Journal articles: 'Mammal-like Reptiles'

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D.Sc., R. Broom. "Some new Types of Mammal-like Reptiles." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London B113, no. 1-2 (2009): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1943.tb00059.x.

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Young, Chung-Chien. "Mammal-like Reptiles from Lufeng, Yunnan, China*." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 117, no. 2-3 (2009): 537–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1947.tb00537.x.

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Rowe, Timothy, Nicholas Hotton, Paul D. MacLean, Jan J. Roth, and E. Carol Roth. "The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-Like Reptiles." Copeia 1987, no. 4 (1987): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1445584.

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Broom, E. "On the Origin of the Mammal-like Reptiles." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 77, no. 4 (2009): 1047–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1907.tb06967.x.

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Hopson, James A. "The Mammal-Like Reptiles: A Study of Transitional Fossils." American Biology Teacher 49, no. 1 (1987): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4448410.

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Kemp, T. S. "The atlas-axis complex of the mammal-like reptiles." Journal of Zoology 159, no. 2 (2009): 223–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1969.tb03079.x.

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KEMP, T. S. "Fossil Synapsids: The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles." Science 236, no. 4803 (1987): 862–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.236.4803.862.

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King, Gillian M. "Species longevity and generic diversity in dicynodont mammal-like reptiles." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 102, no. 3-4 (1993): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(93)90074-s.

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McGaugh, Suzanne E., Anne M. Bronikowski, Chih-Horng Kuo, et al. "Rapid molecular evolution across amniotes of the IIS/TOR network." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 22 (2015): 7055–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419659112.

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The insulin/insulin-like signaling and target of rapamycin (IIS/TOR) network regulates lifespan and reproduction, as well as metabolic diseases, cancer, and aging. Despite its vital role in health, comparative analyses of IIS/TOR have been limited to invertebrates and mammals. We conducted an extensive evolutionary analysis of the IIS/TOR network across 66 amniotes with 18 newly generated transcriptomes from nonavian reptiles and additional available genomes/transcriptomes. We uncovered rapid and extensive molecular evolution between reptiles (including birds) and mammals: (i) the IIS/TOR network, including the critical nodes insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), exhibit divergent evolutionary rates between reptiles and mammals; (ii) compared with a proxy for the rest of the genome, genes of the IIS/TOR extracellular network exhibit exceptionally fast evolutionary rates; and (iii) signatures of positive selection and coevolution of the extracellular network suggest reptile- and mammal-specific interactions between members of the network. In reptiles, positively selected sites cluster on the binding surfaces of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), and insulin receptor (INSR); whereas in mammals, positively selected sites clustered on the IGF2 binding surface, suggesting that these hormone-receptor binding affinities are targets of positive selection. Further, contrary to reports that IGF2R binds IGF2 only in marsupial and placental mammals, we found positively selected sites clustered on the hormone binding surface of reptile IGF2R that suggest that IGF2R binds to IGF hormones in diverse taxa and may have evolved in reptiles. These data suggest that key IIS/TOR paralogs have sub- or neofunctionalized between mammals and reptiles and that this network may underlie fundamental life history and physiological differences between these amniote sister clades.

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KEMP, T. S. "The origin and early radiation of the therapsid mammal-like reptiles: a palaeobiological hypothesis." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19, no. 4 (2006): 1231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01076.x.

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King, Gillian M. "Nicholas Hotton III et al. (eds.): The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8, no. 1 (1988): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1988.10011690.

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Zhou, Chang-Fu, Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar, April I. Neander, Thomas Martin, and Zhe-Xi Luo. "New Jurassic mammaliaform sheds light on early evolution of mammal-like hyoid bones." Science 365, no. 6450 (2019): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau9345.

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We report a new Jurassic docodontan mammaliaform found in China that is preserved with the hyoid bones. Its basihyal, ceratohyal, epihyal, and thyrohyal bones have mobile joints and are arranged in a saddle-shaped configuration, as in the mobile linkage of the hyoid apparatus of extant mammals. These are fundamentally different from the simple hyoid rods of nonmammaliaform cynodonts, which were likely associated with a wide, nonmuscularized throat, as seen in extant reptiles. The hyoid apparatus provides a framework for the larynx and for the constricted, muscularized esophagus, crucial for transport and powered swallowing of the masticated food and liquid in extant mammals. These derived structural components of hyoids evolved among early diverging mammaliaforms, before the disconnection of the middle ear from the mandible in crown mammals.

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KWATRINA, ROZZA TRI, YANTO SANTOSA, M. BISMARK, and NYOTO SANTOSO. "The impacts of oil palm plantation establishment on the habitat type, species diversity, and feeding guild of mammals and herpetofauna." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 4 (2018): 1213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190405.

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Kwatrina RT, Santosa Y, Bismark M, Santoso N. 2018. The impacts of oil palm plantation establishment on the habitat type,species diversity, and feeding guild of mammals and herpetofauna. Biodiversitas 19: 1213-1219. Indonesia is the world’s largestproducer of palm oil. Contributing 2.14% to the country’s gross domestic product, palm oil plays an important role in the nationaleconomy from plantation sector. However, the expansion of oil palm plantations has brought negative impacts to forests and wildlife.Little is known to what extent these negative impacts on mammals and reptiles can be reduced through better management. To addressthis knowledge gap, the current study assessed species diversity as affected by the establishment of the oil palm plantation in CentralKalimantan, a tropical biodiversity hotspot in Asia. We conducted 25 line transect surveys and visual encounter surveys in oil palmareas, shrubs and secondary forests in these landscapes. The results indicated that the establishment of oil palm plantation negativelyimpacted species abundance and diversity, and changed the mammal and reptile species composition, by favoring ecologically generalistspecies. For forest specialist species, forested areas like HCV and HCS, play an important role in maintaining habitat heterogeneity inoil palm landscapes. Mammal species found in habitat conditions following oil palm plantations belong to some feeding groups,whereas all species of herpetofauna have terrestrial habitat types. These mammal and herpetofauna species can live and function in thefood chain in the oil palm plantation ecosystem.

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Blob, Richard W. "Evolution of hindlimb posture in nonmammalian therapsids: biomechanical tests of paleontological hypotheses." Paleobiology 27, no. 1 (2001): 14–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0014:eohpin>2.0.co;2.

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Analyses of limb joint morphology in nonmammalian therapsid “mammal-like reptiles” have suggested that among many lineages, individual animals were capable of shifting between sprawling and upright hindlimb postures, much like modern crocodilians. The ability to use multiple limb postures thus might have been ancestral to the generally more upright posture that evolved during the transition from “mammal-like reptiles” to mammals. Here I derive a biomechanical model to test this hypothesis through calculations of expected posture-related changes in femoral stress for therapsid taxa using different limb postures. The model incorporates morphological data from fossil specimens and experimental data from force platform experiments on iguanas and alligators.Experimental data suggest that the evolutionary transition from sprawling to nonsprawling posture was accompanied by a change in the predominant loading regime of the limb bones, from torsion to bending. Changes in the cross-sectional morphology of the hindlimb bones between sphenacodontid “pelycosaurs” and gorgonopsid therapsids are consistent with the hypothesis that bending loads increased in importance early in therapsid evolution; thus, bending stresses are an appropriate model for the maximal loads experienced by the limb bones of theriodont therapsids. Results from the model used to estimate stresses in these taxa do not refute the use of both sprawling and more upright stance among basal theriodont therapsids. Thus, the hypothesis that the use of multiple postures was ancestral to the more upright posture typical of most mammals is biomechanically plausible. Model calculations also indicate that the axial rotation of the femur typical in sprawling locomotion can reduce peak bending stresses. Therefore, as experimental data from alligators and iguanas suggest, the evolution of nonsprawling limb posture and kinematics in therapsids might have been accompanied by increased limb bone bending stress.

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COX, C. BARRY. "The jaw function and adaptive radiation of the dicynodont mammal-like reptiles of the Karoo basin of South Africa." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 122, no. 1-2 (1998): 349–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02534.x.

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Peñalver, Enrique, and David Grimaldi. "Assemblages of mammalian hair and blood-feeding midges (Insecta: Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Miocene amber." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 96, no. 2 (2005): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300001292.

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ABSTRACTFive new fossil species of the Recent genus of blood-feeding sand flies Lutzomyia (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are described: L. filipalpis, L. miocena, L. paleopestis, L. schleei, and L. succini. All are preserved in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic; today Hispaniola harbours only two known species of this genus. Recent Lutzomyia feed on a wide variety of terrestrial vertebrates, including reptiles, birds, and mammals. Three rare pieces of the amber are reported, two described in detail, which preserved assemblages of Lutzomyia swarms with strands of mammalian hair, indicating that at least some of the fossil species were mammal feeders. Microstructure of the fossil hair offers little diagnostic evidence, but is very similar to that of insectivores in the Solenodontidae. Further preserved evidence indicates that the fossil midges swarmed about an arboreal nest or site of decayed wood that was worked by a mammal, but at very specific times during formation of the amber. Other very rare Dominican amber pieces containing a flea and an ixodid tick also contain mammalian hairs of similar microstructure, together with Lutzomyia sandflies, possibly reflecting the ectoparasite community of a Miocene mammal. This parasitic association has implications regarding the evolution of vectors of mammalian pathogens like Leishmania and the study further reveals the extent of palaeobiological inference that is possible with amber.

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Kligman, Ben T., Adam D. Marsh, Hans-Dieter Sues, and Christian A. Sidor. "A new non-mammalian eucynodont from the Chinle Formation (Triassic: Norian), and implications for the early Mesozoic equatorial cynodont record." Biology Letters 16, no. 11 (2020): 20200631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0631.

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The Upper Triassic tetrapod fossil record of North America features a pronounced discrepancy between the assemblages of present-day Virginia and North Carolina relative to those of the American Southwest. While both are typified by large-bodied archosaurian reptiles like phytosaurs and aetosaurs, the latter notably lacks substantial representation of mammal relatives, including cynodonts. Recently collected non-mammalian eucynodontian jaws from the middle Norian Blue Mesa Member of the Chinle Formation in northeastern Arizona shed light on the Triassic cynodont record from western equatorial Pangaea. Importantly, they reveal new biogeographic connections to eastern equatorial Pangaea as well as southern portions of the supercontinent. This discovery indicates that the faunal dissimilarity previously recognized between the western and eastern portions of equatorial Pangaea is overstated and possibly reflects longstanding sampling biases, rather than a true biogeographic pattern.

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Joshi, Maheshwar P. "Cognitive archaeology: in search of the earliest syntactic language-users in Himalaya." Gipan 4 (December 31, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gipan.v4i0.35452.

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Recent scientific studies unfold that neural structures bearing on intonation of speech have a deep evolutionary history traced to mammal-like reptiles called therapsids found in the Triassic period (∼252.17 mya, million years ago). Therefore, these structures were already present in the primates. It goes to the credit of Homo sapiens who developed it to the extent that humans are defined as symbolling animals, for language is the most articulated symbolism. Cognitive archaeology makes it clear that it took hominins millions of years to develop a syntactic language. Stratigraphically controlled and securely established artefact-bearing sites of the Middle Palaeolithic Arjun complex in the Deokhuri Valley, West Nepal, provide firm dates for the presence of the earliest syntactic language speakers in Himalaya from 100 ka to 70 ka (thousand years ago).

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Hunter, John P. "Evolution at All Scales in the Vertebrate Fossil Record." Paleontological Society Special Publications 11 (2002): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200009898.

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The fossil record of vertebrates provides abundant evidence for both the fact and the theory of evolution (Carroll, 1997; Prothero and Schoch, 1994). In support of the fact that evolution has indeed occurred, the vertebrate fossil record clearly documents evolutionary change along lineages, that is, along direct lines of ancestors and descendents. The fossil record also shows step-wise evolutionary changes resulting in the emergence of new kinds of vertebrates from pre-existing kinds—for example, the origin of mammals from the “mammal-like” reptiles. In support of the theory that natural selection, in particular, has been largely responsible for evolutionary change, the fossil record shows that the numerous “transitional” forms that lived in the past—far from being nonviable “monsters”—were functionally integrated organisms that were well adapted to their ecological roles. Finally, the vertebrate fossil record preserves certain large-scale phenomena, such as radiations and trends, which show that evolutionary forces can act over very large time scales.

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Hunter, John P. "Evolution at all Scales in the Vertebrate Fossil Record." Paleontological Society Special Publications 9 (1999): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526220001409x.

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The fossil record of vertebrates provides abundant evidence for both the fact and the theory of evolution (Carroll, 1997; Prothero and Schoch, 1994). In support of the fact that evolution has indeed occurred, the vertebrate fossil record clearly documents evolutionary change along lineages, that is, along direct lines of ancestors and descendents. The fossil record also shows step-wise evolutionary changes resulting in the emergence of new kinds of vertebrates from pre-existing kinds, for example, the origin of mammals from the “mammal-like” reptiles. In support of the theory that natural selection, in particular, has been largely responsible for evolutionary change, the fossil record shows that the numerous “transitional” forms that lived in the past — far from being nonviable “monsters” — were functionally integrated organisms that were well adapted to their ecological roles. Finally, the vertebrate fossil record preserves certain large-scale phenomena, such as radiations and trends, which show that evolutionary forces can act over very large time scales.

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Jones, Marc E. H., Peter W. Lucas, Abigail S. Tucker, et al. "Neutron scanning reveals unexpected complexity in the enamel thickness of an herbivorous Jurassic reptile." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 143 (2018): 20180039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0039.

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Eilenodontines are one of the oldest radiation of herbivorous lepidosaurs (snakes, lizards and tuatara) characterized by batteries of wide teeth with thick enamel that bear mammal-like wear facets. Unlike most reptiles, eilenodontines have limited tooth replacement, making dental longevity particularly important to them. We use both X-ray and neutron computed tomography to examine a fossil tooth from the eilenodontine Eilenodon (Late Jurassic, USA). Of the two approaches, neutron tomography was more successful and facilitated measurements of enamel thickness and distribution. We find the enamel thickness to be regionally variable, thin near the cusp tip (0.10 mm) but thicker around the base (0.15–0.30 mm) and notably greater than that of other rhynchocephalians such as the extant Sphenodon (0.08–0.14 mm). The thick enamel in Eilenodon would permit greater loading, extend tooth lifespan and facilitate the establishment of wear facets that have sharp edges for orally processing plant material such as horsetails ( Equisetum ). The shape of the enamel dentine junction indicates that tooth development in Eilenodon and Sphenodon involved similar folding of the epithelium but different ameloblast activity.

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Hammer, William R., James W. Collinson, and William J. Ryan III. "A new Triassic vertebrate fauna from Antarctica and its depositional setting." Antarctic Science 2, no. 2 (1990): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102090000219.

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A new fauna of late Early to early Middle Triassic vertebrates has been found in the upper member of the Fremouw Formation in the Beardmore Glacier area of Antarctica. It includes Cynognathus, a kannmeyeriid, and other therapsid (mammal-like) reptiles representing new, more derived genera of carnivorous and gomphodont cynodonts. New genera of temnospondyl amphibians belonging to the capitosauroid evolutionary complex also occur. The unusual abundance of well-preserved amphibians may offer new insights concerning the evolution and distribution patterns of early Mesozoic temnospondyls. These fossils represent only the second terrestrial vertebrate fauna from the mainland of Antarctica. The fossils occur on a prominent sandstone platform, which represents part of the exhumed channel of a braided stream deposit. The platform is over 200 metres above the well-known Lystrosaurus fauna of the lower Fremouw Formation. The locality is near the axis of a major foreland basin that paralleled the present trend of the Transantarctic Mountains. Conditions of rapid subsidence and aggradation of fluvial units were ideal for the preservation of vertebrate faunas.

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Kato, Kyle M., Elizabeth A. Rega, Christian A. Sidor, and Adam K. Huttenlocker. "Investigation of a bone lesion in a gorgonopsian (Synapsida) from the Permian of Zambia and periosteal reactions in fossil non-mammalian tetrapods." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1793 (2020): 20190144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0144.

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While only distantly related to mammals, the anatomy of Permian gorgonopsians has shed light on the functional biology of non-mammalian synapsids and on the origins of iconic ‘mammal-like’ anatomical traits. However, little is known of gorgonopsian behaviour or physiology, which would aid in reconstructing the paleobiological context in which familiar mammalian features arose. Using multi-modal imaging, we report a discrete osseous lesion in the forelimb of a late Permian-aged gorgonopsian synapsid, recording reactive periosteal bone deposition and providing insights into the origins and diversity of skeletal healing responses in premammalian synapsids. We suggest that the localized lesion on the anterolateral (preaxial) shaft of the left radius represents acute periostitis and, conservatively, most likely developed as a subperiosteal haematoma with subsequent bone deposition and limited internal remodelling. The site records an inner zone of reactive cortical bone forming irregular to radial bony spicules and an outer, denser zone of slowed subperiosteal bone apposition, all of which likely occurred within a single growing season. In surveys of modern reptiles—crocodylians, varanids—such haematomas are rare compared to other documented osteopathologies. The extent and rapidity of the healing response is reminiscent of mammalian and dinosaurian bone pathologies, and may indicate differing behaviour or bone physiology compared to non-dinosaurian reptiles. This report adds to a growing list of putative disease entities recognized in early synapsids and broadens comparative baselines for pathologies and the evolution of bone response to disease in mammalian forebears. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vertebrate palaeophysiology’.

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Heusinger, Elena, Silvia F. Kluge, Frank Kirchhoff, and Daniel Sauter. "Early Vertebrate Evolution of the Host Restriction Factor Tetherin." Journal of Virology 89, no. 23 (2015): 12154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02149-15.

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ABSTRACTTetherin is an interferon-inducible restriction factor targeting a broad range of enveloped viruses. Its antiviral activity depends on an unusual topology comprising an N-terminal transmembrane domain (TMD) followed by an extracellular coiled-coil region and a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. One of the two membrane anchors is inserted into assembling virions, while the other remains in the plasma membrane of the infected cell. Thus, tetherin entraps budding viruses by physically bridging viral and cellular membranes. Although tetherin restricts the release of a large variety of diverse human and animal viruses, only mammalian orthologs have been described to date. Here, we examined the evolutionary origin of this protein and demonstrate that tetherin orthologs are also found in fish, reptiles, and birds. Notably, alligator tetherin efficiently blocks the release of retroviral particles. Thus, tetherin emerged early during vertebrate evolution and acquired its antiviral activity before the mammal/reptile divergence. Although there is only limited sequence homology, all orthologs share the typical topology. Two unrelated proteins of the slime moldDictyostelium discoideumalso adopt a tetherin-like configuration with an N-terminal TMD and a C-terminal GPI anchor. However, these proteins showed no evidence for convergent evolution and failed to inhibit virion release. In summary, our findings demonstrate that tetherin emerged at least 450 million years ago and is more widespread than previously anticipated. The early evolution of antiviral activity together with the high topology conservation but low sequence homology suggests that restriction of virus release is the primary function of tetherin.IMPORTANCEThe continuous arms race with viruses has driven the evolution of a variety of cell-intrinsic immunity factors that inhibit different steps of the viral replication cycle. One of these restriction factors, tetherin, inhibits the release of newly formed progeny virions from infected cells. Although tetherin targets a broad range of enveloped viruses, including retro-, filo-, herpes-, and arenaviruses, the evolutionary origin of this restriction factor and its antiviral activity remained obscure. Here, we examined diverse vertebrate genomes for genes encoding cellular proteins that share with tetherin the highly unusual combination of an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. We show that tetherin orthologs are found in fish, reptiles, and birds and demonstrate that alligator tetherin efficiently inhibits the release of retroviral particles. Our findings identify tetherin as an evolutionarily ancient restriction factor and provide new important insights into the continuous arms race between viruses and their hosts.

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Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia, Timo Pfeffer, and Jason A. Dunlop. "Haemaphysalis cretacea a nymph of a new species of hard tick in Burmese amber." Parasitology 145, no. 11 (2018): 1440–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000537.

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AbstractThe first fossil potentially assignable to the extant hard tick genus Haemaphysalis CL Koch (1844) (Ixodida: Ixodidae) is described from the Late Cretaceous (ca. 99 Ma) Burmese amber of Myanmar. Haemaphysalis (Alloceraea) cretacea sp. nov. is the oldest and only fossil representative of this genus; living members of which predominantly feed on mammals. Their typical hosts are known since at least the Jurassic and the discovery of a mid-Cretaceous parasite, which might have fed on mammals raises again the question of to what extent ticks are coupled to their (modern) host groups. An inferred Triassic split of Argasidae (soft ticks) into the bird-preferring Argasinae and mammal-preferring Ornithodorinae dates to about the time when dinosaurs (later including birds) and mammaliaforms as potential hosts were emerging. Ixodidae may have split into Prostriata and Metastriata shortly after the end-Permian mass extinction, an event which fundamentally altered the terrestrial vertebrate fauna. Prostriata (the genus Ixodes) prefer birds and mammals today, and some may have used groups like cynodonts in the Triassic. Basal metastriate ticks (e.g. Amblyomma) prefer reptiles, but derived metastriates (including Haemaphysalis) again prefer mammals. Here, we may be looking at a younger (Cretaceous?) shift associated with more recent mammalian radiations.

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Harington, C. Richard. "Vertebrates of the Last Interglaciation in Canada: A Review, with New Data." Articles 44, no. 3 (2007): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032837ar.

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ABSTRACT Vertebrate fossils and faunas that are reasonably inferred to be of last (Sangamonian) interglacial age are considered in geographic order from east to west to north in Canada. Data on localities, vertebrate taxa, stratigraphy, geochronology, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate are considered. Information on key faunas from Toronto, Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatoon. Medicine Hat and Old Crow River is supplemented by data on smaller faunas and, in some cases, individual specimens. New data are included for several localities. Fishes, such as whitefish (Coregonus sp.) and pike (Esox sp.). had broad distributions from eastern to northwestern Canada. Except for a turtle (Emydoidea blandingi) from lnnerkip, Ontario, amphibians and reptiles have not yet been reported from Canada during the Sangamon Interglaciation. Several species of grouse-like birds (Tetraonidae) are known from western Canada. Among the mammals. American mastodons (Mammut americanum), mammoths (Mammuthus sp.), beavers (Castor canadensis), giant beavers (Castoroides ohioensis), muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), voles (Microtus sp.). white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), stag moose (Cervalces sp.), bison [perhaps mainly giant bison (Bison latifrons)\ and muskoxen (Ovibovini) were evidently most widespread during the last interglacial interval. The western plains had a characteristic large mammal fauna that included Columbian mammoths (Mammuthus columbi), Scott's horses (Equus scotti), small horses (Equus conversidens), western camels (Camelops hesternus). pronghorns (Antilocapridae), giant bison (Bison latifrons) and helmeted muskoxen (Sy m bos cavifrons).

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Sues, Hans-Dieter. "No Palaeocene ‘mammal-like reptile’." Nature 359, no. 6393 (1992): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359278a0.

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Van Valkenburgh, Blaire, and Ian Jenkins. "Evolutionary Patterns in the History of Permo-Triassic and Cenozoic Synapsid Predators." Paleontological Society Papers 8 (October 2002): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600001121.

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Synapsids include modern mammals and their fossil ancestors, the non-mammalian synapsids, or ‘mammal-like reptiles' of old classifications. The synapsid fossil record extends from the Late Carboniferous to the present, a span of nearly 300 million years. However, it can be broken into two distinct phases of diversification, separated by about 150 million years. The first phase extends from the Late Carboniferous to the mid-Triassic, includes the first large land predators on Earth, and is almost entirely non-mammalian. The second phase begins about 65 million years ago after the demise of the dinosaurs, includes only mammals, and extends to the present. In this overview of synapsid predators, we emphasize terrestrial species of large size, and their adaptations for killing and feeding, rather than locomotion. Despite fundamental differences in jaw mechanics and tooth morphology, there are significant parallels in the non-mammalian and mammalian radiations of synapsid predators. Both groups evolve sabertooth forms more than once, and both evolve short-snouted, powerful biting forms. In addition, both the Late Carboniferous—Triassic and Cenozoic phases are characterized by repeated patterns of clade replacement, in which one or a few clades evolve large size and seem to dominate the carnivore guild for several million years, but then decline and are replaced by new taxa. Moreover, within both ancient and Cenozoic predator clades, there are parallel trends over time toward increased body size and hypercarnivory that likely result from a combination of interspecific competition and energetic constraints.

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Lockley, Martin, Kelly Conrad, Marc Paquette, and James Farlow. "Distribution and Significance of Mesozoic Vertebrate Trace Fossils in Dinosaur National Monument." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 16 (January 1, 1992): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1992.3077.

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Search for new tracksites has now revealed a total of 25 localities in the older Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of Dinosaur National Monument (DNM). To date, the most productive units have proved to be the Late Triassic Chinle Group and the mainly Early Jurassic Glen Canyon Group in the western part of DNM. In addition several sites, that are an integral part of the overall paleontological picture, have been found just outside the boundaries of DNM. All these sites (and stratigraphic levels) add up to a total of about 45 tracksites in the DNM area. Chinle sites have now yielded dozens of trackways of theropod dinosaurs, ?prosauropod dinosaurs, mammal-like reptiles, ?phytosaurs, aetosaurs, lepidosaurs and tanystropheids, producing one of the most diverse Late Triassic track assemblages known anywhere. The ?prosauropod tracks are the first Late Triassic examples ever reported from the North American continent. The Lower Jurassic has also yielded theropod and prosauropod dinosaur tracks. These tracks are useful for correlation with other Early Mesozoic tracksites around the world and can be used to help construct a series of track zones (or Palichnostratigraphy) for the western United States. The discovery of prosauropod tracks (Pseudotetrasauropus) in the Chinle Group and in the lower part of Glen Canyon Group (Otozoum) points to a much wider distribution of prosauropod tracks in the western United States than previously supposed, and the need for a thorough study of these and similar track types. Further examination of the Jurassic Cannel Formation close to the DNM boundaries, reveals several tracksites that require further study.

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Fox, Richard C., Gordon P. Youzwyshyn, and David W. Krause. "Post-Jurassic mammal-like reptile from the Palaeocene." Nature 358, no. 6383 (1992): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358233a0.

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Roberts, Anthea. "Clash of Paradigms: Actors and Analogies Shaping the Investment Treaty System." American Journal of International Law 107, no. 1 (2013): 45–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.1.0045.

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When the skin of an Australian platypus was first taken to England in the 1700s, scientists thought it was a fake. It looked like someone had sewn a duck’s bill onto a beaver’s body; one scientist even took a pair of scissors to the skin looking for stitches. The animal had fur and was warm-blooded like a mammal, yet laid eggs and had webbed feet like a bird or a reptile. Scientists struggled to categorize this unusual creature. Was it a bird, a mammal, or a reptile? Or was it some strange hybrid of all three?

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Prothero, Donald R. "Evolutionary patterns at the terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene boundary in North America." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526220000798x.

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Recent breakthroughs in magnetostratigraphy and 40Ar/39Ar dating have shown that the boundary between the Chadronian and Orellan land mammal “ages” (long thought to be mid-Oligocene) correlates with the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (about 33.9 Ma). This boundary gives an exceptionally dense, detailed record of faunal, floral, and climatic changes, well constrained by magnetostratigraphy and radiometric dating.Evidence from paleosols and land floras (Retallack, 1992) document a striking cooling and drying event across this boundary, with a woodland vegetation (greater than 1000 mm annual precipitation) replaced by a wooded grassland (500 mm annual precipitation). According to Wolfe (1992), mean annual temperature declined almost 13°, and the annual range of temperature increased dramatically from 5° to about 25°. Sedimentological evidence from eastern Wyoming (Evanoff et al., 1992) show an abrupt transition from moist floodplains to semi-arid landscapes with abundant wind-blown volcaniclastic dust. Most of these events took place over a few thousand years. This is certainly one of the most severe climatic events in the Cenozoic.Late Eocene land snails (Evanoff et al., 1992) are large-shelled subtropical taxa now typical of central Mexico, indicating a mean annual range of temperature of 16.5° and annual precipitation of about 450 mm. In the early Oligocene, these were replaced by drought-tolerant small-shelled taxa indicative of a warm-temperate open woodland with a pronounced dry season. Reptiles and amphibians (Hutchison, 1992) show a trend toward cooling and drying, with aquatic forms (crocodilians, freshwater turtles, and salamanders) replaced by land tortoises; size reduction in turtles also indicates increased aridity. Mammals show only minor changes across this boundary. A few archaic groups which may have depended on woodland browsing (such as the rhino-like brontotheres, the camel-like oromerycids, and several archaic rodent groups) are the only taxa to go extinct. Minor speciation events occur in horses, the deer-like leptomerycids, and camels. The oreodont Miniochoerus shows a gradual dwarfing of about 30% over about 100,000 years. Most other species show no significant changes across this climatic crisis, although some change in relative abundance. Most mammals show stasis spanning millions of years before and after this transition, and some of the land snails are virtually indistinguishable from modern taxa.Traditional Neo-Darwinian theory would predict that animals should evolve rapidly in response to such strong climatic selection. Instead, most animals respond by going extinct and being replaced by unrelated forms, or do not change at all. A few show punctuated speciation events at the boundary, and only one shows prolonged gradual dwarfing. This suggests that animals are not infinitely flexible “balls” on an adaptive landscape, but have some kind of internal homeostasis that prevents gradual change in response to selection. Extinction, emigration, or punctuated speciation events seem to be the preferred response.

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Kemp, T. S. "Stance and gait in the hindlimb of a therocephalian mammal-like reptile." Journal of Zoology 186, no. 2 (2009): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03362.x.

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Burghardt, Gordon M. "Lessons from the dead, confusion from the living. A review ofthe ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles, edited by Nicholas Hotton III, Paul D. MacLean, Jan J. Roth, and E. Carol Roth. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1986, 326 pp., $19.95, paper, $35.00, hardbound." Zoo Biology 7, no. 4 (1988): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430070410.

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MacLeod, Kenneth G., Roger M. H. Smith, Paul L. Koch, and Peter D. Ward. "Timing of mammal-like reptile extinctions across the Permian-Triassic boundary in South Africa." Geology 28, no. 3 (2000): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0227:tomlre>2.3.co;2.

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MacLeod, Kenneth G., Roger M. H. Smith, Paul L. Koch, and Peter D. Ward. "Timing of mammal-like reptile extinctions across the Permian-Triassic boundary in South Africa." Geology 28, no. 3 (2000): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<227:tomrea>2.0.co;2.

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Laurin, Michel, and Robert R. Reisz. "Taxonomic position and phylogenetic relationships of Colobomycter pholeter, a small reptile from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 3 (1989): 544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-046.

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Redescription of Colobomycter pholeter Vaughn, a small amniote from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma, provides evidence that it is not a mammal-like reptile. Osteological features used to associate Colobomycter with the family Eothyrididae are also present in protorothyridids. Colobomycter has a large sheet-like jugal in the temporal region, precluding the presence of a pelycosaurian lateral temporal opening. Derived osteological features shared with members of the family Protorothyrididae suggest that Colobomycter might be a member of that family, but this assignment must remain tentative because of the fragmentary nature of the known specimens.

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Clark, James M., and James A. Hopson. "Distinctive mammal-like reptile from Mexico and its bearing on the phylogeny of the Tritylodontidae." Nature 315, no. 6018 (1985): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/315398a0.

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Kamiya, Hidetoshi, Tatsuji Yoshida, Nao Kusuhashi, and Hiroshige Matsuoka. "Enamel texture of the tritylodontid mammal-like reptile, occurred from the lower Cretaceous in central Japan." Materials Science and Engineering: C 26, no. 4 (2006): 707–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2005.08.041.

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Broom, R. "On a New Type of Mammal-like Reptile from the South African Karroo Beds (Anningia megalops)." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 97, no. 1 (2009): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1927.tb02256.x.

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Lichtig, Asher J., Steven E. Jasinski, and Spencer G. Lucas. "Eocene North American Testudinidae and Geoemydidae (Reptilia, Testudines): A Re-Evaluation of Their Alpha Taxonomy, Ecology, and Origin." Proceedings 24, no. 1 (2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecg2019-06195.

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We describe new material, including juvenile specimens, of Hadrianus corsoni, Hadrianus majusculus, Echmatemys haydeni, and Echmatemys naomi. Testudinidae evolved in North America from one of the geoemydid-like forms in the genus Echmatemys, which have their lowest stratigraphic occurrence in the earliest Wasatchian North American land mammal “age” (early Eocene, Ypresian).

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Reisz, Robert R., Diane Scott, and Jack van Bendegem. "Atlas–axis complex of Secodontosaurus, a sphenacodontid mammal-like reptile (Eupelycosauria: Synapsida) from the Lower Permian of Texas." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 3 (1992): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-051.

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The description of the atlas–axis complex of Secodontosaurus (an Early Permian synapsid) indicates that sphenacodontids share with primitive therapsids the derived feature of a tall atlantal pleurocentrum that extends to the ventral edge of the vertebral column. Although similar, the postcranial skeletons of Dimetrodon and Secodontosaurus can be differentiated by the distinct shape and size of the latter's axial neural spine and posterior zygapophysis.

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Master, Sharad. "New information on the first vertebrate fossil discoveries from Lesotho in 1867." Archives of Natural History 46, no. 2 (2019): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2019.0587.

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In the 1870s, Richard Owen of the British Museum received a consignment of vertebrate fossils from Basutoland (Lesotho), which were sent to him by Dr Hugh Exton from Bloemfontein, and he published an illustrated catalogue of these in 1876. In 1884, he described from this collection a “Triassic mammal”– Tritylodon longaevus (an important cynodont therapsid or mammal-like reptile). New information has been found concerning the discovery, locality, stratigraphic position and discoverers of the Basutoland vertebrate fossils. The information is contained in two letters sent to Dr Alexander Logie du Toit by David Draper, in 1929. Draper revealed in these letters that the fossils were found during a raiding party by horse commandos from the Orange Free State during the Basuto War of 1867. Draper then was an 18-year-old, and he had assisted Exton with collecting vertebrate fossils from the “Upper Red Beds” (of the Karoo Supergroup) at a site whose location he pointed out on a map (the present day Thaba Tso'eu). The discovery of fossils by Exton and Draper in 1867 was the first find of any fossils in Basutoland.

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REISZ, ROBERT R., DAVID S. BERMAN, and DIANE SCOTT. "The cranial anatomy and relationships of Secodontosaurus, an unusual mammal-like reptile (Synapsida: Sphenacodontidae) from the early Permian of Texas." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 104, no. 2 (1992): 127–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1992.tb00920.x.

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Lee, Michael S. Y. "Snake origins and the need for scientific agreement on vernacular names." Paleobiology 27, no. 1 (2001): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0001:soatnf>2.0.co;2.

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When transitional fossils blur previously clear boundaries between major groups, drawing that line can be problematic. While the need to rigorously define formal taxon names is widely acknowledged (e.g., de Queiroz and Gauthier 1992; Cantino et al. 1997), the need for similar precision in the scientific use of vernacular terms is not widely appreciated. The lack of accepted usages for common names has engendered endless arguments about when a fish becomes (also?) a tetrapod (e.g., Clack 1997), when a dinosaur becomes (also?) a bird (e.g., Padian and Chiappe 1998), and when a mammal-like reptile becomes (also?) a mammal (e.g., Rowe and Gauthier 1992). Recent descriptions of fossil snakes with well-developed hindlimbs have raised similar questions about where to draw the line between lizards and snakes and initiated a lively debate over the origin of snakes. However, lack of a precise definition of the vernacular term “snake,” as well as lack of a consensus on what constitutes a higher taxon's “origins,” has seriously hindered discussion of “snake origins.” Here, precise definitions of both terms are proposed and justified and their paleobiological implications discussed. The origin of higher taxa remains one of the most intriguing macroevolutionary problems, but scientists risk arguing at cross-purposes unless they agree on the exact boundaries of vernacular groups, and the exact meaning of the term “origin.”

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Hopson, James A. "Synapsid Evolution and the Radiation of Non-Eutherian Mammals." Short Courses in Paleontology 7 (1994): 190–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526300000132x.

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The Synapsida is the mammal-like ramus of the Amniota, the sister group of the Sauropsida (or Reptilia of Gauthier et al., 1988). Synapsids are characterized by the possession of a lateral temporal fenestra (Fig. 1A), among other features (see Gauthier, this volume). Of all the great transitions between major structural grades within vertebrates, the transition from basal amniotes to basal mammals is represented by the most complete and continuous fossil record, extending from the Middle Pennsylvanian to the Late Triassic and spanning some 75 to 100 million years. Structural evolution of particular functional systems has been well investigated, notably the feeding mechanism (Barghusen, 1968; Crompton, 1972; Crompton and Parker, 1978; Crompton and Hylander, 1986) and the middle ear (Hopson, 1966; Allin, 1975, 1986; Allin and Hopson, 1992), and these studies have demonstrated the gradual nature of these major adaptive modifications.

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"On the Gorgonopsia, a Suborder of the Mammal-like Reptiles." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 83, no. 2 (2010): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1913.tb07574.x.

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ESPINOSA-GRACIANO, EDSON MARIO, and RODOLFO GARCÍA-COLLAZO. "DIETA ESTACIONAL DEL COYOTE (CANIS LATRANS) EN EL PARQUE ESTATAL SIERRA DE TEPOTZOTLÁN, ESTADO DE MÉXICO." BIOCYT Biología Ciencia y Tecnología 10, no. 37-39 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fesi.20072082.2017.10.60058.

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This study describes the seasonal variation of Canis latrans diet, through scats analysis, in Sierra de Tepotzotlán state Park. The area includes oak forest, crassicaule thicket, grasslands and deciduous sclerophyllous scrub. A total 53 scats were collected in the 2008-2009 period. With the weight of each prey and frequency of occurrence, the value food importance of each food item was calculated for the dry and rainy season. The coyote behaved like an opportunist-generalist, consumed a total of 19 prey items; the main groups used were: mammals, insects, vegetables, birds, reptiles and anthropogenic wastes. The most important prey in the dry season were the insects Acrididae, the mammal Sciurus aureogaster and fruits of Opuntia estreptocantha. While, for the rainy season was the rabbit Sylvilagus floridanus, followed by birds and insects Scarabeidae. The similarity of the diet between both seasons was low, reflecting the seasonal variation in the abundance and availability of the prey. The consumption of farm birds and food waste, may have negative effects on the health and coyote survival by conflict with the human.

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Chinsamy-Turan, Anusuya. "Tiarajudens: A significant mammal-like reptile." South African Journal of Science 107, no. 5/6 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajs.v107i5/6.717.

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"First record of a basal synapsid (‘mammal-like reptile’) in Gondwana." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 263, no. 1374 (1996): 1165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1996.0170.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mammal-like Reptiles'

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