Academic literature on the topic 'Mammal falls'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mammal falls"
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Grant, Robyn A., Vicki Breakell, and Tony J. Prescott. "Whisker touch sensing guides locomotion in small, quadrupedal mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1880 (2018): 20180592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0592.
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All small mammals have prominent facial whiskers that they employ as tactile sensors to guide navigation and foraging in complex habitats. Nocturnal, arboreal mammals tend to have the longest and most densely packed whiskers, and semi-aquatic mammals have the most sensitive. Here we present evidence to indicate that many small mammals use their whiskers to tactually guide safe foot positioning. Specifically, in 11, small, non-flying mammal species, we demonstrate that forepaw placement always falls within the ground contact zone of the whisker field and that forepaw width is always smaller than whisker span. We also demonstrate commonalities of whisker scanning movements (whisking) and elements of active control, associated with increasing contact with objects of interest, across multiple small mammal species that have previously only been shown in common laboratory animals. Overall, we propose that guiding locomotion, alongside environment exploration, is a common function of whisker touch sensing in small, quadrupedal mammals.
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Tóth, Anikó B., S. Kathleen Lyons, W. Andrew Barr, et al. "Reorganization of surviving mammal communities after the end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinction." Science 365, no. 6459 (2019): 1305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1605.
Full textAbstract:
Large mammals are at high risk of extinction globally. To understand the consequences of their demise for community assembly, we tracked community structure through the end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinction in North America. We decomposed the effects of biotic and abiotic factors by analyzing co-occurrence within the mutual ranges of species pairs. Although shifting climate drove an increase in niche overlap, co-occurrence decreased, signaling shifts in biotic interactions. Furthermore, the effect of abiotic factors on co-occurrence remained constant over time while the effect of biotic factors decreased. Biotic factors apparently played a key role in continental-scale community assembly before the extinctions. Specifically, large mammals likely promoted co-occurrence in the Pleistocene, and their loss contributed to the modern assembly pattern in which co-occurrence frequently falls below random expectations.
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Song, Xiaowei, and Benjamin Rusak. "Acute effects of light on body temperature and activity in Syrian hamsters: influence of circadian phase." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, no. 5 (2000): R1369—R1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.5.r1369.
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Light exposure at night causes an acute increase in human body temperature, which normally falls during the night. This change is largely attributable to the suppression by light of the nocturnal rise in melatonin levels. Little is known, however, about the effects of light on body temperature in nocturnally active mammals in which the nightly peak in melatonin secretion coincides with the circadian phase of elevated, rather than decreased, body temperature. We investigated the effects of a 1-h exposure to light on body temperature and activity of Syrian hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, at two phases during the night and at two phases during the projected day. Brain or abdominal temperature was recorded continuously using implanted radio transmitters while locomotor activity was monitored simultaneously using a passive infrared movement detector. Responses to light exposure were strongly circadian phase dependent; light during the night caused elevations in both brain and core body temperature, whereas light during the projected day did not. Temperature increases at night could not be attributed solely to activity increases at the onset of light pulses, indicating a contribution from nonbehavioral mechanisms of thermogenesis. These results provide the first evidence for circadian modulation of acute temperature responses to light in a nocturnal mammal.
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Barry, John C., Michèle E. Morgan, Lawrence J. Flynn, Louis L. Jacobs, and Everett H. Lindsay. "Patterns of faunal turnover and diversity in the Siwalik Neogene record in relation to regional and global events." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200005785.
Full textAbstract:
The fluvial Neogene Siwalik formations of northern Pakistan contain one of the longest and richest sequences of terrestrial vertebrate faunas known. The complete sequence extends from ca. 18 Ma to 1 Ma, with the interval between 18 and 7 Ma being best sampled. Throughout this best known interval vertebrate remains are frequently abundant in channel fills and less common in large channel sands, levees, and paleosols. Although the abundance and quality of fossil preservation varies, all stratigraphic levels have some fossils and the record of most subintervals is good to excellent. As a consequence the patterns of faunal turnover and changes in diversity can be documented and analyzed for 0.5 my long subintervals.Thirteen orders of Siwalik mammals have been identified, with well sampled subintervals typically having 50 or more species. Despite the ordinal diversity, however, most Siwalik mammal species belong to just three orders: rodents, artiodactyls, and perissodactyls. Among the larger mammals, the bovids and equids are the most common and have the most species, while the murid and cricetid rodents dominate the small mammal assemblages. These Siwalik abundance and diversity patterns differ markedly from those of the Paleogene and are a result of Neogene radiations in these four families and extinction of Paleogene groups.Between 18 and 7 Ma species diversity varies considerably. Among artiodactyls and rodents the number of species first increases between 15 and 13 Ma and then falls after 12 Ma. Significant changes in relative abundance are also known, including an increase in the abundance of bovids between 16.5 and 15 Ma and a very abrupt increase of murids at 12 Ma.Data on stratigraphic ranges of rodents and artiodactyls show that faunal change in the Siwaliks was episodic, occurring as short intervals with high turnover, followed by longer periods with considerably less change. Maxima of first appearances occur at approximately 13.5 and 8.5 Ma, while maxima of last appearances come at 12.0, 9.5, and 8.0 Ma. It is thus apparent that in the Siwaliks increased extinction did not accompany or closely follow maxima of first appearances.Correlations of these faunal events to global climatic trends are ambiguous. However, it is apparent that the middle Miocene diversification of Siwalik faunas occurred during a period of global cooling, while the late Miocene decline in diversity preceded a second episode of cooling and increasing aridity.
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Henrikson, L. Suzann. "Bison Heights: A Late Holocene Bison Kill Site on Idaho's Snake River Plain." North American Archaeologist 26, no. 4 (2005): 333–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/34wt-5uxv-lukm-y3n3.
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Recent excavations at a narrow draw in close proximity to Tomcat Cave, one of Idaho's cold storage caves, exposed a concentration of charred mammal bones and a rock lined hearth in association with an elaborate series of rock alignments. Much of the long bone falls within the bovid size range (bison) and appears to be the byproduct of stone boiling or bone soup making. Radiocarbon dates from the hearth, and the presence of Intermountain ware ceramics, Rose Spring and Desert Side-notched points indicate use of the site during the very late Holocene. Analogous artifacts recovered from the mouth of Tomcat Cave indicate that hunting activities at Bison Heights and use of the cave likely coincided. The rock features at the site and those documented elsewhere within the region indicate that narrow topographic features were used as procurement locales for big game. However, limited amount of bone recovered near these features indicates that only a small number of animals were acquired during single hunting events.
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ANDREYCHEV, A. "NEW METHODS FOR STUDYING THE ACTIVITY OF SEMIAQUATIC MAMMALS." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 32 (2019): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n32.2019.45_periodico32_pgs_27_33.pdf.
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A new method for studying the activity of semiaquatic mammals using digital portable voice recorders has been developed. Previously, actographs and night-vision devices were used to study semiaquatic mammals near their burrows. This method allows the mammal activity registration directly in the burrows. The use of voice recorders makes it possible to accurately determine whether the burrow system is inhabited or non-inhabited. In addition, it has become possible to identify the day-night time intervals during which the animals are the most or least active. The new method was tested on the Russian desman (Desmana moschata). Therefore, to identify the burrows in which the recorders were to be installed, the burrows were probed. A probe is a pole pointed at one end with a T-shaped handle at the other end. The researcher's task is to detect the entrance to the burrow, usually under water. And then the direction of the underground passage is determined by means of the probe. For this purpose, the ground is pierced to detect the hollows in the burrow with the probe starting from the burrow entrance (the probe falls through unevenly). At a distance of 2–3 meters from the burrow, in some cases largely depending on the burrow length, the ground is dug up above the burrow in the form of a small well, 10–15 cm in diameter. A digital voice recorder was placed vertically in this well, so that the microphone was directed down towards the burrow. Desman noises can be characterized as short series formed as a sequence of contiguous short peaks of 15–25 seconds with 5 second interruptions formed by regular waves of breathing and its movement noises. Desman noises differ by mean amplitude and duration on oscillograms. As a rule, the noise audibility ranges from 1 to 3 minutes.
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Reed, J. Z., P. J. Butler, and M. A. Fedak. "The metabolic characteristics of the locomotory muscles of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella)." Journal of Experimental Biology 194, no. 1 (1994): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.194.1.33.
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It is not known precisely how marine mammals are able to maintain muscle function during active swimming in breath-hold dives, when ventilation stops and heart rate falls. Examination of muscle biochemistry and histochemistry can provide information on the relative importance of different metabolic pathways, the contractile potential of the muscle fibres, the oxygen storage capacity of the muscle and the capillary distribution in these animals. In this study, samples of locomotory muscle were taken from wild grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella); Wistar rat muscle was analysed for comparative purposes. Activities of citrate synthase and beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase were higher in the harbour seal muscle than in the grey seal muscle, suggesting that harbour seals have a greater aerobic capacity. Both phocid muscles had a greater reliance on fatty acid oxidation than the fur seal or rat muscles. The myoglobin data demonstrate that the grey seals have the highest oxygen storage capacity of the three pinniped species, which correlates with their greater diving ability. Myoglobin levels were higher in all three pinniped species than in the Wistar rat. The fibre type compositions suggest that the muscles from the fur seals have higher glycolytic capacities than those of the phocid seals [fur seal pectoralis, 7% slow-twitch oxidative fibres (SO), 25% fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fibres (FOG), 68% fast-twitch glycolytic fibres (FG); grey seal 57% SO, 5% FOG, 38% FG; area per cents]. However, the pectoralis muscle of the fur seal, although the most glycolytic of the pinniped muscles studied, has the highest capillary density, which indicates a high capacity for fuel distribution. These results show that, while pinniped muscle has an increased oxygen storage potential compared with the muscle of a typical terrestrial mammal, there are no distinct adaptations for diving in the enzyme pathways or fibre type distributions of the pinniped muscle. However, the muscle characteristics of each species can be related to its diving behaviour and foraging strategy.
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Woods, Roseina, Samuel T. Turvey, Selina Brace, Ross D. E. MacPhee, and Ian Barnes. "Ancient DNA of the extinct Jamaican monkey Xenothrix reveals extreme insular change within a morphologically conservative radiation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 50 (2018): 12769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808603115.
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The insular Caribbean until recently contained a diverse mammal fauna including four endemic platyrrhine primate species, all of which died out during the Holocene. Previous morphological studies have attempted to establish how these primates are related to fossil and extant platyrrhines, whether they represent ancient or recent colonists, and whether they constitute a monophyletic group. These efforts have generated multiple conflicting hypotheses, from close sister-taxon relationships with several different extant platyrrhines to derivation from a stem platyrrhine lineage outside the extant Neotropical radiation. This diversity of opinion reflects the fact that Caribbean primates were morphologically extremely unusual, displaying numerous autapomorphies and apparently derived conditions present across different platyrrhine clades. Here we report ancient DNA data for an extinct Caribbean primate: a limited-coverage entire mitochondrial genome and seven regions of nuclear genome for the most morphologically derived taxon, the Jamaican monkey Xenothrix mcgregori. We demonstrate that Xenothrix is part of the existing platyrrhine radiation rather than a late-surviving stem platyrrhine, despite its unusual adaptations, and falls within the species-rich but morphologically conservative titi monkey clade (Callicebinae) as sister to the newly recognized genus Cheracebus. These results are not congruent with previous morphology-based hypotheses and suggest that even morphologically conservative lineages can exhibit phenetic plasticity in novel environments like those found on islands. Xenothrix and Cheracebus diverged ca. 11 Ma, but primates have been present in the Caribbean since 17.5–18.5 Ma, indicating that Caribbean primate diversity was generated by multiple over-water colonizations.
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DONALD, PAUL F., HTIN HLA, LAY WIN, et al. "The distribution and conservation of Gurney’s Pitta Pitta gurneyi in Myanmar." Bird Conservation International 24, no. 3 (2014): 354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270913000518.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryFollowing a recent assessment of the distribution and habitat use of Gurney’s Pitta in Myanmar (Burma), further extensive surveys were undertaken in 2010, 2011 and 2012. These have extended the species’ known altitudinal limit to between 250 m and 300 m asl and its latitudinal limit to above 12.5°N, around 80 km north of the northernmost historical record, although the species was recorded far less frequently at higher altitudes and latitudes. Birds were recorded in a range of forested habitats, from intact primary forest to secondary and bamboo forest, with no significant difference between major forest types in the likelihood of occurrence. Niche envelope modelling (MaxEnt) suggested a total range size in Myanmar of 3,379 km2, and did not identify any potentially suitable areas in adjacent parts of Thailand. The species’ preference for warmer, wetter areas on flat ground, conditions ideal for growing oil palm and rubber, suggest that its distribution is likely to contract in the near future. The entire range of Gurney’s Pitta in Myanmar falls within the part of the country most suitable for commercial oil palm production, although the projected yields within its range are low to moderate. Field surveys found evidence of rapid recent deforestation and high levels of hunting and trapping in many parts of the region. The species’ range in Myanmar does not overlap with any protected areas. The protection of southern Myanmar’s biodiversity will require substantial investment by foreign conservation interests, sympathetic land-use planning and the strengthening of environment legislation. Protection of extensive tracts of lowland forest within the range of Gurney’s Pitta, particularly the proposed Lenya National Park and the adjacent Ngawun and Htaung Pru Reserve Forests, is urgently needed. Conserving these areas will also protect populations of other globally threatened bird and mammal species.
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RASMUSSEN, CORNELIA, BETTINA REICHENBACHER, OLAF LENZ, et al. "Middle–late Miocene palaeoenvironments, palynological data and a fossil fish Lagerstätte from the Central Kenya Rift (East Africa)." Geological Magazine 154, no. 1 (2015): 24–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756815000849.
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AbstractThe Miocene epoch was a time of major change in the East African Rift System (EARS) as forest habitats were transformed into grasslands and hominids appeared in the landscape. Here we provide new sedimentological and palynological data on the middle–upper Miocene Ngorora Formation (Tugen Hills, Central Kenya Rift, EARS), together with clay mineral characterizations, mammal finds and a description of the Ngorora fish Lagerstätte. Furthermore, we introduce a revised age ofc. 13.3 Ma for the onset of the Ngorora Formation. The older part of the Ngorora Formation (c. 13.3–12 Ma) records low-energy settings of lakes, floodplains and palaeosols, and evidence of analcime indicates that lakes were alkaline. The palynomorph spectrum consists of tree pollen (Juniperus, Podocarpus), Euphorbiaceae pollen (Acalypha, Croton) and herbaceous pollen of Poaceae and Asteraceae, suggestive of wooded grasslands or grassy woodlands. Alkaline lakes, floodplains and palaeosols continue upsection (c. 12–9 Ma), but environmental fluctuations become more dynamic. Paucity of palynomorphs and the presence of an equid may point to progressively drier conditions. A total of about 500 articulated fish fossils were recovered from distinctive layers of almost all sections studied and represent different lineages of the Haplotilapiines (Pseudocrenilabrinae, Cichlidae). Some of the fish kills may be attributable to rapid water acidification and/or asphyxiation by episodic ash falls. Repeated instances of abrupt change in water depth in many sections are more likely to be due to synsedimentary tectonic activity of the Central Kenya Rift than to climatic variation. Overall, the preservation of the Ngorora fish Lagerstätte resulted from the interplay of tectonics, formation of alkaline lakes and explosive volcanism. As records of grasslands that pre-date late Miocene time are rare, our finding of middle Miocene (12–13 Ma) grassy savannah in the Central Kenya Rift is also relevant to models of human evolution in East Africa.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mammal falls"
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Guedes, Inês Ferreira. "Patterns of colonisation in an implanted mammal carcass in the deep-Atlantic ocean." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14018.
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Mestrado em Biologia Marinha<br>Whale carcasses reaching the bottom of the ocean, known as “whale falls”,
represent massive organic inputs that provide habitat islands for complex
communities of specialised fauna. However, studies about these habitats are
mostly restricted to the Pacific Ocean. To investigate the importance of
whale falls in the deep-Atlantic Ocean, five mammal carcasses were
deployed within the CARCACE project at 1000 m depth in the Setubal
canyon (NE Atlantic, west Portuguese margin). In order to describe the fauna
associated with the carcasses, investigate the trophic ecology of the
metazoan assemblages and analyse the functional morphology of the
encountered specialists, bones resulting from the degradation of the
carcasses were collected 18 and 28 months after the deployment using a
ROV. In this context, the colonisation patterns of two dominant taxa of
invertebrates found in the colonising assemblages, the mytilid mussel “Idas”
simpsoni and Dorvilleidae polychaetes were studied. Regarding “I.” simpsoni
the specific goals of this work were to investigate its settlement patterns and
to understand its nutritional strategy. The analyses of the populations' size
structure showed a continuous settlement and a limitation in growth and
adult survival. These limitations are probably due to insufficient energy
supplied by the cow bone to maintain chemosynthesis, which is in agreement
with the isotopic signatures that indicated a higher contribution of filter
feeding than chemosynthesis to their nutrition. Concerning the dorvilleid
assemblages, the analyses of species composition disclosed temporal
variations associated with distinct food sources at different degradation
stages of the bones, as different species presented different isotopic
signatures. Moreover, species distribution in different microhabitats did not show any
relation with the substrate texture, hardness and presence of conspicuous
filamentous bacteria on the surface. The morphology of the jaw apparatus of
the different dorvilleid species was also analysed in order to investigate the
relationship between this structure and trophic ecology. Dorvilleid jaw
apparatuses are generally used in taxonomic and phylogenetic studies, but
this is the first study on the functional anatomy of these structures. Species
with similar jaw characteristics exhibited similar isotopic signatures,
suggesting a possible role of the jaw morphology in the specialisation on
different resources. However, further studies, using more species from
different habitats, are needed to establish this relationship. Overall, these
results give significant insights about the ecology of the studied species and
into the colonisation patterns of deep-sea mammal carcasses in the Atlantic
Ocean.<br>As carcaças de baleia que chegam ao fundo do oceano representam
grandes quantidades de matéria orgânica que servem de base a
comunidades complexas de fauna especializada. No entanto, a informação
disponível sobre este tipo de habitats está praticamente limitada ao oceano
Pacífico. Com o intuito de investigar a importância das carcaças de baleia no
oceano Atlântico profundo foram fundeadas, no âmbito do projeto
CARCACE, cinco carcaças de mamíferos a 1000 m de profundidade no
canhão de Setúbal (costa Portuguesa, NE Atlântico). Com o objetivo de
descrever a fauna associada às carcaças, investigar a sua ecologia trófica e
analisar a morfologia funcional das espécies encontradas, os ossos
resultantes da degradação das carcaças foram recuperados utilizando um
ROV 18 e 28 meses após o fundeamento. Neste contexto, foi feito o estudo
de dois grupos dominantes de invertebrados recolhidos da superfície dos
ossos, os mexilhões “Idas” simpsoni e poliquetas da família Dorvilleidae. Os
objetivos específicos deste trabalho relativamente a “Idas” simpsoni,
prenderam-se com o estudo dos padrões de assentamento da espécie e
também com a compreensão da sua estratégia nutricional. A análise do
tamanho dos indivíduos das populações demonstrou um assentamento
contínuo, bem como restrições no crescimento e sobrevivência dos adultos.
Estas limitações devem-se, possivelmente, ao facto de os ossos de vaca
não disponibilizarem energia suficiente para a realização de quimiossíntese,
o que é corroborado pelas análises isotópicas que sugeriram uma maior
contribuição da filtração na estratégia nutricional de “Idas” simpsoni. Relativamente à análise da composição das espécies de dorvileídeos esta
revelou variações temporais associadas a diferentes fontes de alimentação,
o que está de acordo com os resultados da análise dos isótopos estáveis
das diferentes espécies, que demonstraram assinaturas isotópicas distintas
associadas a cada espécie. Para além disso, a distribuição dos dorvileídeos
por diferentes microhabitats não demonstrou qualquer relação com a
textura, dureza e a presença de bactérias filamentosas na superfície do
substrato. A morfologia do aparelho bocal das diferentes espécies de
dorvileídeos foi também analisada com o intuito de investigar a relação entre
esta estrutura e ecologia trófica das espécies. O aparelho bocal dos
dorvileídeos é, geralmente, utilizado em estudos taxonómicos e
filogenéticos, mas o presente estudo constitui a primeira abordagem à
anatomia funcional destas estruturas. Espécies com aparelhos bocais
semelhantes exibiram assinaturas isotópicas semelhantes, sugerindo uma
possível influência da morfologia desta estrutura na especialização de cada
espécie em diferentes recursos. No entanto, para estabelecer uma relação
direta entre estes dois fatores, será necessário fazer um estudo mais
aprofundado, utilizando outras espécies provenientes de outros habitats. No
geral, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho, revelam características
importantes da ecologia das espécies estudadas, bem como dos padrões de
colonização de carcaças de mamíferos no Oceano Atlântico profundo.
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Román, Expósito Marta. "Evaluación del cribado mamográfico: la valoración de los resultados falsos positivos, los factores asociados, y su impacto sobre las mujeres cribadas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/380550.
Full textAbstract:
Antecedents: El cribratge de càncer de mama mitjançant mamografia redueix la mortalitat per aquesta malaltia. Els falsos positius són l'efecte advers més freqüent del cribratge mamogràfic i redueixen la seva efectivitat. Objectius: Estimar el risc acumulat de falsos positius al llarg de la participació seqüencial de la dona en el cribratge mamogràfic, i valorar el seu impacte sobre les dones cribrades i els factors de risc associats. Avaluar la tendència temporal en les taxes de detecció de càncer de mama en el cribratge poblacional. Mètodes: Es van analitzar 4.739.498 mamografies de cribratge de 1.565.364 dones de 45 a 69 anys d'edat participants en els programes de cribratge de 8 comunitats autònomes del territori espanyol entre 1991 i 2006. Les estimacions es van obtenir mitjançant models lineals generalitzats de regressió amb efectes aleatoris. Resultats: El risc acumulat de fals positiu va ser del 20.4% (IC95%: 20.0-20.8) i d'un 1.8% (IC95%: 1.6-1.9) per falsos positius amb proves invasives. L'adherència a la segona invitació al cribratge en les dones amb i sense falsos positius previs va ser 79.3 vs. 85.3%, respectivament. El risc de detecció de càncer va ser major en dones amb falsos positius previs (OR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.70-1.94), i va ser encara més gran en dones amb falsos positius amb proves invasives (OR = 2.69; 95% CI: 2.28 -3.16). iv) Les taxes de detecció de carcinoma ductal in situ van augmentar un 2.5% anual (95% CI: 1.3; 3.8). Les taxes de càncer invasiu es van mantenir estables. El risc acumulat de fals positiu en el programa de Noruega va ser del 20.0% (95% CI = 19.7% -20.4%), i 4.1% (95% CI = 3.9% -4.3%) per falsos positius amb proves invasives. Conclusions: Els resultats d'aquests estudis són rellevants per poder reduir els efectes adversos del cribratge mamogràfic i poder millorar la seva efectivitat. A més, permet millorar la informació proporcionada sobre els efectes adversos del cribratge a les dones participants.<br>Antecedentes: El cribado de cáncer de mama mediante mamografía reduce la mortalidad por esta enfermedad. Los falsos positivos son el efecto adverso más frecuente del cribado mamográfico y reducen su efectividad. Objetivos: Estimar el riesgo acumulado de falsos positivos a lo largo de la participación secuencial de la mujer en el cribado mamográfico, y valorar su impacto sobre las mujeres cribadas y los factores de riesgo asociados. Evaluar la tendencia temporal en las tasas de detección de cáncer de mama en el cribado poblacional.
Métodos: Se analizaron 4.739.498 mamografías de cribado de 1.565.364 mujeres de 45 a 69 años de edad participantes en los programas de cribado de 8 Comunidades Autónomas del territorio español entre 1991 y 2006. Las estimaciones se obtuvieron mediante modelos lineales generalizados de regresión con efectos aleatorios. Resultados: El riesgo acumulado de falso positivo fue del 20.4% (IC95%: 20.0-20.8) y de un 1.8% (IC95%: 1.6-1.9) para falsos positivos con pruebas invasivas. La adherencia a la segunda invitación al cribado en las mujeres con y sin falsos positivos previos fue 79.3 vs. 85.3%, respectivamente. El riesgo de detección de cáncer fue mayor en mujeres con falsos positivos previos (OR= 1.81; 95%CI: 1.70-1.94), y fue aún mayor en mujeres con falsos positivos con pruebas invasivas (OR= 2.69; 95%CI: 2.28-3.16). iv) Las tasas de detección de carcinoma ductal in situ aumentaron un 2.5% anual (95%CI: 1.3; 3.8). Las tasas de cáncer invasivo se mantuvieron estables. El riesgo acumulado de falso positivo en el programa de Noruega fue del 20.0% (95%CI= 19.7%-20.4%), y 4.1% (95%CI=3.9%-4.3%) para falsos positivos con pruebas invasivas. Conclusiones: Los resultados de estos estudios son relevantes para poder reducir los efectos adversos del cribado mamográfico y poder mejorar su efectividad. Además, permite mejorar la información proporcionada sobre los efectos adversos del cribado a las mujeres participantes.<br>Background: Mammographic breast cancer screening reduces mortality from this disease. False positive results are the most common adeverse effect of mamographic screening and they reduce the effectiveness of this practice. Aims: To estimate the cumulative risk of false positive results over 10 biennial participations in mammography screening age 50 to 69 years. To assess the factors associated with false positive results, and their impact on women screened. To assess the trends in rates of screen detected breast cancer in population-based screening. Methods: We analyzed 4.739.498 screeneing tests from 1.565.364 women 45-69 years old participating in mammographic screening in 8 different Regions of Spain, in the period 1991-2006. The estimates were obtained using generalized linear regression models with random effects. Results: The cumulative risk of false positive results was 20.4% (95%CI: 20.0-20.8) and 1.8% (95%CI: 1.6-1.9) for false positives with invasive procedures. At the second screening invitation re-attendance among women with and without a false-positive mammogram was 79.3 vs. 85.3%, respectively. The risk of cancer detection was greater in women with previous false positive results (OR= 1.81; 95% CI: 1.70-1.94), and was even higher in women with false positives with invasive procedures (OR = 2.69; 95% CI: 2.28 -3.16). iv) The detection rates of ductal carcinoma in situ increased by 2.5% per year (95% CI: 1.3; 3.8). Invasive cancer rates remained stable. The cumulative risk of false positive results in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program was 20.0% (95% CI = 19.7% -20.4%) and 4.1% (95% CI = 3.9% -4.3%) for false positives with invasive procedures.
Conclusions: The results found are specially relevant to reduce the adverse effects of mammography screening and to improve its effectiveness. It also allows to improve the information given to screened women.
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Kao, Chi-Lun, and 高啟倫. "Heavy metals contents of small mammals, the habitat use and food habits of fall and winter season in the landfill restoration park at Taichung, Taiwan." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91829719459742213438.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>生命科學系所<br>96<br>Taichung landfill park was designed as a habitat restoration park to provide ecological services for general public. The purposes of my study is to find out the small mammal community assemblage in the park, and to examine the heavy metal contents in the organs of 6 small mammal species in order to assess the potential impacts of heavy metal pollutant on the ecosystem of the landfill park.
Four sampling plots (restoration park, mango woods, southern edge, and third-stage sites) with totally 200 trap stations were set between the 7th of November and the 1st of December in 2005 in the studying area. In order to examine the activity and distribution of each small mammals, rice paraffin sticks were placed at each trap stations between the 7th of November and the 14th of November in 2005, and the result shows 70 rice paraffin sticks were bit by rodents. According to the presence of toothmarks on paraffin sticks in trap stations, small mammals were trapped by snap-traps and shermans live-traps between the 14th of November and the 1st of December in 2005. Additionally, small mammals were trapped by 12 snap-traps and 12 shermans live-traps in third-stage sites between the 26th of November and the 1st of December in 2005. In order to evaluate the habitat preferences of small mammals, 20 habitat variables were measured at each trap stations. I use principal components analysis (PCA) to reduce the numbers of dependent variables, and use the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to evaluate the further correlations between small mammals and environment factors. I collected food residues in digestive tracts of small mammals to examine the food utilization of each species. The tissues of the main organs including heart, lung, liver, kidney, and femur were sampled for analyzing. the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the tissues were determined by ICP-OES.
A total of 8 species including 5 species of rodentia and 3 species of insectivora were trapped from 82 sampling sites within 2582 trapping times. The rodent species are Bandicota indica (2), Mus musculus (1), Rattus losea (84), Apodemus agrarius (89) and Mus caroli (83). The insectivore species are Suncus murinus (17), Crocidura attenuate (23) and Crocidura suaveolens (81).
In the fall and winter, Rattus losea had a preference for grassland in restoration park and mango woods, and utilized the herb habitats with higher vertical diversity and canopy coverage. Apodemus agrarius prefer to live in mango woods and grass restoration park sites, and it utilized herb habitats with higher vertical diversity, woody plant number, maximum height of woody plant and canopy coverage than other microhabitats. Mus caroli had a preference for grassland in restoration park sites, and utilized habitats with higher category number of grass and lower rock coverage. Suncus murinus and Crocidura attenuate prefer to live in the southern edge area, and utilized habitats with higher rock coverage . Crocidura suaveolens had a preference for grass restoration park and third-stage sites, and utilized grass habitats with higher category number of vegetation and lower rock coverage. The result of food content analysis shows that the rodents were herbivorous and the insectivora were insectivorous in their habits patterns respectively. Rattus losea has highest Shannon-Wiener''s niche breath index within 3 species of rodents, and Mus caroli was the second. The rodents have high overlapping in food habits, but the insectivores were not. The niche breath index also indicate that insectivores have less overlapping in food habits patterns, which shows that they may have abundant food resources on study sites. So I suppose the six sympatric small mammals have different habitat usage and food habit patterns in landfill restoration park, and the inter-species competition was inconspicuous.
The Cadmium was commonly found in the kidneys, and have higher concentration in the Insectivora, Crocidura attenuate and Crocidura suaveolen, which have the highest Cd concentrations. The concentration of Chromium was less in the tissues of small mammals. The livers have the highest Copper concentrations, and Cu concentrations in insectivorous were higher than rodents. Nickel was found in tissues of small mammals, but not show a conspicuous accumulation in any organs. Lead was found in the femurs of small mammals, especially in the insectivorous. The highest Zinc concentrations were found in the femurs, especially in herbivorous rodent, Rattus losea.
This study provides the first data of heavy metals contents in small mammals from a landfill restoration park. From the result, I suggest that the insectivora, Crocidura suaveolens, is a good bioindicator for metal pollution.
Books on the topic "Mammal falls"
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Extinction and radiation: How the fall of dinosaurs led to the rise of mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.
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Hendrich, Ann L., and Ann Hedrick. Falls-Immobility & Restraints Resources Mamual. Mosby-Year Book, 1996.
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Jones, Menna, Chris Dickman, and Mike Archer. Predators with Pouches. CSIRO Publishing, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643069862.
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Predators with Pouches provides a unique synthesis of current knowledge of the world’s carnivorous marsupials—from Patagonia to New Guinea and North America to Tasmania. Written by 63 experts in each field, the book covers a comprehensive range of disciplines including evolution and systematics, reproductive biology, physiology, ecology, behaviour and conservation.
 Predators with Pouches reveals the relationships between the American didelphids and the Australian dasyurids, and explores the role of the marsupial fauna in the mammal community. It introduces the geologically oldest marsupials, from the Americas, and examines the fall from former diversity of the larger marsupial carnivores and their convergent evolution with placental forms.
 The book covers all aspects of carnivorous marsupials, including interesting features of life history, their unique reproduction, the physiological basis for early senescence in semelparous dasyurids, sex ratio variation and juvenile dispersal. It looks at gradients in nutrition—from omnivory to insectivory to carnivory—as well as distributional ecology, social structure and conservation dilemmas.
Book chapters on the topic "Mammal falls"
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Kemp, T. S. "1. What is a mammal?" In Mammals: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198766940.003.0001.
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‘What is a mammal?’ considers the diverse range of animals of varying forms, lifestyles, and habitats that make up the Class Mammalia. Despite the diversity, these animals share key characteristics: they have a single bone in the lower jaw; three little, sound-conducting ear bones; a very large forebrain; a permanently warm body and a high energy-expenditure level; and females have mammary glands for feeding milk to their young. The c.5,500 species of mammals alive today fall into three very unequal groups: the monotremes found in Australasia; the marsupials found in Australasia and South America; and the placentals, of which there are 5,000 species classified into twenty Orders.
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"Fall 1-Fall 24." In Diagnostische Interventionen der Mamma, edited by Uwe Fischer and Friedemann Baum. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/b-0035-107917.
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"Fall 25-Fall 42." In Diagnostische Interventionen der Mamma, edited by Uwe Fischer and Friedemann Baum. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/b-0035-107918.
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Steinberg, Paul F. "Recycling Is Not Enough." In Who Rules the Earth? Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199896615.003.0005.
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Faced with an endless stream of alarming news about the environment—rising temperatures and declining water supplies, population growth and species extinction, oil spills and cancer clusters—people increasingly want to know what can actually be done to address these problems. Concerned parents comb through websites late at night in search of safer products for their children. Students pack lecture halls in hundreds of environmental studies programs that have popped up on college campuses across the globe. Our grocery aisles and magazine stands are filled with advertisements promising that sustainability is just one more purchase around the corner. The major current of environmental thinking today emphasizes the small changes we can make as individuals, which (we are told) will add up to something big. Michael Maniates, a political scientist at Allegheny College, observes that the responsibility for confronting these issues too often “falls to individuals, acting alone, usually as consumers.” Yet solutions that promote green consumerism and changes in personal lifestyles strike many of us as strangely out of proportion with enormous problems like climate change, urban air pollution, and the disappearance of tropical forests. We learn that glaciers are melting and sea levels are expected to rise due to global warming—and in response we are advised to ride a bicycle to work. Scientists tell us that one out of every five mammal species in the world is threatened with extinction, and we react by switching coffee brands. Is it any wonder that people despair that real solutions are not within their grasp? You may suspect that tackling these gargantuan problems will require something more—but what? The answer, it turns out, can be found in a mountain of books and research articles published by thousands of social scientists over the past quarter century. But their discoveries have remained largely hidden from public view.
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"Chapter 1. Vanishing Mammals: The Rise and Fall of the Rhinoceros." In The Return of the Unicorns. Columbia University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/dine08450-003.
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Rychtarova, Jana, Zuzana Krupova, Michaela Brzakova, et al. "Milk Quality, Somatic Cell Count, and Economics of Dairy Goats Farm in the Czech Republic." In Goat Science - Environment, Health and Economy [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97509.
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Mammary gland anatomy in small ruminants is very similar to that of cows; however, milk synthesis throughout lactation exhibits many functional particularities in small ruminants compared with that of cows. Goat’s milk is beneficial for human nutrition owing to the fatty acid composition, fat globule size, and conjugated linoleic acid content. As a raw material for dairy products, goat’s milk must be safe for human consumption. The number of mesophilic microorganisms, somatic cells, and selected mastitis pathogens should be limited. A prerequisite for the production of milk of high hygienic quality is the health of the mammary gland. Goat’s milk processing into cheese and other products is in the Czech Republic mostly performed on farms, partly for direct sales to consumers and partly for supplying selected stores. Revenues from dairy commodities represent the most important source of income for dairy goat farms. Mammary gland health has an important effect on the economics of dairy goat farms. Profitability can fall by up to 1/3 owing to indirect effects of udder health problems.
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"Fall 42 – Wöchnerin mit Schmerzen in der rechten Mamma und Fieber." In Fallbuch Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, edited by Claudia Pedain and Julio Herrero Garcia. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/b-0034-100218.
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"Fall 55 – 47-jährige Patientin mit druckschmerzhaftem Befund der rechten Mamma." In Fallbuch Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, edited by Claudia Pedain and Julio Herrero Garcia. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/b-0034-100231.
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"Fall 42: Wöchnerin mit Schmerzen in der rechten Mamma und Fieber." In Fallbuch Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, edited by Claudia Pedain and Julio Herrero Garcia. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/b-0034-37030.
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"Fall 55: 47-jährige Patientin mit druckschmerzhaftem Befund der rechten Mamma." In Fallbuch Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, edited by Claudia Pedain and Julio Herrero Garcia. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/b-0034-37043.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Mammal falls"
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Löbner, S., and N. Bangemann. "Der besondere Fall: Das Talgdrüsenkarzinom der Mamma." In 40. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Senologie e.V. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710645.
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Kohls, F., R. Pauli, and A. Kohls. "Fallbericht: Ein seltener Fall eines intraduktalen Phylloidestumors der Mamma." In 62. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe – DGGG'18. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1671258.
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Alothman, Sahar J., Weisheng Wang, and Priscilla A. Furth. "Abstract 5576: Tamoxifen fails to induce regression of mammary preneoplasia in mice lacking either one or two intact BRCA1 genes in combination with p53 haploinsufficiency but without evidence of in vivo agonist activity." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-5576.
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