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Journal articles on the topic 'Management virtual water'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Ehsan, Alif Shah. "Virtual Water and Its Role in Water Resource Management." Jami Scientific Research Quarterly Journal 8, no. 2 (2023): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.61438/jsrqj.v8i2.28.

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Considering the future water scarcity issues, the control and management of water resources have become critically important, particularly with the rapid population growth in various countries and the rising standards of living. Agriculture, especially in developing countries, is the largest consumer of water. Therefore, the concept of virtual water gains significant importance. Virtual water refers to the hidden water embedded in agricultural products, considering the substantial amount of water required for their growth. For instance, the production of one kilogram of wheat consumes more tha

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2

Câmara, António S., Jorge N. Neves, Joaquim Muchaxo, et al. "Virtual Environments and Water Quality Management." Journal of Infrastructure Systems 4, no. 1 (1998): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0342(1998)4:1(28).

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Claeys, F., M. Chtepen, L. Benedetti, B. Dhoedt, and P. A. Vanrolleghem. "Distributed virtual experiments in water quality management." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 1 (2006): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.032.

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Since the complexity of virtual experiments (VEs) and their underlying models is constantly increasing, computational performance of monolithic software solutions is rapidly becoming insufficient. Examples of VEs are probabilistic design, model calibration, optimal experimental design and scenario analysis. In order to tackle this computational bottleneck, a framework for the distributed execution of VEs on a potentially heterogeneous pool of work nodes has been implemented. This framework was named WDVE (WEST distributed virtual experimentation) and is built on top of technologies such as C++

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El-Sadek, Alaa. "Virtual water: an effective mechanism for integrated water resources management." Agricultural Sciences 02, no. 03 (2011): 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2011.23033.

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5

H. Ibrahim, Ahmed. "Optimizing Virtual Water as Irrigation Water Management Strategy in Egypt." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 11, no. 6 (2014): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-11654151.

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6

Brown, S., H. Schreier, and L. M. Lavkulich. "Incorporating Virtual Water into Water Management: A British Columbia Example." Water Resources Management 23, no. 13 (2009): 2681–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9403-8.

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Hwang, Sooncheol, Patrick J. Lynett, and Sangyoung Son. "NEARSHORE SCALAR TRANSPORT MODEL WITH VIRTUAL REALITY ENVIRONMENT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.138.

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The importance of public awareness in disaster preparation has been emphasized in recent studies (Burningham et al., 2008; Sermet and Demir, 2019). Advances in virtual reality (VR) technology and graphical processor units (GPU) enables simulation of real-world physics and simultaneous visualization within affordable costs. Owing to VR’s high immersiveness, it has been utilized in various fields such as medical sciences, fire dynamics and even disaster experience on the purpose of education and training (Cha et al., 2012; Pottle, 2019). VR-based numerical simulation with various scenarios can p

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Abu-Sharar, Taleb M., Emad K. Al-Karablieh, and Munther J. Haddadin. "Role of Virtual Water in Optimizing Water Resources Management in Jordan." Water Resources Management 26, no. 14 (2012): 3977–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0116-z.

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9

Dermody, B. J., R. P. H. van Beek, E. Meeks, et al. "A virtual water network of the Roman world." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 12 (2014): 5025–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5025-2014.

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Abstract. The Romans were perhaps the most impressive exponents of water resource management in preindustrial times with irrigation and virtual water trade facilitating unprecedented urbanization and socioeconomic stability for hundreds of years in a region of highly variable climate. To understand Roman water resource management in response to urbanization and climate variability, a Virtual Water Network of the Roman World was developed. Using this network we find that irrigation and virtual water trade increased Roman resilience to interannual climate variability. However, urbanization arisi

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Dermody, B. J., R. P. H. van Beek, E. Meeks, et al. "A virtual water network of the Roman world." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 6 (2014): 6561–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-6561-2014.

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Abstract. The Romans were perhaps the most impressive exponents of water resource management in preindustrial times with irrigation and virtual water trade facilitating unprecedented urbanisation and socioeconomic stability for hundreds of years in a region of highly variable climate. To understand Roman water resource management in response to urbanisation and climate variability, a Virtual Water Network of the Roman World was developed. Using this network we find that irrigation and virtual water trade increased Roman resilience to climate variability in the short term. However, urbanisation

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11

Gao, Xuerui, Miao Sun, Yong Zhao, Pute Wu, Shan Jiang, and La Zhuo. "The Cognitive Framework of the Interaction between the Physical and Virtual Water and the Strategies for Sustainable Coupling Management." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (2019): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092567.

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In the context of a changing environment and economic globalization, the evolution of regional hydrology and water resources systems has undergone profound changes. It is not enough to rely on traditional physical water resources planning, scheduling, and regulation methods to solve problems such as water shortages and imbalances in the water cycle associated with rapid economic development. The theory of virtual water expands the cognitive scope of hydrology and water resources and enriches the solutions to water problems. However, the academic community has not yet reached a consensus on how

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12

Nabil, Ahemed Piyash, and Uddin Ahmed Dipu Salah. "Water footprint and virtual water assessment for textile industries of Bangladesh." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 24, no. 1 (2024): 339–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15006436.

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The textile and garment industry in Bangladesh, a significant contributor to the national economy and major exporters, heavily consumes water and causes environmental pollution. This thesis evaluates the water usage and pollution in the sector by assessing its blue, green, and grey water footprints, focusing on the dyeing, printing, and finishing stages in three industries: KDS, FOURH, and AMBER. The study aims to provide insights into the virtual water footprint and current water management practices, identifying areas for improvement to promote sustainable water resource management in the te

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Mohammadi-Kanigolzar, F., J. Daneshvar Ameri, and N. Motee. "Virtual Water Trade as a Strategy to Water Resource Management in Iran." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 06, no. 02 (2014): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2014.62019.

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14

Pajorova, Eva, and Ladislav Hluchy. "Virtual reality of water management in a big town." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 163 (2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24198.

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Liu, Xi, Huibin Du, Zengkai Zhang, et al. "Can virtual water trade save water resources?" Water Research 163 (October 2019): 114848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.07.015.

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16

Biro, Andrew. "Water Wars by Other Means: Virtual Water and Global Economic Restructuring." Global Environmental Politics 12, no. 4 (2012): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00141.

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In the mid-1990s, Tony Allan coined the term “virtual water” to describe international grain shipments, arguing that for purposes of economic efficiency and political legitimacy, governments in water-scarce nations would be better served by importing grain and diverting limited domestic water supplies to higher-value purposes than by producing grain. This concept has gained considerable traction in explaining the absence of “water wars,” particularly in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). As a prescriptive policy measure, I argue first that the exemplarity of the MENA serves an ideologica

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Nabil Ahemed Piyash and Salah Uddin Ahmed Dipu. "Water footprint and virtual water assessment for textile industries of Bangladesh." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 24, no. 1 (2024): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.24.1.2909.

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The textile and garment industry in Bangladesh, a significant contributor to the national economy and major exporters, heavily consumes water and causes environmental pollution. This thesis evaluates the water usage and pollution in the sector by assessing its blue, green, and grey water footprints, focusing on the dyeing, printing, and finishing stages in three industries: KDS, FOURH, and AMBER. The study aims to provide insights into the virtual water footprint and current water management practices, identifying areas for improvement to promote sustainable water resource management in the te

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18

Liu, Chao, Yifan Wang, and Yaozong Zhang. "A Review of Virtual Water Research." Frontiers in Science and Engineering 3, no. 9 (2023): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/fse.v3i9.5593.

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A comprehensive and objective understanding of the amount of water resources occupied by human activities is an important way to improve the existing water resources management. The theory of virtual water is a brand-new concept proposed at the end of the 20th century to solve the problems of water resource shortage and water resource security. Based on a brief analysis of virtual water and its related concepts, this paper introduces the research status of related theories at home and abroad, discusses from the perspectives of water footprint, virtual water quantitative calculation, virtual wa

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Tian, Ai Min, Ning Dong, and An Xi Jiang. "Water Resource Sustainable Utilization Study of Based on Water Footprint." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2949.

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water footprint and virtual water emerge as new concepts of international water resource studies in recent years and they also become prevailing topics in the study of international water resource at present. These concepts liberate the studies from the limitation of real water viewpoint and introduce the perspective of virtual water, which makes a vital contribution to the study of sustainable use of water resource. This paper introduces the internationally leading water resource footprint model and calculation method of virtual water into the water resource system of Jinan for the first time

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20

Li, Chengyu, Jiayi Sun, Xin Wen, Zuhui Xia, Shuchang Ren, and Jiaxin Wu. "Evaluating Agricultural Resource Pressure and Food Security in China and “Belt and Road” Partner Countries with Virtual Water Trade." Sustainability 17, no. 4 (2025): 1599. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041599.

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Water scarcity has emerged as a critical constraint on agricultural development and food security worldwide, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions such as Central Asia, Western Asia, and North Africa, which are part of the “Belt and Road” Initiative. This study, based on a global multi-regional input–output model, quantitatively analyzes the virtual water flows between China and countries along the “Belt and Road”. It focuses on water-scarce regions, examining the impact of virtual water trade on agricultural resource pressures and food security, as well as the transfer of water resources

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21

Shi, J., J. Liu, and L. Pinter. "Recent evolution of China's virtual water trade: analysis of selected crops and considerations for policy." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 4 (2014): 1349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1349-2014.

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Abstract. China has dramatically increased its virtual water import over recent years. Many studies have focused on the quantity of traded virtual water, but very few go into analysing geographic distribution and the properties of China's virtual water trade network. This paper provides a calculation and analysis of the crop-related virtual water trade network of China based on 27 major primary crops between 1986 and 2009. The results show that China is a net importer of virtual water from water-abundant areas of North America and South America, and a net virtual water exporter to water-stress

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22

Cheng, Haomiao, Xuecheng Jiang, Menglei Wang, et al. "Optimal allocation of agricultural water and land resources integrated with virtual water trade: A perspective on spatial virtual water coordination." Journal of Environmental Management 347 (December 2023): 119189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119189.

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23

Liao, Xiawei, Ao Liu, and Li Chai. "Virtual water flows in a real world." PLOS Water 3, no. 8 (2024): e0000275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000275.

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Virtual water was introduced by John Anthony Allan in 1998 as a measure of the amount of water required for the production of goods and services. Following the initiation of the Sustainable Development Goals in recent years, an intensified focus on environmental sustainability, particularly regarding water sustainability, has emerged. In this context, virtual water, as a crucial tool for water resources management, garnering attention from the academic community. Existing studies on virtual water have made significant contributions on quantifying the virtual water content embedded in commoditi

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24

Tian, Gui Liang, Xi Wu, Xing Bo Sun, Wen Tao, and Hui Xiang Zi Zheng. "Quantitative Research of China Agricultural Virtual Water Trade Based on CROPWAT Model." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3463.

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The virtual water trade theory is one of the hot topics in the field of water demand management research today, which is considered as an important method for water resources constraints to ensure food security. And the introduction of the virtual water concept provides a new approach to analyze and study water resources. We used the CLIMWAT crop, meteorological databases and China's actual data to calculate virtual water content of major food crops and food virtual water trade in China's major grain producing areas by CROPWAT8.0 model recommended by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Org

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25

Attia El Gayar and Joginder Singh. "Virtual water trade and climate changes." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 9, no. 2 (2024): 235–44. https://doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2024.9.2.36.

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Demand for both food and water are projected to increase substantially in the next four decades. Water scarcity is also projected to increase in scale and complexity. Climate change is projected to increase temperatures, spatio-temporal variability in rainfall, frequency and severity of droughts and soil water stresses to crops. Due to the crucial role of water in crop growth and yield formation, prolonged or severe soil water deficits in crop producing areas can result in substantial yield penalties. The potential of food trade to help address food insecurity as a result of insufficient water

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26

Zhao, Haoran, Shen Qu, Yu Liu, et al. "Virtual water scarcity risk in China." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 160 (September 2020): 104886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104886.

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27

Ampong, Emmanuel Adutwum, Alexander Sessi Kosi Tette, and Kyung-Sook Choi. "Trends and Determinants of Virtual Water Trade and Water Resource Utilization in Ghanaian Vegetable Production." Water 17, no. 11 (2025): 1689. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17111689.

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Water plays a critical role in ensuring sustainable food security, particularly in the face of increasing freshwater scarcity and climate variability. This study examines virtual water use and virtual water trade in Ghana’s vegetable production sector over a 30-year period (1994–2023), focusing on four key crops: tomato, pepper, onion, and eggplant. Using secondary data on production volumes, trade flows, and virtual water content, the research quantifies imported and exported virtual water volumes and assesses net virtual water trends. The results reveal a substantial increase in virtual wate

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Sun, Xiuxiu, Weiping Wang, Shisong Qu, Wenliang Li, Weidong Zhao, and Yujie Meng. "Quantitative analyzes of virtual water net exports under the impacts of natural changes and human activities in the last 20 years in Shandong Province, China." Water Supply 22, no. 2 (2021): 1521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.332.

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Abstract Virtual water trade in a region is affected by both nature and by humans. To study the contribution of human activities on virtual water trade quantitatively, an innovative method of quantitative comparison and analysis is put forward. At first, climates are adjusted into a unified standard. Then the impacts of increment and reduction of foreign water are studied. Additionally, the impacts of water management policy are studied according to the comparable water quotas. Results show that with the development of the economy, an N-shaped trend and inverted U-shaped trend exist with regar

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Shi, J., J. Liu, and L. Pinter. "Recent evolution of China's virtual water trade: analysis of selected crops and considerations for policy." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 9 (2013): 11613–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-11613-2013.

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Abstract. China has dramatically increased its virtual water import unconsciously for recent years. Many studies have focused on the quantity of traded virtual water but very few go into analysing geographic distribution and the properties of China's virtual water trade network. This paper provides a calculation and analysis of the crop-related virtual water trade network of China based on 27 major primary crops between 1986 and 2009. The results show that China is a net importer of virtual water from water-abundant areas of North and South America, and a net virtual water exporter to water-st

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Mirabi, Mehrdad, Kazem Javan, Mariam Darestani, and Mohsen Karrabi. "Integrating Circular Economy and Life Cycle Assessment in Virtual Water Management: A Case Study of Food Consumption Across Economic Classes in Iran." Sustainability 17, no. 6 (2025): 2743. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062743.

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Water scarcity is a growing global issue, especially in arid regions like Iran. Global food trade complicates water and food resource management by moving virtual water (the water used to produce goods) between regions. This study uses circular economy principles and life cycle assessment (LCA) to analyze virtual water use across income groups in Iran, focusing on food consumption. This study divided households into three groups: economically vulnerable, middle-class, and affluent. Lower-income households are more water-efficient, using 3.33 L per USD, compared with 0.81 L for middle-class and

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31

SCHENDEL, EMILY KATE, JENNIFER R. MACDONALD, HANS SCHREIER, and LES M. LAVKULICH. "VIRTUAL WATER: A FRAMEWORK FOR COMPARATIVE REGIONAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 09, no. 03 (2007): 341–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333207002858.

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New developments in water resource allocation techniques range from local management of green water to international trade in water. A further extension of this is through the virtual water concept, which is the water required to produce a crop or product. The virtual water content of many products is now available at a national and global scale. While these calculations are meaningful in international trade debates, they are not useful to water managers since regional climatic and management conditions are highly variable. The utility of the virtual water concept at a smaller scale is illustr

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Chahed, J., A. Hamdane, and M. Besbes. "A comprehensive water balance of Tunisia: blue water, green water and virtual water." Water International 33, no. 4 (2008): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060802543105.

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Rogers, P., M. Nakayama, J. Lundqvist, and K. Furuyashiki. "Workshop 7 (synthesis): role and governance implications of virtual water trade." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 7 (2004): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0455.

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Virtual water trade (VWT) is a powerful concept which stimulates fresh thinking about water scarcity and management. It is a potential solution for water-short countries to achieve food security. VWT may also have the potential to play a key role in international negotiations over management of transboundary water resources.

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Sun, Caizhi, and Mengfei Zhang. "Assessing marine equivalent virtual water supplied by the ocean: a case study of China's coastal areas." Water Policy 21, no. 4 (2019): 722–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.069.

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Abstract ‘Virtual water’ represents water resources consumed by industrial, agricultural, and other human activities. Virtual water flow is significant for coordinating the global water balance, but most current research has focused on land. In this study, marine products or services are introduced into the research framework of virtual water, and the concept of ‘marine equivalent virtual water’ is introduced. The formulas are proposed from three aspects: food, environment, and power generation. The calculation results for China's marine equivalent virtual water content from 2006 to 2015 show

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35

Merrett, Stephen. "Virtual Water and the Kyoto Consensus." Water International 28, no. 4 (2003): 540–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060308691732.

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36

Huang, Hongwei, Shan Jiang, Xuerui Gao, et al. "The Temporal Evolution of Physical Water Consumption and Virtual Water Flow in Beijing, China." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (2022): 9596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159596.

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With the rapid development of the socio-economic system and the close connection of inter-regional trade, the physical water consumption in production and the virtual water flow associated with inter-regional trade are both have a significant impact on local water systems, especially in megacities. Beijing is the political, economic and cultural center of China, which is a megacity that has severe water scarcity. To evaluate the status-quo of local water consumption and propose the countermeasures, this study quantitatively analyzed the evolution trend of physical water consumption and the vir

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Wheida, E., and R. Verhoeven. "The role of “virtual water” in the water resources management of the Libyan Jamahiriya." Desalination 205, no. 1-3 (2007): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.556.

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38

Gawel, Erik, and Kristina Bernsen. "What is Wrong with Virtual Water Trading? On the Limitations of the Virtual Water Concept." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 31, no. 1 (2013): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c11168.

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Boudhar, Abdeslam, Said Boudhar, Mohamed Oudgou, and Aomar Ibourk. "Assessment of Virtual Water Flows in Morocco’s Foreign Trade of Crop Products." Resources 12, no. 4 (2023): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources12040049.

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As a semi-arid/arid country located in the northwest of Africa, Morocco is facing serious water scarcity driven by the dual stresses of decreasing availability of water resources and increasing water demands. Virtual water trade could be an effective tool to alleviate water scarcity. The paper presents an analysis of the relationships between agrarian productions, foreign trade, and the water sector in Morocco by deriving a comprehensive estimate of virtual water export and import in Morocco’s foreign trade of 40 crop products during the period from 2000 to 2017. Our objectives include determi

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40

Zhao, Xu, Junguo Liu, Qingying Liu, Martin R. Tillotson, Dabo Guan, and Klaus Hubacek. "Physical and virtual water transfers for regional water stress alleviation in China." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 4 (2015): 1031–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1404130112.

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Water can be redistributed through, in physical terms, water transfer projects and virtually, embodied water for the production of traded products. Here, we explore whether such water redistributions can help mitigate water stress in China. This study, for the first time to our knowledge, both compiles a full inventory for physical water transfers at a provincial level and maps virtual water flows between Chinese provinces in 2007 and 2030. Our results show that, at the national level, physical water flows because of the major water transfer projects amounted to 4.5% of national water supply,

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Tian, Guiliang, Xiaosheng Han, Chen Zhang, Jiaojiao Li, and Jining Liu. "Virtual Water Flows Embodied in International and Interprovincial Trade of Yellow River Basin: A Multiregional Input-Output Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (2020): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031251.

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With the imminent need of regional environmental protection and sustainable economic development, the concept of virtual water is widely used to solve the problem of regional water shortage. In this paper, nine provinces, namely Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong in the Yellow River Basin (YRB), are taken as the research objects. Through the analysis of input-output tables of 30 provinces in China in 2012, the characteristics of virtual water trade in this region are estimated by using a multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model. The results s

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42

Shapland, Greg. "How virtual water saved the Middle East from water wars." Water International 47, no. 6 (2022): 905–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2022.2118362.

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43

Gilroy, Kristin, Nicholas Avisse, Cristian Nieto, and Marine Riffard-Chenet. "Virtual stakeholder engagement for transboundary water management: approach, challenges, and limitations." E3S Web of Conferences 346 (2022): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234603001.

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Water security is a complex challenge in transboundary basins: competing upstream-downstream demands and the pursuit of sovereign interests are key factors often responsible for fragmented water resource management. Designing a transboundary structure under these conditions requires common interests from which each country can benefit. On the Ruzizi River, which delimits the border between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) upstream and between the DRC and Burundi downstream, two structures have already been built. The three riparian countries have been engaged since 1976 within

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Mirauda, Domenica, Nicola Capece, and Ugo Erra. "Sustainable Water Management: Virtual Reality Training for Open-Channel Flow Monitoring." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (2020): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030757.

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The estimated population growth in the next decades will create severe scarcity of water and will have a tremendous impact on the natural environment. Both the developed and developing countries will have to face increasing challenges to match the greater demand of clean and safe water, looking for supplies far from the residential area. This situation will be furtherly exasperated by the effects of climate change which, increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme events, will reduce the availability and the quality of water resources and will subject the population to serious and ongoin

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Lei, Hang, Xin Zhang, and Xinyi Han. "Exploring Virtual Water Network Dynamics of China’s Electricity Trade: Insights into the Energy–Water Nexus." Sustainability 15, no. 22 (2023): 15977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152215977.

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The escalating challenges regarding the sustainable utilization of coupled energy and water resources require the implementation of synergistic management. Electricity-related virtual water flows could result in the transfer of freshwater vulnerability and environmental inequalities. Aiming to systematically characterize its holistic patterns, network structure and formation mechanisms, we constructed a virtual water network for electricity trade in China based on provincial lifecycle water footprints; portrayed the statistical features, structural stability and interregional equilibrium using

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Leite, Ivana Sampaio, Rodolfo José Sabiá, Andrezza Pereira Matos, and Camila Cavalcante Silva. "Virtual water flow and water footprint as optimizer of water resource management in the state of Ceará, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais 56, no. 4 (2021): 608–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z217694781003.

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The water exported indirectly by sending products to other countries, or vice versa, is called a virtual water flow and this can be measured through water footprint (WF) calculations, which represent the embedded water needed to manufacture a product. This present study aims to analyze the virtual water flow and the WF of the main products exported by municipalities in the state of Ceará in the year 2019, in order to enhance the management of the state’s water resources. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP), the most commonly used multicriteria decision-making method in the world, was used to de

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Ciliberti, Francesco G., Luigi Berardi, Daniele B. Laucelli, and Orazio Giustolisi. "Digital Water Services using Digital Twin paradigm." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1136, no. 1 (2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1136/1/012002.

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Abstract In the last years, the digital transition concept has spread all over public and private life as a process designed for improving problem solving in industry by the combination of models, information, and connectivity technologies. In the Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) management sector, the innovations in the areas of ICT/IoT, virtual representation of infrastructure elements in GIS/BIM platforms and the advancements in hydraulic modelling offer the opportunity to open a new era for water engineering. Nonetheless, a unique consensus about the digital transformation meaning in WDN

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Odey, Golden, Bashir Adelodun, Seulgi Lee, Khalid Adeola Adeyemi, Gunho Cho, and Kyung Sook Choi. "Environmental and Socioeconomic Determinants of Virtual Water Trade of Grain Products: An Empirical Analysis of South Korea Using Decomposition and Decoupling Model." Agronomy 12, no. 12 (2022): 3105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123105.

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The world’s sustainable growth is being severely hampered by the inefficient use of water resources. Despite the widely acknowledged importance of trade in global and regional water and food security, societal reliance on local production, as well as international trade, remains inadequately assessed. Therefore, using South Korea as a case study, this study fills in this research gap by applying the virtual water concept, the logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) method, and the Tapio decoupling model. The virtual water concept was used to estimate South Korea’s net virtual water trade for maj

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Xu, Xia, Jing Yuan, Qianwen Yu, and Zehao Sun. "A Study of Initial Water Rights Allocation Coupled with Physical and Virtual Water Resources." Sustainability 15, no. 17 (2023): 12710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151712710.

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Virtual water exerts an indispensable influence on water resources, yet the existing studies on the water rights allocation of transboundary rivers hardly consider virtual water transfer (VWT). Therefore, in this paper, we used Taihu Lake as an example with data collected in 2017 that described both physical and virtual water use. We used these data to evaluate water rights allocation schemes by coupling virtual and physical water use. In order to achieve this goal, we first determined the physical water rights allocated for the four regions connected to the Basin. Next, we employed the multi-

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Haddadin, Munther J. "Shadow water: quantification and significance for water strained countries." Water Policy 9, no. 5 (2007): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.017.

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Shadow water, a term introduced to the water literature in this paper, is shown to be a crucial component of the supply side of the population–water resources equation in water-strained countries and helps keep this equation in a state of equilibrium. A virtual environment is imagined in order to compute the water demand for the country under consideration, enabling the subject country to produce all the commodities it needs. The water demand is thus calculated in a virtual plane and is transformed to the real plane in the calculation process. The demand for each of the three purposes consider

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