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Journal articles on the topic 'Mandarin tones'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Schaefer, Vance, and Isabelle Darcy. "Applying a Newly Learned Second Language Dimension to the Unknown: The Influence of Second Language Mandarin Tones on the Naïve Perception of Thai Tones." Psychology of Language and Communication 24, no. 1 (2020): 90–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plc-2020-0007.

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Abstract This study investigates whether L2 Mandarin learners can generalize experience with Mandarin tones to unfamiliar tones (i.e., Thai). Three language groups – L1 English/ L2 Mandarin learners (n=18), L1 Mandarin speakers (n=30), L1 monolingual English speakers (n=23) – were tested on the perception of unfamiliar Thai tones on ABX tasks. L2 Mandarin learners and L1 Mandarin speakers perceived Thai tones more accurately than L1 English non-learners. Mandarin learners L1 speakers showed priming on Mandarin tones on a lexical decision task with repetition priming, suggesting L2 tones had be

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Tsukada, Kimiko, and Mariko Kondo. "The Perception of Mandarin Lexical Tones by Native Speakers of Burmese." Language and Speech 62, no. 4 (2018): 625–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830918806550.

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This study examines the perception of Mandarin lexical tones by native speakers of Burmese who use lexical tones in their first language (L1) but are naïve to Mandarin. Unlike Mandarin tones, which are primarily cued by pitch, Burmese tones are cued by phonation type as well as pitch. The question of interest is whether Burmese listeners can utilize their L1 experience in processing unfamiliar Mandarin tones. Burmese listeners’ discrimination accuracy was compared with that of Mandarin listeners and Australian English listeners. The Australian English group was included as a control group with

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3

He, Yunjuan, and Ratree Wayland. "Identification of Mandarin coarticulated tones by inexperienced and experienced English learners of Mandarin." Chinese as a Second Language Research 2, no. 1 (2013): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2013-0020.

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AbstractTwo groups of native English speakers, relatively inexperienced (N = 14) with 3 months of Mandarin study and relatively more experienced (N = 14) with 12 months of study, were asked to identify coarticulated Mandarin lexical tones in disyllabic words. The results show that 1) the experienced learners were better at identifying Mandarin tones than the inexperienced learners, 2) Tones in coarticulation were more difficult to identify than tones in isolation, 3) tonal context and syllable position affected tonal perception, and 4) experienced learners committed fewer tonal direction error

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4

LI, Yanping, Catherine T. Best, Michael D. Tyler, and Denis Burnham. "Regionally accented Mandarin lexical tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 148, no. 4 (2020): 2474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5146856.

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5

Xie, Pengxuan. "Learning Mandarin tones through pitch-time diagrams: A computer-assisted visual approach." Global Chinese 6, no. 2 (2020): 289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glochi-2020-0015.

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Abstract A notable feature of spoken Mandarin by many non-tonal language learners of Mandarin is incorrect or inaccurate tones. This contributes to significant impediments to effective communication by creating confusion, due to the fact that tones in Mandarin serve a lexical purpose. The problem is exacerbated by the relatively small number of Mandarin syllables. Traditionally, tones are taught by the classical aural process of “listen and repeat” in the classroom with the help of a language instructor and supplemented by out-of-classroom practice using model audio recordings. Both modes requ

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6

Wang, Xinchun. "Auditory and Visual Training on Mandarin Tones." International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching 2, no. 2 (2012): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcallt.2012040102.

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Beginning level Mandarin learners with different L1 backgrounds received six hours of Mandarin tone training using phrases and sentences produced by multiple native Mandarin speakers. Using Kay Elementric’s Sona Speech II software with real time display of pitch contours along with speech output on a PC computer, the trainees had both auditory and visual input when they recorded and compared their own productions with the training stimuli during the training. The trainees’ productions of Mandarin tones were judged by native Mandarin listeners to be significantly better at post test than at pre

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7

Morett, Laura M. "The Influence of Tonal and Atonal Bilingualism on Children’s Lexical and Non-Lexical Tone Perception." Language and Speech 63, no. 2 (2019): 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830919834679.

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This study examined how bilingualism in an atonal language, in addition to a tonal language, influences lexical and non-lexical tone perception and word learning during childhood. Forty children aged 5;3–7;2, bilingual either in English and Mandarin or English and another atonal language, were tested on Mandarin lexical tone discrimination, level-pitch sine-wave tone discrimination, and learning of novel words differing minimally in Mandarin lexical tone. Mandarin–English bilingual children discriminated between and learned novel words differing minimally in Mandarin lexical tone more accurate

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CHEN, FEI, GANG PENG, NAN YAN, and LAN WANG. "The development of categorical perception of Mandarin tones in four- to seven-year-old children." Journal of Child Language 44, no. 6 (2016): 1413–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000916000581.

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AbstractTo track the course of development in children's fine-grained perception of Mandarin tones, the present study explored how categorical perception (CP) of Mandarin tones emerges along age among 70 four- to seven-year-old children and 16 adults. Prominent discrimination peaks were found for both the child and the adult groups, and they were well aligned with the corresponding identification crossovers. Moreover, six-year-olds showed a much narrower width (i.e. a sharper slope) compared to younger children, and have already acquired adult-like identification competence of Mandarin high-le

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9

Wang, Yuxia, Xiaohu Yang, Hongwei Ding, Can Xu, and Chang Liu. "Aging Effects on Categorical Perception of Mandarin Lexical Tones in Noise." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 4 (2021): 1376–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00509.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the aging effects on the categorical perception (CP) of Mandarin lexical Tones 1–4 and Tones 1–2 in noise. It also investigated whether listeners' categorical tone perception in noise correlated with their general tone identification of 20 natural vowel-plus-tone signals in noise. Method Twelve younger and 12 older listeners with normal hearing were recruited in both tone identification and discrimination tasks in a CP paradigm where fundamental frequency contours of target stimuli varied systematically from the flat tone (Tone 1) to the rising/

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10

van de Weijer, Jeroen, and Marjoleine Sloos. "The four tones of Mandarin Chinese." Linguistics in the Netherlands 31 (November 10, 2014): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.31.13wei.

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In this paper we discuss the four tones of Standard (Beijing) Mandarin Chinese. First, we will suggest a proposal for their phonological representation. Then, we discuss the order in which they are acquired in first language acquisition, relating this both to the representations we propose and to the relative frequency with which these tones appear in the most frequently used Chinese words. It turns out that the former predicts the order of acquisition more closely than the latter: We provide an explanation for this based on the early stage at which the tones are acquired.

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Liu, Liquan, Ao Chen, and René Kager. "Perception of tones in Mandarin and Dutch adult listeners." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 18, no. 4 (2017): 622–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.18.4.03liu.

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Abstract This paper examines the nature of categorical perception (CP) effects in Mandarin and Dutch adult listeners through identification and discrimination tasks using lexical tonal contrasts and through the CP index analysis. In identification tasks, Mandarin listeners identify tones in accordance with their native tonal categories whereas Dutch listeners do so based on acoustic properties. In discrimination tasks, Dutch listeners outperform Mandarin listeners especially in tonal steps on the continuum falling within the Mandarin tonal category boundary, whereas Mandarin listeners display

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12

Jin, Shao-Jie, and Yu-an Lu. "Accidental gaps in Mandarin Chinese tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, no. 3 (2018): 1908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5068367.

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13

Huang, Yaqian, and Yuan Chai. "Voice quality of coarticulated Mandarin tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146, no. 4 (2019): 3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5137426.

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14

Lee, Chao‐Yang, Liang Tao, and Zinny S. Bond. "Perception of acoustically modified Mandarin tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, no. 5 (2006): 3243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4786028.

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15

Tang, Ping, Ivan Yuen, Nan Xu Rattanasone, Liqun Gao, and Katherine Demuth. "The Acquisition of Mandarin Tonal Processes by Children With Cochlear Implants." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 5 (2019): 1309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-18-0304.

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Purpose Children with cochlear implants (CIs) face challenges in acquiring tonal languages, as CIs do not efficiently code pitch information. Mandarin is a tonal language with lexical tones and tonal processes such as neutral tone and tone sandhi, exhibiting contextually conditioned tonal realizations. Previous studies suggest that early implantation and long CI experience facilitate the acquisition of lexical tones by children with CIs. However, there is lack of acoustic evidence on children's tonal productions demonstrating that this is the case, and it is unclear whether and how children wi

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Hallé, Pierre A., Catherine T. Best, and Yueh‐Chin Chang. "Perception of Mandarin Chinese tones by Mandarin versus French listeners." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 112, no. 5 (2002): 2357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4779549.

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17

Hao, Yen-Chen. "Second Language Perception of Mandarin Vowels and Tones." Language and Speech 61, no. 1 (2017): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830917717759.

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This study examines the discrimination of Mandarin vowels and tones by native English speakers with varying amounts of Mandarin experience, aiming to investigate the relative difficulty of these two types of sounds for English speakers at different learning stages, and the source of their difficulty. Seventeen advanced learners of Mandarin (Ex group), eighteen beginning learners (InEx group), and eighteen English speakers naïve to Mandarin (Naïve group) participated in an AXB discrimination task. The stimuli were two Mandarin vowel contrasts, /li–ly/ and /lu–ly/, and two tonal contrasts, T1–T4

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18

Pelzl, Eric. "What makes second language perception of Mandarin tones hard?" Chinese as a Second Language (漢語教學研究—美國中文教師學會學報). The journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, USA 54, no. 1 (2019): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/csl.18009.pel.

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Abstract Mandarin Chinese tones are known to be difficult for second language learners. A large body of research has examined non-native perception of tones, and may provide useful and interesting insights about the sources of tone learning difficulty for Chinese teachers and learners. However, much of the literature is in journals that may be difficult to access or written in technical language that may be hard for non-specialists to understand. This review article aims to summarize key findings from this research in an accessible fashion. I will draw on the research to answer five broad ques

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SHEN, GUANNAN, and KAREN FROUD. "Electrophysiological correlates of categorical perception of lexical tones by English learners of Mandarin Chinese: an ERP study." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22, no. 2 (2018): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672891800038x.

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This study examines brain responses to boundary effects with respect to Mandarin lexical tone continua for three groups of adult listeners: (1) native English speakers who took advanced Mandarin courses; (2) naïve English speakers; and (3) native Mandarin speakers. A cross-boundary tone pair and a within-category tone pair derived from tonal contrasts (Mandarin Tone 1/Tone 4; Tone 2/Tone 3) with equal physical/acoustical distance were used in an auditory oddball paradigm. For native Mandarin speakers, the cross-category deviant elicited a larger MMN over left hemisphere sensors and larger P300

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20

CHEN, JENN-YEU. "The representation and processing of tone in Mandarin Chinese: Evidence from slips of the tongue." Applied Psycholinguistics 20, no. 2 (1999): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716499002064.

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The issue of how tones are represented and processed when speaking Mandarin Chinese was examined via naturalistic slips of the tongue. The slips were collected from tape-recorded radio call-in programs over a period of one year. One research assistant listened to the programs twice, and another listened to them a third time independently. All the errors judged to be slips by the assistants were reviewed by the author. A total of 987 slips were confirmed and classified according to the system of Garnham, Shillcock, Brown, Mill, and Cutler (1982). With respect to the sound movement errors, it wa

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Zeng, Biao, and Sven L. Mattys. "Separability of Tones and Rhymes in Chinese Speech Perception: Evidence from Perceptual Migrations." Language and Speech 60, no. 4 (2017): 562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830916675897.

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This study used the perceptual-migration paradigm to explore whether Mandarin tones and syllable rhymes are processed separately during Mandarin speech perception. Following the logic of illusory conjunctions, we calculated the cross-ear migration of tones, rhymes, and their combination in Chinese and English listeners. For Chinese listeners, tones migrated more than rhymes. For English listeners, the opposite pattern was found. The results lend empirical support to autosegmental theory, which claims separability and mobility between tonal and segmental representations. They also provide evide

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22

Ke, Yi‐Chu, Mu‐Ling Teng, Chu‐ting Chen, et al. "Perceptional experiment on Mandarin tones by Mandarin, Spanish, and Cantonese speakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 4 (2009): 2571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4783756.

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23

Li, Ying. "English and Thai Speakers’ Perception of Mandarin Tones." English Language Teaching 9, no. 1 (2015): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n1p122.

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<p>Language learners’ language experience is predicted to display a significant effect on their accurate perception of foreign language sounds (Flege, 1995). At the superasegmental level, there is still a debate regarding whether tone language speakers are better able to perceive foreign lexical tones than non-tone language speakers (i.e Lee et al., 1996; Burnham &amp; Brooker, 2002). The current study aimed to shed some light on this issue. Specifically, 24 adult Thai and 21 adult English speakers, who had no knowledge on Mandarin prior to participation in the study, were recruited.

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Chen, Fei, Lena L. N. Wong, and Yi Hu. "Effects of Lexical Tone Contour on Mandarin Sentence Intelligibility." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 1 (2014): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0324).

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Purpose This study examined the effects of lexical tone contour on the intelligibility of Mandarin sentences in quiet and in noise. Method A text-to-speech synthesis engine was used to synthesize Mandarin sentences with each word carrying the original lexical tone, flat tone, or a tone randomly selected from the 4 Mandarin lexical tones. The synthesized speech signals were presented to 11 normal-hearing listeners for recognition in quiet and in speech-shaped noise at 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio. Results Normal-hearing listeners nearly perfectly recognized the Mandarin sentences produced with mo

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Wong, Puisan, Richard G. Schwartz, and James J. Jenkins. "Perception and Production of Lexical Tones by 3-Year-Old, Mandarin-Speaking Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 48, no. 5 (2005): 1065–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2005/074).

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The present study investigated 3-year-old children's perception and production of Mandarin lexical tones in monosyllabic words. Thirteen 3-year-old, Mandarin-speaking children participated in the study. Tone perception was examined by a picture-pointing task, and tone production was investigated by picture naming. To compare children's productions with the adult forms, 4 mothers of the children were asked to say the same set of words to their children in a picture-reading activity. The children's and mothers' productions were low-pass filtered at 500 Hz and 400 Hz, respectively, to eliminate s

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Huang, Karen. "From pitch contour variation to tone change." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 4, no. 2 (2017): 273–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.16016.hua.

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Abstract This study illustrates how three level tones might have developed diachronically by comparing two synchronic Mandarin dialects. In Standard Mandarin (SM), the four lexical tones are denoted as /H, LH, L, HL/ or /H, R, L, F/ phonologically. However, based on evidence from two acoustic experiments, this study proposes that the four lexical tones in Taiwan Mandarin (TM) should be analyzed as /H, M, L, HM/, with /H, HM/ in a high register and /M, L/ in a low register. The proposed tonal structure can account for all the tone sandhi in TM using the framework of Optimality theory, and the r

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Xu, Ching X., and Yi Xu. "Effects of consonant aspiration on Mandarin tones." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33, no. 2 (2003): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100303001270.

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Wan, I.-Ping. "On the phonological organization of Mandarin tones." Lingua 117, no. 10 (2007): 1715–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2006.10.002.

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Wang, Yue, Michelle M. Spence, Allard Jongman, and Joan A. Sereno. "Training American listeners to perceive Mandarin tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106, no. 6 (1999): 3649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.428217.

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Xu, Ching X., and Yi Xu. "Effects of consonant aspiration on Mandarin tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 110, no. 5 (2001): 2655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4777032.

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Wong, Puisan, and Winifred Strange. "Production of disyllabic Mandarin tones by children." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 4 (2009): 2752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4784602.

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Hobova, Ye V. "Contextual Changes of Tones in Mandarin Chinese." Oriental Studies 2012, no. 60 (2012): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/skhodoznavstvo2012.60.003.

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张, 婷. "Foreigners’ Perception of Mandarin Tones: A Review." Modern Linguistics 06, no. 04 (2018): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ml.2018.64070.

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Hsu, Wei Chih, Jung Nan Sun, and Huai I. Wang. "An Approach to Tone Recognition of Mandarin Speech Based-On Two-Stage Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.297.

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After inspecting the pitch contours of tone 1 of Mandarin speech, we found that the pitch contour of tone 1 consists of upward and downward line segments, while it is supposed that the contour of tone 1 is flat. Our study also found that tone 1 tends to be recognized as other three tones if the recognition algorithm used is based on the tone contour slope or shape. According to our experiments, we conclude that the recognition rate of the tones would be improved if two stage tone recognition scheme is conducted. At the first stage, tone one is recognized out and then the other three tones are

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Jiang, Yan. "Examining the auditory approach: Lexical effects in the perceptual judgment of Chinese L2 tone production." Chinese as a Second Language Research 6, no. 2 (2017): 225–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2017-0010.

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AbstractAuditory perception is generally used by raters who are asked to evaluate the accuracy of tone production by non-native speakers (hereafter NNSs) who are learning Mandarin Chinese. However, its validity needs to be examined as the native speaking (hereafter NS) listeners’ lexical knowledge (i.e., knowing the possible combination of syllables and tones) may affect their judgments in different listening contexts. This lexical effect has been reported at the segmental level in non-tonal languages (McClelland et al. 2006; Norris et al. 2000). The present study extends to the suprasegmental

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LI, XINXIN, CAROL KIT SUM TO, and MANWA LAWRENCE NG. "Effects of L1 tone on perception of L2 tone - a study of Mandarin tone learning by native Cantonese children." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 3 (2016): 549–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000195.

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In the present study, the Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM) was tested on its applicability in child L2 lexical tone acquisition. The possible effect of L1 (Cantonese) lexical tones on L2 (Mandarin) lexical tone learning was explored. Accuracy rate and error patterns were examined with an AX discrimination task and a forced-choice identification task. Forty-nine native Cantonese-speaking students aged 8 years participated in the study. Results revealed that these children exhibited nearly perfect performance in the discrimination of Mandarin tones. However, significant tone differences were

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Yang, Chunsheng. "Tone errors in scripted conversations of L2 Mandarin Chinese." Chinese as a Second Language Research 5, no. 1 (2016): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2016-0003.

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AbstractThis study examines the acquisition of Mandarin tones by American English speaking second language (L2) learners. Three types of tone sequences, namely, compatible tone sequences, conflicting tone sequences, and other tone sequences, were used. The analysis of tone errors in different tone sequences showed that, while learners seemed to have acquired the Tone 3 and its sandhi, they tended to over-apply the sandhi rule in inappropriate contexts and produced tone errors. More importantly, the low and rising tones, which are generally difficult for L2 learners to produce, were the most fr

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So, Connie K., and Catherine T. Best. "PHONETIC INFLUENCES ON ENGLISH AND FRENCH LISTENERS’ ASSIMILATION OF MANDARIN TONES TO NATIVE PROSODIC CATEGORIES." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 36, no. 2 (2014): 195–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263114000047.

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This study examined how native speakers of Australian English and French, nontone languages with different lexical stress properties, perceived Mandarin tones in a sentence environment according to their native sentence intonation categories (i-Categories) in connected speech. Results showed that both English and French speakers categorized Mandarin tones primarily on the phonetic similarities of the pitch contours between the Mandarin tones and their native i-Categories. Moreover, French but not English speakers were able to detect the fine-detailed phonetic differences between Tone 3 (T3) an

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Wang, Ting, Jun Liu, Yong-hun Lee, and Yong-cheol Lee. "The interaction between tone and prosodic focus in Mandarin Chinese." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 21, no. 2 (2020): 331–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00063.wan.

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Abstract This study characterized focused tones in Mandarin Chinese through a production experiment using phone number strings. The results revealed that, although phonation cues had little effect on any focused tone, prosodic cues exhibited various patterns of distribution. Duration played an important role for each focused tone, but intensity had a relatively less salient role. Among pitch-related parameters, the raising of pitch register was an important cue when a level tone (tone 1) was focused. By contrast, due to the interaction between tone and intonation, absolute slope and pitch rang

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Wang, Yuxia, Xiaohu Yang, and Chang Liu. "Categorical Perception of Mandarin Chinese Tones 1–2 and Tones 1–4: Effects of Aging and Signal Duration." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 12 (2017): 3667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_jslhr-h-17-0061.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the aging effect on the categorical perception of Mandarin Chinese tones with varied fundamental frequency (F0) contours and signal duration. Method Both younger and older native Chinese listeners with normal hearing were recruited in 2 experiments: tone identification and tone discrimination on a series of stimuli with the F0 contour systematically varying from the flat tone to the rising–falling tones. Apart from F0 contour, tone duration was manipulated at 3 levels: 100, 200, and 400 ms. Results Results suggested that, compared with young

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Pelzl, Eric, Matthew T. Carlson, Taomei Guo, Carrie N. Jackson, and Janet G. van Hell. "Tuning out tone errors? Native listeners do not down-weight tones when hearing unsystematic tone errors in foreign-accented Mandarin." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24, no. 1 (2020): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728920000280.

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AbstractListeners can adapt to errors in foreign-accented speech, but not all errors are alike. We investigated whether exposure to unsystematic tone errors in second language Mandarin impacts responses to accurately produced words. Native Mandarin speakers completed a cross-modal priming task with words produced by foreign-accented talkers who either produced consistently correct tones, or frequent tone errors. Facilitation from primes bearing correct tones was unaffected by the presence of tone errors elsewhere in the talker's speech. However, primes bearing tone errors inhibited recognition

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Zeng, Yuyu, Allard Jongman, Joan A. Sereno, and Jie Zhang. "Perceptual preference for falling tones over rising tones: A study of Mandarin Chinese." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 145, no. 3 (2019): 1911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5101934.

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Tupper, Paul, Keith Leung, Yue Wang, Allard Jongman, and Joan A. Sereno. "Characterizing the distinctive acoustic cues of Mandarin tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147, no. 4 (2020): 2570–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0001024.

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Tupper, Paul, Keith K. W. Leung, Yue Wang, Allard Jongman, and Joan A. Sereno. "Identifying the distinctive acoustic cues of Mandarin tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, no. 3 (2018): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5067655.

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Chang, Chiung‐Yun, and Robert Allen Fox. "Time‐course of perception of Mandarin Chinese tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 4 (2009): 2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4784737.

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Li, Yang, and Arthur L. Thompson. "Production of neutral tones in three Mandarin dialects." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140, no. 4 (2016): 3397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4970889.

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Kong, Jiangping, and Ruifeng Zhang. "VAT of the lexical tones in Mandarin Chinese." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 45, no. 2 (2017): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.0013.

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Gottfried, Terry L., and Grace Y. ‐H Ouyang. "Training musicians and nonmusicians to discriminate Mandarin tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 5 (2006): 3167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4787905.

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Ong, Jia Hoong, Denis Burnham, Paola Escudero, and Catherine J. Stevens. "Effect of Linguistic and Musical Experience on Distributional Learning of Nonnative Lexical Tones." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 10 (2017): 2769–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-16-0080.

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Purpose Evidence suggests that extensive experience with lexical tones or musical training provides an advantage in perceiving nonnative lexical tones. This investigation concerns whether such an advantage is evident in learning nonnative lexical tones based on the distributional structure of the input. Method Using an established protocol, distributional learning of lexical tones was investigated with tone language (Mandarin) listeners with no musical training (Experiment 1) and nontone language (Australian English) listeners with musical training (Experiment 2). Within each experiment, parti

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Tsukada, Kimiko, Hui Ling Xu, and Nan Xu Rattanasone. "The perception of Mandarin lexical tones by listeners from different linguistic backgrounds." Chinese as a Second Language Research 4, no. 2 (2015): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2015-0009.

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AbstractTwo groups of non-native adult learners of Mandarin in Australia were directly compared in their ability to perceive monosyllabic Mandarin words contrasting in lexical tones. They differed in their linguistic experience (non-heritage (n=10), heritage (n=12)). A group of eight native Mandarin speakers and a group of ten functionally monolingual speakers of Australian English were included as controls. All non-native learners used English as their primary language of communication. However, the heritage learners were able to communicate in Cantonese as well as English. The primary questi

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