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Che, Dewei, and 車德偉. "The syntax of particles in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206676.
Full textAbstract:
Chinese is noted for its rich inventory of particles that help to form sentences. However, a precise definition of particle is hard to achieve due to its wide range of forms and functions. Most words that are hard to categorize are dumped into this class. Naturally, there are two consequences that come out of this: 1) the difference is huge among groups and subgroups; 2) there seems to be no interconnectedness between groups. In these circumstances, this study mainly aims to address two issues: a) to establish particle as a theoretical construct that is distinguishable from other well-established constructs, and b) to present a unified analysis of the syntax of particles in Chinese.
Through a close examination on particles in the cross-linguistic literature, it is found that particles in Mandarin Chinese are characterized by syntactic deficiency, i.e. inability to project. This study thus defines a Chinese particle as a ‘non-projecting word which is adjoined to X^(0,).
A systematic account of particles in Chinese has remained as a conundrum due to their diversity. This study concerns two groups of particles in Mandarin Chinese, namely the structural particles and the verbal particles. The former has long been discussed in Chinese literature, while the latter is evolved out of this study. It is adequately shown that the so-called ‘verb-complement compounds’ in traditional Chinese literature are indeed ‘verb-particle combinations’. Accordingly, three types of verbal particles are specified in this study: aspectual, resultative, and directional. The syntactic behaviours of the structural particles and the verbal particles are intensively explored in this study. A unified analysis of these particles is achieved under the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar. It turns out that all of them share the same representation at c-structure. As a non-projecting category, the particle is head-adjoined to X and thus the formation of a syntactic construct. In other words, the particle is syntactically combined rather than lexically combined, represented by two nodes in a tree diagram. Their grammatical functions can be captured at f-structure with two possibilities: a co-head or an XCOMP.
The same analysis is generalized to the syntax of the particle ge and the verbal particles in Cantonese. It is proved that particles in Cantonese also feature syntactic deficiency (i.e. inability to project).
This dissertation is among the first of its kind to provide a unified analysis of the syntax of particles in Chinese. It is observed that certain particles are quite distinguishable from other word classes by their phrase structural realization. Different from previous studies that have tried to classify particles mainly according to their meanings and functions, this study explores another possibility: particles in Chinese can be captured structurally as a coherent group.published_or_final_version
Linguistics
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Han, Yang. "A pragmatic study of some sentence-final and post-verbal particles in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, University of York, 1988. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4278/.
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Leung, Helen Hue Lam. "The Semantics of Utterance Particles in Informal Hong Kong Cantonese (Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach)." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367055.
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This study identifies the semantic invariants of some commonly-used Cantonese utterance particles in Hong Kong Cantonese. The particles are a distinctive and ubiquitous feature of informal, everyday Cantonese, occurring every 1.5 seconds on average (Luke 1990, 11). The particles are necessary for expressing speakers’ transitory attitudes, assumptions, or feelings connected with an utterance. Although they are not grammatically obligatory, conversation sounds unnatural when they are omitted. There are approximately 30 ‘basic’ particles, which can combine with each other to form ‘clusters’, resulting in roughly 100 variations. This number easily surpasses that of comparable particles in Mandarin, and is matched by very few, if any, other languages. Semantic analysis of Cantonese utterance particles is challenging because their meanings are extremely elusive, even to native speakers. The range of use of each particle is so varied and wide- ranging that some Cantonese speakers and scholars have concluded that the particles have no stable semantic content. Prior research on the particles has produced contradictory, vague, obscure or inaccurate descriptions.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science
Arts, Education and Law
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Song, Na. "Les particules finales enclitiques dans le dialecte de Baoding : une étude typologique de leurs valeurs temporelles, aspectuelles, modales et évidentielles (TAME)." Thesis, Paris, INALCO, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INAL0011.
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Cette étude porte sur les valeurs temporelles, aspectuelles, modales et évidentielles (TAME) des particules enclitiques placées en fin de proposition ou de phrase dans le dialecte mandarin parlé à Baoding (Hebei, Chine). Ces particules inaccentuées, fréquentes dans les dialogues, assurent diverses fonctions sémantiques et pragmatiques. Mais certaines d’entre elles ont des valeurs relevant de l’aspect, du temps, du mode et de l’évidentialité, ainsi que des valeurs illocutoires. La première partie de la thèse inclut une présentation du dialecte de Baoding et un état de l’art sur les notions de temps, d’aspect, de modalité et d’évidentialité. Elle donne une vue d’ensemble des particules finales du dialecte de Baoding et des divers paradigmes selon lesquels elles s’organisent. La deuxième partie s’attache à rendre compte du fonctionnement de ces particules et de leurs valeurs temporelles, aspectuelles, modales et évidentielles, en décrivant en détail huit d’entre elles. Il s’agit des particules finales exprimant : le mouvement associé (=tɕhi et =lɛ) ; l’aspect imperfectif (=ni et =lɛ.tʂo) ; le changement d’état (=lɛ), l’action imminente (la particule de l’appréhensif =lɛ.ia et la particule égophorique =ia) ; et enfin le prioritif (la particule =tʂo). Ce travail, qui s’appuie sur des données originales recueillies sur le terrain, constitue la première description d’ensemble du système temporel, aspectuel, modal et évidentiel (TAME) encodé par les particules enclitiques finales dans un dialecte mandarin non standard, qui se révèle assez différent de celui du chinois standard. Cette thèse vient donc compléter utilement nos connaissances sur la nature et l’ampleur de la variation linguistique au sein des langues sinitiques, et en particulier au sein des dialectes mandarinsThis study focuses on the temporal, aspectual, modal and evidential (TAME) values of clause-final enclitic particles in the Mandarin dialect spoken in Baoding (Hebei, China). These unstressed particles perform various semantic and pragmatic functions, but some of them also encode tense, aspect mood and evidentiality (TAME) as well as illocutionary force. The first part of the thesis includes a presentation of the Baoding dialect and a state of the art on the notions of tense, aspect, modality and evidentiality. It gives an overview of the final particles of the Baoding dialect and the various paradigms which structure them. The second part describes the TAME system encoded by these particles, by recording the functions of eight of them, which express: associated motion (=tɕhi and =lɛ); imperfective aspect (=ni and =lɛ.tʂo); change of state (=lɛ), imminent action (the apprehensive particle = lɛ.ia and the egophoric particle =ia); and prioritive (particle =tʂo). This study, which is based on original field data, constitutes the first overall description of the TAME system encoded by final enclitic particles in a non-standard Mandarin dialect, and contributes to our knowledge of linguistic variation within Sinitic languages
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Lee, Ok Joo. "The pragmatics and intonation of ma-particle questions in Mandarin." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1283176733.
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Wiener, Seth. "The Representation, Organization and Access of Lexical Tone by Native and Non-NativeMandarin Speakers." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429827661.
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Pan, Junnan. "Interrogation et quantification : le rôle et la fonction des particules et des syntagmes interrogatifs en chinois mandarin." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT3013.
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Pan, Junnan Boucher Paul. "Interrogation et quantification le rôle et la fonction des particules et des syntagmes interrogatifs en chinois mandarin /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=24766.
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Hu, Yang. "Acquisition of English verb-prepositional phrase and verb-particle constructions by native speakers of Mandarin and Spanish." Thesis, University of Essex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502176.
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XU, YU-LING, and 許玉玲. "Mandarin sentential particles and particle questions." Thesis, 1989. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62524316375828737988.
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XIE, ZHI-QIANG, and 解志強. "A Discourse-functional Analysis of Mandarin Sentence-final Particles." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97794439445226694129.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立政治大學
西洋語文研究所
79
The purpose of this thesis is to find the exact functions of the Mandarin sentence-final particles within discourse.The method of the study is to c- ollect data from Mandarin-speaking TV shows and radio programs.Theoretica- lly discourse is divided into five compartments:the exchange structure,the idea structure,the action structure,the information state,and the partici- pation framework.Each SFP was analyzed in terms of the functions it perfo- rms within each compartment of discourse.It was found that each SFP has i- ts particular contributions within different compartments of discourse. F- or instance,'a'' always appways appears in an answer to a question or a de- fense to an accusation,so the major funtion of 'a'' is within the exchange structure:'a'' is a marker of certain adjacency pairs within the exchange structure of discourse.'Ma''is an important marker as far as the informati- on state is concerned,since'ma'' often paraphrases or emphasizes a piece of information to clarify it or to reveal its significance.'La'' performs its discourse funtion mainly in the participation framework,as 'al'' often ma- rks a speaker''s comments to the previous discourse,signifying a role-chan- ging phenomenon peculiar to the participation framework.Another important SFP as discourse marker is 'ne'',whose major function is in the idea struc- ture:'ne'' often appears at the juxtaposition of two propositions which are in drastic contrast in some respect.Thus analyzing the Mandarin sentence- final particles has provided a new means of uncovering the mystery of Chi- nese particles as a whole. #50010337.abs #50010337.abs
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Woo, I.-hao. "The syntax of the aspectual particles in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/14086.
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Linguistic studies on the aspectual system of natural language have mainly focused on its semantics and morphology; the syntax of aspect has not yet received as much attention. In this dissertation, I provide a syntactic analysis of the aspectual system of Chinese.
In analyzing the properties of situation aspect, I propose a unified syntactic structure that accounts for the two mechanisms of telicity marking in Chinese. First, I argue that like pre-verbs in Slavic languages, Chinese also has overt telic morphemes which are used to turn an atelic event into a telic one. For example, I claim that the morpheme wan 'to finish' is base-generated as the head of Inner Aspect Phrase in between vP and VP. This functional phrase is responsible for the telic reading of a sentence. I also claim that differently from languages such as English, whose telicity marking mainly depends on the quantity of the object, countability and boundedness of direct objects in Chinese are not directly responsible for telicity marking.
Secondly, I demonstrate that the proposed analysis of telicity marking can also be used to account for the syntactic distributions of the resultative V-V compounds and V-de phrases. I argue that these two types of sentences also contain Inner Aspect Phrase that is responsible for the telic reading. I also claim that the difference in word order between these two constructions is due to morphological requirements and I illustrate how morphology may affect syntax in the derivation.
Finally, I discuss imperfective viewpoint aspect in analyzing the distributions of the progressive zai and the durative -zhe. Starting from the close relation between locative expressions and progressive aspect cross-linguistically, I demonstrate that zai always functions as a preposition and is not itself the source of the progressive aspect. I also analyze the usages of -zhe and argue that like English present particle morpheme -ing, this imperfective particle also functions as a verbal suffix of two different types of imperfective aspect. It can be used to express progressive aspect as well as resultative imperfective aspect. The analysis provides a generalization of the imperfective viewpoint aspect in Chinese.
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Fang, Chong Nyok, and 鍾若芳. "A Comparative Study of the Utterance-Final Particles─ Comparison with Taiwanese Mandarin and Malaysian Mandarin." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7vf79v.
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碩士國立政治大學
華語文教學碩士學位學程
104
Modal particles are very important in Mandarin Chinese. By just adding one modal particle to a sentence, speakers are able to express their various feelings, moods or attitude. Language always changes because of differences in time and space. This study focuses on two areas of Mandarin usage, Taiwan and Malaysia, to discover the differences in use of modal particles between them. In this study, we attained authentic materials by situational conversations with 30 subjects. The situational conversation based on Qi (2002) mentions 6 kinds of traditional modals plus 3 types (sigh, contingent and reminder) which are used to design a modal particle experiment. This study not only focuses on authentic materials, but also uses Sinica Corpus to verify the functions of the modal particles. The common modal particles used in Taiwan and Malaysia are “a, ba, lɤ, e”. One that is only used in Taiwan is “O”, and in Malaysia is “le”. Although these two countries actually use “le”, the pronunciation is different.
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Yu, Rex Xin Xian, and 余信賢. "Modals and Mood Particles in Mandarin Chinese and Mayrinax Atayal." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b7x772.
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博士國立清華大學
語言學研究所
103
Instead of traditionally treating certain modals with epistemic interpretation, we suggest that yinggai ‘should’ in Mandarin Chinese (MC) and asi ‘seemingly’ in Mayrinax Atayal (MA) be re-categorized as evidential modals. Under Cartography Approach (Cinque & Rizzi 2008, Tsai 2010, Tsai & Yang 2014), we try to build a hierarchical structure involving modals and mood particles, in terms of their interactions in these two languages. To distinguish evidential modals from others, several clausal constructions and elements are manipulated to figure out the compatibility of these modals in these environments. Following previous assumptions (Tang and Tang 1997, Hsin 2000, Palmer 2001, Butler 2003, Tsai 2010), we also confirm the existence of the rigid ordering among modals. We further claim that the various distributions and co-occurrences of modals signify this restricted ordering: Evidential > Epistemic > Deontic. Given that postulation, we could clearly separate evidential modals from epistemic ones. More importantly, we could re-define the essential interpretations of yinggai ‘should’ in MC and asi ‘seemingly’ in MA, and account for the inconsistency between yinggai ‘should’ and keneng ‘may’ in MC. This hierarchy can be further verified when we consider the interactions between modals and mood particles. Adopting concepts of previous studies (Tang 1998, Law 2002, Li 2006, Sybesma and Li 2007, Hsieh and Sybesma 2008, Paul 2014), we claim that mood particles are located at divergent positions under Split-CP Hypothesis (Cinque 1999, Rizzi 2004), where higher modals are presumed to block the upward movement of the relatively lower mood particle. Once the intervention effect takes place, the derivation in interrogatives is doom to crash. As a result, evidential expressions, including yinggai ‘should’, tingshuo ‘hearsay’ in MC, asi ‘seemingly’ and tal-an ‘it looks like…’ in MA are predicted to fail in yes/no questions, composed with ma in MC and quw in MA. Thanks to their relatively higher locations, only shi-bu-shi in outer A-not-A question of MC, and mood particle pisa’ in questions of MA are able to undergo movement to Force, regardless of the existence of evidential modals. Sentence final and non-final positioning of particles in MA also provides us another way to consider the formation of particles. Their free distributions are also influenced by the existence of higher modals.
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Wang, Wen-jet, and 王文傑. "Eventuality and Consequence - Two Types of Resultative Verbal Particles in Mandarin." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06569801429620961953.
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碩士國立交通大學
外國文學與語言學研究所
96
This research of resultative semantics has drawn attentions from linguists for decades. In Mandarin, it is generally accepted that a V-V construction with the second verb indicating the resultative state of the event can be seen as a VR compound. In addition to this, one particular trait on the VR compounds is the potential mode, in which a potentialty-dé （得） is inserted to form a V-dé-X construction such as "chī-dé-wán" （吃得完）which distinguishes the VR compounds from other verbal compounds in Mandarin. However, as there are still some VR constructions can not tolerate potentialty-dé insertion (e.g., chī-guāng vs. *chī-dé-guāng), there is no explanation to this gap. By adopting the idea proposed in Kratzer (2004), this thesis proposes that Mandarin has two types of resultative semantics as German and English do, instead of the unitary one type of resultative semantics found in the literature. This paper will inspect the semantic environment that licenses the appearance of two resultative markers (e.g., dé and dào) in Mandarin and compare their linguistic behavior with the two types of resultative semantics suggested by Kratzer in English to support to the proposal that Mandarin has two types of resultative semantics as well. At the end, this paper suggests that those V-particle constructions with potentiality-dé (i.e., V-wán) are of the resultative semantics of eventual resultative but those V-particle constructions without potentiality-dé insertion belong to the resultative semantics of consequential resultative.
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"Focus and scales: L1 acquisition of CAI and JIU in Mandarin Chinese." 1999. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6073249.
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Yang Xiaolu."December 1999."
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 259-268).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
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I-PEI, WU, and 吳佩怡. "The Utterance-Final Particles of Contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin---From the perspective of Core Meaning and Pragmatic Function." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93301814405426011737.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
華語文教學研究所
94
This study investigates the linguistic phenomenon of utterance-final particles (UFPs) in Taiwanese Mandarin from a discourse-pragmatic perspective. To What extent are the UFPs in Mandarin a carry-over of those in Taiwanese? What kind of evidence does Taiwanese Mandarin provide in supporting the claim that some Mandarin UFPs are borrowed from Taiwanese UFPs? The author provides a systematic description to support the claim and hopes that such a description can allow Chinese language teachers to better understand contemporary Taiwanese Mandarin UPFs. This study sifts out five popular UFPs from natural, spoken Taiwanese Mandarin: namely, la, lei, hoNh, haNh, and hioh. Adopting Li‘s (1999) interactive framework of core meaning and pragmatic function, the author carefully examines each of these five UFPs in discourse contexts. It is argued by the author that the addressee can utilize the core meaning and tone quality of these UFPs, in conjunctions with the utterance proposition and the Cooperative Principle, to infer various kind of context-dependent conversational implicature. Finally, using a contrastive analysis of the selected UFPs in Mandarin and Taiwanese Mandarin, the author attempts to unravel some of the possible reasons for the functional shift of Taiwanese Mandarin UFPs.
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Hsu, Ching-Wei, and 許靖瑋. "Pragmatic Functions of Mandarin Chinese Utterance-initial Particles: A Case Study of Eh2 and Oh in Social Interactions." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x79s5z.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
語言學研究所
104
Studies on particles and their uses in Mandarin Chinese have been quite robust throughout the past and present. Apart from formal focus, many of these Mandarin Chinese particle studies have treated the various pragmatic functions of particles as linguistic manifestations reflecting speakers’ cognitive status. Among these, the sentence-final particles (so-called SFPs) in Mandarin Chinese especially call for linguists’ attention owing both to their positional predictability and pragmatic varieties. However, rather few studies (Wu, 1997; 2014; Tsai, 2008) take interest in particle use in utterance-initial position in Mandarin Chinese on the contrary. Moreover, such particle use is seldom investigated into in various different speech genres (e.g., talk-in-interaction, TV talk shows, and monologue narratives). In light of the aforementioned, the current thesis aims to excavate how Utterance-initial Particles (hereafter UIPs) manifest themselves in real-world language data and how speakers socially and pragmatically interact with the aid of UIPs in context. The two targeted frequently-adopted UIPs – Eh2 and Oh – are inspected through three different discourse channels – (1) talk-in-interaction manifestations through spoken corpora; (2) transcriptions of TV talk shows; (3) monologue narratives of story-retelling. The uses of UIP in these different speech genres are analyzed based on research methods of discourse analysis and conversation analysis. The general analytic framework is inspired by Fischer (2006a) and its spectrum of models dedicated to the polyfunctionality of discourse particles, and it hinges upon rather monosemous approach to polyfunctionality. The dispersed outcomes of UIP adoption on the surface are looking forward to being confined by the current analytic framework. Instead of claiming polysemy for the diverse pragmatic functions UIPs exhibit, by incorporating the speech genre features and the interactions between speakers and co-participants, we will be able to elicit the core features Mandarin Chinese speakers encode in UIPson the cognitive level. The analyses of the present study firstly present the discourse manifestations of Eh2. On the cognitive level where we can suggest speakers’ different epistemic statuses, Eh2-prefacing foretells discovery, unexpectedness, and wonder in regard to the reaction time. Pragmatically on the discursive level, in conversational discourse these epistemic stages render default pragmatic functions like attention marking, surprise marking, and interrogation initiation. On the other hand, in TV talk shows, there are other pragmatic functions such as self-generate adjacency pair, plot twist setting, and speaker’s turn modulation, and these are merely variants of Eh2-encoded modality and knowledge states. Similarly we also see such functions in Eh2-prefacing in monologue narratives data, and Eh2 can also aid in the speakers’ memory retrieval through self-repair. Notably when there is a negative cue, speaker’s take with respect to the reaction time begets implications of urgency to refute and reproachment respectively. Secondly, the researched counterpart Oh on the cognitive level conveys information recipience and speakers’ reasoning/understanding process in regard to the reaction time. On the discursive level, these epistemic statuses are not just encoded as recipience acknowledgement, but also as emotional states ranging from calmness, indifference, to unfriendliness based on how co-participants interpret it. These core elements of Oh in TV talk shows further provide the speakers with pragmatic tools to coordinate speech sequence and narrative track-keeping. Moreover, in monologue narratives, the feature of reasoning/understanding further suggests narrator’s planned speech signal. Unlike Eh2 in negative contexts, which conveys stronger sense of negation, Oh at this end presents mild or euphemized refutations. The present thesis not only presents an in-depth investigation into UIP use in Mandarin Chinese and the pragmatic functions in social interactions, but also contributes to a systematic presentation of synchronic UIP use on different levels. Delicate and complicated pragmatic functions in various different speech genres can be systematically attributed back to several invariant core cognitive statuses each UIP idiosyncratically conveys. The current thesis also opens new directions for the future particle studies so as to the complexity of linguistic intercourses and human cognition.
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Chang, Lingying, and 張玲瑛. "Applying Collocation Analysis on the Interpretation and Pedagogical Grammar of the Mandarin Polysemic Final Particles BA and NE." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63192196350486233106.
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博士國立臺灣師範大學
華語文教學研究所
100
This thesis analyzes two Mandarin final particles BA（吧）and NE（呢）with processes of qualitative and quantitative methods using the 5-million-word corpus data of Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese. The research starts with a hypothesis that BA and NE are polysemic and both can be categorized into three variants in terms of modality or function. The three BA variants are the dubitative BA1, the imperative BA2, and the self-declaring BA3 while the three NE variants, the interrogative NE1, the highlighting NE2, and the comment-requesting NE3. To support the hypothesis, proof must be drawn from language facts. Hence, clauses attached by a BA or NE are retrieved from the corpus and grouped into six files which are run through a computer program compiled by Cheng (2011) to rank and list the collocates for each variant of BA or NE. With the semantic connections of the collocates analyzed and the concordance of senses between the collocates and the final particle variant observed, the hypothesis of BA and NE as polysemic particles can be supported. To apply the results of the collocation study on teaching and learning Chinese as a foreign language, the pedagogical grammar of the final particles BA and NE can use the collocates in the description of the grammatical structure so that each variant of BA and NE is properly learned as a separate final particle with specific modality or function. To achieve word-focused extensive reading in teaching or leaning final particles, teachers as well as students, can use the final particle as the keyword and its collocates as guidance when retrieving sentence examples from digital language resources.
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Chang, Tsu-Ning, and 張祖寧. "Character Language in Mandarin Chinese: A Case Study of Sentence-final Particles A 啊, Ya 呀, Ma 嘛, and Ne 呢." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8wab8y.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
語言學研究所
107
Character language, i.e., a speech style but flexibly changeable according to situations by a speaker, is proposed as an indicator of indexing the features of the speaker (Sadanobu, 2006). It has been argued that Japanese is abundant in character language, while Chinese relatively lacks such a marking system. In this sense, character language is highly pragmatic in use. Another highly pragmatic category in language is the sentence-final particle. Do the sentence-final particles share some functions of character language? Since the studies of sentence-final particles in Mandarin Chinese mostly concerned about their grammatical or discourse functions in use, in order to clarify the question mentioned above, this paper aims at investigating Chinese sentence-final particles A 啊, Ya 呀, Ma 嘛, and Ne 呢 from the perspective of character language. In this paper, all data are systematically collected from three variety shows and four TV dramas produced in Taiwan and China. Three age groups are set as our research targets: under 30 as group I, 31 to 50 as group II, and above 51 as group III. There are 60 males and 60 females in total. The transcriptions of the excerpts are based on the concept of intonation unit proposed by Du Bois et al. (1993) and Tao (1996). The data of sentence-final particles A 啊, Ya 呀, Ma 嘛, and Ne 呢 will be discussed and analyzed from two aspects, i.e., gender and age. The results of the present study show a gender difference and age differences in character language in terms of the usage of sentence-final particles A 啊,Ya 呀,Ma 嘛,and Ne 呢 which are seldom recognized in the previous literature. For gender difference of sentence-final particles A 啊 and Ya 呀, although the use of A 啊 and Ya 呀 can be categorized as variants of the same phoneme /a/ based on the phonological rule, i.e., /a/à[ja]/ [i]__#. However, there is a tendency that males still use A 啊, and females still use Ya 呀 regardless of the phonological rule. Also, as character language, A 啊 and Ya 呀 can be used flexibly by females and males for special purposes in certain contexts. For age difference, as a kind of character language, only males under age 30 and from 31 to 50 sometimes use character language Ya 呀 in certain contexts for special purposes, while all the three age groups of females use A 啊 for special purposes in certain context. For gender difference of sentence-final particle Ma 嘛, males tend to use “indicating obvious information Ma 嘛”, while females tend to use “indicating the speaker’s opinion Ma 嘛”. As a kind of character language, these two kinds of Ma 嘛 can be used flexibly by males and females for special purposes in certain contexts. For age difference of sentence- final particle Ma 嘛 of males, as a character language, all of the three age groups only use “indicating the speaker’s opinion Ma 嘛” in certain contexts for special purposes. For age difference of sentence-final particle Ma 嘛 of female, females over 51 years old tend to use “indicating obvious information Ma 嘛,” while females under 30 years old and from 31 to 50 years old tend to use “indicating the speaker’s opinion Ma 嘛.” The phenomenon that females change their style of speaking when getting older is also an example of Ma 嘛 as a character language. For the gender difference of sentence-final particle Ne 呢, there is a tendency that females use Ne 呢 more than males do. As a kind of character language, males use “questioning and declarative Ne 呢” in particular contexts and situations, such as speaking to females, elders, or people that are not so familiar with. For the age difference of Ne 呢 of male, all of the three age groups only use character language Ne 呢 in special contexts and situations. For the age difference of Ne 呢 of female, females over 51 years old use Ne 呢 less than females under 30 years old and those from 31 to 50. The phenomenon that females change their style of speaking when getting older indicates that Ne 呢 has the property of character language. In sum, the present thesis investigates Chinese sentence-final particles from a sociolinguistic perspective and discusses a phenomenon which is often overlooked by linguists but is vital in our lively conversations. The results of this study show that not only Japanese has the feature of character language, Mandarin Chinese also has the feature of character language in terms of sentence-final particles. This investigation is expected to shed new light on the area of character language research.
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Po-Yee, Lee, and 李柏毅. "Utterance Final Particle A in Mandarin--- A Pragmatic Perspective." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76783048599392742740.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立清華大學
語言學研究所
92
Abstract Utterance Final Particles have long been a topic for research. In this thesis, UFP a will be investigated by adopting the concept of speakers’ presuppositions in conversation. In addition, UFP a will be divided into two variants, namely, the high pitch (a1) and the low pitch (a2). There are two major differences between these two variants. For one thing, a1 mostly appears in the second part of one turn and is used by the second speaker in response to the first speaker’s knowledge state. For another thing, a2 is often placed in the first part of one turn and used by the first speaker to express the conflict between the existing events and his/her own knowledge state. During the research on the relation between UFP a and speakers’ knowledge state, it is found that speakers use UFP a not only to challenge the knowledge state behind assertions, but also to point out the gap between speakers’ knowledge states expressed implicitly in non-assertion utterances. By indicating such a gap, speakers can accomplish certain speech acts, such as challenge, warning, and so on. To sum up, the use of UFP a can help participants save time from pointing out explicitly the gap between their own knowledge states and the ones of the other side.
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Wang, De-chen, and 王德貞. "Mandarin Lexical Phonology: [r] Suffixation and Particle [a] Suffixation." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18181375732022962436.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄師範大學
教育學系
82
In Mandarin, r-suffixation and particle a-suffixation have been controversial topics for a long time. Both of them vary with the preceding stems. Previous analyses based on Linear Phonology or Non-linear Phonology are not satisfying enough to account for their variety except stipulating as many specific phonological rules as possible. The aim of the thesis is focused on explaining these facts under the model of Lexical Phonology. In this framework, the word-based morphology of Mandarin establishes a relationship of an interesting sort between the morphological structure and phonological structure. Supposing [r] is a level 1 suffix and [a] is a level 2 suffix, they get a full explanation on the basis of the canonical template CVX interacting with phonological rules and principles like Oligatory Contour Principle and Structure Preservation.
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Wang, Chiawei, and 王嘉偉. "A Pragmatic Study of Utterance Final Particle BA in Taiwan Mandarin." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18391944635798535333.
Full textAbstract:
碩士輔仁大學
跨文化研究所語言學碩士班
101
An utterance final particle (UFP) is formed to correlate information from the speaker’s knowledge state with an utterance to another interlocutor. Since UFP ba is one of the most frequently used UFPs in daily conversation and the issue of the different pitch heights of UFP ba has long been neglected, the central aim of this thesis is to analyse UFP ba and to render a detailed account of its core meaning and discourse functions in a wide variety of contexts with a systematic approach from a pragmatic perspective. We identify the core meaning of UFP ba as probability to facilitate the explanation of its property in various contexts. The occurrence of UFP ba in the study is to be divided into ba1 and ba2 in accordance with its high and low pitch, respectively. Based on the concept of participant orientation from Li (1999), the discourse function for ba1 is addressee-oriented; for ba2 is speaker-oriented. The occurrence of ba1 and ba2 vary in certain contexts, associating the speaker’s knowledge state with its core meaning of probability and pitch height simultaneously.
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Chia-chun, Liu, and 劉家駿. "A Corpus-based Study of Particle A (啊) in Spontaneous Mandarin." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40585122124014954436.
Full textAbstract:
碩士輔仁大學
跨文化研究所語言學碩士班
93
Utterance-final particles are a pervasive scenario in Mandarin Chinese, in particular, in spoken form. They, under survey, seem to harbor two main functions; one is to perform grammatical functions while the other is to express the interlocutor’s attitudes and emotions in conversations. This thesis introduces results of a corpus-based study of particles with a special focus on particle A(啊). It also attempts to probe into the relationships between the syntactic features, the pragmatic functions, and the pitch representation of particle A. All the particle occurrences analyzed in this thesis are extracted from the Mandarin Conversational Dialogue Corpus (MCDC). The total number of particle occurrence annotated in the MCDC is 8,935. We will demonstrate the overall use of discourse particles in spontaneous Mandarin including the word frequency and discourse tokens. The most frequently used particles in the corpus is 啊(a), which occurred 2,008 times in the MCDC. Except some technical and transcribing problem, there are in total 1,872 tokens of particle A which are analyzed from the prosodic, syntactic, and pragmatic perspective, simultaneously. With a quantitative data, we aim to provide a more clear-cut nature of particle A than ever, thereby attracting people’s attention on such small sets of words that pertain to the very essence of human communication (Anna 1986:519).
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CHANG, SUN-YUEH, and 張孫悅. "A Study of the Pragmatic Functions of the Patterns of Mandarin Chinese Final Particle NE in Spoken and Written Chinese and its Pedagogical Implications." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x826sa.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄師範大學
華語文教學研究所
107
Abstract This study analyzed pragmatic functions of the patterns of Mandarin Chinese final particles ne (呢) in spoken and written Chinese discourse, exploring its patterns in different text types. The study collected the data of ne from spoken and written corpora. It aimed to: (1) make the Mandarin learners understand the functions, and the patterns of ne in spoken and written Chinese; (2) serve as references for Mandarin teachers to teach learners how to use ne in different styles. The results show that the pragmatic functions of ne are: asking questions, conveying messages, emphasizing facts, conveying emotions and focusing on topics. According to the pragmatic functions of ne, the researcher found it tends to occur in the seven patterns: open-ended wh-questions, close-ended either-or questions, topic-markers, exclamatory sentences, rhetorical questions, sentences that emphasize the state of people/thing/objects, and fillers with the functions of pausing, continuity, or transition. These patterns often co-occur with specific interrogative words, exclamatory words, degree adverbs, conjunctions or transitions in sentences. The occurrences of the seven patterns in which ne appears in the different text styles were calculated and accounted for. By observing different oral discourse modes, the researcher finds that ne manly serves to: (1) point out the topic of dialogue; (2) make a pause in the dialogue. On the other hand, in the written data, the writers often rely on ne to ask questions and to motivate the readers to reflect on an issue. The results can serve as references for teaching Chinese as a second/foreign language.
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Tsai, Yi-Ching, and 蔡宜靜. "The Functions of Mandarin Chinese Modal Particle Ba Used by Native Speakers of Chinese,Japanese and Korea Foreigers in Taiwan and Pedagogical Implications:A Corpus-based Study." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ef4944.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄師範大學
華語文教學研究所
105
The present researches mainly used corpora and questionnaires to examine the errors of modal particle made by Japanese and Korean living in Taiwan. In this study, I used the oral corpora of native speakers of Chinese in Taiwan collected by Prof. Wang Yu-Fang in her MOST projects containing TV and radio interview programs and the coupus of Japanese and Korean foreigners’ oral data collected from WTO Sister Show program. I compared and analyzed these two different oral corpora to see how the native speakers in Taiwan and Japanese and Korean foreigners living in Taiwan used the utterance particle ba. I found out the following three points : 1.The frequency of "imperative tone" in ba is the lowest in the oral corpora. 2.There are more discriptions of grammar about the "imperative" or "question" of ba than "statement" in the Chinese textbooks. This is in contrast to the real situations of the oral corpora. 3.Because the tone of euphemism could be found in Japanese and Korean , it could be the reason for the less errors made by Japanes and Korean foreigners’ use of ba.