Academic literature on the topic 'Mammal diversity'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mammal diversity"
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Asher, S. C., and V. G. Thomas. "Analysis of temporal variation in the diversity of a small mammal community." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 5 (1985): 1106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-166.
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The validity of using single-sample surveys to measure small mammal diversity was assessed by measuring the effect of short-term, temporal variation in species diversity on the spatial diversity of small mammals occupying fencerow habitats. The diversity of small mammals varied seasonally. Interaction between changes in richness and evenness accounted for the temporal variation in diversity. Temporal variation was attributed to the response of the small mammals to seasonal changes in the vegetation, to the fluctuation in meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) captures among seasons, and to the appearance of small numbers of several mammal species during the summer. Significant spatial variation in species diversity existed, but was masked by the effect of seasonal changes in habitat on the small mammals. Erroneous conclusions could therefore be drawn from the pooling of many single-sample surveys of small mammal diversity.
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Schooler, Sarah L., and Harold S. J. Zald. "Lidar Prediction of Small Mammal Diversity in Wisconsin, USA." Remote Sensing 11, no. 19 (2019): 2222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11192222.
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Vegetation structure is a crucial component of habitat selection for many taxa, and airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology is increasingly used to measure forest structure. Many studies have examined the relationship between LiDAR-derived structural characteristics and wildlife, but few have examined those characteristics in relation to small mammals, specifically, small mammal diversity. The aim of this study was to determine if LiDAR could predict small mammal diversity in a temperate-mixed forest community in Northern Wisconsin, USA, and which LiDAR-derived structural variables best predict small mammal diversity. We calculated grid metrics from LiDAR point cloud data for 17 plots in three differently managed sites and related the metrics to small mammal diversity calculated from five months of small mammal trapping data. We created linear models, then used model selection and multi-model inference as well as model fit metrics to determine if LiDAR-derived structural variables could predict small mammal diversity. We found that small mammal diversity could be predicted by LiDAR-derived variables including structural diversity, cover, and canopy complexity as well as site (as a proxy for management). Structural diversity and canopy complexity were positively related with small mammal diversity, while cover was negatively related to small mammal diversity. Although this study was conducted in a single habitat type during a single season, it demonstrates that LiDAR can be used to predict small mammal diversity in this location and possibly can be expanded to predict small mammal diversity across larger spatial scales.
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Balčiauskas, Linas, Laima Balčiauskienė, and Vitalijus Stirkė. "Mow the Grass at the Mouse’s Peril: Diversity of Small Mammals in Commercial Fruit Farms." Animals 9, no. 6 (2019): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060334.
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Small mammals are not only pests but also an important part of agricultural ecosystems. The common vole is a reference species for risk assessment of plant protection products in the European Union, but no data about the suitability of the species in the Baltic countries are present so far. Using the snap-trap line method, we evaluated species composition, abundance, and diversity of small mammal communities in commercial orchards and berry plantations in Lithuania, testing the predictions that (i) compared with other habitats, small mammal diversity in fruit farms is low, and (ii) the common vole is the dominant species. The diversity of small mammals was compared with control habitats and the results of investigations in other habitats. Out of ten small mammal species registered, the most dominant were common vole and striped field mouse. Small mammal diversity and abundance increased in autumn and decreased in line with the intensity of agricultural practices but were not dependent on crop type. In the most intensively cultivated fruit farms, small mammals were not found. The diversity of small mammal communities in fruit farms was significantly higher than in crop fields and exceeded the diversities found in most types of forests except those in rapid succession.
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Ayu Aryanti, Nirmala, Dany Fiqrullah Jaki, Teguh Pribadi, and Iwan Kurniawan. "Mammal Distribution and Diversity in the Protected Forest of RPH Sumbermanjing Kulon KPH Malang." Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 18, no. 2 (2021): 97–110. https://doi.org/10.59465/jphka.18.2.97-110.
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The Protected Forest of RPH (Forest Management Resort) Sumbermanjing Kulon is an area, which is susceptible to land conversion due to human activities, such as road construction and tourism. These conditions might harm the habitat of several animals and disturb their movements, specifically in the mammal group. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the distribution and diversity of mammals as the basis for the proper management of the RPH. This research was conducted on a variety of forest habitats located on plot 97A, which covers an area of 331.5 Ha. Moreover, data were collected by creating line transects in this location and then analyzed by constructing a map of the mammals' distribution using the Shannon-Winer diversity index, evenness, and species richness. According to the results, 23 species of mammals were scattered in three types of habitats. The low category of mammal species diversity index was discovered in the mangrove forest (0.69), while the tropical rainforest (2.48) and coastal forest (2.18 were moderate). Furthermore, the mammal species evenness index in the lowland tropical rainforest, mangrove, and coastal forests indicated relatively even results while the highest mammal species richness index was detected in the lowland tropical rainforest. The mammal diversity results can be used by area managers for sustainable management.
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Lazăr, Anamaria, Ana Maria Benedek, and Ioan Sîrbu. "Small Mammals in Forests of Romania: Habitat Type Use and Additive Diversity Partitioning." Forests 12, no. 8 (2021): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081107.
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Small mammals are key components of forest ecosystems, playing vital roles for numerous groups of forest organisms: they exert bottom-up and top-down regulatory effects on vertebrate and invertebrate populations, respectively; they are fungus- and seed-dispersers and bioturbators. Therefore, preserving or restoring the diversity of small mammal communities may help maintain the functions of these ecosystems. In Romania, a country with low-intensity forest management and a high percentage of natural forests compared to other European countries, an overview of forest small mammal diversity and habitat type use is lacking, and our study aimed to fill this gap. We also aimed to partition the total small mammal diversity of Romanian forests into the alpha (plot-level), beta, and delta (among forest types) diversities, as well as further partition beta diversity into its spatial (among plots) and temporal (among years) components. We surveyed small mammals by live trapping in eight types of forest across Romania. We found that small mammal abundance was significantly higher in lowland than in mountain forests, but species richness was similar, being associated with the diversity of tree canopy, with the highest values in mixed forests. In contrast, small mammal heterogeneity was related to overall habitat heterogeneity. As predicted, community composition was most distinct in poplar plantations, where forest specialists coexist with open habitat species. Most of the diversity was represented by alpha diversity. Because of strong fluctuations in population density of dominant rodents, the temporal component of beta heterogeneity was larger than the spatial component, but species richness also presented an important temporal turnover. Our results show the importance of the time dimension in the design of the surveys aiming at estimating the diversity of small mammal communities, both at the local and regional scales.
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Ahumada, Jorge A., Carlos E. F. Silva, Krisna Gajapersad, et al. "Community structure and diversity of tropical forest mammals: data from a global camera trap network." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1578 (2011): 2703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0115.
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Terrestrial mammals are a key component of tropical forest communities as indicators of ecosystem health and providers of important ecosystem services. However, there is little quantitative information about how they change with local, regional and global threats. In this paper, the first standardized pantropical forest terrestrial mammal community study, we examine several aspects of terrestrial mammal species and community diversity (species richness, species diversity, evenness, dominance, functional diversity and community structure) at seven sites around the globe using a single standardized camera trapping methodology approach. The sites—located in Uganda, Tanzania, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Suriname, Brazil and Costa Rica—are surrounded by different landscape configurations, from continuous forests to highly fragmented forests. We obtained more than 51 000 images and detected 105 species of mammals with a total sampling effort of 12 687 camera trap days. We find that mammal communities from highly fragmented sites have lower species richness, species diversity, functional diversity and higher dominance when compared with sites in partially fragmented and continuous forest. We emphasize the importance of standardized camera trapping approaches for obtaining baselines for monitoring forest mammal communities so as to adequately understand the effect of global, regional and local threats and appropriately inform conservation actions.
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Meltesen, Kirsten M., Evan T. Whiting, Jesús N. Pinto-Ledezma, Tessa S. Cicak, David L. Fox, and Jennifer Frey. "Deconstructing the latitudinal diversity gradient of North American mammals by nominal order." Journal of Mammalogy 104, no. 4 (2023): 707–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13442269.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Abstract North American mammals follow a well-established latitudinal diversity gradient in species richness. However, the degree to which species in different mammal clades follow the same latitudinal gradient—and to which each clade contributes to the pattern observed for all mammals remains unknown. Here, we separate the overall mammalian latitudinal diversity gradient by mammal orders and investigate the impact of climate and topography on the distribution of each major mammal clade. We joined an equal-area grid (100 × 100 km cells) of continental North America embedded with environmental variables (n = 10) with mammalian species ranges (n = 753). We used spatial regression models to quantify the relationship between species richness and latitude for all mammals, all mammals excluding select clades, and for each individual subordinate clade (n = 9). We used multiple linear regression and simultaneous autoregressive regression models to determine which environmental variables best explained patterns of species richness for each mammal order. Whereas North American mammals altogether exhibit a strong latitudinal diversity gradient in species richness, most orders deviate from the species richness pattern observed for all mammals and their gradients are weak or entirely absent. Bats (Chiroptera) exhibit the strongest latitudinal gradient—their removal from the pattern for all mammals substantially weakens the total mammalian gradient, more so than when rodents are removed. Environmental variables explain patterns of species richness well for some clades, but poorly for others. The gradient we observe for North American mammals today is likely a combined product of multiple diversification events, dispersals, and climatic and tectonic histories.
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Meltesen, Kirsten M., Evan T. Whiting, Jesús N. Pinto-Ledezma, Tessa S. Cicak, David L. Fox, and Jennifer Frey. "Deconstructing the latitudinal diversity gradient of North American mammals by nominal order." Journal of Mammalogy 104, no. 4 (2023): 707–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13442269.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Abstract North American mammals follow a well-established latitudinal diversity gradient in species richness. However, the degree to which species in different mammal clades follow the same latitudinal gradient—and to which each clade contributes to the pattern observed for all mammals remains unknown. Here, we separate the overall mammalian latitudinal diversity gradient by mammal orders and investigate the impact of climate and topography on the distribution of each major mammal clade. We joined an equal-area grid (100 × 100 km cells) of continental North America embedded with environmental variables (n = 10) with mammalian species ranges (n = 753). We used spatial regression models to quantify the relationship between species richness and latitude for all mammals, all mammals excluding select clades, and for each individual subordinate clade (n = 9). We used multiple linear regression and simultaneous autoregressive regression models to determine which environmental variables best explained patterns of species richness for each mammal order. Whereas North American mammals altogether exhibit a strong latitudinal diversity gradient in species richness, most orders deviate from the species richness pattern observed for all mammals and their gradients are weak or entirely absent. Bats (Chiroptera) exhibit the strongest latitudinal gradient—their removal from the pattern for all mammals substantially weakens the total mammalian gradient, more so than when rodents are removed. Environmental variables explain patterns of species richness well for some clades, but poorly for others. The gradient we observe for North American mammals today is likely a combined product of multiple diversification events, dispersals, and climatic and tectonic histories.
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Susdiyanti, Tun, Ken Dara Cita, and Annisa Izzatin Widawardani Kusno. "DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND HABITAT OF MAMMALS IN MANDALAWANGI RESORT OF MOUNT GEDE PANGRANGO NATIONAL PARK." Indonesian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR) 1, no. 1 (2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/ijar.v1i1.35.
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Distribution pattern and habitat quality of mammals is essential to keep the existing of mammals which depends on interactions between its intrinsic evolutionary and ecological system. Mandalawangi Resort aside from being a conservation area, it is also a tourist area. Tourism activities carried out in the region, will directly and indirectly affect the sustainability of mammal diversity. The benefits of mammals are to stabilize the food chain, the spread of plant seeds, as an object of research and education. The study aims to determine the distribution patterns and habitat of mammals in Mandalawangi Resort . Research on mammal diversity was carried out using 4 methods: rapid assessment, line transect, animal footprint. Habitat data obtained using vegetation analysis and field observation methods. The diversity of mammals in the Mandawalangi Resort consists of 7 types of mammals from 6 families, namely kekes squirrel (Tupaia javanica), langur (Trachypithecus auratus), wild cats (Felis domesticus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), leopard (Panthera pardus melas) , civet mongoose (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) and house gutters (Suncus murinus). Species wealth index is low (0.50). The diversity index of mammals is included in the low diversity category (0.25). The highest level of mammal species meeting is kekes squirrel (Tupaia javanica) with a value of 29.4%. Evenness index is included in the unstable community category (0.15). Mammalian habitat is divided into tropical rain forests and open land with dominating trees namely Damar (Agathis damara) and Rasamala (Altingia excelsa).
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Whitehead, Tegan, Miriam Goosem, and Noel D. Preece. "Use by small mammals of a chronosequence of tropical rainforest revegetation." Wildlife Research 41, no. 3 (2014): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14082.
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Context The conversion of tropical rainforest to grazing pasture results in a drastic change in small-mammal community composition. Restoring the landscape through ecological revegetation is thus an increasingly important management technique to conserve rainforest mammals. Aims This study aimed to determine the habitat ages at which species of small mammals recolonised revegetated habitats on the southern Atherton Tablelands, north-eastern Queensland, Australia. We focussed on changes in rainforest mammal abundance and diversity with increasing habitat age. Methods Small-mammal trapping and mark–recapture techniques investigated mammal diversity, abundance and community composition within remnant rainforest, three age classes of ecological revegetation and abandoned grazing pasture. Key results Small-mammal community composition differed between remnant rainforest and abandoned grazing pasture. The pasture and 3-year old revegetated sites were similar in composition, both lacking rainforest small mammals. Six- and 7-year old revegetation plantings provided suboptimal habitat for both rainforest and grassland mammals, whereas 16- and 22-year old revegetated habitats were dominated by rainforest species, with some individuals being frequently recaptured. Conclusions As revegetated habitats aged, the small-mammal community composition transitioned from a grassland-like composition to a community dominated by rainforest species. Implications Although rainforest small mammals were very occasionally captured within the 6- and 7-year old habitats, revegetated plantings were not dominated by rainforest species until the habitat was 16 years old. This highlights the importance of commencing revegetation as early as possible to minimise future population declines and maximise the conservation of rainforest mammals.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mammal diversity"
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Pearch, Malcolm J. "Small mammal biodiversity in Nepal." Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted: no access until June 2, 2014, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=26193.
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Berens, Jeffrey David. "Morphological Differences and Diversity of Small Mammal Species." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27710.
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Small mammals play important roles in ecosystems, but are often overlooked due to their small size and plentiful abundance. Two studies evaluated the morphological differences and diversity of small mammal species based on how they react to different environmental conditions. The first study analyzed the morphological differences of skulls between and within two species of Peromyscus species due to differences in shape, size, and geographic position. This study also determined if landmark-based geometric morphometrics could reliably discriminate between the two species. The second study analyzed small mammal diversity and abundance due to differences in microhabitat conditions in an endangered ecosystem: tallgrass prairie. Small mammals are an important food source to other vertebrate and also help regulate vegetation composition in the tallgrass prairie ecosystem. Results of both studies could help future studies identify how different variables affect small mammal morphology and diversity.
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Kaleme, Prince K. "Habitat fragmentation, patterns of diversity and phylogeography of small mammal species in the Albertine rift." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18110.
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Thesis (PhD) - Stellenbosch University, 2011.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Albertine Rift is characterized by a heterogeneous landscape which may, at least in part, drive the exceptional
biodiversity found across all taxonomic levels. Notwithstanding the biodiversity and beauty of the region, large areas
are poorly understood because of political instability with the inaccessibility of most of the region as a contributing
factor. The majority of studies in the Albertine Rift have focussed on charismatic mega fauna, with other taxa
receiving less attention. One of the taxonomically and numerically more abundant small mammal genera is the genus
Praomys, an African endemic with a wide distribution range spanning most of west, central and east Africa. Four
species are typically recognized from the Albertine Rift namely P. degraaffi, P. jacksoni, P. misonnei and P.
verschureni. In this study I used a combination of DNA sequence data (mitochondrial control region, mitochondrial
cytochrome b and 7th intron of the nuclear ß-fibrinogen gene) as well as morphometric data (traditional and
geometric) to investigate the systematics of the Praomys taxa occurring in the Albertine Rift. To allow meaningful
DNA assessments and in an attempt to identify potential drivers of diversifications, other Praomys species were also
included from public sequence data bases for comparisons. The main focus was on P. jacksoni (the numerically most
abundant taxon; also, up to 2005, all Praomys in the Albertine Rift were mostly collected as “jacksoni”) and P.
degraaffi (an Albertine Rift endemic). A surprising finding was the presence of P. mutoni; this represents a range
extension for this species into the Albertine Rift. Distinct evolutionary lineages were found in both P. jacksoni
(confirmed by sequence data as well as morphometrics) as well as P. degraaffi (based only on sequence data;
insufficient samples precluded a full morphometric investigation). These lineages (in both P. jacksoni as well as P.
degraaffi) appear to be separated along a north – south gradient; however, further investigations should confirm this.
To further investigate the genetic patterns at local scales across the Albertine Rift, as well as introgression between
species as revealed by sequence data, a species-specific microsatellite library was developed for P. jacksoni. Twelve
polymorphic markers were identified of which nine also amplified in P. degraaffi. Introgression was confirmed
between the two focal species with almost 20% of the individuals analysed being jacksoni-degraaffi hybrids. This is
perhaps not so surprising given that there is considerable overlap in their ranges (between ~ 1500 m a.s.l. to 2450 m
a.s.l.) as well as the relative ages of the species (the divergence time between these two species were estimated at
3.8 Mya). The presence of distinct lineages within each of these species was confirmed by microsatellite analyses
(these lineages diverged approcimately at same time at ca. 3.4 Mya). As suggested by sequence and morphometric
data, these lineages had a largely north – south distribution but with considerable overlap in the central Albertine Rift
in the vicinity of Lake Kivu. The phylogeographic patterns obtained for both focal species were not consistent with the
physical barriers such as the rivers, lakes or mountains, nor were they exclusively associated with Pleistocene
phenomena such as the change of the course of the rivers or uplift; rather, the lineages predate the Pleistocene and
fall firmly in the Pliocene (>3 Mya). Biogeographically, the north - south location of lineages with a centrally - located contact zone could be a result of parapatric speciation due to habitat fragmentation or past climate change, followed
by secondary contact.
Barcoding using genetic information provides a useful tool to identify unknown taxa, cryptic diversity or where
different life stages are difficult to identify. From an invasion biology perspective, it allows for the rapid identification of
problem taxa against a known data base. By adopting such a barcoding approach (senso lato), the presence of three
invasive rodents was confirmed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC); these are Rattus rattus (black rat),
R. norvegicus (Norway rat) and Mus musculus domesticus (house mouse). A comparison with global data available
for these species revealed two possible introduction pathways namely via the shipping port at Kinshasa/Matadi (with
strong links to Europe) and via the slave trade routes in the east (strong links to the Arab world and the east). Of
these three taxa, only R. rattus is currently documented from the DRC although the others have received mention in
the gray literature. These findings draw attention to the lack of any official policy regarding biosecurity in the DRC,
and argue for the development of strict control measures to prevent further introductions.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Albertine Rift word gekenmerk deur 'n heterogene landskap wat kan, ten minste gedeeltelik, die uitsonderlike
biodiversiteit wat oor al die taksonomiese vlakke gevind word teweeg bring. Nieteenstaande die biodiversiteit en die
skoonheid van die streek, is groot gebiede onbekend as gevolg van politieke onstabiliteit met die ontoeganklikheid
van meeste van die streek as 'n bydraende faktor. Die meerderheid van studies in die Albertine Rift het gefokus op
die charismatiese mega fauna, met ander taxa wat minder aandag ontvang. Een van die taksonomies en numeries
meer volop klein soogdier genera is die genus Praomys, 'n Afrika endemiese groep met 'n wye verspreiding wat strek
oor die grootste deel van van wes-, sentraal en oos-Afrika. Vier spesies word tipies erken van die Albertine Rift
naamlik P. degraaffi, P. jacksoni, P. misonnei en P. verschureni. In hierdie studie het ek 'n kombinasie van DNA
volgorde data (mitochondriale beheer streek, mitochondriale sitochroom b en 7de intron van die kern ß-fibrinogeen
geen) sowel as morfometriese data (tradisioneel en meetkundig) gebruik om die sistematiek van die Praomys taxa te
ondersoek. Om betekenisvolle DNA aanslae toe te laat en in 'n poging om potensiële aandrywers van diversiteit te
identifiseer, is ander Praomys spesies van openbare volgorde data basisse vir vergelykings ingesluit. Die hooffokus
is op P. jacksoni (die numeries volopste takson, ook, tot en met 2005 is alle Praomys in die Albertine Rift meestal as
"jacksoni" versamel) en P. degraaffi ('n Albertine Rift endemiese spesie). 'n Verrassende bevinding was die
teenwoordigheid van P. mutoni, dit verteenwoordig' n verspreidingsuitbreiding vir hierdie spesie in die Albertine Rift.
Bepaalde evolusionêre ontwikkelingslyne was in beide P. jacksoni (bevestig deur die volgorde data sowel as
morfometrie) sowel as P. degraaffi (wat slegs gebaseer is op die volgorde data, onvoldoende monsters verhinder 'n
volledige morfometriese ondersoek). Hierdie lyne (in beide P. jacksoni sowel as P. degraaffi) word geskei langs 'n
noord - suid gradiënt, maar verdere ondersoeke moet dit bevestig. Om die genetiese patrone op plaaslike skaal oor die Albertina Rift verder te ondersoek, sowel as introgressie tussen
spesies soos geopenbaar deur die volgorde data, is 'n spesie-spesifieke mikrosatelliet biblioteek ontwikkel vir P.
jacksoni. Twaalf polimorfiese merkers is geïdentifiseer waarvan nege ook amplifiseer in P. degraaffi. Introgressie is
bevestig tussen die twee brandpunt spesies met byna 20% van die individue wat ontleed is as jacksoni-degraaffi
basters. Dit is miskien nie so verbasend gegee dat daar aansienlike oorvleueling is in hul gebiede (tussen ~ 1500 m
bo seespieel tot 2450 m bo seespieel), sowel as die relatiewe ouderdomme van die spesies (die divergensie tussen
hierdie twee spesies is geskat op 3,8 Mya). Die teenwoordigheid van verskillende lyne in elk van hierdie spesies is
bevestig deur mikrosatelliet ontleding (hierdie lyne het gedivergeer ongeveer 3,4 Mya). Soos voorgestel deur die
DNA volgorde en morfometriese data, het hierdie lyne 'n grootliks noorde – suid verspreiding, maar met 'n
aansienlike oorvleueling in die sentrale Albertine Rift in die omgewing van die Kivumeer. Die filogeografiese patrone
wat vir beide die brandpunt spesies gevind is nie in ooreenstemming met die fisiese struikelblokke soos die riviere, mere of berge nie, en hou ook nie uitsluitlik verband met die Pleistoseen verskynsels soos die verandering van die
loop van die riviere nie; die afstammelinge is eerder veel ouer as die Pleistoseen en val binne die Plioseen (> 3 Mya).
Biogeografies, die noorde – suid plasing van die lyne met 'n sentraal geleë kontak sone kan die gevolg wees van
parapatriese spesiasie te danke aan habitatfragmentasie as gevolg van verandering in die klimaat, gevolg deur 'n
sekondêre kontak.
Strepieskodering met behulp van genetiese inligting verskaf 'n nuttige instrument om onbekend taxa, kriptiese
diversiteit of waar verskillende lewensfases moeilik is om te identifiseer, te identifiseer. Vanuit 'n indringerbiologie
perspektief, maak hierdie benadering dit moontlik om vinnige identifikasies van die probleem taksa teen' n bekende
data basis te bekom. Deur gebruik te maak van so 'n strepieskoderingsbenadering (senso lato), is die
teenwoordigheid van drie indringende knaagdiere bevestig in die Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo (DRK),
naamlik Rattus rattus (swart rot), R. norvegicus (Noorweë rot) en Mus musculus domesticus (huis muis). 'n
Vergelyking met die globale data wat beskikbaar is vir hierdie spesies het aan die lig gebring dat twee moontlike
betree-roetes bestaan, naamlik via die skeepshawe by Kinshasa / Matadi (met sterk skakels na Europa), en via die
slawehandel roetes in die ooste (sterk skakels na die Arabiese wêreld en die ooste) . Van hierdie drie taxa, is tans
slegs R. rattus van die Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo gedokumenteer, hoewel die ander melding ontvang in
die grys literatuur. Hierdie bevindinge vestig die aandag op die gebrek aan enige amptelike beleid ten opsigte van
biosekuriteit in die Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo, en argumenteer vir die ontwikkeling van streng
beheermaatreëls om verdere indringerspesies te voorkom.
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Kataržytė, Marija. "Hypogeous fungi of Lithuania: diversity, distribution and links with small mammals." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090507_135047-17978.
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Hypogeous fungi perform various functions in the forest ecosystems, they form the mycorrhizal relationship with plants and serve as the food source of some animals. Main aims of this dissertation were to ascertain the diversity and distribution of hypogeous fungi in Lithuania, to compare the communities of hypogeous and epigeous mycorrhizal fungi, and to explore the composition of fungi in small mammal diet. Using various research methods (an analysis of the literature data, the critical examination of the herbarium specimens, the search of the fruit-bodies by raking the soil, an examination of the fecal pellets of small mammals) in total 29 species of hypogeous fungi have been ascertained in Lithuania. The taxonomic structure, distribution and fructification phenology of hypogeous fungi has been analysed. The data on the structure and dynamics of communities of hypogeous and epigeous mycorrhizal fungi in spruce, oak and mixed tree stands were presented. The influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the species composition and fructification of fungi was assessed. The peculiarities of small mammal mycophagy in different tree stands were described.<br>Požeminiai grybai atlieka įvairias funkcijas miško ekosistemose, sudaro mikorizes su augalais ir yra kai kurių gyvūnų maisto šaltinis. Disertacinio darbo pagrindiniai tikslai buvo išaiškinti Lietuvos požeminių grybų rūšių įvairovę ir paplitimą, palyginti mikorizinių požeminių ir antžeminių grybų bendrijas, išaiškinti grybų sudėtį smulkiųjų žinduolių maisto racione. Pritaikius skirtingus tyrimo metodus (literatūros duomenų analizę, kritišką herbariuminių pavyzdžių tyrimą, grybų vaisiakūnių paiešką grėbliukais suardytame dirvožemyje, smulkiųjų žinduolių ekskrementų tyrimą), nustatyta, kad dabar Lietuvoje žinomos 29 požeminių grybų rūšys. Išnagrinėta požeminių grybų taksonominė struktūra, paplitimas ir fruktifikacijos fenologija. Pateikti duomenys apie požeminių ir antžeminių mikorizinių makromicetų bendrijų struktūrą ir dinamiką eglynuose, ąžuolyne ir mišriame medyne. Įvertinta abiotinių ir biotinių veiksnių įtaka grybų rūšių sudėčiai ir fruktifikacijai. Išnagrinėti kai kurių smulkiųjų žinduolių mikofagijos ypatumai skirtingos sudėties medynuose.
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Hamilton, Bryan T. "Small Mammal Diversity, Rattlesnake Demographics, and Resource Utilization in the Great Basin: Implications for Management and Stable Isotope Proxies." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6786.
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Plant carbon isotopes were used to track assimilation of riparian resources by small mammals. Voles and shrews derived significant portions of their carbon from riparian vegetation. Deer and harvest mice were abundant in riparian habitat but assimilated little riparian vegetation indicating that the riparian corridor provided resources other than food. This is first use of stable carbon isotopes to trace riparian resources into a vertebrate community. Conifer encroachment in sagebrush ecosystems negatively affects many wildlife populations. Conifer removal is recommended across millions of hectares in the Great Basin. However the effects of conifer encroachment and conifer removal are unknown for most wildlife species. We show that the consequences of conifer encroachment, a press impact, far outweigh the pulse impact of sagebrush restoration, on small mammal diversity. Lack of demographic data limit the development of effective management, conservation and recovery goals for rattlesnakes. We used a long-term dataset and capture mark recapture models to quantify demography of four rattlesnake populations. Mean population growth indicated an overall stable population across the study, with two of the four sites declining. Survival overwhelmingly contributed to population growth relative to recruitment. No small mammals drank stream water even during periods of environmentally high water stress and high aridity, extension of the linear regression equation for small mammal body water towards the meteoric waterline, captures stream water, the weighted mean average for regional meteoric waters. Similar regression of fossilized small mammal tissues would also capture local meteoric waters. Even in arid regions, small mammal fossils are a suitable proxy for climate reconstructions. In the Great Basin, snowmelt overwhelmingly contributes to local precipitation, plant production, and stream flows. Snowmelt supports riparian and upland plants, and small mammals. Rattlesnakes prey primarily on small mammals, indirectly depending on snow melt for survival and reproduction. Climate models and rattlesnake emergence strongly indicate an earlier onset of spring and reduced ratio of snow to rain. Declining snowpack will have major impacts on biodiversity and management such as riparian vegetation, native plant restoration, trophic interactions, and ecological goods and services.
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Decarre, Julieta. "Diversity and structure of bird and mammal communities in the Semiarid Chaco Region : response to agricultural practices and landscape alterations." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38615.
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The conversion of land from natural environments to human-managed areas has been particularly pronounced in the semiarid Chaco Region. In this context, it is critical to understand the impacts that these major changes have on species diversity. The specific aims of this thesis were to understand: i) how the different human-modified environments influenced the distribution of the bird assemblages in the current agricultural matrix; ii) which local and landscape scale characteristics best explained species richness and relative abundance of mammals; and iii) what is the relationship between biodiversity and profit for both taxa, and given this relationship, to what extent can conservation and production objectives be simultaneously achieved. Bird and mammal community data was gathered in seven different habitats of an agricultural matrix and inside a National Park. Bird species richness and abundance were extremely low in highly modified environments (agriculture plots), but increased significantly in intermediate, or low modified habitats (silvopasture plots, forest outside and inside the National Park, respectively). Richness and capture frequency of mammals increased gradually across the gradient of habitat modification, from low numbers in agricultural habitats to a maximum in National Park forests. Changes in species composition with production intensification differed between birds and mammals. The bird communities were similar for low- and intermediate-intensity farming, with constant number of species, abundance and community integrity. However, further intensification led to an abrupt decline, defining a clear threshold. Mammal species richness was maintained in low-yield farming, relative abundance declined with increasing production, favoured by a wildlife-friendly farming approach. In contrast to birds, mammal community integrity decreased exponentially with increased levels of intensification, showing that only protected or well-preserved forests can support some habitat-restricted species. The results suggest that a combined strategy is the best option to achieve conservation and production targets that include both taxa.
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Rodrigues, Laís Lautenschlager. "Effects of domestic megafauna and landscape on diversity of mammals in Atlantic Forest remnants /." Rio Claro, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/191060.
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Orientador: Mauro Galetti Rodrigues<br>Resumo: A conversão de paisagens florestais para usos antrópicos é a principal causa do desmatamento das florestas tropicais em todo o mundo. Essas florestas são conhecidas por conter parte significativa da biodiversidade terrestre global, porém pouco se sabe sobre como as modificações na paisagem, como a perda de habitat para produção agropecuária e o principalmente o impacto do gado afetam a diversidade e ocupação de mamíferos resilientes nesses fragmentos. Sendo assim, nós examinamos como a riqueza de espécies e a composição de mamíferos são explicadas pela configuração da paisagem e como a presença do gado afeta a detecção de mamíferos de médio e grande porte. Foram amostradas 20 paisagens dominadas por pastagens ao longo de um gradiente de cobertura florestal (8% a 98%), no sudeste do Brasil. Nós registramos 75% das espécies de mamíferos esperadas para esta região em uma cobertura florestal de média a alta. A cobertura florestal, distância euclidiana do vizinho mais próximo e área estrutural foram as variáveis que melhor explicaram a ocorrência de algumas espécies de mamíferos dependentes de floresta. As comunidades de mamíferos exibiram um alto grau de alternação de espécies entre as paisagens, representando 95% da diversidade beta total. Os impactos da pecuária foram mostrados devido ao seu efeito negativo na detecção de espécies florestais e positivo na detecção de grupos de espécies não florestais. Discutimos a importância de manter fragmentos com alta cobertura vegetal para... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The landscape conversion to anthropic uses is the major cause of deforestation worldwide. Tropical forests are known to contain a significant portion of global terrestrial biodiversity, but little is known about how changes in landscape, such as habitat loss for livestock and its impacts affect the diversity and occupation of resilient mammals in forest fragments immersed in pasture matrices. Here we examine how species richness and mammal composition are explained by landscape configuration and how cattle presence affects the detection of medium and large mammals. We sampled 20 landscapes dominated by pastures along a forest cover gradient (8% to 98%) in southeastern Brazil. We recorded 75% of the mammalian species expected for this region in a medium-to-high forest cover. Landscapes metrics, as forest cover, Euclidean distance from the nearest neighbor and structural area were the variables that best explained the occurrence of some forest mammal species. Mammalian communities exhibited a high degree of species turnover between landscapes, representing 95% of total beta diversity. Livestock impacts were shown due to its negative effect on the detection of forest-dwelling species and positive on the detection of non-forest species groups. We discuss the importance of maintaining forest fragments with high vegetation cover to improve connectivity between disturbed landscapes, favoring mammalian species flow. There is an urgent need for a better understanding of livestock gene... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre
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Meyer-Lucht, Yvonne. "Does variability matter? Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) variation and its associations to parasitism in natural small mammal populations." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3641/.
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The adaptive evolutionary potential of a species or population to cope with omnipresent environmental challenges is based on its genetic variation. Variability at immune genes, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, is assumed to be a very powerful and effective tool to keep pace with diverse and rapidly evolving pathogens. In my thesis, I studied natural levels of variation at the MHC genes, which have a key role in immune defence, and parasite burden in different small mammal species. I assessed the importance of MHC variation for parasite burden in small mammal populations in their natural environment. To understand the processes shaping different patterns of MHC variation I focused on evidence of selection through pathogens upon the host. Further, I addressed the issue of low MHC diversity in populations or species, which could potentially arise as a result from habitat fragmentation and isolation.
Despite their key role in the mammalian evolution the marsupial MHC has been rarely investigated. Studies on primarily captive or laboratory bred individuals indicated very little or even no polymorphism at the marsupial MHC class II genes. However, natural levels of marsupial MHC diversity and selection are unknown to date as studies on wild populations are virtually absent. I investigated MHC II variation in two Neotropical marsupial species endemic to the threatened Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops incanus) to test whether the predicted low marsupial MHC class II polymorphism proves to be true under natural conditions. For the first time in marsupials I confirmed characteristics of MHC selection that were so far only known from eutherian mammals, birds, and fish: Positive selection on specific codon sites, recombination, and trans-species polymorphism. Beyond that, the two marsupial species revealed considerable differences in their MHC class II diversity. Diversity was rather low in M. incanus but tenfold higher in G. microtarsus, disproving the predicted general low marsupial MHC class II variation.
As pathogens are believed to be very powerful drivers of MHC diversity, I studied parasite burden in both host species to understand the reasons for the remarkable differences in MHC diversity. In both marsupial species specific MHC class II variants were associated to either high or low parasite load highlighting the importance of the marsupial MHC class II in pathogen defence. I developed two alternative scenarios with regard to MHC variation, parasite load, and parasite diversity. In the ‘evolutionary equilibrium’ scenario I assumed the species with low MHC diversity, M. incanus, to be under relaxed pathogenic selection and expected low parasite diversity. Alternatively, low MHC diversity could be the result of a recent loss of genetic variation by means of a genetic bottleneck event. Under this ‘unbalanced situation’ scenario, I assumed a high parasite burden in M. incanus due to a lack of resistance alleles. Parasitological results clearly reject the first scenario and point to the second scenario, as M. incanus is distinctly higher parasitised but parasite diversity is relatively equal compared to G. microtarsus. Hence, I suggest that the parasite load in M. incanus is rather the consequence than the cause for its low MHC diversity.
MHC variation and its associations to parasite burden have been typically studied within single populations but MHC variation between populations was rarely taken into account. To gain scientific insight on this issue, I chose a common European rodent species. In the yellow necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis), I investigated the effects of genetic diversity on parasite load not on the individual but on the population level. I included populations, which possess different levels of variation at the MHC as well as at neutrally evolving genetic markers (microsatellites). I was able to show that mouse populations with a high MHC allele diversity are better armed against high parasite burdens highlighting the significance of adaptive genetic diversity in the field of conservation genetics. An individual itself will not directly benefit from its population’s large MHC allele pool in terms of parasite resistance. But confronted with the multitude of pathogens present in the wild a population with a large MHC allele reservoir is more likely to possess individuals with resistance alleles. These results deepen our understanding of the complex causes and processes of evolutionary adaptations between hosts and pathogens.<br>In einer sich ständig verändernden Umwelt ist es unverzichtbar, sich fortwährend zu verändern und anzupassen. Dabei gründet sich das Anpassungsvermögen oder das evolutionäre Potential einer Art auf ihre genetische Variabilität. In der Krankheitsabwehr ist die Variabilität der Immungene ein besonders wichtiges und effektives Instrument, weil Pathogene sehr vielfältig sind und schnell evolvieren. Im Rahmen meiner Doktorarbeit habe ich mich mit der Variabilität des Immungen-Komplexes MHC (major histocompatibility complex) beschäftigt, der eine Schlüsselrolle in der Immunabwehr bei Vertebraten einnimmt. Anhand verschiedener Arten und Populationen von Kleinsäugern habe ich den Einfluss der MHC Vielfalt auf den Parasitenbefall unter natürlichen Bedingungen untersucht. Dabei interessierte mich insbesondere das Vorkommen geringer MHC Variabilität in Populationen, das möglicherweise eine Folge von Lebensraum-fragmentierung und Isolation ist.
Obwohl Beuteltiere eine zentrale Rolle in der Evolution der Säugetiere spielen, ist über ihren MHC bislang nur sehr wenig bekannt. Einige Studien befassten sich mit Labor- oder Zootieren, und deuteten auf geringe oder sogar gar keine Variation im MHC Klasse II bei Beuteltieren hin. Allerdings gab es bislang nahezu keine Studien an frei lebenden Beuteltieren, deshalb war bislang ein natürliches Ausmaß der MHC Variabilität unbekannt. Anhand von zwei endemischen neotropischen Beuteltieren aus dem brasilianischen Küstenregenwald (Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops incanus) habe ich überprüft, ob sich diese geringe MHC Vielfalt unter natürlichen Freilandbedingungen bestätigt. Erstmals konnte ich zeigen, dass der MHC II bei Beuteltieren charakteristische Merkmale positiver Selektion aufweist, die bisher nur von placentalen Säugern, Vögeln und Fischen bekannt waren: Positive Selektion auf spezifischen Aminosäurepositionen, Rekombination und Trans-Species-Polymorphismus. Darüber hinaus unterschieden sich die beiden Beuteltierarten beträchtlich in ihrer MHC II Variabilität. Während M. incanus sich als relativ wenig divers erwies, zeigte G. microtarsus eine zehnmal höhere Vielfalt und widerlegt damit die generelle Gültigkeit der ursprünglich angenommenen geringen MHC II Variabilität bei Beuteltieren.
Um diese beachtlichen Diversitätsunterschiede zwischen den beiden Arten zu erklären, habe ich die Parasitenbelastung untersucht. Bei beiden Arten konnte ich nachweisen, dass bestimmte MHC Varianten mit entweder hoher oder niedriger Parasitenbelastung verknüpft waren. Solche Assoziationen spiegeln Pathogen-vermittelte Selektion wider, untermauern die Funktionalität des MHC Klasse II bei Beuteltieren und weisen auf dieselbe Bedeutsamkeit des MHC wie bei placentalen Säuger, Vögeln und Fischen hin. Ich entwickelte zwei alternative evolutionäre Szenarien, unter denen eine geringe MHC Variabilität denkbar ist. Im Szenario des ‘evolutionären Gleichgewichts’ ist geringe MHC Variabilität die Folge eines verminderten Selektionsdruckes durch wenige Parasiten, sodass eine geringe Parasitendiversität zu erwarten ist. Alternativ könnte eine geringe MHC Variabilität aber auch Folge eines kürzlich erlittenen Verlustes an genetischer Variabilität sein, beispielsweise durch ein Flaschenhalsereignis. Unter diesem Szenario des ‘Ungleichgewichts’ wäre bei M. incanus im Falle eines potentiellen Verlustes von Resistenzallelen eine starke Parasitenbelastung zu erwarten. Die parasitologischen Ergebnisse widersprechen dem ersten und deuten eher auf das zweite Szenario. M. incanus war deutlich stärker parasitiert als G. microtarsus, wohingegen die Parasitendiversität bei beiden Arten ungefähr gleich war. Die hohe Parasitenbelastung bei M. incanus ist offenbar weniger der Auslöser als vielmehr eine Folge seiner geringen MHC Vielfalt zu sein.
Üblicherweise werden sowohl die Variabilität des MHC als auch seine Verknüpfung mit Parasitenbelastung innerhalb von einzelnen Populationen untersucht, nur selten wird die Variation zwischen Populationen in Betracht gezogen. Um Erkenntnisse auf dieser Ebene zu gewinnen, habe ich den Zusammenhang zwischen genetischer Vielfalt und Parasitenbelastung nicht auf der Ebene des Individuums, sondern auf der Populationsebene anhand der europäischen Gelbhalsmaus (Apodemus flavicollis) erforscht. Dabei wurden Populationen mit unterschiedlicher genetischer Variabilität am MHC und an neutralen genetischen Markern (Mikrosatelliten) betrachtet. Ich konnte nachweisen, dass Populationen, die über ein großes Spektrum verschiedener MHC Allele verfügen, besser gegen starke Parasitenbelastung gewappnet sind als Populationen mit einer geringen Anzahl MHC Allele. In einer MHC-diversen Population ist die Gegenwart von Individuen mit Resistenzallelen deutlich wahrscheinlicher, und damit die Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit der Population. Diese Ergebnisse erweitern und vertiefen unsere Erkenntnisse zu die komplexen evolutionären Vorgängen und Mechanismen zwischen Wirt und Parasit in ihrem fortwährenden Wettstreit.
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Thondhlana, Gladman, and Juliette V. Lagesse. "The effect of land-use on small mammal diversity inside and outside the Great Fish River Nature Reserve, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Elsevier B.V, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67823.
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Publisher version<br>This study investigated small mammal species diversity at 10 paired contrast sites along a fence line inside and outside the Great Fish River Nature Reserve (GFRNR), Eastern Cape, South Africa. The sites outside the GFRNR are used for subsistence land-based activities including livestock production and fuelwood harvesting. From 145 live captures, a total of 114 unique individuals of five small mammal species (four rodents and one elephant shrew) were recorded over 1170 trap nights. Average small mammal species diversity and abundance were significantly higher inside the reserve than outside. Human activities such as livestock grazing seemed to explain low levels of small mammal diversity and abundance at the communal sites. Vegetation variables showed a complex interplay with small mammal diversity. In general, high vegetation diversity had a positive influence on small mammal diversity though the influence of some environmental variables was species-dependent. We conclude that the GFRNR is effective in protecting small mammals but the findings raise questions around the influence of land use practices such as livestock grazing on biodiversity, especially given that local communities in South Africa are continuously seeking greater access to reserves for livestock grazing and other provisioning services.
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Phillips, Samantha Elizabeth. "Composition of the Community of Small Mammals in the Great Basin Desert." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6961.
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Small mammals are a keystone guild in arid ecosystems; often exhibiting top-down control of the diversity and structure of plant communities. However, changing climate, shifting fire regimes, and the invasion of exotic plants are modifying the structure of arid systems. Environmental changes in these arid systems are likely altering small mammal communities, and therefore, their ecological role. We examined two aspects of the community composition of small mammals in the Great Basin: changes in community composition since large scale sampling of the region began in 1930, and the current population of a sensitive species of small mammal, the dark kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus). In Chapter 1, we compared diversity and composition of present day small mammal communities to communities sampled between the years of 1930 and 1980. We sampled 234 historical locations across the eastern Great Basin region during the summers of 2014 and 2015. Our results indicated that diversity, richness, and evenness of small mammals in the Great Basin have declined significantly over the last century (P=0.002, P=0.03, P=0.002). The relative abundance of generalist species has increased, while specialist species have declined (P<0.001, P<0.001). Also, community composition at each site has changed significantly over the past century. Alterations in the community structure of small mammals may have cascading implications for the future of the Great Basin ecoregion. In Chapter 2, we conducted a region-wide survey for the dark kangaroo mouse in western Utah. Four teams sampled 232 locations across western Utah during the summers of 2014-2015. Of the 232 sites sampled, only 5 sites resulted in dark kangaroo mouse captures, totaling 15 individuals. These results could indicate a state-wide population decline for this species, both compared to historic population levels and to the populations surveyed less than ten years ago. The rapid decline may be a result of habitat degradation associated with invasive plant species and increasing fire frequency, the effects of which are exacerbated by the dark kangaroo mouse's life history as an ecological specialist. Unless large-scale habitat restoration and preservation is conducted for remaining populations, it is likely the dark kangaroo mouse will continue to decline within the state.
Books on the topic "Mammal diversity"
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E, Wilson Don, ed. Measuring and monitoring biological diversity. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996.
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Moseley, Kurtis R. Reptile, amphibian, and small mammal species associated with natural gas development in the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2009.
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1957-, Maisonneuve Charles, and Québec (Province). Direction de la faune et des habitats., eds. Evaluation de la diversité faunique des plaines inondables du sud du Québec: Avifaune et micromammifères. Ministère de l'environnement et de la faune, 1996.
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R, Heaney Lawrence, ed. Mammalian diversity on Mount Isarog: A threatened center of endemism on southern Luzon Island, Philippines. Field Museum of Natural History, 1999.
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Heaney, Lawrence R. Discovering diversity: Studies of the mammals of Luzon Island, Philippines. Field Museum of Natural History, 2011.
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Jernvall, Jukka. Mammalian molar cusp patterns: Developmental mechanisms of diversity. Finnish Zoological and Botanical Pub. Board, 1995.
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Voss, Robert S. Mammalian diversity in neotropical lowland rainforests: A preliminary assessment. American Museum of Natural History, 1996.
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Voss, Robert. Mammalian diversity in Neotropical lowland rainforests: A preliminary assessment. American Museum of Natural History, 1996.
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Chakrabarti, Rina. Mammalian and avian faunal diversity in Damodar Valley under DVC project area. Zoological Survey of India, 2011.
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Gingerich, Philip D. New earliest Wasatchian mammalian fauna from the Eocene of northwestern Wyoming: Composition and diversity in a rarely sampled high-floodplain assemblage. Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Mammal diversity"
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KryŠtufek, Boris. "A Quantitative Assessment of Balkan Mammal Diversity." In Balkan Biodiversity. Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2854-0_6.
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Judas, Jacky. "Terrestrial Mammals of the United Arab Emirates." In A Natural History of the Emirates. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37397-8_14.
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AbstractThe United Arab Emirates (UAE) holds a fascinating mammalian diversity, highly adapted to its harsh arid environment. In total, 58 mammal species have been reported. Seven are now extinct, four are feral, and 10 are introduced non-native species. Of the 37 currently living native species, seven have been added to the national list in the past 15 years. More species likely await discovery, particularly among bats, the most diverse taxonomic group with 13 species reported for the UAE. Rodents, carnivores and ungulates are the three next most diverse groups. To cope with high temperatures and prolonged droughts, UAE mammals have developed a range of morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations. However, they are not well adapted to face the numerous threats caused by human development. Except for a few species that benefit from urban expansion or conservation programmes, most are experiencing shrinking ranges and populations. Today, 20% of UAE native mammal species are classified as threatened globally, and 41% at the national level following IUCN red list criteria. National conservation programmes, and creation of new protected areas might contribute to improving their status along with increased scientific research efforts to fill the knowledge gaps on their status and ecology.
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Schröpfer, Rüdiger. "Limits and Conservation of the Species Diversity of Small Mammal Communities." In Tasks for vegetation science. Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4677-7_9.
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Charles, Joseph K. "Small mammal diversity in riparian and dipterocarp habitats in Belalong forest, Brunei Darussalam." In Monographiae Biologicae. Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1685-2_18.
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Huntley, Brian John. "The Arid Savanna Biome." In Ecology of Angola. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18923-4_15.
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AbstractThe Arid Savanna Biome of Angola (and Africa) is home to the richest wildlife diversities and abundances of the continent. This Chapter describes the features that characterise the biome – low and unpredictable rainfall, generally low primary production, infrequent but occasionally intense fires, occupying the young, moderate to high nutrient soils of the hot lowlands and river valleys of the western coastal belt and south of the country. The three ecoregions of this biome occur at from sea level to 1000 m above sea level, where rainfall ranges from 250-650 mm per year. Colophospermum mopane dominates and characterises the largest ecoregion of the Arid Savanna Biome in Angola (and across southern Africa), has a low diversity of plant species, but is rich in mammal and bird species. The factors that determine the distribution of this generally monospecific woodland have been subject to detailed research and the results are described. The other two Arid Savanna Biome ecoregions are dominated by Acacia species, with a prominence of baobabs Adansonia digitata. The Arid Savanna Biome supported the highest biomasses and diversities of indigenous mammal species in Angola until their near annihilation during the civil war and replacement by domestic livestock in recent decades.
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Green, Ken, and Catherine M. Pickering. "A Scenario for Mammal and Bird Diversity in the Snowy Mountains of Australia in Relation to Climate Change." In Mountain Biodiversity. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003579519-22.
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Palmer, Rosa R., and John L. Koprowski. "Influence of Time and Flood on Diurnal Mammal Diversity and Story Level Use in Igapó Forest in the Peruvian Amazon." In Igapó (Black-water flooded forests) of the Amazon Basin. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90122-0_9.
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Hutterer, Rainer. "Diversity of mammals in Bolivia." In Biodiversity. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06071-1_18.
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Miura, Kento, Ayako Tomita, and Yoshiakira Kanai. "Sex Determination and Differentiation in Mammals." In Diversity and Commonality in Animals. Springer Japan, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56609-0_20.
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de Buffrénil, Vivian, Christian de Muizon, Maïténa Dumont, Michel Laurin, and Olivier Lambert. "Diversity of Bone Microstructure in Mammals." In Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351189590-29.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Mammal diversity"
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Sitnic, Veaceslav, Natalia Caraman, and Vladislav Caldari. "The structure and diversity of mammalian communities from the ,,Prutul de jos" biosphere reserve." In Conferința științifică națională cu participare internațională "Integrare prin cercetare și inovare", dedicată Zilei Internaționale a Științei pentru Pace și Dezvoltare. Moldova State University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.59295/spd2024n.46.
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The structure and diversity of mammalian communities from the ,,Prutul de Jos" biosphere reserve. The research was carried out in the "Prutul de Jos" Biosphere Reserve based on the materials collected in the area during the years 1995-2022. The intended objective was to study the structure and diversity of mammal communities. Relative density determination methods were used. 29 species of mammals have been identified. 6 species are included in the Red Book of the Republic of Moldova. A decrease in the mammal diversity index was established over the last 30 years from 1.97 to 1.62. The landscape reserve is of particular importance for the conservation of biological diversity.
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Fraser, Danielle, Meghan Balk, Silvia Pineda-Munoz, Lauren Sallan, and Laura C. Soul. "ASSESSING MAMMAL FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY USING BODY MASS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-338437.
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Nistreanu, Victoria, Alina Larion, Viorica Paladi, Vladislav Caldari, and Vladimir Turcan. "Diversity of terrestrial vertebrate fauna in the sector Vulcănești - Colibași, Republic of Moldova." In Conferința științifică națională cu participare internațională "Integrare prin cercetare și inovare", dedicată Zilei Internaționale a Științei pentru Pace și Dezvoltare. Moldova State University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.59295/spd2024n.42.
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The research was carried out in the period 2021-2024 in natural and anthropogenic ecosystems of the sector. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diversity of terrestrial vertebrate fauna and to highlight the importance of the sector for biodiversity conservation in the southern part of the republic. Species diversity of terrestrial vertebrates was assessed according to standard methods. The terrestrial vertebrate fauna was represented by 36 species of mammals, 64 species of birds, 6 amphibian species and 4 reptile species. 7 mammal species, 6 bird species one amphibian and 2 reptile species are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Moldova. The most common and widespread species are the eurytopic ones with large limits of ecological valence.
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Otsuki, Mayuko, Tomonari Akamatsu, Takahiro Nobetsu, and Yoko Mitani. "Diversity of marine mammal vocalizations off Rausu, Shiretoko, northern Japan." In 2016 Techno-Ocean (Techno-Ocean). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/techno-ocean.2016.7890760.
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Shupinski, Alex B., Peter Wagner, Felisa Smith, and S. Kathleen Lyons. "34 MILLION YEARS OF CONSISTENCY IN FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICAN MAMMAL PALEOCOMMUNITIES." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-357602.
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Amelia, Dea Evani, and Bambang Agus Suripto. "Diversity and Origin of Mammal Collection in Mini Zoo in Sleman, Yogyakarta Special Region." In 7th International Conference on Biological Science (ICBS 2021). Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220406.022.
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Stirkė, Vitalijus, Linas Balčiauskas, and Laima Balčiauskienė. "Small Mammal Diversity and Abundance in Commercial Orchards in Relation to Habitat and Agricultural Factors." In IECD 2022. MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecd2022-12413.
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Juhn, Mark, Mairin Balisi, Evan Doughty, et al. "NORTH AMERICAN MAMMAL PREDATOR DIVERSITY AND FUNCTIONAL TRAIT RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE ACROSS THE CENOZOIC." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-368598.
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Shupinski, Alexandria, Felisa Smith, and S. Kathleen Lyons. "TAXONOMIC AND FUNCTIONAL BETA DIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICAN MAMMAL PALEOCOMMUNITIES ARE DECOUPLED ACROSS THE CENOZOIC." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-368871.
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Pino, Kateryn, Enrique Rodríguez-Serrano, Juan D. Carrillo, Rebecca Cooper, and Daniele Silvestro. "BIOTIC DISPERSAL AND DIVERSITY DYNAMICS IN DEEP TIME: THE CASE OF SOUTH AMERICAN MAMMAL EVOLUTION." In GSA Connects 2024 Meeting in Anaheim, California. Geological Society of America, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2024am-402321.
Full textReports on the topic "Mammal diversity"
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Raymer, D. F., and J. R. Biggs. Comparison of small mammal species diversity near wastewater outfalls, natural streams, and dry canyons. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10121827.
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Clark, J. Alan, Suzanne Macey, and Stefanie Siller. Bat Ecology, Conservation, And Bioacoustics. American Museum of Natural History, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0183.
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Of the 6,500 or so different mammal species on earth, approximately 1,406 are from one group—bats! In other words, over 20% of known mammal diversity are bats. This module covers the basic biology and ecology of bats, the ecosystem services they provide, the threats they face globally, and how conservation actions can mitigate these threats. Students focus more locally in an accompanying exercise, Field Guide to the Bats in Your Neighborhood, where students are asked to research and present on bats in their region. In the case-study based exercise, Bats in the City? An Exploration of Acoustic Monitoring of Bats, students analyze acoustic data to answer ecological questions. Overall, students are introduced to bat ecology and conservation, urban biodiversity, bat echolocations/vocalizations, and the monitoring of these species through analyzing acoustic recordings with specialized software, Kaleidoscope. These materials were made in association with City Bats, a program in New York City designed to teach students more about the scientific process and urban biodiversity.
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Salcido, Charles, Patrick Wilson, Justin Tweet, Blake McCan, Clint Boyd, and Vincent Santucci. Theodore Roosevelt National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293509.
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Theodore Roosevelt National Park (THRO) in western North Dakota was established for its historical connections with President Theodore Roosevelt. It contains not only historical and cultural resources, but abundant natural resources as well. Among these is one of the best geological and paleontological records of the Paleocene Epoch (66 to 56 million years ago) of any park in the National Park System. The Paleocene Epoch is of great scientific interest due to the great mass extinction that occurred at its opening (the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event), and the unusual climatic event that began at the end of the epoch (the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, an anomalous global temperature spike). It is during the Paleocene that mammals began to diversify and move into the large-bodied niches vacated by dinosaurs. The rocks exposed at THRO preserve the latter part of the Paleocene, when mammals were proliferating and crocodiles were the largest predators. Western North Dakota was warmer and wetter with swampy forests; today these are preserved as the “petrified forests” that are one of THRO’s notable features. Despite abundant fossil resources, THRO has not historically been a scene of significant paleontological exploration. For example, the fossil forests have only had one published scientific description, and that report focused on the associated paleosols (“fossil soils”). The widespread petrified wood of the area has been known since at least the 19th century and was considered significant enough to be a tourist draw in the decades leading up to the establishment of THRO in 1947. Paleontologists occasionally collected and described fossil specimens from the park over the next few decades, but the true extent of paleontological resources was not realized until a joint North Dakota Geological Survey–NPS investigation under John Hoganson and Johnathan Campbell between 1994–1996. This survey uncovered 400 paleontological localities within the park representing a variety of plant, invertebrate, vertebrate, and trace fossils. Limited investigation and occasional collection of noteworthy specimens took place over the next two decades. In 2020, a new two-year initiative to further document the park’s paleontological resources began. This inventory, which was the basis for this report, identified another 158 fossil localities, some yielding taxa not recorded by the previous survey. Additional specimens were collected from the surface, among them a partial skeleton of a choristodere (an extinct aquatic reptile), dental material of two mammal taxa not previously recorded at THRO, and the first bird track found at the park. The inventory also provided an assessment of an area scheduled for ground-disturbing maintenance. This inventory is intended to inform future paleontological resource research, management, protection, and interpretation at THRO. THRO’s bedrock geology is dominated by two Paleocene rock formations: the Bullion Creek Formation and the overlying Sentinel Butte Formation of the Fort Union Group. Weathering of these formations has produced the distinctive banded badlands seen in THRO today. These two formations were deposited under very different conditions than the current conditions of western North Dakota. In the Paleocene, the region was warm and wet, with a landscape dominated by swamps, lakes, and rivers. Great forests now represented by petrified wood grew throughout the area. Freshwater mollusks, fish, amphibians (including giant salamanders), turtles, choristoderes, and crocodilians abounded in the ancient wetlands, while a variety of mammals representing either extinct lineages or the early forebearers of modern groups inhabited the land. There is little representation of the next 56 million years at THRO. The only evidence we have of events in the park for most of these millions of years is isolated Neogene lag deposits and terrace gravel. Quaternary surficial deposits have yielded a few fossils...
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Ford, Adam T., Marcel Huijser, and Anthony P. Clevenger. Long-term responses of an ecological community to highway mitigation measures. Nevada Department of Transportation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.06.
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In road mitigation systems characterized by multiple wildlife crossing structures (CS) and multiple-focal species, these species-specific design criteria are important to meeting management goals. CS types and locations are fixed in place and cannot be manipulated experimentally; long term studies may offer the best chance to inform evidence-based designs for new CS projects in the future. Long-term data from Banff National Park are uniquely posed to answer these critical questions. More recently, highway mitigation along US93 in Montana provides an additional case study with which to understand the responses of large animals to different CS designs. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting movement of large mammals through CS using data sets from both mitigation projects. Year-round monitoring of CS use was used in an analytical framework to address questions regarding species-specific and community level use of CS; design and habitat factors that best explain species-specific variation; and whether importance of design parameters changes over time. Over the 17 years of the Banff study, and the six years of the Montana study, CS facilitated over 200,000 crossing events at 55 locations. There were significant changes in annual crossing events over time. Variables associated with CS passage rates were species specific, but aligned with a few clusters of preference. With the exception of coyotes, all large carnivore species preferred open span bridges or overpasses to other CS types. In Montana, fencing was positively associated with passage rates for black bears and cougars. We found that wider CS tend to be preferred by most species, irrespective of their location. We also found that wider CS tend to have shorter ‘adaptation’ curves than narrower ones for grizzly bears, coyotes, cougars, and moose. Depending on the heterogeneity of the landscape near the highway, more CS may not create more crossing opportunities if local habitat conditions do not favor animals’ access to the road. At the scale of ecological communities, the flows of mass and energy are likely enough to alter the distribution of ecological processes in the Banff and Montana ecosystems. Our results highlight the value of long-term monitoring for assessing the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Our work confirms the species-specific nature of measure CS performance, leading to our primary recommendation that a diversity of CS designs be considered an essential part of a well-designed mitigation system for the large mammals of western North America. Short-term monitoring efforts may fail to accurately portray the ecological benefits of mitigation for populations and ecological communities. Our results will help to inform design and aid in the establishment of robust, long-term performance measures.
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Tran, Tut, Alexandra Bonham, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Bryce Canyon National Park: Paleontological resource inventory. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302804.
Full textAbstract:
Originally designated as a national monument in 1923, Bryce Canyon National Park (BRCA) is recognized for its exceptional pink-orange hoodoo landscapes. Its iconic hoodoos, consisting of the Paleocene?Eocene Claron Formation, are only part of the geology of BRCA, which includes a nearly uninterrupted sequence of Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway evolution and diverse depositional environments from approximately 100 to 77 million years ago. This sequence consists of the coastal Naturita Formation, the marine Tropic Shale, the transitional Straight Cliffs Formation, and the terrestrial Wahweap Formation. These strata, and the Claron Formation, preserve diverse paleontological resources. Fossils at BRCA have received little visibility for most of the park?s history, despite relatively rapid advances in the study of Late Cretaceous and Paleogene paleontology in neighboring public lands, especially Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM) to the east. The best documentation of paleontological resources at BRCA was produced through concerted field inventory of the park conducted by Dr. Jeff Eaton and several cohorts of interns and students from 1988 to 2015. In that time, Eaton?s team documented nearly 200 paleontological localities within the park that yielded clams, snails, fish, frogs, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs, and mammals from the Straight Cliffs and Wahweap Formations and invertebrates, plants, and trace fossils in the Claron Formation. Eaton?s survey resulted in several publications, including the description of new microvertebrate species from the Straight Cliffs and Wahweap Formations. Despite this body of work, the park did not develop an internal paleontological resources management program. A new paleontological resources program at BRCA was advanced in response to construction activities that impacted several fossil localities in the Wahweap Formation. Newly hired paleontological staff conducted two seasons of field inventory (2022?2023), relocating as many of Eaton?s sites as possible and recording new fossil occurrences along the way. In this timeframe, BRCA paleontologists encountered more than 150 localities. They also conducted detailed literature review, examined the park?s paleontological collections data, and cultivated partnerships with outside researchers to better comprehend the current state and future potential of the park?s paleontological resources. This document synthesizes the total current body of knowledge on paleontological resources at BRCA to create a comprehensive paleontological inventory report. It combines historical data from the scientific literature, previous work conducted in the park, and recent fieldwork to cover BRCA?s geologic history and fossil diversity and the history of paleontological study, education, and resources management in the park.
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Tran, Tut, Alexandra Bonham, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Bryce Canyon National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303710.
Full textAbstract:
Originally designated as a national monument in 1923, Bryce Canyon National Park (BRCA) is recognized for its exceptional pink-orange hoodoo landscapes. Its iconic hoodoos, consisting of the Paleocene?Eocene Claron Formation, are only part of the geology of BRCA, which includes a nearly uninterrupted sequence of Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway evolution and diverse depositional environments from approximately 100 to 77 million years ago. This sequence consists of the coastal Naturita Formation, the marine Tropic Shale, the transitional Straight Cliffs Formation, and the terrestrial Wahweap Formation. These strata, and the Claron Formation, preserve diverse paleontological resources. Fossils at BRCA have received little visibility for most of the park?s history, despite relatively rapid advances in the study of Late Cretaceous and Paleogene paleontology in neighboring public lands, especially Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM) to the east. The best documentation of paleontological resources at BRCA was produced through concerted field inventory of the park conducted by Dr. Jeff Eaton and several cohorts of interns and students from 1988 to 2015. In that time, Eaton?s team documented nearly 200 paleontological localities within the park that yielded clams, snails, fish, frogs, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs, and mammals from the Straight Cliffs and Wahweap Formations and invertebrates, plants, and trace fossils in the Claron Formation. Eaton?s survey resulted in several publications, including the description of new microvertebrate species from the Straight Cliffs and Wahweap Formations. Despite this body of work, the park did not develop an internal paleontological resources management program. A new paleontological resources program at BRCA was advanced in response to construction activities that impacted several fossil localities in the Wahweap Formation. Newly hired paleontological staff conducted two seasons of field inventory (2022?2023), relocating as many of Eaton?s sites as possible and recording new fossil occurrences along the way. In this timeframe, BRCA paleontologists encountered more than 150 localities. They also conducted detailed literature review, examined the park?s paleontological collections data, and cultivated partnerships with outside researchers to better comprehend the current state and future potential of the park?s paleontological resources. This document synthesizes the total current body of knowledge on paleontological resources at BRCA to create a comprehensive paleontological inventory report. It combines historical data from the scientific literature, previous work conducted in the park, and recent fieldwork to cover BRCA?s geologic history and fossil diversity and the history of paleontological study, education, and resources management in the park.