studies of Latin America's new historical novel (Menton, Juan-Navarro) and in connection with contemporary literary theory (Waugh, Stonehill) and new trends in the philosophy of history (White, Foucault). In my study, I focus on three major levels of analysis: 1) significant events in Peruvian history to which the novel alludes; 2) biographical elements that strongly evoke the lives of Ernesto "Che" Guevara, Jacinto Rentería, and Vargas Llosa himself; and 3) the self-referential devices that aim at questioning the validity of empirical analysis in both fiction and history. The allegorical dimension of the novel's view of modern Peruvian politics, its biographical component, and the self-consciousness of its historiographic approach make of Historia de Mayta both a metahistory of Perú and a biographical metafiction. The thesis ultimately reveals the problematic borderline between fiction and reality, the novel and history.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é perceber o modo como, no Rio de Janeiro da belle époque, a idéia de carioca, de modernidade e seus contrapontos são construídos, pensados, dados a ver através da fotografia de Augusto Malta. Procuramos, portanto, compreender como Malta, enquanto sujeito social, apresenta a sociedade carioca elaborando representações através de imagens fotográficas. Mostrar como estas imagens descrevem a realidade da belle époque carioca não como um espelho, mas como uma “visão de mundo” entre outras possíveis, como uma interpretação daquilo que a sociedade era no momento do click do fotógrafo ou, daquilo que ela poderia vir a ser no futuro. Entendemos, portanto, a obra do fotógrafo Augusto Malta como uma determinada “prova visual” do contexto de belle époque carioca, que sempre encontrou-se entre dois modos de existência: como mensagem direta, objetiva, culturalmente consagrada pela sua origem de tecnologia aplicada e aparentemente sem necessidade de decodificações, e como uma mensagem polissêmica, dúbia, refratora da realidade.
The objective of this paper is to perceive the way as, in Rio de Janeiro of belle époque, the idea of Carioca, the modernity and its counterpoints are constructed, thought and given to understand through the photography of Augusto Malta. We aim, therefore, to understand as Malta, while social person, presents the Carioca society elaborating representations through photographic images. We intend to show as these images describe the reality of belle époque Carioca, not as a mirror, but as a “vision of world”, among other possibilities as an interpretation of what the society was at the moment of click of the photographer or, of what it could be in the future. We understand, thus, the workmanship of the photographer Augusto Malta as one particular “visual proof” of the Carioca context of belle époque, which was be always between two ways of existence: as direct, objective message, culturally established by its origin of applied technology and, apparently, without necessity of decodings, and as a polissemic message, ambiguous, that give us the refraction of the reality.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Literatura
En la presente investigación me centraré en la narrativa de Marta Brunet. Es interesante releer su obra, así como recordar lo importante que ha sido y es para las letras chilenas. Considero fundamental poner en vigencia la importancia de su propuesta, pues los personajes y el tratamiento de los temas por los que transita develan a una escritora contemporánea que sobrepasa los límites del criollismo o la evolución del mismo. En esta investigación daré especial importancia a las relaciones de “poder” presentes en sus relatos, especialmente en ciertas formas de resistencia a ese poder establecido social y culturalmente. El corpus de investigación consta de los siguientes textos: de su libro Aguas abajo, los cuentos “Soledad de la sangre”, “Piedra callada” y “Aguas abajo”; por otro lado, su primera novela Montaña adentro. La elección considera la riqueza de éstos para tratar el tema del poder y su relevancia desde el punto de vista de la hipótesis que propondré.

Chapter 1: Formation and Early Beginnings of music in la Movida-In the first chapter I am writing about how the early development of la Movida runs very much alongside political initiatives to stimulate cultural development in Madrid. Specifically I am writing about how popular songs and musicians at the time translated these messages of regional pride and identity that was being heavily stimulated by the government into a way that the general public could understand and support. Citing specific song lyrics and early bands of la Movida, I also track the years leading up to 1975 and how music has long been used in Spain as a political tool. Chapter 2: The peak commercialization of Movida music and its slow dissolve-In the second chapter I explore the height of la Movida's popularity, namely in the form of full-blown institutional support surrounding concerts, radio stations, publications and music marketing. I then explore the question of authenticity surrounding la Movida and whether or not its development was ever really "authentic" because of the long period of political involvement. I also shift the idea that la Movida musicians and music just suddenly stopped being produced to one that favors a more gradual expansion of the music into the world that changed its form over time. This chapter focuses heavily on how outside influences and increased dialogue with the rest of the world led to a perspective that heavily favored a classic Spanish capital over a highly regional one. Chapter 3: Traces and reception of la Movida in Madrid today-In the third chapter I will focus more pointedly on the interviews I have conducted, most of which maintain the viewpoint that "nothing of la Movida exists in Spain today." I will examine the influences music of la Movida has had on contemporary music, as well as the role of current exhibitions focusing on the music and art scene of la Movida. This chapter is primarily an exploration into where the place Movida music exists in contemporary history.

Magíster en arte con mención en teoría e historia del arte
El presente estudio pretende decolonizar la obra de Huidobro y Matta o bien, dicho de otro modo, descentrar, cuanto sea posible, el peso histórico de los discursos eurocéntricos que determinan en análisis de sus producciones. Sin fiarse plenamente de los grandes discursos, las teorías poscoloniales y decoloniales parecen absolutamente pertinentes y válidas para enfocar comparativamente la obra de Huidobro y Matta desentrañando su pluriversalidad y su potencial crítico. Por lo tanto, se asume, sin culpa, todo el antecedente europeo de este enfoque relacionado con el posestructuralismo, neomarxismo, análisis del discurso y deconstructivismo

The diploma thesis deals with development and properties of historic mortars, evolves and optimizes recipe of historicizing universal mortar with mixture binder, which have been evolves in previous phase. Binder system is based on lime hydrate and metakaolin and is modified with fast-pacing gypsum. Thesis follow up technological properties of mixtures of historicizing mortars and modifies them for current construction industry. It also follows effect of modification to phase composition of binder system and eventually rise of AFt phases.

Diploma thesis gives a brief description of the traditional technology of preparation of lime mortars for restoration of historical buildings. The theoretical part is focused on the preparation of lime mortars traditional methods, using appropriate materials for making and influence amount of water. Attention is also paid to the events that take place in the setting and hardening of lime mortar. In the experimental part of the research was conducted, which aimed to assess the influence of water-cement ratio and mixing ratio (binder to filler) on the properties of lime mortars. At various times were measured mechanical properties, density, shrinkage, frost resistance and porosity. The mortar was also carried out thermal analysis and found to contain calcium carbonate. Acquired knowledge could help in the reconstruction of historical buildings.

La Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM) est peut-être Le massif de la croûte terrestre le plus complexe trouvé dans les Andes du Nord. Sa situation unique comme un massif triangulaire isolé segmenté de la continuité de 7000 km de long Andes montagne comme la dernière position devant les domaines de la plaque des Caraïbes plus jeune, place la SNSM comme une île séparée de toutes les chaînes de montagnes environnantes de la marge continentale. Un relief important caractérise cette montagne atteint l'altitude la plus élevée dans le domaine des Caraïbes entière à 5750 m, et de définir, la SNSM comme le plus grand chaîne de montagnes côtières dans le monde. La SNSM est une caractéristique géologique unique un remarquable que les récifs coralliens Etreintes biodiversité de SES dans les forêts tropicales qui passent d'auge fortement végétalisées la mer des Caraïbes, les forêts de haute nuage, et bruyères, jusqu'à ce que, son magnifique sommet couronné par les glaciers.Par sa position sur la marge nord - ouest de l' Amérique du Sud l'étude de la SNSM donne l'occasion de résoudre des questions importantes sur l'évolution des cycles super-continentales depuis les temps Grenvilliens par l'orogenèse Neoproterozoic Pan-Africain, l'orogenèse Paléozoïque tardif Ouachitan-Appalaches cela a conduit Pangaea assemblée, et Trias Pangaea débâcle suivie par la Rift Atlantique Jurassique centrale et plus récemment par le début de la plaque des Caraïbes accrétion / subduction depuis le Crétacé tardif contre le nord - ouest en Amérique du Sud.Je tenté de démêler l'histoire géologique de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Massif utilisant les plus avancées en géochronologiques, thermochronologiques, géochimiques et isotopiques techniques qui a permis de recueillir une quantité importante de nouvelles données à ajouter à la base de données existante sur la SNSM. Nos résultats comprennent une carte géologique réévaluée 1: 25000, qui comprend la définition de quatre nouvelles unités stratigraphiques, Accompagné de deux sections crustales sur 320 km de longueur ce disséquer le massif, et 8 sections parallèles à l'angle nord - ouest de le ceinture métamorphique de la SNSM. L'ensemble des données géochimiques et isotopiques comprend: i) 17 roches ignées et métamorphiques et six échantillons détritiques datés par ablation laser induite par couplage plasma spectrométrie de masse (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb zircon géochronologie qui a abouti à 2790 nouvelles dates et in-situ analyse des oligo - élément, ii) 16 roches ignées et métamorphiques qui a donné 31 nouveaux âges thermochronometriques: 12 âgés du traces de fission en zircon 11 âges du traces de fission des apatites et 7 âges (U-Th) / He dans les apatites, iii) Géochimie de la roche entière à partir de 10 échantillons et iv) analyses à la microsonde chimie minérale et cartes x-ray de quatre échantillons a donné aux grenats zonées et péritectiques. Elles ont été données acquises à partir des unités du complex métamorphique nord - ouest du massif SNSM. Avec ces données, nous enquêté i) Les unités sont conformes à la SNSM ce ceintures métamorphiques, de leurs relations chronologiques et stratigraphiques du Précambrien à l'Eocène; ii) Le laps de temps et les conditions P-T du l’événement métamorphique Paléozoïque tardif à Mésozoïque précoce (chapitre 1), iii) Le moment de l'activité ignée, accrétion et l'exhumation des terranes océaniques et continentales au cours du Crétacé tardif à la fin du Miocène. iv) Un mécanisme pour expliquer comment l’exhumation a eu lieu sous un régime collisionnel influencé par un processus climatique à l'érosion et des gradients thermiques élevées (chapitre 2); v) Les processus tardifs de la dénudation et la sédimentation contrôlées par la tectonique dans deux bassins marginaux depuis le Miocène précoce dans le diminution des taux d'érosion et gradients thermiques (chapitre 3)
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM) is perhaps the most complex crustal massif found in the Northern Andes. Its unique situation as an isolated triangular massif segmented from the continuity of the 7000 km long Andes as the last standing mountain before the domains of the younger Caribbean plate, places the SNSM as an island separated from all surrounding mountain ranges of the continental margin. A prominent relief characterizes this mountain reaching the highest altitude in the entire Caribbean realm at 5750 m, and defines, the SNSM as the highest coastal mountain range in the world. For this reason the SNSM is a unique geological feature that embraces an outstanding biodiversity from its coral reefs in the Caribbean Sea passing trough heavily vegetated tropical rainforests, high cloud forests, and moorlands, until its magnificent summit capped by glaciers.By its position on the northwestern margin of South America the study of the SNSM provides the opportunity to resolve important questions on the evolution of super-continental cycles since Grenvillian times through the Neoproterozoic Pan-African orogeny, the Late Paleozoic Ouachitan-Appalachian orogeny that led to Pangæa assembly, and Triassic Pangæa break-up followed by the Jurassic Central Atlantic Rift and more recently by the start of the Caribbean plate accretion/subduction since the Late Cretaceous against northwestern South America.In this investigation I attempt to unravel the geological history of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Massif using geochronological, thermochronological geochemical and isotopic techniques that allowed to gather a significant amount of new data to add to the existent database on the SNSM.Our results include a reevaluated geological map 1:25000, in which I define 4 new stratigraphic units, accompanied by two crustal-scale cross sections of 320 km length that dissect the massif, and 8 parallel cross sections at the NW corner of the SNSM metamorphic belt. The geochemical and isotopic dataset includes: i) 17 igneous and metamorphic rocks and 6 detrital samples dated by laser-ablation induced-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), U-Pb zircon geochronology that resulted in 2790 new dates and in-situ trace element analyses, ii) 16 igneous and metamorphic rocks that yielded 31 new thermochronometric ages as follows: 12 zircon fission track ages, 11 Apatite fission track ages and 7 (U-Th)/He in apatite ages, iii) Whole rock geochemistry from 10 samples and iv) Microprobe mineral chemistry in spot analyses and x-ray maps from 4 samples that yielded zoned and peritectic garnet. These data were acquired from the units of the northwestern metamorphic suite of the SNSM massif. With these data we investigated i) The units that conform the SNSM metamorphic belts, their chronological and stratigraphic relationships from the Precambrian to the Eocene; ii) The time span and P-T conditions of a Late Paleozoic-Early Mezosoic metamorphic event (Chapter 1), iii) The timing of igneous activity accretion and exhumation of oceanic and continental terranes during the Late Cretaceous to late Miocene. iv) A mechanism for explaining how this exhumation occurred under a collisional regime by a climate influenced process at elevated erosion and thermal gradients (Chapter 2); v) The late processes of denudation and sedimentation controlled by tectonics in two marginal basins since the early Miocene under decreased erosion rates and thermal gradients (Chapter 3)

El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es desentrañar el estilo de vida de la elite del café que emergió en el puerto de Manta, Ecuador, durante el siglo XX. Con la riqueza obtenida gracias a las exportaciones, hombres y mujeres de unas pocas familias, propietarias de las casas exportadoras, ejercieron el poder económico, contribuyeron a la creación de instituciones sociales y produjeron nuevas prácticas culturales. La tesis contiene dos partes en las que se ensayan los géneros científico y literario. La primera está dedicada a la historia social del café y de las antiguas casas exportadoras; la segunda a las familias de la elite del café. Así se logra evidenciar que, mientras los hombres acumulaban riqueza y forjaban su prestigio en el espacio público, sus esposas, hijas y nueras inauguraban un estilo de vida que diluye las fronteras entre lo privado y lo público, bajo un sistema de género como predominio patriarcal.
The aim of this PhD thesis is to analyze the lifestyle of the coffee elite that emerged in the port of Manta, Ecuador, during the 20th century. With the benefits generated from the coffee exports, men and women, members of a small group of families who owned the export companies, exercised economic power, contributed to the creation of social institutions, and produced new cultural practices. The thesis contains two sections each written in a different style, one associated with the social sciences and the other with literary works. The first part focuses on the social history of coffee and the former export companies; the second, with the families of the coffee elite. This thesis demonstrates that while men were accumulating wealth and prestige in the public space, their wives, daughters and daughters-in-law inaugurated a lifestyle that blurred the limits between public and private within a predominantly patriarchal gender system.
Aquesta tesi de doctorat té com a objectiu prioritari analitzar l'estil de vida de l'elit del cafè que va sorgir al port de Manta, Equador, a les primeres dècades del segle XX. Gràcies als beneficis de les exportacions de cafè, homes i dones d'unes poques famílies propietàries de les cases exportadores, van exercir el poder econòmic, van contribuir a la creació d'institucions socials i van promoure noves pràctiques culturals. La tesi conté dues parts diferenciades on s'assagen els gèneres científic i literari. La primera està dedicada a la història social del cafè i de les antigues cases exportadores; la segona a les famílies de l'elit del cafè. Així s'aconsegueix evidenciar que, mentre els homes acumulaven riquesa i forjaven el seu prestigi en l'espai públic, les seves dones, filles i nores inauguraven un estil de vida que va diluir les fronteres entre allò privat i allò públic, sota un sistema de gènere de predomini patriarcal.

Esta tese aborda o exílio e a memória em quatro obras da literatura hispano-americana: Andamios (1997) e Geografías (2000), do uruguaio Mario Benedetti; En cualquier lugar (1984) e Conversación al sur (1981), da argentina Marta Traba. Procurou-se investigar a narrativa dos rastros nessas obras baseadas na memória, na tentativa de impedir o apagamento dos vestígios por parte dos regimes autoritários do Uruguai e da Argentina. Fronteiras da memória, o exílio de cada um: a narrativa dos rastros em Mario Benedetti e Marta Traba se configura como um estudo comparatista, de caráter interdisciplinar, no qual se levam em conta os referenciais teóricos sobre o exílio, a memória, a História e os Estudos Culturais. Presume-se que Benedetti se vale do exílio e dos vestígios da memória para, a partir do passado, construir o futuro. Contudo, as obras de Traba, apesar de também ambientar suas narrativas no exílio, não expressam uma progressão do vivido. Nesse caso, o exílio e o passado permanecem circunscritos a uma memória fraturada, entendida como rastros. Objetiva-se flagrar os rastros de uma memória involuntária nas personagens dos dois autores. O exílio age como o desencadeador da memória involuntária, composta por imagens de um tempo passado cujas lembranças são idealizadas pela perspectiva do distanciamento. Busca-se investigar o limite da relação entre literatura, memória e história nas narrativas analisadas. A hipótese é a de que a literatura expõe o não dito de um período ditatorial, o qual se revela ao longo das obras.
This dissertation approaches the themes of exile and memory in four Hispanic-American novels: Andamios (1997) and Geografías (2000), by the Uruguayan author Mario Benedetti; En cualquier lugar (1984) and Conversación al sur (1981), by the Argentinian Marta Traba. We aimed at investigating the narratives of trails found in these novels based on memory as an attempt to hinder the vanishing of the traces by the authoritarian political regimes in Uruguay and Argentina. Fronteiras da memória, o exílio de cada um: a narrativa dos rastros em Mario Benedetti e Marta Traba is set as a comparative study of interdisciplinary feature in which we take into account the theoretical assumptions about exile, memory, the History and the Cultural Studies. It is assumed that Benedetti takes exile and the traces of memory to build the future from the past. However, the works by Traba, although she also sets her narratives in the exile, do not express a progression of what was lived. In this case, exile and the past remain circumscribed to a fractured memory, understood as trails. We aim at identifying the trails of an involuntary memory in the characters in the works of both authors. Exile acts as a trigger to involuntary memory, compound by images of a passed time whose remembrances are idealized by the perspective of the detachment. The boundary in the relationship involving literature, memory and history in the narratives analysed in also a goal. The hypothesis is that literature exposes what was not said in a dictatorship period of time, which becomes evident along the narratives.
Andamios (1997) y Geografías (2000) del uruguayo Mario Benedetti; En cualquier lugar (1984) y Conversación al sur (1981) de la argentina Marta Traba. Se busca investigar la narrativa de los rastros en esas obras basadas en la memoria en el intento de impedir la supresión de los vestigios por parte de los regímenes autoritarios del Uruguay y de la Argentina. Así, Fronteiras da memoria, o exílio de cada um: a narrativa dos rastros em Mario Benedetti e Marta Traba se configura como un estudio comparatista, de carácter interdisciplinario, en el cual se llevan en cuenta los referenciales teóricos sobre el exilio, la memoria, la Historia y los Estudios Culturales. Se supone que Benedetti se vale del exilio y de los vestigios de la memoria, para, a partir del pasado, construir el futuro. Sin embargo, las obras de Traba, a pesar de ubicarlas en el exilio, no expresan una progresión de lo vivido. En ese caso, el exilio y el pasado permanecen circunscritos a una memoria fracturada entendida como rastros. En el ámbito de las narrativas, se busca flagrar los rastros de una memoria involuntaria en los personajes de los dos autores. El exilio actúa como el que desencadena la memoria involuntaria, compuesta por imágenes de un tiempo pasado cuyos recuerdos son idealizados por la perspectiva del alejamiento. Se intenta investigar el límite de la relación entre literatura, memoria e historia en las narrativas analizadas. La hipótesis es que la literatura expone el no dicho de un período dictatorial el cual se revela a lo largo de las obras.

Marta Traba (1923-1983), écrivaine et critique d’art argentino-colombienne, est principalement connue en Amérique latine pour ses écrits critiques, son engagement pour le développement de l’art moderne en Colombie, et plus largement pour sa « théorie de la résistance » qui prône dans les arts plastiques une défense des identités culturelles latino-américaines. Son œuvre littéraire, en revanche, est beaucoup moins connue. Or, elle est non seulement très riche, mais elle forme le pendant narratif à son œuvre critique, un ensemble de récits innervés, de manière plus ou moins profonde, des conceptions et de la culture trabiennes sur l’art. Il s’agit dès lors de reconsidérer ces deux pans de sa production écrite comme un tout cohérent, et de montrer les influences et les interactions entre sa critique d’art et sa littérature, mais également entre les arts plastiques qui forment sa culture artistique et ses écrits fictionnels. Il apparaît alors que Marta Traba conçoit et pratique son écriture critique comme une écriture « littérarisée » et, réciproquement et surtout, sa littérature comme une littérature « artialisée » : la valorisation constante du regard esthétique sur le monde et d’une sensorialité exacerbée dessine un idéal de contemplation tout au long de son œuvre littéraire ; les insertions continues d’une terminologie critique et de références aux œuvres d’art, sur un mode tantôt clairement didactique, tantôt subtilement ludique, invitent le lecteur à lire ses fictions et poèmes au prisme du sous-texte artistique qui enrichit leur sens ; enfin, le récit devient le lieu d’expérimentation des théories trabiennes de la « résistance », entre réaffirmation de la place de l’Amérique latine sur la carte de l’art mondial, mise à distance défensive des influences nord-américaines et réappropriation locale, par « transculturation », des modèles artistiques étrangers. L’étude de l’artialisation de la littérature trabienne est donc loin d’être l’analyse d’un simple procédé formel : elle dégage, nous semble-t-il, un véritable style trabien, miroir de l’écrivaine et de ses convictions
Marta Traba (1923-1983), an Argentinian-Colombian writer and art critic, is most famous in Latin America for her critiques, her commitment to develop modern art in Colombia, and, more generally, for her “theory of resistance” which advocates the defence of the many cultural Latin-American identities in fine arts. Her literary work, however, is far less well-known. And yet, not only is it very rich, but it also constitutes the narrative counterpart to her critiques – a collection of tales innervated, to different degrees, with Traba’s notions on and knowledge of art. It is consequently about reconsidering these two sides of her written production as a consistent whole, and identifying the influences and interactions between her art critiques and her literary work, as well as between the fine arts which make up her artistic culture and her fictional writings.It then appears that Marta Traba devises and practices her critical writing “literarily” as she does, above all, her literary work “artistically”: the constant enhancement of the aesthetic eye on the world and of an intensified sensory experience shape an ideal of contemplation throughout her literary work; the continuous inserts of a critical terminology and of references to art works, sometimes in a clearly didactic mode, sometimes in a subtly playful manner, invite the reader to read her fiction stories and poems in the light of the artistic subtext which enriches their meaning; finally, the tale becomes the place where Traba’s theories of “resistance” are tested, at the crossroads of the re-affirmation of the place of Latin America on the map of international art, of the defensive distancing from North American influences, and of the local re-appropriation, by “transculturation”, of the foreign artistic models. The study of the artistic mutation of Traba’s literary work is therefore far from boiling down to the analysis of a mere formal process: from our point of view, it reveals an authentic style, Traba’s style, which is the mirror of the writer and her convictions

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Literatura
Esta tesis analiza los principales personajes femeninos de los tres relatos de la colección Aguas abajo de la autora chilena Marta Brunet (1897-1967). Se estudian las protagonistas como constituciones de sujetos femeninos que responden a un marco histórico y sociocultural caracterizado por las trasformaciones modernas de la época de su producción. Se aborda críticamente el modo cómo estos personajes dan cuenta de un mundo en procesos de transformaciones sociales, asociados al rol de la mujer y la redefinición del género sexual femenino. La elaboración de la subjetividad femenina se vincula al empleo de estrategias que ayudan a las protagonistas a posicionarse y oponer resistencia a su contexto patriarcal a fin de resguardar derechos y zonas de autonomía. Entre estas estrategias destaca la del silencio que compone un elemento fundamental en la constitución de la identidad del sujeto femenino en dicha obra. Recurrir al silencio se revela como un acto estratégico que puede contribuir a construir individualidades de mujeres que tienden a ser independientes. De este modo, se manifiesta una concepción moderna de subjetividad que se forma a partir de constituciones literarias de sujetos femeninos entendidos como símbolos de un mundo en procesos de cambio.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work has as main thematic approach to analyze the effects produced in the viewer public by discourses present in the "Comportamento Sexual" presented by psychologist Marta Suplicy (1945 -) on TV Mulher program. Therefore, we use as documentary sources reports contained in correspondence sent to the program between the years 1980 and 1982 as well as four of Marta Suplicy publications: Conversando sobre Sexo (1983), Condição da Mulher Amor, Paixão, Sexualidade (1984), De Mariazinha a Maria (1985), Reflexões Sobre o Cotidiano (1986). As complementary and not a priority source we will also bring the reports in an interview granted by psychologist Marta Suplicy. From the discussions about power and sexuality proposed by the French philosopher Michel Foucault we shall ponder the speeches presented by Marta Suplicy, about sexuality and social status of women, point to a dichotomous relation to regulation and liberalization. In order to bring better analytics on the subject and the period in question, the research discuss issues that concern the Brazilian print and broadcast media products focusing on the so-called women's press and women's and feminist movements operating in Brazil
Esta dissertação tem como principal abordagem temática a analise dos efeitos produzidos no público telespectador pelos discursos presentes no quadro Comportamento Sexual apresentado pela psicóloga Marta Suplicy (1945 - ) no programa TV Mulher. Para tanto, utilizamos como fontes documentais relatos contidos em correspondências enviadas ao programa entre os anos de 1980 e 1982, bem como quatro publicações de autoria de Marta Suplicy: Conversando sobre Sexo (1983), Condição da Mulher Amor, Paixão, Sexualidade (1984), De Mariazinha a Maria (1985), Reflexões Sobre o Cotidiano (1986). Como fonte complementar e não prioritária traremos também os relatos concedidos em entrevista pela psicóloga Marta Suplicy. A partir das discussões sobre poder e sexualidade propostas pelo filósofo francês Michel Foucault ponderamos que os discursos apresentados por Marta Suplicy, a respeito da sexualidade e da condição social das mulheres, apontam para uma relação dicotômica de normatização e liberalização. A fim de trazer melhores recursos analíticos sobre a temática e o período em questão, abordaremos questões que concernem os produtos da mídia impressa e televisiva brasileira tendo como foco a chamada imprensa feminina e os movimentos femininos e feministas atuantes no Brasil

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Estudios Latinoamericanos
En términos concretos, esta tesis se propone como un estudio de la historia intelectual del continente. O, para ser más específico, una historia de cómo el campo intelectual del período reflexionó sobre las artes plásticas. Será este procesamiento reflexivo lo que se entenderá como crítica artística o crítica de arte. Acotaré mi indagación a un estudio que puede ser considerado microscópico en términos de escala, pero que juzgo representativo del proceso histórico que estoy intentando delinear. Traba es tanto una crítica clave en lo que respecta a su peso dentro del campo como alguien cuya trayectoria es similar a la de otros intelectuales de su época, sin que ello signifique que su experiencia sea la misma que la de sus colegas, ni que esta sea, a su vez, la experiencia masiva y mayoritaria de las sociedades latinoamericanas de la postguerra. Por el contrario, asumo el carácter parcial de 4 la historia que pretendo indagar, pero considero también que dicha historia tiene algo que decirnos sobre la generalidad de la América Latina de entonces.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A presente tese busca uma compreensão sobre a fronteira agrária do café na região da Zona da Mata mineira, estabelecida entre os anos de 1870 e 1940. O trabalho faz parte de uma tentativa de interpretação dos elementos autônomos da Mata enquanto principal região produtora da rubiácea em Minas Gerais, frente às transformações nos dois extremos da cadeia internacional da commodity. Para tanto, analisa ao longo de todo o texto a ação metabólica ocorrida entre os dois elementos do sistema agrário, o trabalho e a terra. Através de um duplo recorte espacial, primeiro busca compreender de que forma se estabeleceu a mão de obra nas unidades de produção cafeeira em dois períodos distintos do status jurídico do trabalho. Em um segundo momento, avalia a posse e a disponibilidade da terra enquanto elementos de reprodução da economia do café nas localidades em foco. Partindo desses dois pontos, enfim, descreve um modelo de fronteira cafeeira para a região, em suas demarcações espaciais e cronológicas distintas.
This thesis seeks an understanding of the agrarian frontier of coffee in Zona da Mata region, established between the years 1870 and 1940. The work is part of an attempt to interpret the autonomous elements of Mata as the main rubiacea producing region in Minas Gerais, considering all changes at both extremes of international commodity chain. It analyzes throughout the text the metabolic action occurred between agricultural system’s two elements: labor and land. Employing a double spatial cutting, first seeks to understand how labor was settled in coffee production farms in two different periods of its legal status. In a second step, evaluates the possession and availability of land while crucial coffee economy’s reproduction elements in all localities in focus. From these two points, lastly, describes a coffee frontier model for the region, in its distinguished spatial and chronological boundaries.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The dissertation here presented will deal, in general, about how the discussion spaces, in relation to the environmental issue. The city, which is geographically located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, is a result of a series of historical events, that happen since the arrival of the Luso-portuguese colonizer (considered the city’s funding agent) passing through the interventions imposed by the other European immigrants, specially Germans and Italians. By the actions of these social actors, drift the modification of the picture, overall with the vegetal suppression in the margins of Toropi River, for the installation of rice farming, and in the highest altitude, where corn, tobacco and others are actually cultivated. It can still be stated that, the means in how the environmental issue has been faced by the present generations, derive from this interweaving relations man-man and man-nature. Nevertheless, the objective of this research is: a) to understand, through the history of the place, how was the construction of the social group spaces, regarding the environmental issue; b) to identify, in the scope of work, the spaces in which the group of agriculturists search for attend of their demands, with regard to environmental issues and compliance with the law. Methodologically we adopted the constructionist approach, considering that in this study the eminently social aspect of the environmental issue, it is equivalent to say that the interest lies in how these environmental issues have been conducted, and if this historical route (Interspersed with a wide range of cultural, economic, and political factors), was the sufficient to understand the environmental issue, in this community, as public questions. Moreover, as background, the environmental history has been used to draw a line space-time around the people and the picture of the study place. In front of these characteristics, a qualitative research with empirical basis was adopted. The data was collected through interviews, bibliographical research, documental and observation research. The main conclusions of the study refer directly to the fact that the groups analyzed do not express great concern around the environmental issues, most probably because of the historiography of the place, substantiated the valorization of the work and the usage of natural resources as inputs to the agricultural activities.
A dissertação aqui apresentada vai tratar, de modo geral, sobre como foram instituídos, no município de Mata - RS, os espaços de discussão, relativamente a questão ambiental O município, que está geograficamente localizado na região central do Rio Grande do Sul, é resultado de uma série de acontecimentos históricos, que vão desde a chegada do colonizador luso-português (considerado como agente fundante do lugar), passando pelas intervenções impostas por outros imigrantes europeus, especialmente alemães e italianos. Das ações desses atores sociais derivam a modificação na paisagem, sobretudo com a supressão vegetal tanto às margens do Rio Toropi, para instalação da lavoura arrozeira, como nas áreas de altitude mais elevada, onde são cultivados atualmente, entre outros, o milho e o tabaco; pode-se afirmar, ainda, que as formas como a questão ambiental tem sido encarada pelas presentes gerações, derivam deste entrelaçamento de relações homem-homem e homem-natureza. Não obstante, objetiva-se, nesta pesquisa: a) compreender, através da história do lugar, como se deu a construção dos espaços sociais do grupo, relativamente a questão ambiental; b) identificar, no âmbito do trabalho, os espaços nos quais o grupo de agricultores busca suporte para atendimento de suas demandas, no que tange à questão ambiental e ao cumprimento da legislação. Metodologicamente adotou-se abordagem construcionista, tendo em vista que importa, neste estudo, o aspecto eminentemente social da questão ambiental, o que equivale a dizer que o interesse recai sobre como estas questões ambientais tem sido conduzidas, e se este percurso histórico (entremeado por uma ampla série de fatores culturais, econômicos, políticos), foi suficiente para que as questões ambientais chegassem a ser compreendidas, nesta comunidade, como questões públicas. E, como pano de fundo, utilizou-se a História Ambiental para traçar uma linha espaço-tempo acerca das pessoas e da paisagem do lugar de estudo. Diante dessas características, adotou-se a investigação de caráter qualitativo com base empírica. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas, pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e observação. As principais conclusões do estudo ser referem diretamente ao fato de os grupos analisados não manifestarem grandes inquietações acerca das questões ambientais, muito provavelmente por conta da historiografia do lugar, fundamentada na valorização do trabalho e uso dos recursos naturais como insumos para as atividades agrícolas.

Orientador: Ivan Sazima
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Uma taxocenose de serpentes de mata foi estudada na região de Manaus entre 1991 e 1994. O método consistiu de procura visual "limitada por tempo" e ocasional, resultando em 685 encontros de serpentes. A taxa média de encontro foi de 0,064 e 0,217 serpente por hora-homem, durante o dia e à noite, na procura limitada por tempo. As espécies mais encontradas foram: Xelloxybelis argenteus, Bothrops atrox, lnzantodes cenchoa e Dipsas sp. O número de serpentes encontradas foi proporcional à quantidade de chuvas. A distribuição de comprimentos dentro das grandes linhagens de colubrídeos mostrou que fatores históricos são responsáveis pela distribuição geral de comprimentos na taxocenose. As relações entre comprimento da cauda e comprimento rostro-anal e entre este e peso mostrou forte relação entre tamanho de cauda e forma com os padrões de utilização de substrato. Os padrões de utilização do ambiente e horário de atividade encontrados na Reserva Ducke e em outras localidades da Amazônia indicam que "trocas" de espécies que utilizam diferentes substratos, dentro de uma mesma linhagem de colubrídeos, explicam grande parte das diferenças encontradas. As presas mais utilizadas foram lagartos, anuros, mamíferos, aves e serpentes, refletindo a influência de fatores históricos. As 50 espécies foram agrupadas em guildas com grande sobreposição em forma, tamanho e utilização de recursos. Os resultados sobre reprodução indicam tendência à sazonalidade para a taxocenose. A maioria dos padrões encontrados pode ser explica da por fatores históricos. É sugerido que a convivência de 50 espécies sintópicas de serpentes se deve principalmente à abundância de recursos e/ou às densidades baixas de serpentes
Abstract: Morphological analyses were based in three measurements: body length, tail length, and weight. An analysis of maximum length distribution within the major colubrid lineages (colubrines, South American xenodontines, and Central American xenodontines), that occur at RFAD, showed that features related to these lineages (thus, historical) are responsible for most of the general pattern observed for colubrids and for the entire assemblage. The relationship between body and tail length showed that, in general, arboreal species have longer tails than terrestrials, that have longer tails than fossorials, in agreement with the idea that there is a strong effect of habitat use on tail length in snakes. Finally, an analysis of weight-length relationships showed that, in general, arboreals tend to be ligbter than terrestrials, that tend to be lighter than aquatics, confirming the effects of habitat use in snake body form. These tendencies became more evident in the analyses where colubrids were separated in major lineages. An additional analysis on color and color patterns confirmed the effect of defence in snake color patterns. A cluster analysis based on data on habitat use, time of activity, diet, and size (length and weight) split the assemblage into guilds where high overlaps in form and resource use are evident; in several cases these guilds were made of closely related species, indicating the presence of constraints inherent to each lineage sampled. Although data on reproduction is scarce for most species, there are snakes at Reserva Ducke in which births occur on1y during the rainy season and in others occur throughout the year. A general analysis of the presence of juveniles in the populations sampled indicated a strong tendency to seasonal breeding by the snakes of Reserva Ducke, contradicting most speculations on the patterns of juvenile recruitment in Amazonian snakes. The seasonality in reproduction, as in activity, may be related to the probably low availability of certain prey types during the dry season. A general analysis of the results indicate that most patterns found at Reserva Ducke may well be explained by historical factors as previously predicted by J. E. Cadle and H. W. Greene in a review of the role of history on the organization of neotropical snake assemblages. Concomitantly, a critical review of the arguments favoring the hypothesis that consider competition as a major structuring force in amazonian snake assemblages indicate that these arguments tend to be irrelevant before several evidences are found in natural assemblages, especially alterations in the reproductive success in the species thought to be competing. In conclusion, it is suggested, based on a series of arguments, that the co-occurrence os 50 snake species at Reserva Ducke may be due to the combination of the following: (1) resource abundance and/or low snake densities would allow the coexistence of a relatively large number of snake species; (2) thus, the populations would be regulated main1y by predation and/or other biotic and abiotic factors to a level where densities were not high enough to result in resource deployment (and, perhaps, competition) (some studies on Amazonian snake assemblages converged to these speculations while others, to completely conflicting ones). Concomitantly, the patterns found in the assemblage of Reserva Ducke may be a natural result of the history of colonization of the region by the various snake lineages that constitute this assemblage
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciências Biológicas

Malte devint au XVIIIe siècle le point de mire d'ambitions laïques et ecclésiastiques. L'Ordre des Hospitaliers de Saint Jean, la congrégation de religieux militaires qui y régnait depuis 1530, tout en affichant l'image de milice pontificale née à Jérusalem, dut pour survivre au sein de la société des princes, ouvrir de nouvelles voies économique et politique. Le pape, son chef spirituel, avait à Malte depuis 1575, un représentant permanent, l'Inquisiteur, à côté du Grand Maître et de l'Évêque. Son rôle politique ne cessa ensuite de s'étoffer face à la promotion des regalia. Ce triumvirat d'étrangers devenus insulaires soumit le particularisme de l'archipel à la singularité des expressions politiques continentales
In the XVIIIth century, Malta became the focal point of both secular and clerical ambitions. The Hospitaller Order of St John, a congregation of religious soldiers who had ruled there since 1530, had, while showing the image of pontifical militia born in Jerusalem, to invent new economical and political ways in order to survive within a society of princes. The pope, as their spiritual leader, had his own permanent representative in Malta since 1575, the Inquisitor, side by side with the Grand Master and the Bishop. His political role continued to increase with the advancement of regalism. This triumvirate of foreigners who became islanders subjected the peculiar situation of the archipelago to a unique form of continental political expressions

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The family Pipridae is endemic to the Neotropics, having frugivorous habits. Males of some species make complex sexual displays to attract the females, and they live in the middle stratum of tropical forests. Of 51 species, 29 have their nests described, five have incubation periods descriptions, and six have nestling periods reported. The Blue Manakin, Chiroxiphia caudata, is common in humid and secondary forests of southeastern Brazil, northeastern Argentina and eastern Paraguay and its breeding biology is poorly documented. Here analyzed 36 active nests in two breeding seasons (2013/2014 and 2014/2015) in a well-preserved Brazilian Atlantic Forest continuum. Nests were swallow cups hung by their rims in horizontal forks, built in bushes or saplings, over or near forest streams. Reproductive activities were recorded from October to February and clutch sizes were invariably two eggs. Incubation period was 18 days, and nestling period was 15 - 16 days. Estimated overall nesting success, from egg-laying to fledging, was 40%, being higher than most studies on piprids that have been conducted in disturbed habitats. Our data give support to the theory that in the Pipridae family only females provide parental care.
Não informado pelo autor.

Par l'analyse des tableaux et de sa propre théorie de 1938 à 1948 nous proposons une nouvelle exégèse de l'oeuvre de Roberto Matta Echaurren. Cette période se déroule principalement à New York devenue la nouvelle capitale de l'art. Un contexte particulier d'inquietude par rapport au destin de l'humanité et à la fois d'une grande prospérité économique précisaient les bases de la grande période de l'École de NewYork. Les écrits des notables critiques d'art de l'époque et le passage brusque à une nouvelle iconographie, de la part de Matta, nous montrent deux manifestations opposées de l'art. D'une part, une esthétique d'autosatisfaction et de l'autre, l'art engagé.
Montréal Trigonix inc. 2018