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Journal articles on the topic 'Mammalian limb use'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Baudinette, R. V. "The energetics and cardiorespiratory correlates of mammalian terrestrial locomotion." Journal of Experimental Biology 160, no. 1 (1991): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.160.1.209.

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Energy costs of locomotion in mammals can be predicted from running speed and body mass, with the minimum cost decreasing regularly with increasing mass (Mb-0.30). The predictive value of this model is surprising, given the differences in gait and limb structure among mammals. The decrease in mass-specific cost cannot be explained by the work done in moving the limbs and the centre of mass, as animals of different sizes do the same amount of work to move a unit mass a unit distance. The magnitude of the muscle forces involved and the shortening velocity are more likely causes. Terrestrial mamm

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2

Polk, J. D. "Adaptive and phylogenetic influences on musculoskeletal design in cercopithecine primates." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 21 (2002): 3399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.21.3399.

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SUMMARY Broad allometric studies of the musculoskeletal system have frequently sought to explain how locomotor variables have been influenced by body mass. To examine animals that vary widely in body mass, these studies have included taxa that differ in their locomotor adaptations and phylogenetic relatedness. Because these sources of diversity could obscure the effects of body mass,this study was designed to test the effects of adaptive differences in limb proportions and phylogeny, as well as body mass, on locomotor kinematics and extensor muscle mechanical advantage. More specifically, two

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3

Iwaniuk, AN, and IQ Whishaw. "How skilled are the skilled limb movements of the raccoon (Procyon lotor)?" Behavioural Brain Research 99 (June 7, 1999): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4328(98)00067-9.

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Raccoons have been widely used for neurobiological research and with respect to paw (hand) use have been 'considered' to be primates because they display highly developed skilled hand use. Their exceptional manipulatory ability is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective both because they belong to a taxon that is divergent from primates and because most members of their taxon are not especially skilled. Surprisingly, there has been no systematic investigation of their manipulatory ability. This was the purpose of the present study. Captive and zoo-housed raccoons were video recorded during f

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4

Nishimura, H., C. Koseki, M. Imai, and E. J. Braun. "Sodium chloride and water transport in the thin descending limb of Henle of the quail." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 257, no. 6 (1989): F994—F1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1989.257.6.f994.

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Birds and mammals can produce hyperosmotic urine, but their renal morphology and urine-concentrating mechanisms differ. To elucidate the countercurrent urine concentration mechanism in birds, we examined the structure and transport properties of the descending limb (DL) of Henle of mammalian-type nephrons in Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix. In the avian renal medulla, a prominent ring of collecting ducts and scattered thick limbs surrounds a core of capillaries and DLs. Epithelial cells in the upper DL (DLu) have abundant microvilli and shallow, tight junctions; cells in the lower DL are fla

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5

Zakeri, Zahra F., and Harleen Singh Ahuja. "Apoptotic cell death in the limb and its relationship to pattern formation." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 72, no. 11-12 (1994): 603–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o94-080.

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Detection of cell death throughout embryogenesis demonstrates its importance in the normal form and function of the organism. We have examined cellular death during normal limb development by use of markers that display the morphology of cell death, the presence of phagocytic cells, and lysosomal activity. In addition in situ labeling confirms fragmentation of DNA in the mammalian limb. By these criteria, cell death in the developing limb can be categorized as type 1 or apoptotic cell death. However, the signal(s) responsible for cellular destruction and activation of phagocytosis by neighbori

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6

Doube, Michael, Alessandro A. Felder, Melissa Y. Chua, et al. "Limb bone scaling in hopping macropods and quadrupedal artiodactyls." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 10 (2018): 180152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180152.

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Bone adaptation is modulated by the timing, direction, rate and magnitude of mechanical loads. To investigate whether frequent slow, or infrequent fast, gaits could dominate bone adaptation to load, we compared scaling of the limb bones from two mammalian herbivore clades that use radically different high-speed gaits, bipedal hopping (suborder Macropodiformes; kangaroos and kin) and quadrupedal galloping (order Artiodactyla; goats, deer and kin). Forelimb and hindlimb bones were collected from 20 artiodactyl and 15 macropod species (body mass M 1.05–1536 kg) and scanned in computed tomography

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7

Kaplan, Gisela, and Lesley J. Rogers. "Brain Size Associated with Foot Preferences in Australian Parrots." Symmetry 13, no. 5 (2021): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13050867.

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Since foot preference of cockatoos and parrots to hold and manipulate food and other objects has been associated with better ability to perform certain tasks, we predicted that either strength or direction of foot preference would correlate with brain size. Our study of 25 psittacine species of Australia found that species with larger absolute brain mass have stronger foot preferences and that percent left-footedness is correlated positively with brain mass. In a sub-sample of 11 species, we found an association between foot preference and size of the nidopallial region of the telencephalon, a

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8

Gál, Julianna M. "Spinal flexion and locomotor energetics in kangaroo, monkey, and tiger." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 12 (1992): 2444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-329.

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It has been suggested that galloping is the most economical gait for mammals to use in high-speed locomotion, because galloping makes it possible for kinetic energy associated with leg movements to be stored briefly as strain energy in elastic structures in the back. When this strain energy is returned in elastic recoil, it reduces the total amount of work done by the muscles. This hypothesis was tested in the context of the passive mechanical properties of mammalian intervertebral joints in sagittal bending. The specific strain energies absorbed (EIN/mass) were expressed as power functions of

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9

Koh, Jennifer M. S., Leesa Haynes, Katherine Belov, and Philip W. Kuchel. "L-to-D-peptide isomerase in male echidna venom." Australian Journal of Zoology 58, no. 5 (2010): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10045.

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The monotremes (the echidnas and the platypus) display both mammalian and reptilian features. Male monotremes have a bilateral crural gland that is connected via a duct to a spur on each hind limb. Male echidnas appear not to use their spurs as weapons in aggressive acts, but the crural system may have a role in reproductive behaviour because it appears only to be active during the breeding season. The secretions produced by the echidna’s crural gland have not hitherto been biochemically or pharmacologically characterised. We used reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)

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10

Senter, Phil, and John G. Moch. "A critical survey of vestigial structures in the postcranial skeletons of extant mammals." PeerJ 3 (November 24, 2015): e1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1439.

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In the Mammalia, vestigial skeletal structures abound but have not previously been the focus of study, with a few exceptions (e.g., whale pelves). Here we use a phylogenetic bracketing approach to identify vestigial structures in mammalian postcranial skeletons and present a descriptive survey of such structures in the Mammalia. We also correct previous misidentifications, including the previous misidentification of vestigial caviid metatarsals as sesamoids. We also examine the phylogenetic distribution of vestigiality and loss. This distribution indicates multiple vestigialization and loss ev

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11

Shiels, Holly A., Sarah C. Calaghan, and Ed White. "The Cellular Basis for Enhanced Volume-modulated Cardiac Output in Fish Hearts." Journal of General Physiology 128, no. 1 (2006): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200609543.

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During vertebrate evolution there has been a shift in the way in which the heart varies cardiac output (the product of heart rate and stroke volume). While mammals, birds, and amphibians increase cardiac output through large increases in heart rate and only modest increases (∼30%) in stroke volume, fish and some reptiles use modest increases in heart rate and very large increases in stroke volume (up to 300%). The cellular mechanisms underlying these fundamentally different approaches to cardiac output modulation are unknown. We hypothesized that the divergence between volume modulation and fr

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12

Webb, Nicole M. "The Functional and Allometric Implications of Hipbone Trabecular Microarchitecture in a Sample of Eutherian and Metatherian Mammals." Evolutionary Biology 48, no. 3 (2021): 346–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11692-021-09543-z.

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AbstractThe pelvis plays an active role in weight bearing and countering the ground reaction forces incurred by the hindlimbs thus making it a critical component of the locomotor skeleton. Accordingly, this anatomical region is theoretically ideal for inferring locomotor behavior from both external skeletal morphology and trabecular microarchitecture, with the latter possibly offering nuanced insights into the mechanical loading environment given its increased plasticity and higher turnover rate. However, trabecular microarchitecture is also known to be influenced by a variety of factors inclu

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13

Hill, Warren G., John C. Mathai, Rebekah H. Gensure, et al. "Permeabilities of teleost and elasmobranch gill apical membranes: evidence that lipid bilayers alone do not account for barrier function." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 287, no. 1 (2004): C235—C242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00017.2004.

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Teleosts and elasmobranchs faced with considerable osmotic challenges living in sea water, use compensatory mechanisms to survive the loss of water (teleosts) and urea (elasmobranchs) across epithelial surfaces. We hypothesized that the gill, with a high surface area for gas exchange must have an apical membrane of exceptionally low permeability to prevent equilibration between seawater and plasma. We isolated apical membrane vesicles from the gills of Pleuronectes americanus (winter flounder) and Squalus acanthias (dogfish shark) and demonstrated approximately sixfold enrichment of the apical

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14

Thomas, C. K., R. S. Johansson, and B. Bigland-Ritchie. "Attempts to physiologically classify human thenar motor units." Journal of Neurophysiology 65, no. 6 (1991): 1501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.65.6.1501.

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1. This study was designed to determine whether human thenar motor units can be classified into types by the same physiological criteria used for other mammalian limb motor units and to consider whether such classification is functionally relevant. 2. Contractile responses of 25 human thenar single motor units were examined when their motor axons were stimulated intraneurally at rates from 1 to 100 Hz and intermittently at 40 Hz in a conventional 2-min fatigue test. Twitch and tetanic forces were measured together with various indexes of contractile rate. 3. Twitch contraction times and subtet

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15

Lavelle, J. P., H. O. Negrete, P. A. Poland, et al. "Low permeabilities of MDCK cell monolayers: a model barrier epithelium." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 273, no. 1 (1997): F67—F75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1997.273.1.f67.

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Barrier epithelia such as the renal collecting duct (in the absence of antidiuretic hormone) and thick ascending limb, as well as the stomach and mammalian bladder, exhibit extremely low permeabilities to water and small nonelectrolytes. A cell culture model of such epithelia is needed to determine how the structure of barrier apical membranes reduce permeability and how such membranes may be generated and maintained. In the present studies, the transepithelial electrical resistance and isotopic water and urea fluxes were measured for Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) type I and type II cells,

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16

Gasc, Jean-Pierre. "Asymmetrical gait of the Saharian rodent Meriones shawi shawi (Duvernoy, 1842) (Rodentia, Mammalia): a high-speed cineradiographic analysis." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 4 (1993): 790–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-104.

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The fast gait of jirds (Meriones shawi shawi) was analyzed by means of high-speed X-ray cinematographic film (500 frames/s). The gait is asymmetrical, related to the transverse gallop with a cycle duration of 0.15 s, for a speed of 1 m∙s−1. The flight phase, which can last for up to 10% of the cycle duration, follows the takeoff of one anterior limb. The kinematics of the hind limb reveal that the angular excursion of the femur is small, but is increased 100% by dorsiflexion (stance phase) and ventroflexion (swing phase) of the vertebral column. During the propulsive moment, the knee joint is

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17

Ramwani, Miteshkumar, Claire O’Neill, Lea Solman, Alex Barnacle, Mary Glover, and Satyamaanasa Polubothu. "PA09 Clinical characterization of a cohort of KRAS-associated low-flow vascular anomalies." British Journal of Dermatology 191, Supplement_1 (2024): i126—i127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljae090.264.

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Abstract Low-flow vascular malformations with associated overgrowth are most often caused by somatic activating variants in the gene PIK3CA. Discovering the genetic basis in this cohort has transformed treatment prospects and enabled targeted medical therapy with inhibitors of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase–AKT–mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. However, a small number of patients are negative for PIK3CA mutations, and identification of such individuals is important to enable stratification for appropriate targeted medical therapies. We report here three patients with low-flow vascular anom

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18

Frigon, Alain. "The neural control of interlimb coordination during mammalian locomotion." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 6 (2017): 2224–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00978.2016.

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Neuronal networks within the spinal cord directly control rhythmic movements of the arms/forelimbs and legs/hindlimbs during locomotion in mammals. For an effective locomotion, these networks must be flexibly coordinated to allow for various gait patterns and independent use of the arms/forelimbs. This coordination can be accomplished by mechanisms intrinsic to the spinal cord, somatosensory feedback from the limbs, and various supraspinal pathways. Incomplete spinal cord injury disrupts some of the pathways and structures involved in interlimb coordination, often leading to a disruption in th

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19

Vecchioni, Luca, Davide Bellucci, Riccardo Novaga, Francesco Paolo Faraone, Serge Utevsky, and Federico Marrone. "Further evidence of the southern Mediterranean medicinal leech Hirudo verbana (Annelida, Hirudinea) feeding on fish, with a review of the use of fish hosts by Hirudo spp." Limnetica 44, no. 1 (2025): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23818/limn.44.07.

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Although often considered primarily hematophagous on mammalian blood, the leeches belonging to the genus Hirudo can feed on several other vertebrate hosts. However, to date, little is known about the feeding ecology of medicinal leeches in the wild, and the few available observations mostly deals with the European medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis. Since even closely related Hirudo species have different functional morphology and ecological preferences, the observations carried out on one species cannot be automatically generalized to the other medicinal leeches, and targeted surveys must be

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20

Saunders, Norman R., Katarzyna M. Dziegielewska, Sophie C. Whish, et al. "A bipedal mammalian model for spinal cord injury research: The tammar wallaby." F1000Research 6 (June 15, 2017): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11712.1.

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Background: Most animal studies of spinal cord injury are conducted in quadrupeds, usually rodents. It is unclear to what extent functional results from such studies can be translated to bipedal species such as humans because bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion involve very different patterns of spinal control of muscle coordination. Bipedalism requires upright trunk stability and coordinated postural muscle control; it has been suggested that peripheral sensory input is less important in humans than quadrupeds for recovery of locomotion following spinal injury. Methods: We used an Australian m

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Virgilio, Maria, Elspeth Payne, Anupama Narla, et al. "Treatment of Zebrafish Models of Ribosomopathies (Diamond Blackfan Anemia (DBA) and 5q- Syndrome) with L-Leucine Results In An Improvement of Anemia and Developmental Defects: Evidence for a Common Pathway?" Blood 116, no. 21 (2010): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.195.195.

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Abstract Abstract 195 A growing number of disorders associated with impaired ribosome biogenesis and function have been recently recognized and termed ribosomopathies. The first of these to be identified was Diamond Blackfan Anemia (DBA), a congenital autosomal dominant bone marrow failure syndrome of childhood manifested as profound macrocytic anemia. DBA is characterized by enhanced sensitivity of hematopoietic progenitors to apoptosis with evidence of stress erythropoiesis. In addition to bone marrow defects, DBA patients often have craniofacial, genitourinary, cardiac and limb abnormalitie

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22

Farley, C. T., and T. C. Ko. "Mechanics of locomotion in lizards." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 16 (1997): 2177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.16.2177.

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Lizards bend their trunks laterally with each step of locomotion and, as a result, their locomotion appears to be fundamentally different from mammalian locomotion. The goal of the present study was to determine whether lizards use the same two basic gaits as other legged animals or whether they use a mechanically unique gait due to lateral trunk bending. Force platform and kinematic measurements revealed that two species of lizards, Coleonyx variegatus and Eumeces skiltonianus, used two basic gaits similar to mammalian walking and trotting gaits. In both gaits, the kinetic energy fluctuations

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23

Forster, Karine M., Daiane D. Hartwig, Fabiana K. Seixas, et al. "A Conserved Region of Leptospiral Immunoglobulin-Like A and B Proteins as a DNA Vaccine Elicits a Prophylactic Immune Response against Leptospirosis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 5 (2013): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00601-12.

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ABSTRACTThe leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig) proteins LigA and LigB possess immunoglobulin-like domains with 90-amino-acid repeats and are adhesion molecules involved in pathogenicity. They are conserved in pathogenicLeptospiraspp. and thus are of interest for use as serodiagnostic antigens and in recombinant vaccine formulations. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the LigA and LigB proteins are identical, but the C-terminal sequences vary. In this study, we evaluated the protective potential of five truncated forms of LigA and LigB proteins fromLeptospira interrogansserovar Canicola

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24

Tomassini, Rodrigo Leandro, María Dolores Pesquero, Mariana Carolina Garrone, et al. "First osteohistological and histotaphonomic approach of Equus occidentalis Leidy, 1865 (Mammalia, Equidae) from the late Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea (California, USA)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (2021): e0261915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261915.

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Rancho La Brea (California, USA) is the most emblematic Quaternary fossiliferous locality in the world, since both the high number and diversity of the specimens recovered and their excellent preservational quality. In the last decades, paleobiological and paleoecological knowledge of the different groups of mammals from this site has increased notably; however, some aspects have not yet been inquired or there is little information. In this work we provide information on one of the most abundant mammals of this site, the equid Equus occidentalis, based on the study, from osteohistological and

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25

Lim, Wayland, Eric S. Neff, and J. David Furlow. "The mouse muscle creatine kinase promoter faithfully drives reporter gene expression in transgenicXenopus laevis." Physiological Genomics 18, no. 1 (2004): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00148.2003.

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Developing Xenopus laevis experience two periods of muscle differentiation, once during embryogenesis and again at metamorphosis. During metamorphosis, thyroid hormone induces both muscle growth in the limbs and muscle death in the tail. In mammals, the muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene is activated during the differentiation from myoblasts to myocytes and has served as both a marker for muscle development and to drive transgene expression in transgenic mice. Transcriptional control elements are generally highly conserved throughout evolution, potentially allowing mouse promoter use in transge

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Singer, David, Hermann Hondong, and Markus Dietz. "Habitat use of Bechstein's Bat (Myotis bechsteinii) and woodpeckers reveals the importance of old-growth features in European beech forests." Forest Ecology and Management 498 (June 12, 2021): 119547. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13470626.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Old-growth forests provide valuable habitats for bat and woodpecker species worldwide. However, the abun dance of old-growth related habitat features is frequently reduced in managed forests. Bechstein's Bat (Myotis bechsteinii, KUHL 1817) is globally restricted to old-growth deciduous forests in Europe and therefore a species of high European conservation priority. Since the species prefers woodpecker cavities for roosting, woodpeckers are keystone species for Bechstein's Bat. We surveyed woodpecker activity and forest structural features wi

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Singer, David, Hermann Hondong, and Markus Dietz. "Habitat use of Bechstein's Bat (Myotis bechsteinii) and woodpeckers reveals the importance of old-growth features in European beech forests." Forest Ecology and Management 498 (June 7, 2021): 119547. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13470626.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Old-growth forests provide valuable habitats for bat and woodpecker species worldwide. However, the abun dance of old-growth related habitat features is frequently reduced in managed forests. Bechstein's Bat (Myotis bechsteinii, KUHL 1817) is globally restricted to old-growth deciduous forests in Europe and therefore a species of high European conservation priority. Since the species prefers woodpecker cavities for roosting, woodpeckers are keystone species for Bechstein's Bat. We surveyed woodpecker activity and forest structural features wi

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28

Singer, David, Hermann Hondong, and Markus Dietz. "Habitat use of Bechstein's Bat (Myotis bechsteinii) and woodpeckers reveals the importance of old-growth features in European beech forests." Forest Ecology and Management 498 (July 3, 2021): 119547. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13470626.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Old-growth forests provide valuable habitats for bat and woodpecker species worldwide. However, the abun dance of old-growth related habitat features is frequently reduced in managed forests. Bechstein's Bat (Myotis bechsteinii, KUHL 1817) is globally restricted to old-growth deciduous forests in Europe and therefore a species of high European conservation priority. Since the species prefers woodpecker cavities for roosting, woodpeckers are keystone species for Bechstein's Bat. We surveyed woodpecker activity and forest structural features wi

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29

Singer, David, Hermann Hondong, and Markus Dietz. "Habitat use of Bechstein's Bat (Myotis bechsteinii) and woodpeckers reveals the importance of old-growth features in European beech forests." Forest Ecology and Management 498 (July 10, 2021): 119547. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13470626.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Old-growth forests provide valuable habitats for bat and woodpecker species worldwide. However, the abun dance of old-growth related habitat features is frequently reduced in managed forests. Bechstein's Bat (Myotis bechsteinii, KUHL 1817) is globally restricted to old-growth deciduous forests in Europe and therefore a species of high European conservation priority. Since the species prefers woodpecker cavities for roosting, woodpeckers are keystone species for Bechstein's Bat. We surveyed woodpecker activity and forest structural features wi

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Singer, David, Hermann Hondong, and Markus Dietz. "Habitat use of Bechstein's Bat (Myotis bechsteinii) and woodpeckers reveals the importance of old-growth features in European beech forests." Forest Ecology and Management 498 (July 17, 2021): 119547. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13470626.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Old-growth forests provide valuable habitats for bat and woodpecker species worldwide. However, the abun dance of old-growth related habitat features is frequently reduced in managed forests. Bechstein's Bat (Myotis bechsteinii, KUHL 1817) is globally restricted to old-growth deciduous forests in Europe and therefore a species of high European conservation priority. Since the species prefers woodpecker cavities for roosting, woodpeckers are keystone species for Bechstein's Bat. We surveyed woodpecker activity and forest structural features wi

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31

Pérez, M. Julieta, Rubén M. Barquez, and M. Mónica Díaz. "Morphology of the limbs in the semi-fossorial desert rodent species of Tympanoctomys (Octodontidae, Rodentia)." ZooKeys 710 (October 19, 2017): 77–96. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.710.14033.

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Here, a detailed description of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of all living species of the genus Tympanoctomys are presented. These rodents, highly adapted to desert environments, are semi-fossorial with capacity to move on the surface as well as to build burrows. The shape, structure, and size of the limbs are described. Contrary to what was expected for scratch digging semi-fossorial species, Tympanoctomys have slender humerus, radius and ulna; with narrow epicondyles of the humerus and short olecranon of the ulna with poorly developed processes. Following our descriptions, no intrageneric mor

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32

Shockey, Bruce J., Darin A. Croft, and Federico Anaya. "Analysis of function in the absence of extant functional homologues: a case study using mesotheriid notoungulates (Mammalia)." Paleobiology 33, no. 2 (2007): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/05052.1.

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We use two approaches to test hypotheses regarding function in a group of extinct mammals (Family Mesotheriidae, Order Notoungulata) that lack any close extant relatives: a principle-derived paradigm method and empirically derived analog method. Metric and discrete morphological traits of mesotheriid postcranial elements are found to be consistent with the morphology predicted by a modified version of Hildebrand's paradigm for scratch diggers. Ratios of in-force to out-force lever arms based on skeletal elements indicate that the mesotheriids examined had limbs modified for high out-forces (i.

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Biemesderfer, D., P. A. Rutherford, T. Nagy, J. H. Pizzonia, A. K. Abu-Alfa, and P. S. Aronson. "Monoclonal antibodies for high-resolution localization of NHE3 in adult and neonatal rat kidney." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 273, no. 2 (1997): F289—F299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1997.273.2.f289.

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Previous immunochemical studies have shown that NHE3 is an apical Na+/H+ exchanger in some renal epithelia. The purpose of the present study was to develop high-affinity, isoform-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that would be useful for carrying out high-resolution immunocytochemical studies of NHE3 in the adult and neonatal mammalian kidney. Three MAbs were developed to a fusion protein containing amino acids 702-832 of rabbit NHE3. Specificity was established by immunoblotting membranes from NHE-deficient LAP cells that had been transfected with either NHE1,-2, -3, or -4. With the use o

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Ford, W. Mark, Sheldon F. Owen, John W. Edwards, and Jane L. Rodrigue. "Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust) as Day-roosts of Male Myotis septentrionalis (Northern Bats) on the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia." Northeastern Naturalist 13, no. 1 (2006): 15–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13483013.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) During the summer of 2003, we captured and radiotagged ten male Myotis septentrionalis (northern bats) on the Fernow Experimental Forest (FEF) in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia to investigate day-roost selection. Of 16 roosts that were located, 13 were in Robinia pseudoacacia (black locusts), five in snags and eight in live trees. The other three roosts occurred in a Sassafras albidum (sassafras) snag and two live Acer saccharum (sugar maples). All live trees used as roosts were medium to large, canopy-dominant trees with considerabl

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35

Ford, W. Mark, Sheldon F. Owen, John W. Edwards, and Jane L. Rodrigue. "Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust) as Day-roosts of Male Myotis septentrionalis (Northern Bats) on the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia." Northeastern Naturalist 13, no. 1 (2006): 15–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13483013.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) During the summer of 2003, we captured and radiotagged ten male Myotis septentrionalis (northern bats) on the Fernow Experimental Forest (FEF) in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia to investigate day-roost selection. Of 16 roosts that were located, 13 were in Robinia pseudoacacia (black locusts), five in snags and eight in live trees. The other three roosts occurred in a Sassafras albidum (sassafras) snag and two live Acer saccharum (sugar maples). All live trees used as roosts were medium to large, canopy-dominant trees with considerabl

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36

Ford, W. Mark, Sheldon F. Owen, John W. Edwards, and Jane L. Rodrigue. "Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust) as Day-roosts of Male Myotis septentrionalis (Northern Bats) on the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia." Northeastern Naturalist 13, no. 1 (2006): 15–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13483013.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) During the summer of 2003, we captured and radiotagged ten male Myotis septentrionalis (northern bats) on the Fernow Experimental Forest (FEF) in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia to investigate day-roost selection. Of 16 roosts that were located, 13 were in Robinia pseudoacacia (black locusts), five in snags and eight in live trees. The other three roosts occurred in a Sassafras albidum (sassafras) snag and two live Acer saccharum (sugar maples). All live trees used as roosts were medium to large, canopy-dominant trees with considerabl

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37

Ford, W. Mark, Sheldon F. Owen, John W. Edwards, and Jane L. Rodrigue. "Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust) as Day-roosts of Male Myotis septentrionalis (Northern Bats) on the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia." Northeastern Naturalist 13, no. 1 (2006): 15–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13483013.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) During the summer of 2003, we captured and radiotagged ten male Myotis septentrionalis (northern bats) on the Fernow Experimental Forest (FEF) in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia to investigate day-roost selection. Of 16 roosts that were located, 13 were in Robinia pseudoacacia (black locusts), five in snags and eight in live trees. The other three roosts occurred in a Sassafras albidum (sassafras) snag and two live Acer saccharum (sugar maples). All live trees used as roosts were medium to large, canopy-dominant trees with considerabl

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38

Ford, W. Mark, Sheldon F. Owen, John W. Edwards, and Jane L. Rodrigue. "Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust) as Day-roosts of Male Myotis septentrionalis (Northern Bats) on the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia." Northeastern Naturalist 13, no. 1 (2006): 15–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13483013.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) During the summer of 2003, we captured and radiotagged ten male Myotis septentrionalis (northern bats) on the Fernow Experimental Forest (FEF) in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia to investigate day-roost selection. Of 16 roosts that were located, 13 were in Robinia pseudoacacia (black locusts), five in snags and eight in live trees. The other three roosts occurred in a Sassafras albidum (sassafras) snag and two live Acer saccharum (sugar maples). All live trees used as roosts were medium to large, canopy-dominant trees with considerabl

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39

Grodsky, Steven M., Melissa J. Behr, Andrew Gendler, et al. "Investigating the causes of death for wind turbine-associated bat fatalities." Journal of Mammalogy 92, no. 5 (2011): 917–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13475780.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Wind turbine-associated bat mortality is occurring at unanticipated rates, yet our understanding of the causes of these fatalities is limited. The prominent proximate causes of bat deaths at wind turbines are direct collision (i.e., blunt-force trauma) and barotrauma. The objectives of this study were to use veterinary diagnostic procedures to determine the lesions associated with bats killed by wind turbines and investigate relationships between patterns of injuries and proximate causes of death. A majority of the bats (74%; 29 of 39) examine

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40

Grodsky, Steven M., Melissa J. Behr, Andrew Gendler, et al. "Investigating the causes of death for wind turbine-associated bat fatalities." Journal of Mammalogy 92, no. 5 (2011): 917–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13475780.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Wind turbine-associated bat mortality is occurring at unanticipated rates, yet our understanding of the causes of these fatalities is limited. The prominent proximate causes of bat deaths at wind turbines are direct collision (i.e., blunt-force trauma) and barotrauma. The objectives of this study were to use veterinary diagnostic procedures to determine the lesions associated with bats killed by wind turbines and investigate relationships between patterns of injuries and proximate causes of death. A majority of the bats (74%; 29 of 39) examine

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41

Grodsky, Steven M., Melissa J. Behr, Andrew Gendler, et al. "Investigating the causes of death for wind turbine-associated bat fatalities." Journal of Mammalogy 92, no. 5 (2011): 917–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13475780.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Wind turbine-associated bat mortality is occurring at unanticipated rates, yet our understanding of the causes of these fatalities is limited. The prominent proximate causes of bat deaths at wind turbines are direct collision (i.e., blunt-force trauma) and barotrauma. The objectives of this study were to use veterinary diagnostic procedures to determine the lesions associated with bats killed by wind turbines and investigate relationships between patterns of injuries and proximate causes of death. A majority of the bats (74%; 29 of 39) examine

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42

Grodsky, Steven M., Melissa J. Behr, Andrew Gendler, et al. "Investigating the causes of death for wind turbine-associated bat fatalities." Journal of Mammalogy 92, no. 5 (2011): 917–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13475780.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Wind turbine-associated bat mortality is occurring at unanticipated rates, yet our understanding of the causes of these fatalities is limited. The prominent proximate causes of bat deaths at wind turbines are direct collision (i.e., blunt-force trauma) and barotrauma. The objectives of this study were to use veterinary diagnostic procedures to determine the lesions associated with bats killed by wind turbines and investigate relationships between patterns of injuries and proximate causes of death. A majority of the bats (74%; 29 of 39) examine

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43

Grodsky, Steven M., Melissa J. Behr, Andrew Gendler, et al. "Investigating the causes of death for wind turbine-associated bat fatalities." Journal of Mammalogy 92, no. 5 (2011): 917–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13475780.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Wind turbine-associated bat mortality is occurring at unanticipated rates, yet our understanding of the causes of these fatalities is limited. The prominent proximate causes of bat deaths at wind turbines are direct collision (i.e., blunt-force trauma) and barotrauma. The objectives of this study were to use veterinary diagnostic procedures to determine the lesions associated with bats killed by wind turbines and investigate relationships between patterns of injuries and proximate causes of death. A majority of the bats (74%; 29 of 39) examine

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44

Cheney, Jorn A., Justine J. Allen, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Diversity in the organization of elastin bundles and intramembranous muscles in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 230, no. 4 (2017): 510–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472959.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike birds and insects, bats fly with wings composed of thin skin that envelops the bones of the forelimb and spans the area between the limbs, digits, and sometimes the tail. This skin is complex and unusual; it is thinner than typical mammalian skin and contains organized bundles of elastin and embedded skeletal muscles. These elements are likely responsible for controlling the shape of the wing during flight and contributing to the aerodynamic capabilities of bats. We examined the arrangement of two macroscopic architectural elements in b

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45

Cheney, Jorn A., Justine J. Allen, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Diversity in the organization of elastin bundles and intramembranous muscles in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 230, no. 4 (2017): 510–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472959.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike birds and insects, bats fly with wings composed of thin skin that envelops the bones of the forelimb and spans the area between the limbs, digits, and sometimes the tail. This skin is complex and unusual; it is thinner than typical mammalian skin and contains organized bundles of elastin and embedded skeletal muscles. These elements are likely responsible for controlling the shape of the wing during flight and contributing to the aerodynamic capabilities of bats. We examined the arrangement of two macroscopic architectural elements in b

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46

Cheney, Jorn A., Justine J. Allen, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Diversity in the organization of elastin bundles and intramembranous muscles in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 230, no. 4 (2017): 510–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472959.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike birds and insects, bats fly with wings composed of thin skin that envelops the bones of the forelimb and spans the area between the limbs, digits, and sometimes the tail. This skin is complex and unusual; it is thinner than typical mammalian skin and contains organized bundles of elastin and embedded skeletal muscles. These elements are likely responsible for controlling the shape of the wing during flight and contributing to the aerodynamic capabilities of bats. We examined the arrangement of two macroscopic architectural elements in b

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47

Cheney, Jorn A., Justine J. Allen, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Diversity in the organization of elastin bundles and intramembranous muscles in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 230, no. 4 (2017): 510–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472959.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike birds and insects, bats fly with wings composed of thin skin that envelops the bones of the forelimb and spans the area between the limbs, digits, and sometimes the tail. This skin is complex and unusual; it is thinner than typical mammalian skin and contains organized bundles of elastin and embedded skeletal muscles. These elements are likely responsible for controlling the shape of the wing during flight and contributing to the aerodynamic capabilities of bats. We examined the arrangement of two macroscopic architectural elements in b

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48

Cheney, Jorn A., Justine J. Allen, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Diversity in the organization of elastin bundles and intramembranous muscles in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 230, no. 4 (2017): 510–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13472959.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Unlike birds and insects, bats fly with wings composed of thin skin that envelops the bones of the forelimb and spans the area between the limbs, digits, and sometimes the tail. This skin is complex and unusual; it is thinner than typical mammalian skin and contains organized bundles of elastin and embedded skeletal muscles. These elements are likely responsible for controlling the shape of the wing during flight and contributing to the aerodynamic capabilities of bats. We examined the arrangement of two macroscopic architectural elements in b

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49

Laundre, John. "The Impact of Wolf Reintroduction on the Foraging Efficency of Elk and Bison." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 22 (January 1, 1998): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1998.3363.

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More and more, evidence indicates that nonÂlethal interactions between large mammalian ungulates and the predators that feed on them may play significant roles in ungulate population dynamics. Although predators such as wolves and mountain lions directly impact large ungulates like elk (Cervus elaphus) when they kill individuals, the fact that they scare their prey may actually have a greater long term impact on the population (Kotler and Hoyt 1989, Brown 1992, Brown and Alkon 1990 Brown et al. 1999). In response to predation risk, foraging animals are found balancing conflicting demands for

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Raymond, J. R., J. Kim, R. E. Beach, and C. C. Tisher. "Immunohistochemical mapping of cellular and subcellular distribution of 5-HT1A receptors in rat and human kidneys." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 264, no. 1 (1993): F9—F19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1993.264.1.f9.

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Northern blotting studies have demonstrated mRNA for the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor in human neonatal kidney (B. K. Kobilka, T. Frielle, S. Collins, T. Yang-Feng, T. S. Kobilka, U. Francke, R. J. Lefkowitz, and M. G. Caron. Nature Lond. 329: 75-79, 1987). To confirm expression of receptor protein in kidney, we raised antibodies to two peptides derived from the third intracellular loop of the human 5-HT1A receptor. Specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) was purified sequentially on protein A-Sepharose and peptide-Affigel 10 columns. Each IgG was able to: 1) quantitatively immunoprecipitate [3H]8-OH-2-(

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