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Basa, Frank Edward. "Project management and organization structure in drug development." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11353.
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Sassine, Jad(Jad G. ). "How network structure impacts socially reinforced diffusion?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/126964.
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Thesis: S.M. in Management Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, May, 2020<br>Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 27-28).<br>Social scientists have long studied adoption choices that depend on the number of prior adopters. What is the effect of network structure on such adoption dynamics? The emerging consensus holds that when agents require a high reinforcement threshold for adoption, clustered networks are better conduits of social contagion than random ones. Using models with deterministic thresholds this argument formalizes the idea that transmission will get 'stuck' should the number of neighboring adopters fall below a threshold. In this paper, we explore the effect of stochastic thresholds on the diffusion races between random and clustered networks. We show that even low probabilities of adoption upon a single contact would tilt the balance in favor of random networks, a tendency that is reinforced with the size of the network. Moreover, if repeated signals from the same adopter can reinforce a message, random networks are further promoted. However, we also show that clustered networks can still be preferred over random networks if adopters become 'inactive' - i.e. they stop sending messages - with high probability. These findings refocus our theoretical understanding of how network structure moderates social influence, and raises new questions on contagion phenomena that benefit from clustered networks.<br>by Jad Sassine.<br>S.M. in Management Research<br>S.M.inManagementResearch Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management
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Martinez, Delgado Juan Carlos. "Designing the organizational structure for an entrepreneurial venture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59139.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2010.<br>"June 2010." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>BS Grupo is a Peruvian entrepreneurial venture begun in 2000. The company has grown relatively fast, becoming a leading training provider in Peru. The venture delivers high level and specialized training services in the the areas of mining and information technologies, and on specific topics, such as project, maintenance, and quality management. Although it has experienced relatively fast growth, BS Grupo has missed market opportunities and has delayed the deployment of strategic projects needed for its long term sustainability. The company has developed strong capabilities to identify market opportunities and to configure products to address them; however, BS Grupo has experienced major problems in the areas of people management and organizational structure. This thesis analyzes the current organizational design of BS Grupo using three lenses: strategic, political and cultural. Recommendations are made to develop a new organizational design that supports the growth plans of the venture.<br>by Juan Carlos Martinez Delgado.<br>S.M.
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Diehl, Ernst-Walter. "Effects of feedback structure on dynamic decision making." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13151.
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Sastry, Trilochan. "Polyhedral structure of the product cycling problem with changeover costs." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14089.
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Gollan, Hugh. "The New Zealand dairy industry--international trade & industry structure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13343.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1991.<br>Title as it appears in the June, 1991 M.I.T. Graduate List: International trade in dairy products and the New Zeland industry.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>by Hugh Gollan.<br>M.S.
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Malinge, Jean-Louis. "The impact of German telecommunications deregulation on the industry structure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10955.
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McCabe, Mark J. "Industrial structure and technological change in the nuclear power industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13088.
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Nebiyeloul-Kifle, Yonas 1964. "Application of the Design Structure Matrix to integrated product development process." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33664.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2005.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-40).<br>A challenging aspect of managing complex product development process is the ability to account for iterations, which are inherent in the design process. A leading edge approach to account for iterations in development process is Design Structure Matrix (DSM). This thesis presents an application of DSM methodology to the project planning and management phase of an integrated product development process. The thesis starts by introducing the project management and planning phase of Raytheon's integrated product development process. It presents the DSM methodology applied to construct the baseline DSM model including the analysis performed. The thesis then describes the characterizations performed to augment the DSM capability to study the information exchange dynamics. To capture the hierarchical structure of the integrated product development process, the thesis employed a hierarchical DSM analysis tool, Arch. An improved process architecture is thus developed by applying DSM partitioning analysis. Finally, the thesis concludes by presenting the improvements gained and the proposed process for the project management and planning phase.<br>by Yonas Nebiyeloul-Kifle.<br>M.B.A.
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Sinha, Deepak K. "Multiple point competition as a predictor or strategy, structure and economic preference." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13877.
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Fernandez-Mateo, Maria-Isabel 1974. "How free are free agents? : the relational structure of high-end contract work." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17800.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 185-193).<br>This dissertation evaluates the extent to which temporary work enables or constrains workers' careers, by moving beyond a polarized image of contingent employment as "free agency" versus "exploitation." I argue that, in order to comprehend this phenomenon, we need to acknowledge and understand the triadic structure of contingent labor markets, in which transactions between workers and firms are mediated by intermediary organizations. The thesis shows that the triadic system of relationships in which intermediaries are embedded contributes to shape market processes, by significantly influencing prices, wages and other individual career outcomes. I combine in-depth statistical analyses of a unique dataset of job histories and client data from a specialized staffing firm with interviews among high-skill contractors in the creative information technology sector (web designers, programmers, etc.). The dissertation is organized into three papers that provide distinct insights on different aspects of the triadic labor market context, yet all of them focus on the relational processes that underlie this phenomenon. The first paper shows that the nature of the staffing agency's inter-organizational relationships with clients has significant consequences for price and wage determination. The second paper focuses on the relationships between the staffing agency and its contractors, by showing the existence of tenure premiums in this agency and explaining its causes. Finally, the last paper presents a qualitative study of how workers perceive and experience triadic employment relationships. This dissertation's findings contribute to the literature on contingent employment by providing a nuanced picture of this phenomenon, as well as by showing that<br>(cont.) intermediaries are not simply neutral devices that companies use to increase flexibility. In fact, the triadic configuration of externalized labor markets is highly organized and socially structured. My results also contribute to the literature on market mediation, by analyzing brokerage beyond the broker itself and studying its consequences on third parties. They also help open the "black box" of brokerage organizations, uncovering the specific ways in which these affect market outcomes. Finally, these findings contribute to a nascent stream of research in Economic Sociology that analyzes the effects of inter-organizational ties and networks on price determination.<br>by Maria-Isabel Fernandez-Mateo.<br>Ph.D.
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Bellopatrick, Gregory R. 1954. "A strategic analysis of the organizational structure for vehicle development at General Motors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9988.
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Stack, Carol A. McNeal Larry. "Principals' perceptions of the organizational structure of middle-level blue ribbon schools and factors that promote efficiency." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9819901.
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Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1997.<br>Title from title page screen, viewed June 30, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Larry McNeal (chair), Patricia H. Klass, Donald G. Hackmann, William C. Rau. "The Blue Ribbon Schools selected as the target population were those schools that received their recognition from the United States Department of Education during either the 1994-95 or 1996-97 school years"-- Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-123) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Mirchandani, Prakash. "Polyhedral structure of a capacitated network design problem with an application to the telecommunication industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14224.
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Onyeizu, Chimaeze Chinedu. "Solving the fuel supply and distribution problem in Nigeria using a 3-node structure model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111465.
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Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2017.<br>Page 59 blank. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 46-47).<br>Given that Nigeria is the largest producer of crude oil and natural gas in the world, the country struggles to make liquid fuel available to over 188 million consumers in her domestic market. A review of the key challenges impacting liquid fuel supply and distribution efficiency in Nigeria was performed. Also, measures employed by successive governments were reviewed and key reasons why the problem has been persistent despite investments by governments were highlighted in the study. However, a disruptive approach - The 3 node structure model to permanently solve the problem of liquid fuel supply and distribution is proposed in this study. Using system dynamics, factors challenging the Nigerian petroleum downstream industry were stated. Current state system dynamic loops with powerful positive and negative feedback effects to the economy of the country were captured and used as the basis for policy recommendations. More so, system dynamics has been used to show the effectiveness of the proposed 3 node structure model as it offers actionable policy frameworks for the Nigerian Government as well as business case for foreign and local investors interested in pursuing an opportunity in the Nigerian petroleum refining industry.<br>by Onyeizu Chimaeze Chinedu.<br>M.B.A.
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García, Acuña Martín Ignacio. "Emergence of strategic direction, organizational structure and employee integration : a framework for the Dialectic Organization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90243.
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Thesis: S.M. in Management Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2014.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 94-97).<br>The main objective of this thesis is to develop a system dynamics model of organizational change. The Organizational Studies, Strategic Management and System Dynamic fields will be reviewed, concluding that there are gaps in the extant literature: none of them has been successful in defining the minimum set of processes and variables required to characterize organizational change. Through an exploratory study using a comparative-case study analysis, it was found that, on the one hand, under low requirements for change (i.e. stable organizational-environment fit), organizations tend to increase their inertia (i.e. tend to be more bureaucratic). On the other hand under high requirements for change (i.e. unstable organizational-environment fit), organizations tend to try to reduce their inertia (i.e. increasing their ability to change), as a way to adapt themselves to the environment. Through an analysis of previous simulation models of the organization and environment interface, it was found that the inertia-performance relationship follows an inverted U-shape. When this relationship is included in current models of organizational change, they become highly instable. Through the development of a system dynamics model, it was found that the stability of the system is achieved through the inclusion of two additional sectors: employee motivation and employee integration. Thus, this exploratory study establishes that apparently three main processes are required, as a minimum, to characterize organizational change: the emergence of strategic direction, the emergence of organizational structure and the emergence of employee integration. Within this view, the organization could be seen as a double-edged reduction of complexity system: on the one hand the organization needs to reduce the complexity of the environment in order to create an "internal order". But on the other hand, it needs to reduce the complexity of the employees in order to motivate them to participate in its internal processes. We define this system as a "Dialectic Organization".<br>by Martin I. Garcia Acuna.<br>S.M. in Management Studies
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Khait, Maria. "Forecasting future economic growth : the term structure of interest rates, volatility and inflation as leading indicators." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72860.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis..<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-52).<br>The broad literature documents the empirical regularity that slope of the term structure of interest rates is a reliable predictor of future real economic activity. Steeper slopes presage increasing growth, and downward sloping term structures presage declining growth or even recession. Some instances of slope's misleading signals were recorded in 2006 (the term structure was flat, indicating decline in economic activity when high growth continued) and 2008 (the term structure was very steep, predicting economic growth when recession continued and took a deep dive). Moreover, Breeden (2012a) showed that the term structure of interest rates has had less predictive power over the past fifty years than has been found in earlier researches over shorter periods of time. The key idea underlying this paper was to test whether the term structure of volatility and the term structure of inflation combined with the term spread could improve predictions of future economic growth compared to interest rate based forecasts with only one variable. This study finds that while the term structure spread and volatility appear to be statistically significant variables there is little evidence of improved performance compare to interest rate based forecasts with only one variable.<br>by Maria Khait.<br>S.M.
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Moorthy, Satish K. (Satish Kumar). "The U.S. cable television industry : the multi-service operator organizational structure as a bundle of competencies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49770.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2009.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-48).<br>The United States cable television industry is experiencing fierce competition from telephone companies and content providers, as well as new and possibly unknown entrants. As organizations in the industry are currently dealing with competitor firms' ability to enter the domains of media, entertainment, and communications bundled services, areas that were traditionally controlled by the cable companies. The commoditization of voice, video, and data networks has led cable companies to rethink how they are going organize to be able to compete, service customer needs, and keep competitors from entering their domains, while maintaining best-in-breed product differentiation. In order for the cable companies to maintain their dominant position, I argue in this thesis that the firms must change from being a single service cable company, to being multi-service operators (MSO). This change in operations requires a new organization structure.<br>by Satish K. Moorthy.<br>M.B.A.
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Breuner, Emily F. (Emily Florence). "Complexity and organizational structure : Internet and Visa International as prototypes for the corporation of the future." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11338.
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Björklund, Elin, and Calle A. Lindskoug. "New public management och den svenska gymnasieskolan : En ideologikritisk analys av Gy11-reformen kopplat till organisationskonceptet new public management." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för lärande och miljö, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-14036.
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The purpose of this ideology critical study is to investigate the hidden content in the reform Gy11 and compare it with the concept new public management. After the clarification of the hidden content, we compare the structure of the organization in Swedish high schools with the structure in public sector called new public management. The main questions of this study are the following: Is it possible to see the foundation of new public management in the Swedish high schools when it comes to the views of knowledge and the formation of goals? Which similarities can we find when we look at the organization new public management and the Swedish high school? The result showed many similarities, both regarding the views of knowledge and the formations of goals. The structure of new public management has been largely implemented in the Swedish high schools and the schools now focus more on instrumental knowledge rather than universal knowledge based on understanding. This is not surprising due to the social progress. In a society where instrumental knowledge is requested with the purpose of being sold on the market, schools are transforming the knowledge that is being taught as well. We have arrived in a society where individuals grow instead of the collective.
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DiBella, Anthony J. 1948. "Culture and planned change in an international organization : building a regional structure in South America and Asia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13094.
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George, Varghese P. "Technologyical anchors of interfirm cooperation : a study of the structure of the alliance networks of U.S. public firms." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10805.
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Yen, Chih-Chien 1965. "A long march to capitalism : an overview of the modern legal frameworks of China's corporate structure and stock market." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9188.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2000.<br>Also available online on DSpace at MIT.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-90).<br>From 1978, China embarked upon a course to convert its planned economy to a market economy. Among those reforms, the re-building of corporate system and the reemergence of stock market play the vital roles. However, the primary question remains that how these Western structures will be applied given the underlying socialist ideology in China. Two factors will further re-shape China's outlook in the future. One is the convergence of the legal and the economic systems between Hong Kong and China. Another one is China's recent bid to join the World Trade Organization (WTO.) This thesis focuses on China's efforts to re-build its modern legal frameworks of the corporate structure and the stock market. It also touches the issues behind Hong Kong's return and China's participation of the WTO. China's change is so rapid and unprecedented. A decade ago, no one would possibly foresee China's face today. It is beyond the author's limit to predict China's future. Yet, this thesis would like to give a positive view on China's past efforts and also offer an expectation of a better future.<br>by Chih-Chien Yen.<br>M.B.A.
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Bensaou, M. "Inter-organizational coordination--structure, process, information technology : an empirical study of buyer-supplier relationships in the US/Japanese automobile industries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13085.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1992.<br>Title as it appears in the M.I.T. Graduate List, Feb. 1992: Inter-organizational coordination--structure, process, technology, an empirical study of buyer-supplier relationships in the US/Japanese automobile industries.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-152).<br>by Mustapha Bensaou.<br>Ph.D.
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Gulati, Rosaline K. "The coupling of product architecture and organizational structure decisions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9839.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1996.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-46).<br>by Rosaline K. Gulati.<br>S.M.
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Sawaya, Samir. "The role of technology and technology transfer in the strategy and structure of a multi-national engineering consulting firm from the developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32582.
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Coleman, Robert Mark 1962. "The effects of design, manufacturing processes and operations management on the assembly of aircraft composite structure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42495.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1991 and Thesis (M.S.)--Sloan School of Management, 1991.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaf 104).<br>by Robert Mark Coleman.<br>M.S.
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Nardo, Richard Phillip 1973. "Strategic outsourcing model : decision support for determining supply chain structure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34728.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2003.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 138).<br>Outsourcing is becoming the norm in business today. This is a natural insight from the management philosophy of the 80's and early 90's of doing only what is "Core" to the business. A company, if their main focus is to keep their margins as high as possible, will focus on what gives their company a competitive advantage and differentiates them from the competition. To The Firm, all other tasks outside of these advantages are superfluous and unnecessary. It is only rational, in this management paradigm, to get rid of, or outsource, all of these activities that take scarce resources away from what the company considers core. The next logical question is: "How to conduct an analysis for outsourcing decision making." Current methodologies coalesce cost alternative analysis with a strategic "gut feel" from management to make decisions that will last multiple cycles into the future. Cost analysis is basic. However, strategic analysis is far reaching, impacts the company's future capabilities, and is difficult to evaluate. This thesis proposes a Decision Support System (DSS) for evaluating the strategies of outsourcing and determining the impacts on The Firm. A thorough review of industry and academic literature on outsourcing, analysis of historic outsourcing results, and discussion of current capability concerns has led to the development of six strategic factors: Customer Experience, Technical Clockspeed, Industry Climate, Supply Chain Excellence, Product Architecture, and Competitive Position. Included is an exhaustive discussion of these strategic factors, strategic matrices for evaluating the business climate, development of excel spreadsheets with questions for evaluation of these factors and matrices, development of a database for knowledge transfer, and implementation of the DSS in the organization.<br>by Richard Philip Nardo.<br>M.B.A.<br>S.M.
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Sequeira, Michele W. (Michele Wanda). "Use of the design structure matrix in the improvement of an automobile development process." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13484.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1991.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-68)<br>by Michele W. Sequeira.<br>M.S.
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Tuttman, Max (Max B. ). "Development of a sustainable transmission structure replacement and maintenance strategy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117959.
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Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2018.<br>Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 67-68).<br>This thesis proposes methods to both estimate optimal aggregate investment levels for a system of transmission towers by means of an integrated corrosion and failure simulation as well as a method to identify specific assets in need of investment through a statistical model of structural health. Limited tower replacements over the past decade have resulted in an overall aging of PG&E's transmission system, leading to managerial concerns about potential increased maintenance and replacement costs going forward. The utility is seeking to be able to forecast its future needs despite a minimal history of asset failure. This work establishes long-term investment scenarios by simulating asset aging due to atmospheric corrosion and integrating those simulations with maintenance, replacement, and failure cost estimates. In addition, the aggregate investment forecasts are supplemented with an asset health ranking methodology that enables more targeted resource deployment. Implementation of the simulation based forecasting provides long-term spend estimates - on the order of many decades - and enables the production of sensitivity analyses based on underlying parameters grounded in physical system properties. This advances current industry spend forecasting which relies on qualitative risk assessments and past cost trends. Asset health indices generated from structural properties and environmental data are also shown to correctly rank a structure with a historic reported structural issue as at higher risk than a structure without a reported issue at a rate of 70%.<br>by Max Tuttman.<br>M.B.A.<br>S.M.
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McGill, Eric Andrew. "Optimizing the closures development process using the design structure matrix." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34858.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2005.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-133).<br>Product development processes are inherently complex sets of activities that involve a vast number of connections between participants. Engineers, designers, marketers, financial analysts, and manufacturers all have to receive information, process it, and distribute their decisions back into the system. These paths create information loops that are hidden from the participants on a long time scale and generate non-linear feedback. An analysis of the closures product and process development tasks at a major US automaker prompted the creation of new tools to optimize the ordering, identification of coupled blocks, prioritization of interactions, allocation of resources, and modeling of multiple projects. Ultimately, the analysis predicted a reduction in the average completion time of [approx.] 80%, a reduction in standard deviation of [approx.] 95%, and potential savings of -[approx.] $5B. Unfortunately, many of the suggestions from the analysis run headlong into the organization's structural, political, and cultural environment. Structurally, the automaker is a matrix organization split along functions and program lines, constantly attempting to balance between being a strong component designer and a quality assembler. However, the functional divisions create trouble in viewing and communicating across the entire system, whether that system is the vehicle to be designed or the organization itself. Politically, the atmosphere is dominated by a strong functional orientation, authoritative traditions, and a rigid hierarchy. Culturally, the people seem to be jaded and somewhat fatalistic about the company's future.<br>(cont.) Managing change in this environment requires effort from the top and bottom of the organization, and must draw on those people inside the organization that can provide an outsider's perspective when addressing both the macro and micro challenges that will appear. Success will require using the organization against itself in order to create the initial changes that will ultimately bring about a long-term turnaround.<br>by Eric Andrew McGill.<br>S.M.<br>M.B.A.
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MacDonald, Lynn M. (Lynn Marie). "Hedge fund structured products." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33556.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2005.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-63).<br>In the aftermath of the bear market and one of the most volatile periods in recent financial history, individual and institutional investors worldwide are reevaluating their asset allocation strategies. Interest in hedge funds and alternative investment styles is growing as investors realize these investments offer better return potential with relatively low correlation to traditional asset classes. However, returns of hedge funds have been somewhat lackluster recently, on average, and several factors indicate investors should expect similarly muted performance in the future. Hedge funds also expose investors to non-traditional risks, such as lack of transparency, lack of regulatory oversight, and limited liquidity. Structured products mitigate these risks and allow for flexibility in portfolio construction. They can help reduce the risk of an investment in exchange for a reduction in the potential upside. Additionally, they can provide a greater chance of a good return through the use of leverage. Because structured products can be designed to meet a variety of investment objectives they have become an increasingly popular way to gain exposure to and benefit from a variety of hedge fund strategies. The discussion of hedge funds and the ways in which structured products can be utilized to enhance return and mitigate risk is a broad and expansive topic. This paper is a primer on what hedge fund structured products are and how they can be used to enhance the risk/return profile of a portfolio. The focus is on the US market.<br>by Lynn M. MacDonald.<br>S.M.
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Welch, Cory J. 1972. "Application of the design structure matrix : a case study in process improvement dynamics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84519.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2001.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 88).<br>by Cory J. Welsh.<br>S.M.<br>M.B.A.
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Mafuwane, Barber Mbagwa. "The influence of community structures on school governance with specific reference to schools in the Bushbuckridge area." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03302005-091410/.
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Silman, Fatos. "A Comparative Case Study On School Management Practices In The United States And Turkey." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12606236/index.pdf.
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This study aimed to comparatively examine school management practices in the US and Turkey in light of the two distinct administrative paradigms:Anglo-Saxon and Napoleonic traditions.
In this study, a comparative case study method was used. The study was conducted in a basic education school (grades 1-8) in Ankara, Turkey, and in an elementary school (K-5) in Madison, the capital city of the state of Wisconsn, US. The sample contained 13 teachers and 4 administrators in the Turkish case, and 10 teachers and 1 school principal in the US case.
Data were collected through interviews, observations, and written document analysis. Findings revealed that at the Turkish school, school management practices were not carried out effectively mainly due to the centralized education system, poor physical conditions of the school, lack of participatory and collaborative understanding of the staff members, lack of communication among the staff and limited school budgeting. On the other hand, the management practices in the American school were implemented successfull owing mainly to the school'<br>s embedded decentralized structure, participatory and collaborative understanding among the school staff, effective communication strategies of the principal, and various options of in-service training offered for the school staff.
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Juan, Hsin-Wei. "Sourcing strategy for power electronics derived from modular product structure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111918.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2017.<br>Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2017.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 99-100).<br>Sourcing strategy is one of the most important tasks when it comes to Value Chain design. Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH (MR) seeks to gain competence in power electronics with corporate synergy generated by value chain strategy, which leverages experts' knowledge and experience across the corporate. Focusing on the sourcing decision along the value chain, the project documented in this thesis created Sourcing Decision-making Framework, which contains three analytical stages: i) technical analysis, ii) economic value analysis, and iii) strategic value analysis. The technical analysis, including product architecture and key modules/components research and interdependency analysis, explored modular product structure, and provided a better technical understanding. Economic value analysis evaluated the economic value brought about by component economies of scale across product lines. Strategic value analysis, on the other hand, assessed each component business' strategic potential. The framework was comprehensive in analyzing make-or-buy decisions from technical, economic and strategic points of view. The final make-or-buy recommendations backed by the framework presented convincing standpoints and was delivered as the project deliverable.<br>by Hsin-Wei Juan.<br>S.M.<br>M.B.A.
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Go, Julie W. "Case studies in DSM : utilizing the Design Structure Matrix to improve New Product Introduction." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39588.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 63).<br>This thesis describes a project that applies the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) in support of the Manufacturing Excellence (MX) program at Cisco Systems, Inc to reduce the cycle time of new product development initiatives (NPI). Because they are inherently iterative with interdependent tasks, NPIs are difficult to manage. Two case studies applying the DSM were performed and used to study the inputs and outputs of the process as well as the dependencies between the process steps. Both case studies indicated that defining product requirements and needs upfront helped to eliminate rework later on in the process. The DSMs also showed that cycle time and standard deviation of cycle time were especially sensitive to interactions between changes in the Bill of Materials (BOM) and other tasks. In fact there was a "tipping point" where reducing the dependency between tasks could yield significant reductions in cycle time and standard deviation of cycle time. More significantly, the case studies highlighted the large number of stakeholders involved in the process and revealed the degree to which engineering and manufacturing must work together to reduce NPI cycle times.<br>(cont.) In fact, the name "Manufacturing Excellence Initiative in NPI" is a misnomer. New Product Introduction is not just the job of manufacturing but is highly integrated between such groups as marketing, design, and engineering. If the Mx Initiative in NPI is to fully meet its potential, all of these groups must fully realize this. In addition, there is a need for process infrastructure, data infrastructure, and close examination of incentives. This thesis thus shows that in order for Cisco's process improvement initiatives to succeed, buy-in from all relevant stakeholders must be won.<br>by Julie W. Go.<br>S.M.<br>M.B.A.
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Chang, Sabrina. "Allocation of engineering resources to global sites based on coordination cost and project structure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39486.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2007.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 75, 77).<br>Because of the increasingly globalized world we live in, companies today are very interested in going overseas to develop and utilize global engineering resources. By doing so, they hope to take advantage of new global product development (GPD) enablers and motivators such as the internet, new collaborative information technology tools, access to new markets, and the increasing availability of low-cost engineering talent. While globalization has significantly decreased barriers so that more companies are hurrying to move engineering activities to its global sites, it is no secret that GPD teams pose significant coordination challenges. Cost savings from lower labor rates abroad can easily be eaten up by the increased coordination costs required to manage overseas interactions between local and global activities. This paper introduces a model that maps a project's coordination structure to help managers decide which activities should be allocated to a global site and which ones should be kept at home. It introduces a new multi-site coordination matrix based on the Design Structure Matrix and an optimization model that chooses where to locate activities to minimize project coordination costs.<br>(cont.) A key principle the model relies on is the modularization of activities at each site for efficient organization design. This method was employed to design a GPD plan for the Advanced Manufacturing Engineering department at Honeywell Aerospace.<br>by Sabrina Chang.<br>S.M.<br>M.B.A.
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Shu, Buliao. "The impact of market structure on price determination : a simulation approach using multi-agent reinforcement learning in continuous state and action space." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90229.
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Thesis: M. Fin., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Master of Finance Program, 2014.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 37-38).<br>This thesis proposes a simulation tool to study the question of how market structure and market players' behavior affect price movements. The adaptive market simulation system consists of multiple agents and a centralized exchange. By applying reinforcement learning techniques, agents evolve and become capable of making intelligent trading decisions while adapting to changing market conditions. Trading dynamics in the real world are complex yet compelling. The presence of the human element in trading makes studying it via repeatable scientific models, especially on a large scale, very difficult and almost unfeasible. By making it possible to conduct controlled experiments under various market scenarios, this simulation seeks to help researchers gain a better understanding of how different types of traders affect price formation under distinct market scenarios. The impact of trading frequency on prices is also explored as a test of the simulation tool. Results suggest that the market generates richer information when the frequency of trading is high, and when the market is more frequently accessed, short-term market prices demonstrate higher volatilities and move faster in respond to market sentiments.<br>by Buliao (Jerry) Shu.<br>M. Fin.
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Pudar, Nick J. (Nick Joseph). "Organizational structural effects on technology transfer." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108866.
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Cesiel, Douglas S. (Douglas Scott). "A structured approach to calibration development for automotive diagnostic systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12722.
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Sharma, Dushyant 1975. "Cyclic exchange and related neighborhood structures for combinatorial optimization problems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8526.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2002.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-126).<br>In this thesis, we concentrate on neighborhood search algorithms based on very large-scale neighborhood structures. The thesis consists of three parts. In the first part, we develop a cyclic exchange neighborhood search based approach for partitioning problems. A partitioning problem is to divide a set of n elements into K subsets S1,... ,SK so as to minimize f(S1)+...+f(SK) for some specified function f. A partition S'1,.. ,S'K is called a cyclic exchange neighbor of the partition S1,...,SK if [...]. The problem of searching the cyclic exchange neighborhood is NP-hard. We develop new exact and heuristic algorithms to search this neighborhood structure. We propose cyclic exchange based neighborhood search algorithms for specific partitioning problems. We provide computational results on these problems indicating that the cyclic exchange is very effective and can be implemented efficiently in practice. The second part deals with the Combined Through and Fleet Assignment Model (ctFAM). This model integrates two airline planning models: (i) Fleet Assignment Model and (ii) Through Assignment Model, which are currently solved in a sequential manner because the combined problem is too large. This leads to sub-optimal solutions for the combined problem we develop very large-scale neighborhood search algorithms for the ctFAM. We also extend our neighborhood search algorithms to solve the multi-criteria objective function version of the ctFAM. Our computational results using real-life data show that neighborhood search can be a useful supplement to the current integer-programming optimization methods in airline scheduling.<br>(cont.) In the third part, we investigate the structure of neighborhoods in general. We call two neighborhood structures LO-equivalent if they have the same set of local optima for all instances of a combinatorial optimization problem. We define the extended neighborhood of a neighborhood structure N as the largest neighborhood structure that is LO-equivalent to N. In this thesis, we develop some theoretical properties of the extended neighborhood and relate these properties to the performance of a neighborhood structure. In particular, we show that the well-known 2-opt neighborhood structure for the Traveling Salesman Problem has a very large extended neighborhood, providing justification for its favorable empirical performance.<br>by Dushyant Sharma.<br>Ph.D.
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Parietti, Patrick Emmett. "Disrespect, misbehavior, and violence : a case study of a suburban high school /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1994. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/11714463.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1994.<br>Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Margaret Terry Orr. Dissertation Committee: Francis A. J. Ianni. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-133).
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Malone, Denis Edmond. "Policies and structures for the process of spinning off companies from research ogranisations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12080.
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Kadhepa-Kandjengo, Selma Ndeyapo. "An exploration of leadership development in a learner representative structure in a secondary school, Oshana Region, Namibia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62450.
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Before independence, Namibia inherited a system of Bantu education which was hierarchical, authoritarian and non-democratic. Upon independence, the educational sector went through numerous reforms which were meant to transform education and to make it more democratic, whereby all stakeholders can broadly participate. In spite of these reforms, leadership of schools has remained a hierarchical system, where a principal who, as an individual, runs the school without recognition of the potential leadership of others. Recent studies on leadership have called for shared leadership, whereby leadership is a practice, permeable to learner leaders and not associated with individuals. This research study aims to explore learner leadership development in the Learner Representative Council (LRC) structure at a secondary school in Namibia. The motivation of this research study was twofold - firstly, my personal interest in learner leadership was aroused by my teaching experience. The second reason was due to my realisation that the area was under-researched in Namibia, hence I wanted to fill the existing gap on learner leadership. The study critically engaged learners and teachers to help me get an understanding of learner leadership and the factors enabling learner leadership development. I also found that challenges which resulted in contradictions, hampered leadership development. The study took an interventionist approach and second generation Cultural Historical Activity Theory was used to surface tensions and contradictions affecting learner leadership development. Change Laboratory workshops enabled the expansive learning process with the 12 LRC members. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, observation, document analysis and journaling. The study found that learner leadership was understood more in terms of traditional views of leadership, whereby a learner needed to possess certain qualities in order to lead. The findings further pointed out that the LRC members were mainly involved in managerial roles and not really leadership roles, as such, and they were not involved in decision-making at the school. Although provision for the LRC body is made in an Educational Act, historical and cultural forces account for teachers’ reluctance to support the LRC members, as well as for silence of learner voice. I hope that findings from this research study strengthen learner leadership structures in schools and contribute to the creation of knowledge on learner leadership in Namibia.
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Karunakaran, Arvind. "Truce structures : examining cross-professional coordination in the wake of technological and institutional change." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118004.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>This research examines the structures, processes, and mechanisms that facilitate cross-professional coordination during periods of technological and institutional change. My study draws on a 24-month ethnographic study, combined with historical data and quantitative analysis, of 911 emergency management organizations in the United States. In Chapter 2, I focus on the mechanisms to facilitate cross-professional coordination in conditions that are marked by protracted jurisdictional conflicts. My findings articulate the importance of truce structures - an ensemble of truce roles and organizational forms - that are intended to address protracted jurisdictional conflicts among symmetrical professions such as police officers and firefighters. I further find that the coevolution of truce roles and organizational forms resulted in the emergence of a specific truce profession - in this case, that of 911 Public Safety Telecommunicators. The truce profession serves to triage, direct, and channel contested tasks among the conflicting professions without bringing those professions into direct contact with each during the initial stages of coordination when the "definition of the situation" is getting worked out. In Chapter 3, I turn to examining how the truce professionals navigate what I call status-authority asymmetry in order to effectively coordinate with the focal professionals. Conducting within-shift comparisons of coordination encounters between 911 dispatchers and police officers, I identify that the bounded publicization tactic performed via the open radio channel allows dispatchers to generate peer knowledge about individual non-compliance. Through this process, dispatchers navigate the status-authority asymmetry and orchestrate effective cross-professional coordination. My focus in Chapter 4 shifts to examining how truce professionals respond to the public's increased digital scrutiny, and consider the consequences for organizational accountability. My findings suggest that the public's increased use of mobile phones and social media to monitor and report on organizations and their workers can, under some conditions, end up worsening accountability. I unpack the processes that generate this paradox of public accountability, showing how these processes reshape the work of truce professionals and produce a vicious cycle of coordination that worsens organizational accountability. I end with a concluding chapter that discusses the implications of my dissertation for research on cross-professional coordination, accountability, and technological change.<br>by Arvind Karunakaran.<br>Ph. D.
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Maki, D. Michele Baker Paul J. "Learning leadership teams their history, structures, processes, and impact on school improvement in Illinois /." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9942646.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1999.<br>Title from title page screen, viewed July 24, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Paul J. Baker (chair), Dianne E. Ashby, Donald S. Kachur, Patricia H. Klass. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-280) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Wolter, Matthias. "Regional Stormwater Management Facility System at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia." Master's thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30556.
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Continuing development of the Virginia Tech campus is increasing downstream flooding and water quality problems. To address these problems, the University has proposed the construction of a stormwater management facility to control the quantity and quality of stormwater releases to Strouble Creek, a tributary of the New River.
The overall goal of this project is to design a stormwater management facility proposed for the Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia that will reduce present and anticipated downstream flooding and water quality problems.
Specific objectives of the project are:
* control of flooding in lower areas by reducing the peak discharge while disturbing existing wetlands as little as possible,
* address removal of major NPS pollutants such as total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), metals, organic compounds related to petroleum and gasoline, and suspended sediment (SS) from stormwater runoff, and
* design of a dam system that is able to withstand all driving forces and constructed in accordance with governing regulations.
The design requirement to limit wetland disturbance below one acre was maintained. The requirement set by officials of Virginia Tech is based on the Nationwide Permit 26 of the Wetland Regulations. An individual permit process is thus avoided. Considering this demand, however, the freedom of the stormwater management facility design was significantly restricted. Resulting from the previous restrictions mentioned, the facility will include two ponds in series - a lower, dry pond and an upper, wet pond. The stormwater management system is designed to reduce the peak discharge. The dry pond is designed to detain water only for a short period of time, as opposed to the wet pond which is designed to retain water, thereby maintaining a permanent pool of water, and to change the characteristics of runoff.
The wet pond was chosen to be of an Extended Detention wetland type. Aspects such as the availability of suitable area and detention volume governed the decision to make use of this type of stormwater wetland. The constraint on a maximum possible water surface elevation due to the Veterinary School1s road embankment, which crest elevation is at 2023 ft, was considered in the design.
The stormwater management facility was designed to meet water quantity control requirements and to address water quality benefits. Storm water management regulations intending to mitigate the adverse effects of land development to streams and waterways were met. Requirements to limit peak discharges from 2-year and 10-year events to existing discharge levels were achieved.
Several outlet structures for each of the ponds were investigated. The structures proposed are a perforated riser/broad-crested weir for the wet pond and a proportional weir for the dry pond. They were chosen as a result of analyses on hydraulic performance, maximum water surface elevations, drawdown times, peak discharge rates, and pollutant removal capabilities.
The average pollutant removal capability of 75% of TSS, 45% TP, and 25% TN for an extended stormwater wetland, as found in the literature, is expected to be lower for the proposed facility, since the wetland-to-watershed-area ratio is considerably smaller (0.22%) than the required minimum ratio of 1%. However, other suggested desirable parameter for extended detention wetland systems such as required treatment volume, effective flow path length, and dry weather water balance will be maintained.
The structural design of the dams was based on experience and research data. The dams are designed to consist of two zones, shell and core. The core extends as a cutoff trench 4 feet below the ground surface. Additionally, toe drain trenches and anti-seep collars along the pipe where penetrating the dam will be placed to collect and reduce seepage, respectively. Special considerations toward seepage problems were taken into account for both dams by placing a cutoff trench and a toe drain trench.
Note: The appendix of this project report contains four AutoCAD files, that can only be viewed using AutoCAD.<br>Master of Engineering
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Capasso, John C. Baker Paul J. "Structures and processes of planned change in Illinois high schools." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1993. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9416866.
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Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1993.<br>Title from title page screen, viewed February 28, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Paul J. Baker (chair), Sally B. Pancrazio, Clayton F. Thomas, Calvin C. Jackson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-132) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Baek, Kiwoong 1960. "Economic modeling of Korean private equity market through comparisons of market structures and investment strategies between the Korean and American private equity market." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17852.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-202).<br>Modem capitalist societies depend on entrepreneurship for their progress. Entrepreneurs seek profits by introducing new goods, services, and technologies and, in doing so, they advance the economic welfare of society. To maintain and further entrepreneurial activities, each society requires a well-organized resource allocation system that can distribute resources to selected industries or firms. The private equity market is an efficient resource allocation system that provides equity capital to the firms not quoted in the stock market. However, a private equity market is difficult to develop not only due to the high risk characteristics of the market but also because of the needs to establish value added infrastructure and to change the current financial mechanisms as the capital market evolves. The government plays one of the most important roles in initiating a new type of capital market, the private equity market. Significant changes and evolution in the development of private equity markets are typically preceded by changes in the regulatory system (deregulation), tax structure, monetary policy, government policy, and/or pension fund operations. Different starting points lead to different paths of market development. However, many countries have tried to introduce private equity markets with various degrees of success. These attempts highlight the fact that different schemes of private equity market structure are necessary for each country. They will, however, converge into one economic model with efficient and effective resource allocation system in the long run. This thesis analyzes the development history, development strategy, and current situation of the private equity industry in Korea and compares it to<br>(cont.) the overall situation in leading global countries-specifically, United States. It ultimately delivers recommendations for government policy and investment strategies in Korea and discusses economic modeling aimed at providing guidelines on how to successfully introduce a new private equity market in a certain country to serve as a resource allocation system. Through this thesis, I found that Korea's venture capital industry made an unprecedented economic improvement on the basis its economic recovery after the Korean financial crisis and the introduction of government supporting programs and the KOSDAQ stock market. The KOSDAQ stock market created the third largest market capitalization in the world emerging stock markets. In just eight years, this emerging stock market became a leading trading center in OECD countries due to government driven policies of the previous 22 years. It stimulated the shifting of economic growth engines from large firms to small technology firms in Korea. But after the IT bubble collapsed in 2000, it also experienced long re-adjustment period. Korea's venture capital market seems to have entered into a transitional period from the more government driven system, characterized by corporate venture capital firms, to a market driven system, characterized by limited partnerships, from which the US venture capital market evolved in the 1980s. The Korean venture capital market seems to be about 20 years behind the US market in terms of its economic maturity. The current Korean market situation is similar to that of the American market in the early 1980s ...<br>by Baek Kiwoong.<br>M.B.A.