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1
Baker-Branstetter, Ryan William. "Lyme disease ecology in San Luis Obispo County: The role of the western gray squirrel." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1497.
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Despite the fact that eight cases of Lyme disease were diagnosed in San Luis Obispo County between 2005-2013, the identity of wildlife hosts serving as sources for tick infection in this region remained unidentified. The primary cause of Lyme disease in the U.S. is the spirochetal bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, and this agent had not been previously isolated from the region. Borrelia bissettii, a related species that has not been implicated as a common causative agent of Lyme disease, was isolated in small rodents inhabiting coastal scrub and chaparral habitats in a previous San Luis Obispo County study. However, B. burgdorferi was not detected. In northwestern California, B. burgdorferi has been primarily associated with high populations of the tick vector Ixodes pacificus in dense woodlands or hardwood-conifer habitats, particularly in the western gray squirrel reservoir host, Sciurus griseus. My study investigated the role of S. griseus and other associated rodents as potential reservoirs for B. burgdorferi in central coastal California woodland habitats. Rodents were live-trapped at four sites in San Luis Obispo County in oak and mixed woodland. Rodent ear samples were tested for B. burgdorferi genospecies by bacterial culture and PCR. Ticks were collected from captured rodents and surrounding environments and tested by PCR for the presence of Borrelia. Of 119 captured rodents, seven were positive for Borrelia infection (5.9%) and of these, six were positive for B. burgdorferi (5.0%). There were multiple infected rodent species that included two western gray squirrels, three deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), and one brush mouse (P. boylii). Borrelia spp. were not detected by PCR from the 81 ticks recovered from the environment and rodents. Here, for the first time, we verify the presence of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto in San Luis Obispo county rodents. However, in contrast to previous Northern California studies, the western gray squirrel may not be the primary reservoir host for B. burgdorferi in this region. Multiple rodent species in oak woodlands may be involved in spirochete maintenance in San Luis Obispo County.
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Mengulluoglu, Deniz. "An Inventory Of Medium And Large Mammal Fauna In Pine Forests Of Beypazari Through Camera Trapping." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612559/index.pdf.
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Information about large mammals in Turkey usually does not go further than species lists or annual counts of particular species such as the wild goat. Camera trapping is a very useful technique to overcome this deficiency by gathering information about species presence, numbers, habitat use and behavior. Hence, a one year long camera trap study was conducted to demonstrate the diversity, activity, distribution patterns, habitat preferences and interspecific interactions of medium and large mammals in a 148 km2 large pine woodland near Ankara. Brown bear (Ursus arctos), wolf (Canis lupus), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), golden jackal (Canis aureus), jungle cat (Felis chaus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Eurasian badger (Meles meles), stone marten (Martes foina), red deer (Cervus elaphus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), brown hare (Lepus europaeus), Caucasian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) and southern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor) were the 13 mammal species captured during the study.
Spatial segregation was observed among canid species indicating intraguild competition and competitive exclusion. Prey-predator interactions were documented at both spatial and temporal scales between wolves, deer and wild boars. Red deer showed seasonal and sex differences in activity patterns that appeared to be influenced by wolf predation risk.
The presence of two felids unknown to the local people were revealed by camera trapping, showing the utility of this technique for such secretive and rare species. However, the low encounter rates for particular species such as lynx, brown bear and jungle cat indicated the importance of the length of study.
Based on various evidence, resident adult population sizes were estimated for wolf (2-5), Eurasian lynx (2-4), brown bear (0-2) and jungle cat (2-3). The study showed that lynx can exist in high densities in a relatively small area when prey species are abundant.
This study area hosted a rich mammal fauna in spite of human activities such as livestock grazing, logging and hunting. A relatively intact ecosystem, high altitudinal and habitat diversity, and a positive attitude of local people are believed to be the reasons of this observed high diversity.
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Chupp, Adam Daniel. "Habitat Selection in Four Sympatric Small Mammal Species and the Effects of Potential Predators on Peromyscus Leucopus." VCU Scholars Compass, 2005. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/657.
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I examined the effects of potential predators in relation to habitat selection in Peromyscus leucopus. I also examined habitat selection in three other sympatric species (Blarina brevicauda, Blarina carolinensis, Sorex longirostris). I utilized data fiom 49 sampling sites on National Park Service land; Petersburg National Battlefield Eastern Front Unit (15), Five-Forks Unit (17), Appomattox Court House National Historical Park (15) and Booker T. Washington National Monument (12). Sites were categorized by location (park unit) and habitat type (i.e. bottom-land hardwood), and the microhabitat within each sampling site was characterized by four variables (% cover of grasses, herbs, shrubs, and volume of downed wood). Importance values of tree species within each sampling site were also measured. Peromyscus leucopus, B. brevicauda, B. carolinensis, and S. longirostris were captured in all habitat types. Low capture rates for shrew species and high variability in the abundance of shrew species among all sampling sites were likely responsible for the lack of differences in abundance among habitats (p > 0.05). Peromyscus leucopus represented 76% of the captures among prey species and was the only species to demonstrate differences in relative abundance among habitat types. The relative abundance of P. leucopus was higher in bottom-land hardwood habitat when compared to pine forest plantation habitat (ANOVA, p P. leucopus among these habitat types may be explained by differences in understory structural diversity. Furthermore, the corresponding increase in the relative abundance of Procyon lotor (the most abundant predator during the study) in structurally heterogeneous habitat (bottom-land hardwood) suggests the importance of anti-predator behaviors within these habitat types. Ultimately, this may suggest that prey cannot escape the presence or calculate the abundance of predators and instead simply avoid dangerous habitats. Although the relative abundance of the most abundant predator (P. lotor) and prey (P. leucopus) species were positively associated within certain habitat types, a negative association between predator and prey species abundance was evident within parks. In the Eastern Front unit the relative abundance of prey (P. leucopus, S. longirostris) was lower in comparison to the Five-Forks unit while the abundance of P. lotor was higher (ANOVA, p P. lotor, Didelphis virginiana, and Urocyon cinereoargenteus were higher in the Eastern Front unit when compared to the Five-Forks unit. It appeared that the lethal effects of predators are evident at larger scales (within parks) despite the anti-predator behaviors of prey at smaller scales (within microhabitats). My results indicate that at larger scales (within parks) the lethal effects (removal of prey) of abundant predators may overwhelm the non-lethal effects (anti-predator behavior) exhibited by prey at smaller scales, especially in areas where structurally heterogenous habitats are lacking.
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Rodrigues, Laís Lautenschlager. "Effects of domestic megafauna and landscape on diversity of mammals in Atlantic Forest remnants /." Rio Claro, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/191060.
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Orientador: Mauro Galetti Rodrigues<br>Resumo: A conversão de paisagens florestais para usos antrópicos é a principal causa do desmatamento das florestas tropicais em todo o mundo. Essas florestas são conhecidas por conter parte significativa da biodiversidade terrestre global, porém pouco se sabe sobre como as modificações na paisagem, como a perda de habitat para produção agropecuária e o principalmente o impacto do gado afetam a diversidade e ocupação de mamíferos resilientes nesses fragmentos. Sendo assim, nós examinamos como a riqueza de espécies e a composição de mamíferos são explicadas pela configuração da paisagem e como a presença do gado afeta a detecção de mamíferos de médio e grande porte. Foram amostradas 20 paisagens dominadas por pastagens ao longo de um gradiente de cobertura florestal (8% a 98%), no sudeste do Brasil. Nós registramos 75% das espécies de mamíferos esperadas para esta região em uma cobertura florestal de média a alta. A cobertura florestal, distância euclidiana do vizinho mais próximo e área estrutural foram as variáveis que melhor explicaram a ocorrência de algumas espécies de mamíferos dependentes de floresta. As comunidades de mamíferos exibiram um alto grau de alternação de espécies entre as paisagens, representando 95% da diversidade beta total. Os impactos da pecuária foram mostrados devido ao seu efeito negativo na detecção de espécies florestais e positivo na detecção de grupos de espécies não florestais. Discutimos a importância de manter fragmentos com alta cobertura vegetal para... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The landscape conversion to anthropic uses is the major cause of deforestation worldwide. Tropical forests are known to contain a significant portion of global terrestrial biodiversity, but little is known about how changes in landscape, such as habitat loss for livestock and its impacts affect the diversity and occupation of resilient mammals in forest fragments immersed in pasture matrices. Here we examine how species richness and mammal composition are explained by landscape configuration and how cattle presence affects the detection of medium and large mammals. We sampled 20 landscapes dominated by pastures along a forest cover gradient (8% to 98%) in southeastern Brazil. We recorded 75% of the mammalian species expected for this region in a medium-to-high forest cover. Landscapes metrics, as forest cover, Euclidean distance from the nearest neighbor and structural area were the variables that best explained the occurrence of some forest mammal species. Mammalian communities exhibited a high degree of species turnover between landscapes, representing 95% of total beta diversity. Livestock impacts were shown due to its negative effect on the detection of forest-dwelling species and positive on the detection of non-forest species groups. We discuss the importance of maintaining forest fragments with high vegetation cover to improve connectivity between disturbed landscapes, favoring mammalian species flow. There is an urgent need for a better understanding of livestock gene... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre
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Potts, Joanne M. "Estimating abundance of rare, small mammals : a case study of the Key Largo woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2068.
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Estimates of animal abundance or density are fundamental quantities in ecology and conservation, but for many species such as rare, small mammals, obtaining robust estimates is problematic. In this thesis, I combine elements of two standard abundance estimation methods, capture-recapture and distance sampling, to develop a method called trapping point transects (TPT). In TPT, a "detection function", g(r) (i.e. the probability of capturing an animal, given it is r m from a trap when the trap is set) is estimated using a subset of animals whose locations are known prior to traps being set. Generalised linear models are used to estimate the detection function, and the model can be extended to include random effects to allow for heterogeneity in capture probabilities. Standard point transect methods are modified to estimate abundance. Two abundance estimators are available. The first estimator is based on the reciprocal of the expected probability of detecting an animal, ^P, where the expectation is over r; whereas the second estimator is the expectation of the reciprocal of ^P. Performance of the TPT method under various sampling efforts and underlying true detection probabilities of individuals in the population was investigated in a simulation study. When underlying probability of detection was high (g(0) = 0:88) and between-individual variation was small, survey effort could be surprisingly low (c. 510 trap nights) to yield low bias (c. 4%) in the two estimators; but under certain situations, the second estimator can be extremely biased. Uncertainty and relative bias in population estimates increased with decreasing detectability and increasing between-individual variation. Abundance of the Key Largo woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli), an endangered rodent with a restricted geographic range, was estimated using TPT. The TPT method compared well to other viable methods (capture-recapture and spatially-explicit capture-recapture), in terms of both field practicality and cost. The TPT method may generally be useful in estimating animal abundance in trapping studies and variants of the TPT method are presented.
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Can, Ozgun Emre. "Camera Trapping Large Mammals In Yenice Forest Habitats: A Feasibility Study For Camera Trapping Large Mammals In Yenice Forests, Turkey." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609974/index.pdf.
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Widely applicable, quantitative field methods are needed to gather wildlife data for conservation and management initiatives in Turkey. In order to evaluate the use of camera traps in forest habitats of Turkey, we conducted a 5 phase camera trap survey by using 16 passive infrared-triggered cameras with a total sampling effort of 1200 camera trap days in Yaylacik Research Forest, a 50 km2 forest patch of Yenice Forest in Karabü<br>k during January-May 2006.
The camera trap survey confirmed the presence of grey wolf (Canis lupus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), wildcat (Felis silvestris), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), badger (Meles meles), pine marten (Martes martes), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the study area. The camera trap survey also revealed the presence of jackal (Canis aureus) and brown hare (Lepus europaeus), whose presence were not known by people living and working in the area. Contrary to the local belief, neither camera trapping survey nor ground survey confirmed the presence of lynx (Lynx lynx) in Yaylacik Research Forest.
The wolf was observed to be crepuscular and the wildcat showed a diurnal activity pattern. Wildcat seemed to avoid other carnivores spatially and temporally. Simulation studies suggested that camera trap surveys should last 14 days for wolf, 13 days for wildcat, 10 days for pine marten, and 11 days for roe deer, while it is advisable to conduct longer surveys, probably 15-20 days, for wild boar, red fox and brown bears.
The estimated population size for wildcat was 9 (SE=2.28227) with 95% confidence interval of 9 to 25 in the study area. A minimum of 6 brown bears were present in the study area.
Our study indicated that the local knowledge about the presence of wildlife should be considered by researchers, but it cannot replace scientific surveys conducted by field biologists.
This study was the first attempt to assess the presence, relative abundance, activity patterns and diversity of multiple mammal species by the use of camera trapping methodology in Turkey. The results suggest that camera trap surveys have the potential for gathering wildlife data at larger scales in Turkey, where information gap on large mammals is an obstacle for effective management and conservation of mammals.
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Ashe, Vicki Alexis. "Influence of bait on assessment of biodiversity of small mammals." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Theses/ASHE_VIKKI_40.pdf.
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Simsek, Senem. "DEVELOPMENT OF TRAPPING STYLE CASSETTES FOR NEW GENE TARGETING STRATEGIES." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1193679015297-95667.
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Because of shared physiological, anatomical and metabolical features with humans, mice have served for a long time as mammalian disease models. In particular, these last ten years have been the golden age for this favoured model animal. Human and mouse genome projects show that there is 95% genome homology. Spurred by this fact, research attention has shifted from reading these sequences to deciphering the functions of these genes. The 1980s saw the remarkable achievement of homologous recombination in mammalian cell culture systems. Later in the 1990s, innovative gene trapping strategies were developed to enabled random mutagenesis. Today, the goal is to generate more versatile tools to avoid limitations posed by these earlier mutagenesis strategies. Many public and private research centers have united with the aim of mutating all mouse genes. In order to achieve this mutagenesis, the first requirement is a set of practical and efficient viral or plasmid based vectors that can be used globally in the genome. This will be aided by advances in understanding of biological events such as gene transcription, recombination, and embryonic stem cell cycle. In addition, technical improvements such as vector development, precise cell culture assay, and recombinant DNA delivery will also be important. The vector design work in this PhD thesis encompasses 0.00001 % ofthese efforts but may to out to be highly relevant...
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Gillen, Carolyn Ann. "Effects of forest composition on trophic relationships among mast production and mammals in southern Illinois." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/623.
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Oak-dominated forest has declined in the eastern United States as shade-tolerant species (e.g., maple [Acer spp.]) replace oaks (Quercus spp.), sparking concern among ecologists regarding species that consume acorns. My goal was to describe how increasing mesophication of oak forests may affect consumers in higher trophic levels. I investigated relationships among forest composition, mast production, small-mammal density, and carnivore occurrence in 8 stands representing 4 forest types (upland oak, mixed-mesophytic, non-oak, and bottomland oak) in southern Illinois. I calculated tree-species richness, basal area, and other measures of forest composition using 3 0.04-ha plots/stand. In June-August 2009 and 2010, I live-trapped small mammals for 16,236 trap-nights with trapping webs to estimate population density of mice (Peromyscus spp.). I collected mast seeds during October-November 2009 and 2010 and calculated average dry biomass (g/m2) for each species and stand. During winter 2009-2011, I photographed carnivores using baited camera traps and combined these data with those from stands used in a concomitant large-scale carnivore survey. I regressed mast biomass, Peromyscus density, Peromyscus survival, and carnivore occurrence on measures of forest composition and hard-mast biomass. Peromyscus summer density was not related to % hard-mast basal area, nor to hard-mast biomass from the previous autumn. Survival of Peromyscus in 2010 displayed a significant positive relationship with hard-mast biomass in 2009 (F1,6 = 7.85, P = 0.04, r2 = 0.61). Logistic regressions of carnivore occurrence on Peromyscus density were not significant. Coyote (Canis latrans) occurrence at my sites and additional sites during January-April 2010 decreased with increasing % hard-mast basal area (x2 = 4.64, df = 1, P = 0.03). Bobcat (Lynx rufus) and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) occurrence showed no relationship with % hard-mast basal area. Many other studies have demonstrated links of several species to oak forest, but the scale of this study may have been too small to detect effects of mesophication. Alternatively, small-mammal density may be influenced by invertebrate prey abundance or weather conditions. The landscape matrix of oak-hickory forest may also act to homogenize Peromyscus density across my study sites. Longer-term research could help clarify relationships among trophic levels. It is important for managers to consider techniques that may conserve oak forest.
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Parrinha, Marta Alcoforado da Gama de Oliveira. "Impacts of human disturbance on the occurrence of canivorous mammals in the Arrabida Natural Park." Master's thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21318.
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Mestrado em Gestão e Conservação de Recursos Naturais / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa<br>The impact of human activities on the environment and biodiversity assumes unprecedented levels. Measuring such impacts can inform about the repercussions these impacts may have on animal species. In the Mediterranean region these impacts are of particular relevance, since most of the ecosystems coevolved with the human presence based on an extensive management, generally compatible with natural assets. However, the intensification of the landscape alterations and changes in the land-use management over the past years is responsible for the degradation of animal communities. These anthropogenic drivers can lead to profound consequences not only on the environment itself, but also on all living species. The study took place in Arrábida Natural Park (ANP) where we set 47 camera trap stations within an area of 5 587 ha to monitor carnivorous mammals. As explanatory variables, we considered groups of variables included in the most significant anthropogenic drivers: landscape alterations, land-use management, urban and industry development and, finally, the introduction of feral species. We detected five out of the eight species recorded in the ANP, but only three had the minimum occurrence data necessary for statistical analysis. Model selection revealed that the used variables were not significant on carnivore species, contrary to what we expected. Only landscape alterations and land-use management, showed positive relations with wild carnivores’ occupancy. Meanwhile, our study also demonstrated that weather variables had an impact on the detection of these species. Carnivores were present in almost all study area throughout the seasons, which impede the estimation of extinction e colonization parameters for most species. Although our results did not demonstrate an evident impact of anthropogenic disturbance on carnivore species, our data suggests that the community is already depleted. We conclude that the area may be experiencing human pressure from decades on, and only common and generalist carnivorous species prevail<br>N/A
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Gustafson, Gregory Gene. "Effects of Management Practices on Terrestrial Vertebrate Diversity and Abundance in an Oak Savanna Ecosystem." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1523016712853504.
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Stoneberg, Kelsey N. "The Effects of Land Management Edges on the Diversity, Abundance, and Distribution of Small Mammals and Bats." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1590670699413684.
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Torres, Maria Leilani. "Optical transfection and injection techniques applied to mammalian and embryonic cells." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2547.
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The delivery of biomolecules into living cells is an important methodology in cell and molecular biology. Optical methods using lasers are attractive tools for such application. However, the interaction of the laser with the cell depends on the laser type and the parameters used. Hence, in this thesis, optical transfection and injection of both mammalian and embryonic cells is demonstrated using a variety of laser sources. Furthermore, some key issues are addressed by demonstrating alternative configurations of optoinjection and transfection systems to develop a robust, user-friendly device with potential for commercialisation. Most optical methods for the delivery of molecules rely on complex and expensive laser systems that occupy a large footprint. In order for the system to be accessible to end-users, transient transfection of plasmid DNA into mammalian cells using an inexpensive continuous wave 405 nm diode laser is demonstrated. In this work, the laser parameters are varied in order to optimise the transfection efficiency. By calculating the temperature change upon irradiation of the focused violet light, the mechanism of violet diode laser transfection is elucidated. Furthermore, the system is used to deliver small interfering RNA molecules to specifically knock down a particular protein within the cell. This work is a major step towards an inexpensive and portable optical transfection system. The critical issue of accurate targeting of the cell membrane is also addressed in conventional near-infrared femtosecond optical transfection systems. A near-infrared femtosecond holographic system is built utilising a spatial light modulator in order to provide fast three dimensional beam translation. Computer control of dosage and targeting allows us to explore the potential of different targeting modalities. An enhanced optoinjection and transfection on mammalian cells is demonstrated. Furthermore, the system is applied to optically manipulate a developing Pomatoceros lamarckii embryo. The holographic system can be employed to optoinject a variety of macromolecules into the embryo, as well as orient and position the embryo by switching to the continuous wave mode of the laser. Such development of optical techniques to deliver biomolecules and orient embryos will benefit the field of developmental biology. Lastly, to achieve controlled cavitation, limiting the mechanical effects of a nanosecond laser source, an optically trapped microsphere undergoes laser induced breakdown in the presence of a cell monolayer. Laser induced breakdown of a trapped microsphere allows control over several parameters, such as the microsphere material, position of the breakdown from the monolayer and the size of the microsphere. Optimising these parameters provide limited mechanical effects, particularly suited for cell transfection. This technique is an excellent tool for plasmid-DNA transfection of multiples of cells with both reduced energy requirements and cell lysis compared to previously reported approaches. Demonstrating optimised and successful delivery of macromolecules with the variety of laser sources used in this thesis will advance the applicability of optical injection and transfection and allow more potential users to access the technique. This thesis advances optical injection and transfection for optimised delivery of macromolecules to both mammalian cells and a developing embryo.
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Frohm, Ida, Tove Hedström, and Maria Baglien. "Före och efter Trappan-modellen : En pilotstudie om psykiska, emotionella och beteendemässiga förändringar hos barn som upplevt pappas våld mot mamma." Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-1970.
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<p>The Trappan Model is one of the most implemented treatment programs for children who have experienced domestic violence. This study undertakes a wider evaluation of the model through a pilot study. The approach is both quantitive and qualitative. Theory as well as the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire have been used to fulfil the aim. The design is pre-post. The respondents are thirteen children who have undergone Trappan treatment programs in Uppsala during 2007. Pre-tests and comparison groups have been used to ascertain the psychological, emotional and behavioural health of the children prior to treatment. It is evident that the children have fewer peer relationships than other children before treatment, positive changes have occurred after treatment regarding the active social development of the children.</p>
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LAGE, Alexandre Ramos Bastos. "Efeitos da fragmentação de habitat sobre a comunidade de mamíferos do médio Araguaia: aspectos teóricos, descritivos e conservacionistas." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2562.
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Dissertacao parte1 Alexandre Ramos Bastos Lage.pdf: 3409313 bytes, checksum: b322f6d92050dfba057102fe260dd395 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2011-07-01<br>Os efeitos da fragmentação de habitat vêm sendo cada
vez mais reconhecidos como a principal causa de perda de espécies da atualidade e, portanto, um grande número de
pesquisas tem buscado avaliar as respostas dos organismos
a este processo que é predominantemente resultado da ação antrópica sobre áreas de vegetação nativa. O processo de fragmentação de habitat ocorre em nível de paisagem, porém
a manipulação experimental de paisagens inteiras é bastante difícil e muitas vezes impossível. Desta forma, a geração de dados através de estudos observacionais em grandes escalas espaciais e temporais, tem se tornado cada vez mais importante para que sejam confrontadas as previsões de modelos teóricos, e para geração de dados que possam subsidiar ações conservacionistas em nível local, ou serem sintetizadas juntamente com estudos em outras regiões, para o estabelecimento de padrões aplicáveis a um grande número de paisagens fragmentadas. Devido à necessidade de grandes áreas de vida, o grupo dos mamíferos de médio e grande porte é um dos mais afetados pela perda de vegetação nativa de uma paisagem. Este trabalho buscou caracterizar a comunidade de mamíferos presente na paisagem fragmentada do município de São Miguel do Araguaia, Goiás. Utilizando exclusivamente o método de armadilhamento fotográfico, foram amostrados 12 fragmentos florestais com áreas
variando de 13 a 4.317 hectares. Foram obtidos 682 registros fotográficos de mamíferos silvestres de médio e grande porte e um total de 22 espécies foram detectadas na região. Espécies de grande porte e com grande área de vida foram
encontradas até nos menores fragmentos, indicando que estas espécies se deslocam pela paisagem e utilizam os fragmentos conjuntamente, o que demonstra a importância
da manutenção até dos menores fragmentos, que podem servir como fonte temporária de recursos e como elementos que ampliam a conectividade da paisagem. O armadilhamento fotográfico se mostrou um método bastante eficiente na
detecção de espécies de mamíferos em fragmentos florestais, onde transectos lineares ou a busca por vestígios podem ser bastante dificultadas pelo denso sub‐bosque existente no interior dos fragmentos, e pelo fato de o acúmulo da serrapilheira impedir a impressão e a visualização de rastros de espécies. OBS: A dissertação tem 2 capítulos c/ resumo. O texto acima é o resumo do capítulo 1.
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Salyers, Carrie Hedio. "Occupancy of small mammals on private lands in the Emory/Obed Watershed, Tennessee." 2006. http://etd.utk.edu/2006/SalyersCarrie.pdf.
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Moreau, France. "A comparison of trapping methodologies and grid size for small mammal research." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10713.
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This study was designed to compare two distinct trapping systems in their ability
to assess small mammal abundance, and to determine the optimal number of days to
adequately sample populations. The hypothesis tested was that trapping for short periods
of time throughout the field season would yield a more frequent regime of results,
compared to trapping for longer periods two or three times a year. The study area was in
Summerland, British Columbia, where deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), montane
voles (Microtus montanus) and Great Basin pocket mice (Perognathus parvus) were livetrapped
in grasslands on six 1-ha replicate grids from June to October 1997. Three of the
grids were sampled for two consecutive nights, every three weeks, from June to October.
The other three grids were trapped for ten consecutive nights in June, August and
October. I suggest that trapping for short periods of time throughout the year or field
season will give a better estimate of small mammal population dynamics. A minimum of
two and maximum of four night trapping sessions throughout the field season is
recommended.
An additional objective of this study was to evaluate the differences between
estimates of small mammal population densities from grids of different sizes, and to
determine the optimal grid size in estimating abundance. The hypothesis tested was that
1-ha grids would be as precise as larger grids in assessing small mammal abundance.
Study areas were located in Vernon, Penticton, Kamloops and Prince George, British
Columbia. For Experiment A, deer mice and northwestern chipmunks (Tamias amoenus)
were trapped on 5-ha grids from May to October 1991 and 1992, and population
estimates from 1- and 2-ha grids within the 5-ha grids were compared. For Experiment
B, Northwestern chipmunks were sampled on 1- and 9-ha grids from May to August,
1990 and 1991. One ha grids were found to be as precise as 2-and 5-ha grids for density
estimation of deer mice and northwestern chipmunks. However, estimates from the 1-ha
grids were higher than estimates from the 9-ha grids. Additional research should focus
on using identical methodologies and trap type for both 1- and 9-ha grids.
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Magalhães, Ana Raquel Oliveira. "Diversity and abundance of small mammal communities in Portuguese eucalyptus plantations." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/28384.
Full textAbstract:
Eucalyptus plantation forests have been increasing worldwide in the past years to fulfil all the lignocellulosic demands of humans. Eucalyptus globulos is one of the most planted species, particularly in Europe, with Portugal being the largest producer. Its properties of fast growth, good wood quality, coppice system and low maintenance requirements allows outstanding performances and makes them ideal cash crops. Considering the extension of eucalyptus plantations in Portugal it is crucial to understand their impacts in the usage patterns of space by populations, especially those that use landscape in smaller scales – small mammals. The present study intents to evaluate the patterns of diversity and occurrence of small mammal communities (especially rodents from Muridae family) present in the eucalypts plantations of Central Portugal and identify the factors determining those patterns. Thus, four hypotheses were formulated, which state that murid occurrence is determined by: (H1) local land cover composition and structure; (H2) disturbances by predators and ungulates and fire events; (H3) type of soil; and (H4) sampling season. In general, diversity is smaller in plantations than in native areas and murid occurrence (the only taxa with sufficient data to be analysed) is promoted by leaf litter absence of (more trophic resources) and by recent fires (reduction of predatory pressure). This work shows that in spite of being impoverished, eucalypts sustain some species of small mammals, whose ecological patters do not seem to be affected by the eucalypts itself, but instead by an array of natural environmental factors, as well as anthropic.<br>As florestas de plantação de eucaliptos tem vindo a aumentar no planeta nos últimos anos de modo a satisfazer todas as necessidades lenho-celulósicas do ser humano. Eucalyptus globulos é uma das espécies mais plantadas, particularmente na Europa, onde Portugal é o maior produtor. As suas propriedades de rápido crescimento, madeira de boa qualidade, sistema de talhadia e baixa manutenção permite uma performance excecional e torna-as produções de elevada rendibilidade. Tendo em conta a extensão das plantações de eucalipto em Portugal é crucial perceber qual o seu impacto nos padrões de uso do espaço das populações residentes, em especial aquela que usam a paisagem a escalas pequenas - Micromamíferos. O presente estudo pretende avaliar quais os padrões de diversidade e ocorrência das comunidades de micromamíferos (em especial roedores Muridae) presentes nos eucaliptais do Centro de Portugal e identificar os fatores que determinam esses padrões. Assim, foram formuladas quatro hipóteses, que defendem que a ocorrência de Murídeos é determinada pela/o(s): (H1) composição e estrutura local da cobertura do solo; (H2) perturbações de predadores, ungulados e ocorrência de fogos; (H3) tipo de solo; e (H4) época de amostragem. No geral, a diversidade é menor nas plantações que nas áreas nativas e a ocorrência dos roedores Murídeos (única taxa com dados suficientes para serem analisados) é promovida pela ausência de manta morta (mais recursos tróficos) e por fogo recente (redução da pressão predatória). Este trabalho mostra que apesar de depauperado, os eucaliptos sustentam algumas espécies de micromamíferos, cujos padrões ecológicos não parecem ser afetados pelo eucaliptal em si, mas por um conjunto de fatores ambientais naturais e antrópicos.<br>Mestrado em Biologia Aplicada
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Jenks, Kate Elizabeth. "Distributions of Large Mammal Assemblages in Thailand with a Focus on Dhole (Cuon alpinus) Conservation." 2012. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/582.
Full textAbstract:
Biodiversity monitoring and predictions of species occurrence are essential to develop outcome-oriented conservation management plans for endangered species and assess their success over time. To assess distribution and patterns of habitat use of large mammal assemblages in Thailand, with a focus on the endangered dhole (Cuon alpinus), I first implemented a long-term camera-trapping project carried out with park rangers from October 2003 through October 2007 in Khao Yai National Park. This project was extremely successful and may serve as a regional model for wildlife conservation. I found significantly lower relative abundance indices for carnivore species, and collectively for all mammals compared to data obtained in 1999-2000, suggesting population declines resulting from increased human activity. I integrated this data into maximum entropy modeling (Maxent) to further evaluate whether ranger stations reduced poaching activity and increased wildlife diversity and abundances. I then conducted a focused camera trap survey from January 2008 through February 2010 in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary to gather critical baseline information on dholes, one of the predator species that seemed to have declined over time and that is exposed to continued pressure from humans. Additionally, I led a collaborative effort with other colleagues in the field to collate and integrate camera trap data from 15 protected areas to build a country-wide habitat suitability map for dholes, other predators, and their major prey species. The predicted presence probability for sambar (Rusa unicolor) and leopards (Panthera pardus) were the most important variables in predicting dhole presence countrywide. Based on my experience from these different field ecological surveys and endeavors, it became clear that local people's beliefs may have a strong influence on dhole management and conservation. Thus, I conducted villager interview surveys to identify local attitudes towards dholes, document the status of dholes in wildlife sanctuaries adjacent to Cambodia, and determine the best approach to improve local support for dhole conservation before proceeding with further field studies of the species in Thailand. A photograph of a dhole was correctly identified by only 20% of the respondents. My studies provide evidence that some protected areas in Thailand continue to support a diversity of carnivore speices of conservation concern, including clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa), dholes, and small felids. However, dholes' impact on prey populations may be increasing as tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopards are extripated from protected areas. The next step in dhole conservation is to estimate the size and stability of their fragmented populations and also focus on maintaining adequate prey bases that would support both large felids and dholes
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Tilker, Andrew. "Estimating site occupancy for four threatened mammals in southeastern Laos." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/25980.
Full textAbstract:
The tropical forests of Indochina harbor a suite of globally threatened tropical mammal species. These species are difficult to detect, and subsequently understudied. Noninvasive camera trapping was used to survey terrestrial mammals from a protected area in southeastern Lao PDR (Xe Sap National Protected Area). The presence-absence of four mammals (mainland serow Capricornis milneedwardsii, muntjac Muntiacus spp., macaque Macaca spp., and wild pig Sus scrofa) was modeled in an occupancy framework thereby accounting for detection probabilities. Our goals were to establish baseline occupancy data to assist with biological monitoring and to better understand the factors influencing the distribution of the target species. Naïve occupancy, or the proportion of sites at which the target species was detected, was 0.58 for muntjac, 0.55 for macaque, 0.38 for wild pig, and 0.30 for serow. True occupancy estimates (Ψ ± SE) from top-ranked models was 0.79 ± 0.21 for macaque, 0.74 ± 0.13 for muntjac, 0.51 ± 0.13 for wild pig, and 0.48 ± 0.18 for serow. The results underscore the importance of accounting for imperfect detection rates when studying rare or elusive species. I included two site covariates (forest type and distance to nearest village) in the occupancy models. Estimating occupancy as a function of site covariates improved model performance and provided insight into landscape-level factors that affect species occurrence. In the top-ranked models, serow occupancy was higher in hill evergreen forest (HEGF) than semi-evergreen forest (SEGF). Muntjac occupancy was higher in areas further from villages. Macaque occupancy was higher in areas closer to villages. Wild pig occupancy was higher in areas further from villages and in HEGF. I recommend using an occupancy framework to analyze occurrence data for difficult-to-study tropical mammal species. The results highlight the importance of Xe Sap NPA for large mammal conservation in the region.<br>text
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Maier, Thomas J. "An Assessment of the Trapping Web for the Density Estimation of Small Mammals." 2003. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/3215.
Full textAbstract:
Investigations in various fields of research require reliable population density estimates of small mammals. Such estimates allow the direct comparison of independent experimental results and statistical synthesis via meta-analyses, thereby broadening our ecological knowledge. The reliability of traditional density estimation techniques is uncertain, because procedures by which the effective area of open, unbound populations may be determined have not been satisfactorily developed. To circumvent this problem, Anderson and others (1983) proposed a distance-sampling method (the "trapping web") that provides a direct estimate of population density without requiring an area estimate; yet, its use has been infrequent.
A literature review suggests that non-use or unsuccessful use of the trapping web is due to the large effot required (big grids, many traps) and/or low individual captures; as such, further work is needed to establish how small a trapping web will perform well. Nonetheless, other more fundamental work seems more important initially. Using data representing a wide range of murid population densities from seven forested sites in central Massachusetts, 1996-98, I assessed the movement of individual white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) captured on trapping webs to determine the effect of the methods inherent trap/bait gradient. I also evaluated variation in capture probability (heterogeneity) for these mice and sourthern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) to elucidate this behavior's effect on trapping web estimates. Finally, I compared trapping-web estimates to density estimates derived from mark-recapture grids for the same populations to assess method performance.
Mice were apparently displaced toward trapping web centers; such movement likely exacerbates edge-effect, limits the duration of trial periods, complicates use of web recapture data, and potentially biases density estimates. Heterogeneity had no effect on estimates for either murid, making the post-stratification of data unnecessary. Comparison of density estimates suggests systematic differences in method performance relative to population levels; CAPTURE estimates appeared positively-biased at low- to mid-level densities, whereas DISTANCE estimates appeared positively-biased at the highest population densities observed. Although not without problems, the trapping web method, with its amplitude of trap distances, may prove useful in determining optimal trap spacing; thus providing a long-sought, empirically-defined trap-spacing index specific to small mammal species and habitats.
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Castro, Guilherme Viana de. "Determinants of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) occupancy patterns in Eucalyptus dominated landscapes." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/27924.
Full textAbstract:
The transition of natural areas to forestry plantations is a growing worldwide phenomenon with direct consequences to biodiversity and entire ecosystems by changing forest’s composition and structure. Production plantations are often composed by fast-growing exotic species, aiming economic profit, often at the expense of well-suited habitats for wildlife and ecosystems’ functionality. In the Mediterranean region, production forests composed by Eucalyptus spp. are widely distributed, forming monospecific landscapes with impactful changes in many taxa and altering important ecological dynamics. Given the extension of these production forests, it is important to understand how and in what extent this forest transition influences the ecological dynamics of native biodiversity. In this study, and based on camera trapping data, we evaluate the influence of Eucalyptus globulus production forests in the occupancy patterns of mesocarnivores, using as species-model the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Central Portugal region. Based on a single-season analysis, best-fitted model for red fox detection probability shows a negative influence of tree cover. The occupancy analysis revealed a positive influence of tree cover in red fox occupancy, showing a preference this canid for well-developed forests with a mature tree cover. Also, natural and semi-natural forests showed higher red fox occupancy in comparison with Eucalyptus production forests. The results of this study unravel relevant insights on the influence of production forests in red fox ecology and thus, may contribute to more integrative measures aiming mesocarnivores conservancy in forestry plantations, in the line with a sustainable exploitation of these plantations.<br>A transição de áreas naturais para florestas de produção é um fenómeno global crescente com consequências diretas nos níveis de biodiversidade e
funcionalidade dos ecossistemas, associadas às alterações da composição e estrutura das florestas naturais. As florestas de produção são frequentemente constituídas por espécies exóticas e de rápido crescimento, usadas com o objetivo de obter rendimento económico, muitas vezes em prejuízo de habitats para a vida selvagem e do bom funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Na região mediterrânica, as florestas de produção compostas por diferentes espécies do género Eucalyptus estão amplamente distribuídas, formando paisagens monoespecíficas com impactos em muitos taxa e alternando importantes dinâmicas ecológicas. Dada a extensão destas florestas, é importante perceber como e em que medida estas plantações florestais influenciam as dinâmicas ecológicas da biodiversidade nativa. Neste estudo, e baseado em dados recolhidos por armadilhagem fotográfica, avaliámos a influência das florestas de produção de Eucalyptus globulus nos padrões de ocupação de mesocarnívoros, usando como espécie-modelo a raposa-vermelha (Vulpes vulpes) na região centro de Portugal Continental. A análise uni-sazonal demonstrou que o modelo mais suportado para a probabilidade de deteção da raposa demonstra uma influência negativa da cobertura arbórea. A análise dos padrões de ocupação revela uma influência positiva da cobertura arbórea na ocupação da raposa, mostrando a preferência da raposa por florestas maduras com um substrato arbóreo bem desenvolvido. Áreas naturais demonstram ter uma maior ocupação pela raposa comparativamente a áreas de produção de
eucalipto. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam padrões importantes sobre a influências das florestas de produção de eucalipto na ecologia da raposa e, por isso, são uma importante para a definição de medidas integrativas de conservação de mesocarnívoros em florestas de produção, em consonância com uma exploração sustentável destas plantações.<br>This work was also financially supported by the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028204 funded by FEDER, through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI), and by national funds (OE), through FCT/MCTES.<br>Mestrado em Ecologia Aplicada