Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Manchu Dynasty'

Cette thèse retrace l'histoire d'une famille de négociants et armateurs de Cherbourg sur cinq générations entre 1780 et 1907. La famille liais. La famille liais fut non seulement la principale famille de négociants de Cherbourg au XIXe siècle, mais aussi la plus éminente famille de la ville. Elle donna des négociants, des hommes politiques, des marins, des scientifiques, des artistes. Elle connut également une expansion géographique vers le Brésil et Tahiti
This thesis tells the history of a family of traders and ship-owners originating in Cherbourg over five generations between 1780 and 1907. The Liais family. The Liais family is not only traders' main family of Cherbourg in the XIX th century, but also the most eminent family of the city. She gave traders, politicians, sailors, scientists, artists. She also knew a geographical expansion towards brazil and Tahiti

L’empire sino-mandchou des Qing (1644-1911) étendit sa souveraineté à l’ensemble des peuples mongols, dépassant ainsi de loin les limites traditionnelles des empires chinois. Parmi les problèmes que posa l’administration de ces peuples, ce travail s’intéresse plus particulièrement à celui de l’autonomie juridique accordée par les Qing aux Mongols et à ses limites. Une législation spéciale aux Mongols fut en effet promulguée à côté du Code pénal des Qing, reprenant de nombreuses caractéristiques du droit mongol. L’administration sino-mandchoue garda néanmoins la maîtrise du processus menant à l’élaboration de ce droit. L’évolution subie par cette législation souligne aussi l’importance des transferts juridiques opérés du droit chinois vers le droit mongol. Un système de révision des affaires jugées par les tribunaux mongols permettait en outre d’assurer l’unité du droit et le respect par la noblesse mongol du droit impérial. Les juges mongols gardaient néanmoins toute leur autonomie pour les affaires non soumises à révision, c’est-à-dire celles pour lesquelles la peine prononcée était légère ainsi que dans les procès touchant à la matière civile. C’est au sein de ce domaine que la noblesse disposait encore d’une véritable autonomie et d’un pouvoir d’interprétation des normes impériales. La dernière partie de ce travail consiste en une traduction des principales lois pénales applicables aux Mongols
The Qing Empire (1644-1911) extended its sovereignty to all the Mongolian people, far exceeding the limits of traditional Chinese empires. Among the problems of administration in governing these new peoples, this work focuses the legal autonomy granted by the Qing to the Mongols and its limitations. Special legislation for the Mongols was promulgated apart to the Qing Criminal Code, incorporating many features of the traditional Mongolian law. Nevertheless, the Chinese administration maintained control of the process leading to the drafting of these laws. The course of the evolution of this legislation shows us the importance of Sinicization of Mongol law. A system of reviewing cases, headed by the Central courts also made it possible to maintain the respect of imperial law by the Mongolian nobility. The Mongolian judges continued to guard their autonomy regarding matters not subject to revision, i. E. Those in which the sentence the maximum penalty was lighter as well as in trials relating to civil matters. It is within this area that the nobility still had genuine power in interpreting imperial rules. The last part of this work is a translation of the main criminal law applicable to the Mongols

碩士
東吳大學
歷史學系
96
Manchu occupied China with limited military forces, the Eight-banner. How could they control such a widespread territory has been a major concern for Qing scholars. In the early Qing period, the eight-banner garrisons were set up in Chinese major cities around China for controlling its surrounding areas and watching the Chinese Green standard army as well. Those Eight-banner soldiers and their families were stationed in a walled compound, a Manchu city, in a Chinese city. My thesis dealt with Manchu City in Nanjing as case study of the Eight- Banner Garrison of the Qing Dynasty.

碩士
國立中興大學
歷史學系所
98
From ancient times till today, humans have always thought about death, and death anxiety has always occurred. In order to eliminate the feeling of helplessness over death, people are setting their faith and trust in God for He takes care of all fragile hearts. The ChengHuang was therefore created in response to the needs. At the beginning, ChengHuang were not connected with life after death in any way. People believed that ChengHuang watched over the cities. Not until the Tang Dynasty did ChengHuang get connected with the concept of hell and karma. With the new look, The ChengHuang became God of Justice in the underworld. No one knows what happens to people after death. ChengHuang became the front line officials in the afterlife, and their social standing in the hearts of the people was thus enhanced quite a lot. Ancient Chinese dynasties also noticed ChengHuang would help rule the people and dare not underestimate the influence of ChengHuang. The first Ming Emperor, Chu Yuan-Chang, even worshiped the ChengHuang in official religion. Qing was a conquest dynasty. It was the result of military invasion by the peoples of Manchuria, an area previously outside of the Chinese emperor. To eliminate the barrier and accelerate the recognition of people, Qing Dynasty constructed temples of ChengHuang all over the country, trying to use religion to achieve political ends. Qing Dynasty did not think highly of its rule of Taiwan in early Qing times. Only single men could migrate to Taiwan and reclaimed land for cultivation. Those male migrants did not have a sense of belonging for Taiwan. They did not have anything to do other than work. The situation led to social dysfunction and caused migrants to get addicted to gambling and sex. In order to help those migrants beat bad habits and improve their living, local gentry tried to convince them that ChengHuang would come to the world. Further through books that conveyed a great deal of good deeds and the solemn atmosphere and dignified decoration in ChengHuang Temples, local gentry made an effort at persuading or converting them to worship ChengHuang. Local officials might also depend on ChengHuang to help those who are accused of crime prove their innocence. The official or magistrate would often turn to ChengHuang for advice and help in governing the city or resolve disputes. During Q Dynasty reign, ChengHuang were indispensable supports to both officials and people in Taiwan. In a legal sense, worshiping ChengHuang helps reduce crime. It would be of great help to the ruler.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
建築與都市設計研究所
93
Among the traditional etiquettes, the degree of stress on funeral rites is more than that of others that implies the conventional space concept for the grave architecture deriving from burial rites. This research divides the funeral etiquettes into funeral and burial rites, with the former taking “General Etiquettes of The Great Ching Dynasty” as the text and referring to local historical records and the latter making the mutual verification based on regulatory systems of “Records of Law and System of The Great Ching Dynasty” and the field survey. In the aspect of funeral etiquettes, analyze the class concept and space order with the ritual space of funeral as well as bring up contradictions and sacredness during the funeral rites. For grave, it starts with an exposition of the effect of feng shui, the geomancy, on graves for unidentified persons and grave as well as gives explanations over the concept winding mountain range, the belief of malicious spirit of graves for unidentified persons, and the phenomenon of two altars in northern and southern part in Ching Dynasty. Subsequently, sort out the data concerning graves in Hsinchu area in Ching Dynasty based on the actual cases from the field survey and categorize according to types of graves, and further make in-depth exploration into the locality and structural prototype of graves.

博士
國立成功大學
中國文學系碩博士班
94
《Hunan of academic and the change of the academic custom of Manchu Dynasty later period》 Thesis summary The theories of this thesis constructs foundation, is believing deeply academic have the development of own internality reason road under, examination Manchu Dynasty later period of academic variety income with the result that of conclusion, and Sou Luo's academic data, with certificate Hunan of academic with night pure and academic of inside reason the road jump the track, two relevant is existence. However Hunan of academic just a school of thought of local area, why to Manchu dynasty of academic idea of change, but have count for much influence?For analyzing this phenomenon, so the way of the treatise of the thesis is like a following article: Chapter 1 is a foreword, wanting what to explain first among them is an aim and motive of the article, is a path secondly, for explaining the research method and the essentials of the chapter adopted. The subject of chapter 2 the academic content in analytical Manchu dynasty.Want analytical this problem, have to study from two aspects, an is the academic fixed position of the Manchu dynasty, an is the academic characteristic of the Manchu dynasty. In the aspects of positioning, my target, want clearance prejudice first.Everyone knows the academic circles of now, by from E Xu coup, 54 exercises of learning and carrying the member paid a descendant to constitute key personnel, therefore, perusal Leung Qi super Sir of 《the academic general outline of the Manchu dynasty 》of scholar, usually only know having ram learns, west of academic, and don't know to have the heritage cultural parties with revive old customs of thought, only knows the Kang has for, Leung Qi is super, the Tan Si don't know the whole Manchu dynasty together, the academic circles has a lot of talented persons in fact, someone even thinks the scholars of the Manchu dynasty are all conservative and unworthy a lift;So in now manily jot down Manchu dynasty of academically and the thought of the historical recordses, no one can be opposed to a super opinion of Leung Qi, seeming to in addition to what he like a few Sirs and ram learned in the early Ching dynasty of scholar, the educated person of the Manchu dynasty is then whole unworthy a lift.Want academic scholar of thorough research Manchu dynasty today, this idea must be got rid of at the earliest stage.At the characteristic aspect, the ex- section has already said, I believe firmly academic is an organism, have own the inside need develops of the reason road have to be followed, since was evolved by the inside reason road of, this characteristic of present nature to have to is demanding and contented and this is vitally related, so this section 1, the subject is presenting this result. Section 2 my choice uses the three greatest factors that China flows to change academically, analytical Hunan of academic why can exertive influence in the academic environment of the Manchu dynasty, should have something to do with academic own grain of the Manchu dynasty in fact.China of academic develop to settle generation, have already had tedious fluctuation factor to save therein, in the middle of fluctuation factor in addition to with inside of the need of the reason road is related, Manchu dynasty of academic present everyplace square of localization of special features, also is influence Manchu dynasty of academic by Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Yang state, Hunan, Guangdong everyplace academic by turn become center of main cause, and wants to use the tradition that the gift reforms in academically, is also why whole of Manchu dynasty of academic didn't jump to take off research gift to learn of the factor of[with] target.So describe these three greatest factors, will will influence the academic phenomenon of the Manchu dynasty for finding Hunan of academically why, is helpful. Chapter 3 is to describe Hunan of academic, and Hunan of academic present of the characteristic of the localization. Find Hunan according to my the result for analyzing of academic have ever been subjected to south to learn the influence that learned with reason, so in section 1, I described first south of academic formation, and its cademic characteristic.Section 2 then the academic characteristic of the analytical south be carrying out in the academic China Times of Hunan, is through what way turn deeply, is enhanced of characteristic again is what.Section 3, I will is two quest of the sections according to the front, analyzing Hunan of academic have three characteristics that localize:While ising the thought that inclines toward the research material, two is a tolerant academic appearance, three tradition of the use that study a gift at that times.After the academic formation of these three greatest characteristics and Manchu dynasty surge, will to Manchu dynasty of academic become profound influence. Chapter 4 will discuss in the Manchu dynasty period, Hunan of academic is how change. Regional academic all change in time and the spaces under, certainly there is the possibility for deflecting.So this section 1 analysis the Manchu dynasty test according to of academic, although differ from Hunan of academic, thought because of the academic value research of Hunan.But under the fad of the Manchu dynasty, the academic choice of Hunan tolerates, also therefore understanding to test according to of academic.Section 2 explains then the middle of Manchu Dynasty appears through a life time atmosphere of a school, Hunan of academic always is value material, so became very soon through the center of gravity of a life time atmosphere of a school.Section 3 explains the middle of Manchu Dynasty values the thought that the gift learns, why will cause the Sinology and Song learn of quarrel, Hunan of academic also value a gift to learn, and then is tolerant academic custom, so the academic attempt of Hunan is learned with the gift in harmony with Sinology and Song learn, also therefore hinder an academic development of settling the generation. Chapter 5 then is anti- toward Hunan of Manchu dynasty of quest of academic have to the later period of Manchu dynasties what influence, the point is presenting both side:One is at through under the influence of a life time atmosphere of a school, how the scholar of Hunan is with is in line with through a life time atmosphere of a school, but own tolerant characteristic, so in become the ancient time with revive old customs captivation, hence formation section 1"Be reviving old customs and becoming ancient time of taking or rejecting" of content;Afterwards again the Zhu go to attention Hunan of academic although tolerate, is thoughted by value of the characteristic limit, with the result that learned in the west of introduce up also appear embrace the technical skill science, but reject with west academic add academic phenomenon in China, as a result discuss section 2"introduce and reject academically to the west". Chapter 6 is a conclusion.Tally up a previous chapter, and argument the whole thought of later period of Manchu Dynasty, solid and Hunan of academic have a close relation.

碩士
中原大學
商業設計研究所
99
History that has played the role in nowadays society, has a kind of passing on the cultural heritage and historical records’ functionality. And it also covering that human at politics, technology, humanities thought, art…it is the evolution’s important process. It can be one of the essential conditions for secondary school stage. Secondary schools teaching materials development concept, is to provide students should have national consciousness and basic history knowledge, though basic theory to let students understand the cultural history’s details, let it apply in daily life and rising up the cultural intension. Because of history course has quite deep contents, when teaching students we have to let textbook’s contents make an effective connect with brain, and reach the best learning effect. Therefore, the creator hope can through Interactive multimedia idea material, try to find a new teaching patterns to increase the effect when students learning history. This create used secondary school’s teaching materials as a direction, through documents discuss, case analyzing, and an interview with the user to understand the history teaching materials and learning situation to solve the blind spot in the teaching materials nowadays. Try to improve learning mode, consider digital leaching material’s best display. On creation design, choosing ‘The Ming Dynasty and The Manchu Dynasty’s develops’ as a topic, needs to be consider about the students knows how to link up the history knowledge from the beginning to the end. Also needs to consider how to make the students get interesting with history course and reach the learning benefit, in the end through Interactive multimedia idea material technology’s display to make a brand new development.

This thesis examines the medical case records of the Imperial Qing Palace. The case records were examined with a view to see how Chinese medicine was practised in the Qing period in China. I also analysed the role of medical cases as another way of adding to an understanding of history. My primary sources were the archive medical case records of the Qing Imperial Palace as compiled by Chen Keji. I also used selected secondary sources, particularly research by Chang Che-Chia on the Qing cases. I concentrated my research on selected emperors and the Empress Dowager. I analysed the case records of Kangxi, Qianlong, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Cixi. Each of these figures were analysed using medical analysis and historical analysis. Using clinical knowledge, I analysed each of these political figures considering the historical and social context of the time. While analysing selected cases I also analysed the medical approach and style of one doctor of the nineteenth century, Ma Peizhi. This physician was selected as representative of elite doctors in China in the late Qing period. Using the methodology of textual analysis I supplemented analysis of the primary sources with examination of secondary sources such as biographies and other journals. In medical terms, I found that the practice of Chinese medicine changes according to social and historical circumstances. In line with the social norms of the elite at the time in Qing China, medicine was practised with the approach of gentleness and balance. This distinctive style, practised by Ma Peizhi, saw the root of physical disease in mental unease. In historical terms, I found that the medical records provided primary evidence for trends in Qing history. The Kangxi emperor looked askance at Chinese medicine, while avidly practising his Manchu shamanic rituals. His grandson, Qianlong, in contrast, presented himself as a patron of Chinese classical learning, of which he saw Chinese medicine as an important component. This was evidence that the sinification of the Manchu conquerors was almost complete. A key finding of the thesis was that the realities of the Qing emperors and the Empress Dowager Cixi differed from the personas they had projected to the public. The Qing emperors and the Empress Dowager were, on the whole, frail in health, psychologically vulnerable and suffering from chronic anxiety, if not depression. The Qing images of power did not fit the reality.

博士
中國文化大學
史學系
103
Previously, there are many interpretations about the Manchu vocabularies of early Qing Dynesty, but it is not clear in semantics. In this paper, we tried to explaine four important Manchu vocabularies appeared in "Manchuria old file " more clearly by using the methods from textual analysis and diachronic linguistics. The four word groups are: "Daicing", "Gioro", "Manju", and "Three fairies: Enggulen, Jenggulen, Fekulen" etc. We suggest a model contains elements in semateme and linguistics, and expect to apply more informative references for future historical research.

武舉常科創自武曌（則天），長安二年（702）始設。歷後各朝，除元代不開武科，宋、金、明三代偶有停罷，武科相沿一千二百年，幾與文科相埒。職是之故，近世中國之造士與選士，於文科、儒學、儒經、文廟一系之外，另有武科、武學、武經、武廟一系。兩系雖各有輕重，然並駕駢行千餘載，交互制衡，以保政治之平穩暢達。
入關伊始，清廷即詔令因襲前明舊制，開設文武科考。自順治二年（1645）開科鄉試，至光緒二十七年（1901）正式廢除，清代武科持續運作二百五十餘年，幾與王朝相伴始終。清代武科之主要層級同於文科，皆始於童試，繼而鄉試、會試，終於殿試。各級武考中式者，亦相應得授武生員、武舉人、武進士出身。武科各級考試，均分別外場、內場進行，以外場試武藝，內場試文藝。錄取權衡時外場重於內場，外場技藝之中，馬、步箭及開弓又重於舞刀、掇石。
清代武科之制度設計及考試內容，延續中國歷代選士「文武合一」之一貫理想，然現實中卻文武殊途。清代武科之設計與運作，既體現旗民之別，八旗內部又有滿蒙與漢軍之別、京旗與駐防之別。武科之正面影響遠不及文科，然文武科考皆為常規掄才途徑，兩者所揭櫫清代政局大勢與掄才需求之變化，實際異曲同工。通過文武兩途考選，清代科考人才之宏觀佈局，呈現南方文風熾盛、北方技勇突出之特徵。武進士之初始授職，以皇宮侍衛及地方營、衛守備為主，然武科選途清初即病壅滯，實授遷轉甚難。
清廷之復武科，宣稱旨在遴選「干城之才」，以為「腹心之寄」。然武科內場考試，自乾隆朝廢止《四書》，嘉慶朝盡廢論、策之試，改為默寫《武經》，日漸形同虛設。武科士子之文化素養，亦日益下降。武科外場所試技藝，係屬展示表演，而非對抗實戰。而且，自乾隆間改試鳥槍之議被禁，外場各項冷兵器技藝考核陳陳相因，與實際戰局日漸疏離。職是之故，清代中期以降，武科越益頹化為授予功名之儀式與恩榮，而非掄才要徑、晉身要途。武進士初始授職之品級，雖遠較文進士為高，然武科出身之仕途前景與政治影響遠不及文科。更有甚者，武科內、外場不僅弊情嚴重，不少武科士子更危害一方，成為地方社會亂源，大悖設科初衷。
清代武科出身雖有功勳卓著、官居高位者，然究屬鳳毛麟角，且集中於清代初中期。整體而論，這套幾乎橫貫全國、縱跨全清之掄才制度，得材甚少。其對帝國整體軍事力量，亦鮮少實質促進。然武科之存續，仍有平衡文武、調劑滿漢之功用，清廷既可藉此驅策雙方、維持動態均勢，又可以之宣示恩典威權、籠絡地方。因此，清代武科雖然實效不彰，卻又相沿不輟。必至清末內憂外患之鉅變衝擊，始與文科相繼停廢。復因武科之影響遠不及文科，故廢除武科所致近代中國社會之震盪，亦不可與停廢文科同日而語。
Established by Empress Wu in 702, the imperial military examination system lasted, albeit having been suspended in the entire Yuan dynasty and in part of the Song, Jin and Ming dynasties occasionally, for 1200 years, which was nearly as long as the period of existence of the imperial civil examination system. In effect, the military examination system, associated with military schools, military classics and military temples, functioned as a mechanism parallel to the civil examination and its related institutions (i.e., Confucian schools, Confucian classics and Confucian temples) for cultivating and recruiting talents in late imperial China. Although the two systems exerted influence in different degrees on the Chinese empire, they co-existed and managed to keep a balance between them for more than a millennium so as to contribute to the stable and smooth governance of traditional China.
The Manchu court, immediately after entering Beijing, decreed to resume the civil and military examinations by adopting the former Ming institutions. Since its restoration in 1645, the military examination system ran consecutively for more than 250 years until it was eventually abolished in 1901. The vertical levels of the military examination, which were the same as those for its civil counterpart, included Tongshi (examination for junior students), Xiangshi (provincial examination), Huishi (metropolitan examination), and Dianshi (palace examination). Candidates who passed examinations at different levels were conferred the corresponding status of Wushengyuan (military government students), Wujuren (military provincial graduates) and Wujinshi (military metropolitan graduates). At each level, the military examination consisted of the outer session for tests of martial arts and physical strengths and the inner session on military classics and literary abilities. As for selection criteria, the outer session often carried greater weight. Among the examination items for the outer session, mounted archery, standing archery and bow-drawing were more important than long-handled sword-brandishing and stone-lifting.
To integrate literary and martial competence, the long-standing ideal of talent-recruitment in traditional China, was also materialized in the Qing military examination. In reality, however, the civil and military tracks diverged remarkably from each other. The design and implementation of the military examination system evinced a clear distinction between banner people and commoners. Even within the Eight Banners, there were different arrangements for Manchus, Mongols and Han military bannermen, and for capital banners and provincial garrison banners as well. In terms of positive influence, the military examination system could not compare with the civil one. However, the vicissitudes of both the civil and military examination systems, as components of the mechanism for the recruitment of talents, reflected almost similarly the changes in political development and the correspondent needs for helps from social elites in Qing times. Under these two systems, the macro-spatial distribution of talented candidates in the Qing demonstrated that those from the south were versed in literary skills, whilst those from the north were excellent in martial arts. The initial position for a newly admitted military Jinshi was usually the imperial guard or mid-ranking officer in the local Green Standard Army. But the career prospects of the military degree holders started to dim as early as the beginning of the dynasty. The situation became increasingly difficult afterwards when promising appointments with promotion prospects were hard to come by.
The Qing court constantly claimed that the restoration of military examination aimed at nurturing able military talents to serve as reliable defenders of the empire. Yet after Emperor Qianlong cancelled the test on The Four Books and Emperor Jiaqing further replaced discourse essay composition with short paragraph writing of the military classics from memory, the inner session of the examination was gradually turned into something in name only. The result was an increasing decline of the overall literary level of the candidates. More problematically, the test of martial skills in the outer session of the examination was more on individual demonstrative performance than actual confrontational combat. And since Emperor Qianlong had banned the inclusion of musket as an item of examination in the outer session, the use of traditional cold weapons and relevant skills were tested repeatedly without substantial reform, making the examination further and further irrelevant to actual warfare. Thus after the mid-Qing era, the military examination degenerated gradually into something ceremonial and honour-endowing, rather than a key mechanism of talent recruitment. Despite the superior rankings of initial appointments, the subsequent career prospects and political influences of the military Jinshi were far less favorable than those of their literary peers. What further worsened the situation was the phenomenon that, apart from severe malpractice and corruption in the examination, many military degree holders even committed infamous deeds and thus became the source of unrests in local society, starkly betraying the original intention of the institution of imperial examination.
Cases of military degree holders who performed meritoriously in military and political realms did exist. They were nevertheless rare and mainly appeared during the first half of the dynasty. A holistic evaluation of the military examination system, which was operated spatially all over the empire and temporally nearly throughout the entire dynasty, nurtured few serviceable military talents. It could therefore hardly make significant contribution to the empire’s overall military strengths. Paradoxically, the military examination system did continue to function as an institution to balance the civil and military sectors, and Manchus and the Han, in terms of interest and power. In adopting it, the Manchu court could manipulate both sides and keep a dynamic balance between them, meanwhile bestowing favours on, declaring authority over, and winning the support of society. Therefore, the military examination system remained in operation although it did not work effectively as a due talent-recruiting institution. It was officially abrogated, shortly before the abolition of its civil counterpart, in the very late period of the Qing under the impact of a series of social upheavals and tremendous political changes, amid external military threats. As the influence of the military examination system could nowhere match that of the civil examination system, the abolition of the latter seemed to have brought a much bigger shock to Chinese society in transition to the modern era.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
李林.
Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 345-360).
Abstracts also in English.
Li Lin.

Austro-Hungarian Activities in China, 1894-1914 PhDr. Jan Kočvar My Ph.D. thesis evaluates Austro-Hungarian activities in China between 1894 and 1914, especially their political aspects. I would like to explain the nature of Austro-Hungarian contacts with China and their significance for the Dual Monarchy. The main source for my thesis was constituted by the materials in Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv in Vienna. Austria-Hungary concluded diplomatic relations with China in 1869, but her position in China remained weak. After the Sino-Japanese War, the Far East became a focus of interest of the Great Powers, and in 1896 was appointed the first Austro-Hungarian Minister to China. During the Scramble for Concessions in late nineties, Austro-Hungarian navy conducted survey of Chinese littoral and contemplated an establishment of a naval base in China, but finally rejected this idea. Austro-Hungarian trade and other interests in China were too insignificant to justify such an action. The peak of Austro-Hungarian presence is connected with the Boxer Uprising of 1900. Austria-Hungary didn't contribute to its genesis. During the uprising, Austro-Hungarian sailors were fighting in besieged Legation Quarter in Beijing, as well as in the metropolitan province of Zhili. Thereafter, Austro-Hungarian diplomacy took...