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Longchamps de Bérier, Franciszek. "Mandatum incertum w klasycznym prawie rzymskim." Prawo Kanoniczne 37, no. 1-2 (June 15, 1994): 223–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/pk.1994.37.1-2.08.
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Mandatum incertum occurs when the terms of this consensual contract are left imprecise by the mandator. The article focuses on the essential determination of the object for the validity of the mandate, therefore the main question is whether mandatum incertum was not unknown to the classical jurists, as there is no doubt it was not void in the Byzantine era. The problem was broadly discussed by several authors, i.e., V. Arangino-Ruiz, G. Donatuti, G. Longo, A. Watson and N. Scapini, though no general agreement among modem jurists was achieved. It seems that terms of mandate are not the same as fines mandati. Fines mandati are not only the intrinsic restrictions given by the mandator, but the purpose to be achived as well. Yes, this purpose could be express or implied, then egressio mandati takes place only when the express boundaries are transgressed. The thorough analysis of relevant classical sources in the full context of the institution allows to state that there is no reason to allege that mandatum incertum was considered invalid in the classical period of Roman law. The strong evidence has been shown that classical jurists recognized mandates with terms left to the discretion of the mandatary. However, the mandatary should execute a commission in favour of the mandator’s interesse and this conduct is estimated according to the boni viri arbitratus.
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Vikberg, Veli, and Matti Viitasaari. "Trichiosoma nanae sp. n., a monophag on Betula nana from Finland (Hymenoptera, Cimbicidae)." Entomologica Fennica 2, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83537.
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Trichiosoma nanae sp. n. is described from Finland. The species occurs in pine bogs, where the host plant of the larva, Betula nana Linnaeus grows. Records are given on its distribution in Finland. The thin cocoons, usually situated near the apex of twigs of the host plant, are frequently attacked by birds. Eight species of Ichneumonidae and one species of Torymidae (Hymenoptera) have been reared from cocoons, of which about 30 percent are parasitized. The three most common parasitoids are Agrothereutes mandator (Linnaeus), Rhorus mesoxanthus (Gravenhorst) and Protarchus testatorius (Thunberg).
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Salazar Benítez, Octavio. "La deseable composición paritaria del Tribunal Constitucional: una propuesta de reforma constitucional // The desirable parity composition of the Constitutional Court: A proposal for constitutional reform." Revista de Derecho Político 1, no. 101 (April 28, 2018): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdp.101.2018.21977.
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Resumen:La progresiva pérdida de prestigio y autoridad del Tribunal Constitucional es consecuencia, entre otros motivos, de un proceso de nombramiento y selecciónde sus magistrados ciertamente discutibles. Si bien los principales remedios a dicha situación deban venir más de la cultura política que de la ingeniería jurídica, también es cierto que determinadas carencias reclaman simplemente el efectivo cumplimiento de los mandatos legales. Así sucede con el mandato de equilibrio de sexos que la LO 3/2007 dispone para los poderes públicos y que el TC no ha teniendo en cuenta en ninguna de sus renovaciones. Un mandato que deriva a su vez de la necesidad de interpretar nuestro sistema constitucional en términos de democracia paritaria.Abstract:The progressive loss of prestige and authority of the Constitutional Court is a consequence, among other reasons, of a certainly debatable process of appointment and selection of its judges. Although the main remedies to this situation must come more from the political culture than from legal engineering, it is also true that certain deficiencies simply demand the effective compliance with legal mandates. This is the case with the mandate of «gender balance» that the LO 3/2007 provides for the public authorities and that the Constitutional Court has not taken into account in any of its renewals. A mandate that derives from the need to interpret our constitutional system in terms of parity democracy.Summary:1. Introduction: Legal Engineering vs. Political Culture. 2. The appointment of men and women judges. 3. The composition of the Constitutional Court from the point of view of Gender. 4. Conclusions and Proposals.
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Merotto, Maria Federica. "Prestito vitalizio ipotecario and mandatum post mortem." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci 38, no. 2 (2017): 907–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30925/zpfsr.38.2.9.
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The paper focuses on the post mortem mandate, an agreement used to protect some interests arising after the mandator’s death, both in Italian legal system and in Roman Law. Given that the latest doctrine has considered invalid a post mortem mandate where the nature of the mandatory’s tasks is economic, as it does not comply with art. 458 Cod. Civ., this article explores the issues suggesting that the recent introduction of the ‘reverse mortgage’ within the Italian legal system could be considered as a new step towards overcoming the prohibition of agreements as to succession. After analysing the current legislation, also within the framework of European private law, the research dwells on post mortem mandatum in Roman law, trying to show that such consensual contract could be considered as a succession agreement. After having demonstrated the difference between the mandatum post mortem (understood as a contract) and other testamentary dispositions defined as mandatum post mortem as well, a source showing the possible economic nature of the Roman mandatum post mortem is considered, to conclude that there were Roman law cases, like that of Gaio in D. 17.1.13, proving the existence of bilateral agreements intended to fulfil an economic function casually related to the mandator’s death.
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Sakai-Bizmark, Rie, Hiraku Kumamaru, Eliza J. Webber, Dennys Estevez, Laurie A. Mena, Emily H. Marr, and Ruey-Kang R. Chang. "Effect of newborn screening for critical CHD on healthcare utilisation." Cardiology in the Young 30, no. 8 (July 2, 2020): 1157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951120001742.
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AbstractObjective:To evaluate the impact of state-mandated policies for pulse oximetry screening on healthcare utilisation, with a focus on use of echocardiograms.Data sources/study setting:Healthcare Cost and Utilisation Project, Statewide Inpatient Databases from 2008 to 2014 from six states.Methods:We defined pre- and post-mandate cohorts based on dates when pulse oximetry became mandated in each state. Linear segmented regression models for interrupted time series assessed associations between implementation of the screening and changes in rate of newborns with Critical CHD-negative echocardiogram results. We also evaluated the changes in rate of newborns who underwent echocardiogram but were not diagnosed with any health issues that could cause hypoxemia.Results:We identified 5967 critical CHD-negative echocardiograms (2847 and 3120 in the pre- and post-mandate periods, respectively). Our models detected a statistically significant increasing trend in rate of critical CHD-negative echocardiograms in the pre-mandate period (Incidence Rate Ratio: 1.08, p = 0.02), but did not detect any statistical differences in changes between pre- and post-mandate periods (Incidence Rate Ratio: 0.93, p = 0.14). Among non-Whites, an increasing trend of Critical CHD-negative echocardiogram during the pre-mandate period was detected (Incidence Rate Ratio 1.12, p < 0.01) and was attenuated during the post-mandate period (Incidence Rate Ratio 0.89, p = 0.02). Similar results were observed in the sensitivity analyses among both Whites and non-Whites.Conclusions:Results suggest that mandatory state screening policies are associated with reductions in false-positive screening rates for hypoxemic conditions, with reductions primarily attributed to trends among non-Whites.
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Omer, Saad B., Kristen Allen, D. H. Chang, L. Beryl Guterman, Robert A. Bednarczyk, Alex Jordan, Alison Buttenheim, et al. "Exemptions From Mandatory Immunization After Legally Mandated Parental Counseling." Pediatrics 141, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): e20172364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2364.
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Dubov, Alex, and Connie Phung. "Nudges or mandates? The ethics of mandatory flu vaccination." Vaccine 33, no. 22 (May 2015): 2530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.048.
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Mitra, Nayan. "Strategic Role of Mandated Corporate Social Responsibility: The India Story." Journal of Operations and Strategic Planning 2, no. 2 (December 2019): 132–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516600x19890709.
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The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is changing from charity and philanthropy to structures and mandates; from voluntary to statutory! Moreover, with the introduction of this mandated CSR in India, there is a sudden surge in CSR research and the differences in the concept of CSR between developed and developing countries have become evident. It is in this perspective that this research aims to study the macro structure of CSR in India; understand its CSR mandate and document the different tenets of this CSR mandate as found in literature. In the micro context, it also analyzes the mediating role of the (variable) corporate social responsibility (VCSR) between strategic management and firm performance.
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Fabien, Claude. "L'abus de pouvoirs du mandataire en droit civil québécois." L'abus de pouvoir 19, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 55–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042225ar.
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The purpose of this article is to study the rules governing the phenomenon of mandatories abusing their powers, under Quebec Civil Code. It also reviews the rules proposed by the Civil Code Revision Office in its 1971 and 1976 Reports on the contract of Mandate and in its 1976 Report on administration of property of others. It shows that on many issues the Office has chosen a rather conservative approach and decided to stick to time-proven rules. It also flags the areas where the Office advocates new rules, with appropriate comments. The article is divided in two parts, the first one dealing with the scope of abuse of powers, the second with its effects. Part one asks « When does a mandatory abuse his powers ? » and answers by distinguishing between the wrongful exercise of mandatory's actual powers and the exercise, right or wrong, of non-existant powers. Part two then asks « What are the effects of abuses of powers ? » and deals on one hand with the liability towards third parties of both mandators and mandatories, and on the other hand with the liability of mandatories towards their mandators. The interest of part one lies mainly with the distinction it makes between two types of abuses of powers and with the analysis of the remarkable contribution of the Report on administration of the property of others into the field of Mandate. Part two derives its interest from the study of rules aimed at protecting third parties against abuses of powers of mandatories, and from testing the relevance of distinguishing between two types of abuses of powers. One conclusion, among others, emerges from this article. Mandators are fully liable towards third parties when mandatories abuse their powers by using them wrongfully. Conversely mandators are not liable when mandatories abuse their powers by using non-existant powers, although this principle suffers exceptions numerous enough to constitute a genuine regime of protections for third parties against self-empowered mandatories. The article suggests however that Quebec Law could go one step further by improving protection of third parties under the existing notion of apparent mandate, especially for those dealing with companies.
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Isola, Lisa. "D. 3,5,8 und die Regel ‘ratihabitio mandato comparatur’." Tijdschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis 83, no. 1-2 (May 31, 2015): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08312p06.
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D. 3,5,8 and the rule ‘ratihabitio mandato comparatur’. ‒ The rule ‘ratihabitio mandato comparatur’ is deduced from various texts (see D. 46,3,12,4; D. 43,16,1,14; D. 50,17,152,2). In D. 3,5,8 Scaevola appears to disagree when he says that ratihabitio of an improperly conducted business does not lead to a mandate but to negotiorum gestio. In order to explain this it has been suggested that the rule only dealt with the effects of ratihabitio vis-à-vis third parties and did not concern the relationship between principal and agent. If this were the case, one would have to explain why Ulpian in D. 50,17,60 explicitly mentions an actio mandati for that situation. Most scholars, therefore, assume an interpolation of D. 50,17,60, but it is equally possible that Ulpian’s decision can be attributed to its original context or that the law changed between Scaevola and Ulpian.
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Sokolich, Julio, Jacentha Buggs, Michael LaVere, Kobe Robichaux, Ebonie Rogers, Samantha Nyce, Ambuj Kumar, and Victor Bowers. "HCC Liver Transplantation Wait List Dropout Rates Before and After the Mandated 6-Month Wait Time." American Surgeon 86, no. 11 (August 19, 2020): 1592–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003134820942165.
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Background Studies have shown significant improvement in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence rates after liver transplantation since the united network of organ sharing (UNOS) implementation of a 6-month wait period prior to accrued exception model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) points enacted on October 8, 2015. However, few have examined the impact on HCC dropout rates for patients awaiting liver transplant. Our objective is to evaluate the outcomes of HCC dropout rates before and after the mandatory 6-month wait policy enacted. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study on adult patients added to the liver transplant wait list between January 1, 2012, and March 8, 2019 (n = 767). Information was obtained through electronic medical records and organ procurement and transplant network (OPTN) publicly available national data reports. Results In response to the 2015 UNOS-mandated 6-month wait time, dropout rates in the HCC patient population at our center increased from 12% pre-mandate to 20.8% post-mandate This increase was similarly reflected in the national dropout rate, which also increased from 26.3% pre-mandate to 29.0% post-mandate. Discussion From these changes, it is evident that the UNOS mandate achieved its goal of increasing equity of liver organ allocation, but HCC patients are nonetheless dropping off of the wait list at an increased rate and are therefore disadvantaged.
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Van de Voorde, Nicolas. "Municipal Councillors in Parliament, a Handicap for Legislative Activism? Parliamentary Productivity of Dual Mandate-Holders in the Belgian Federal Assembly between 1995 and 2014." Parliamentary Affairs 73, no. 3 (March 16, 2019): 565–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsz011.
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Abstract Traditionally, scholars have always assumed that exercising a local political mandate as a national legislator intrinsically interferes with the intra parliamentary output. Despite the intuitive presumption that dual mandate-holders lack sufficient time to fulfil both mandates adequately, empirical support remains scarce and contradictory. Existing research has almost exclusively focused on problematic small samples in the French national assembly, failed to disentangle the generic phenomenon based on the nature of the local function and the context it is being exercised in, and neglected to embed their work in the legislative literature. This contribution aims to cover these shortcomings and assesses whether representatives with a dual mandate are less productive in the Belgian federal parliament during five legislatures between 1995 and 2014. The evidence shows that only mayors from large municipalities are less preoccupied with formal parliamentary endeavours, which refines the traditional pessimistic premise that cumul des mandats unambiguously cripples parliamentary activism and instead opens up the possibility for a more optimistic perspective.
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Duursma, Allard, and Isak Svensson. "Introducing an Agenda-based Measurement of Mediation Success: The Divergent Effects of the Manipulation Strategy in African Civil Wars." International Negotiation 24, no. 2 (April 25, 2019): 296–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-24011175.
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Abstract Previous quantitative mediation research has relied on generalized measurements of “mediation success,” such as agreements, ceasefires or peace durability. However, these measurements of success do not take into account what mediators were mandated to achieve. We propose benchmarking outcomes against the explicit mandates of the interventions, a novel way of conceptualizing mediation success. Utilizing data on the agendas of mediated negotiations in intrastate armed conflicts in Africa between 1990 and 2010 as a proxy for mediation mandates, we examine the relative effectiveness of manipulation as a mediation strategy. The study shows, in contrast to previous research, that third party manipulation does not have a significant effect on whether the goal of a given round of negotiations is achieved and, that under some circumstances, may decrease the likelihood of mediation success. We discuss the opportunities as well as limitations of a mandate-based approach to the study of mediation success.
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Hendershot, Candace, Susan K. Telljohann, James H. Price, Joseph A. Dake, and Nancy W. Mosca. "Elementary School Nurses’ Perceptions and Practices Regarding Body Mass Index Measurement in School Children." Journal of School Nursing 24, no. 5 (October 2008): 298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840508323094.
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This study examines elementary school nurses’ perceived efficacy expectations, perceived barriers, and perceived benefits to measuring body mass index (BMI) in students in schools with mandated BMI policies versus schools without mandated policies. Of the 2,629 school nurses participating in the study, 67% believe nurses should measure BMI in schools, 62% believe BMI results should be sent home, and 81% believe nurses should be designing programs to help children address overweight issues. In schools with a BMI assessment mandate, the nurses’ efficacy expectations are statistically significantly greater and nurses’ perceptions of barriers to measuring BMI are significantly lower. The most common perceived barriers to measuring BMI are inadequate school resources (57.6%) and inadequate or inappropriate parental responses (55.2%). Obese school nurses perceive significantly more barriers to measuring youths’ BMIs than do nonobese school nurses. Having mandates has a positive influence on school nurses and their measurement of BMI and increases the likelihood that nurses will measure BMI.
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Ackermann, Christo. "The state of internal audit’s regulatory mandate." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 6, no. 3 (2016): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rcgv6i3c2art12.
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The importance of an effective internal audit function in South African municipalities have been recognised insofar as internal audit functions are legally mandated to exist within municipalities. This also means that legally, internal audit has certain mandates which must be fulfilled in order to add value to management and audit committees, and ultimately, to the board of directors. Even though internal audit is sanctioned by this important legal mandate, evidence shows that internal audit does not always fulfil this mandate. This state of affairs has prompted a detailed review of the relevant laws and regulations governing the work of internal audit in South African municipalities in order to determine the extent to which key stakeholders find the regulatory work of internal audit useful in discharging their (stakeholders’) oversight responsibilities. Questionnaires were administered to audit committees. The results summarise the extent to which internal audit’s work assists audit committees in their oversight responsibilities as this ultimately affects the ability of audit committees to fulfil these responsibilities to the board of directors. The results indicate that audit committees are greatly dependent on internal audit as a provider of assurance on a variety of legally mandated variables. The results of this study can be used as a measure of best practice of the legally mandated duties performed by internal audit. It can also be used by other researchers in comparative studies and by practitioners to benchmark their work in order to better serve audit committees and ultimately, the board of directors.
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May, Peter J. "Analyzing Mandate Design: State Mandates Governing Hazard-Prone Areas." CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs 24, no. 2 (1994): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3330718.
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Navarro Marchante, Vicente. "La revocación de senadores de designación autonómica (la Ley valenciana 10/2016 y la STC 123/2017) // The Revocation of Senators of autonomic designation (Valencian Law 10/2016 and STC 123/2017)." Revista de Derecho Político 1, no. 101 (April 28, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdp.101.2018.21953.
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Resumen:La Comunidad Autónoma Valenciana aprobó a finales del pasado año la Ley 10/2016 que modificaba varios aspectos de la ley territorial que regulaba diferentes aspectos en torno a la designación de senadores en representación de la Comunidad Autónoma. La nueva norma introduce, de forma novedosa en nuestro derecho, la posibilidad de revocación del senador designado por el parlamento autonómico, además de establecer la obligatoriedad del senador de comparecencia ante la cámara designante como forma de rendición de cuentas. La posibilidad de revocación del senador por pérdida de confianza de la cámara autonómica planteaba dudas de constitucionalidad por, entre otros, posible vulneración de la prohibición de mandato imperativo de los miembros de las Cortes Generales, ya resueltas por la STC 123/2017. El presente artículo, al hilo del análisis de la norma valenciana y su encaje constitucional, reflexiona sobre la naturaleza del mandato representativo y la peculiar función de la cámara derepresentación territorial.Abstract:The Valencian Autonomous Community approved at the end of last year the Law 10/2016 that modified several aspects of the territorial law that regulated different aspects about the appointment of senators in representation of the Autonomous Community. The new norm introduces, in a novel way in our right, the possibility of revocation of the senator appointed by the autonomic parliament, in addition to establishing the mandatory of the senator of appearance in the designating chamber as a form of accountability. The possibility of revocation of the senator due to loss of confidence of the autonomous chamber raises doubts of constitutionality by, among others, possible violation of the prohibition of imperative mandate of the members of the Cortes Generales, already resolved by STC 123/2017. This article, along the lines of the analysis of the Valencian norm and its constitutional reserve, reflects over the nature of the representative mandate and the peculiar function of the chamber of territorial representation.
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de Blois, Matthijs. "The Unique Character of the Mandate for Palestine." Israel Law Review 49, no. 3 (October 21, 2016): 365–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223716000212.
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The Mandate for Palestine has a unique character regarding both its beneficiaries, the Jewish people, wherever they live, and the obligations of the Mandatory power. At the same time it has been a burdensome stone right from the beginning. Representatives of Palestinian Arabs have rejected it as being incompatible with their right to self-determination. The policies of Great Britain, the Mandatory power, show a gradual departure from its obligations. The establishment of the Jewish national home became, instead of the primary obligation, just one of the duties of equal weight and content as others under the Mandate. Following the establishment of the State of Israel, the relevance of the mandatory system in the light of Article 80 of the UN Charter has been recognised, inter alia, by the International Court of Justice. The unique character of the Palestine Mandate, however, has been kept under wraps. Some academic writings and legal actions by the Palestinians now offer a radical revisionism, which uses the Mandate as the legal basis for a Palestinian state. This trend is not without consequences for the recognition of Israel as a Jewish state and for the right of the Palestinians to self-determination.
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Nathan, Laurie. "The Mandate Effect: A Typology and Conceptualization of Mediation Mandates." Peace & Change 43, no. 3 (June 8, 2018): 318–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pech.12300.
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McShane, Michael K., and Juita-Elena (Wie) Yusuf. "Toward Better Management of Flood Losses: Flood Insurance in a Wetter World." Public Works Management & Policy 24, no. 1 (October 12, 2018): 88–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x18805500.
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Flood is the most frequent and costly of U.S. natural disasters with losses expected to increase due to climate change. The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) mandates flood insurance purchase for properties with federally backed mortgages in the 100-year floodplain. We propose that mandatory flood insurance purchase be extended to all property in the 500-year floodplain. Following flood events, payments would be directly provided for more properties that suffer flood loss, reducing federal disaster aid spending. The mandate could put more pressure on local governments to increase their Community Rating System score, such as through infrastructure investments and management practices that reduce flood risk. The expanded requirement would not address the inaccuracies of maps used to price flood insurance (and used by local governments to make long-term planning decisions) but may affect floodplain development by making more explicit the costs and risks of building and living in high-risk areas.
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René Villalobos, Mario. "Seguimiento de Acuerdos Presidenciales en el marco del SICA. Situación actual y perspectivas." Revista Centroamericana de Administración Pública, no. 66/67 (December 1, 2014): 335–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35485/rcap66/67_13.
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Se presenta una relación histórica de las principales acciones, que por mandato de los principales órganos decisores del SICA, se han realizado a fin de mejorar los procesos vinculados a la generación, ejecución y seguimiento de los mandatos presidenciales, focalizándose en los principales instrumentos desarrollados de cara a la racionalización y ordenamiento de los mismos. Finalmente, se proponen algunas recomendaciones y reflexiones con el fin de hacer sostenible los avances alcanzados en la materia, fundamentalmente lo referido a la eficaz aplicación del procedimiento para la generación de proyectos de mandatos.
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Álvarez García, Héctor. "La representación política de las Cortes de Castilla durante los Austrias." Revista de Derecho de la UNED (RDUNED), no. 22 (July 9, 2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rduned.22.2018.22281.
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El trabajo tiene por objeto analizar la naturaleza representativa de las Cortes de Castilla durante los siglos xvi y xvii. Sus orígenes se encuentran en los concilios de la monarquía visigoda y en las Cortes de León de 1188, a las que concurrieron por primera vez en la historia política europea representantes del tercer estado. Asimismo, estudiaremos la relación jurídico-política que ligaba a los procuradores de Cortes con sus ciudades (mandato imperativo) y la dialéctica Cortes del Reino versus Cortes de las Ciudades (mandato representativo vs mandato imperativo), que tuvo lugar durante el reinado de la dinastía Habsburgo en España.The work aims to analyze the representative nature of the Parliament of Castile during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Its origins are in the councils of visigothic monarchy and in the Parliament of Leon of 1188, to which representatives of the third state participated for the first time in European political history. Likewise, we will study the juridical-political relationship that linked Parliament´s representatives with their cities (imperative mandate) and the dialectic Parliament of Kingdom versus Parliament of Cities (representative mandate vs. imperative mandate), which took place during the dinasty Habsburg´s reign in Spain.
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MacDonald, Noni E., Eve Dubé, and Daniel Grandt. "Éléments dont il faut tenir compte concernant les programmes d’immunisation obligatoire des enfants." Relevé des maladies transmissibles au Canada 46, no. 78 (July 2, 2020): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v46i78a06f.
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Fraas, Arthur G., and Randall Lutter. "How Effective Are Federally Mandated Information Disclosures?" Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 7, no. 2 (2016): 326–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bca.2016.8.
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Government mandates to disclose information are a standard response to problems of asymmetric information. We examine recent major U.S. regulations issued between 2008 and 2013 to identify disclosure mandates and look for quantitative assessments of their effectiveness in improving comprehension. We also reviewed the retrospective regulatory review reports of four federal agencies – prepared pursuant to Executive Orders 13563 and 13579 – for analyses of existing mandates. We find that although mandated disclosures underpin a number of major federal regulatory initiatives, agencies infrequently issue such mandates based on scientifically valid, controlled studies of the improvements in comprehension from such disclosure. We also conduct four case studies drawn from the relatively few instances where federal agencies have evaluated improvements in comprehension, to identify current best practices. Finally, we recommend reforms to improve federally mandated information disclosure.
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Goldstein, Adam O., Jean E. Kincade, George Gamble, and Rachel S. Bearman. "Policies and Practices for Improving Influenza Immunization Rates Among Healthcare Workers." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 25, no. 11 (November 2004): 908–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502318.
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AbstractObjective:To determine the attitudes, policies, and barriers for requiring annual versus voluntary influenza vaccinations for the staff of healthcare institutions in North Carolina.Methods:Five different types of institutions serving at-risk elderly populations throughout North Carolina were chosen for study, including hospitals, home health agencies, nursing homes, dialysis centers, and assisted living facilities. Infection control managers completed a 45-question telephone survey on policies for annual influenza vaccinations for employees, incentives to encourage immunizations, support for mandatory influenza vaccinations for workers, barriers to employee vaccinations, and support for a state law to mandate influenza immunizations for employees with patient care contact.Results:Of 312 institutions, 268 (86%) participated in the study. Only 38% of institutions reported having formal written employee influenza vaccination policies, and only 2% actually mandated annual employee vaccinations. Reported barriers to increasing healthcare worker annual influenza vaccinations included “fear of side effects” and “perceived ineffectiveness of the flu vaccine.” Almost half of the respondents would support mandating influenza vaccinations for all healthcare workers with direct patient contact.Conclusion:A state-wide survey of the receptivity, policies, and implications of mandated employee influenza vaccinations among healthcare institutions serving the elderly in North Carolina found written policies uncommon and most of the mechanisms used to increase vaccinations voluntary. Efforts should be tailored to individuals, institutions, and healthcare systems to dramatically increase employee immunization rates.
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Donald, Terence. "Viewpoint: Does mandatory reporting really help child protection? The view of a mandated Australian." Journal of Primary Health Care 4, no. 1 (2012): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc12080.
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Manhart, Michael D. "Natural Family Planning Instruction as a Marriage Requirement a Retrospective Analysis of the First Two Years’ Experience in the Diocese of Covington." Linacre Quarterly 79, no. 4 (November 2012): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/002436312804827136.
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Beginning January 1, 2009, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Covington mandated that all engaged couples take a full course of NFP instruction as part of preparation for marriage within the Church. Using data from the Couple to Couple League and its Covington-based instructors, overall NFP instruction and characteristics of the couples attending classes before and after the mandate were examined. In the first two years, 66 percent and 77 percent of couples who married in the diocese, respectively, attended an NFP class. The mandate shifted the reasons for couples taking NFP instruction; prior to the mandate, 40 percent of engaged couples attended classes solely due to a pastor's requirement while 74 percent of engaged couples did so afterward (p < 0.001). Hormonal contraceptive use was common; 54 percent reported current use while another 23 percent reported former use. Current hormonal contraceptive use was significantly more common among those attending solely due to the mandate compared to those attending for multiple reasons (59 percent vs. 41 percent respectively, p = 0.004) and was significantly more common among engaged compared to married couples (53 percent vs. 8 percent respectively, p < 0.001). Cohabiting engaged couples were significantly more likely to have ever used hormonal contraceptives (91 percent vs. 71 percent, p < 0.0001), compared to engaged couples who were not cohabiting at the time of NFP instruction, and were significantly less likely to both be Catholic (55 percent vs. 70 percent, p = 0.002). Overall, implementation of mandatory NFP instruction as part of marriage preparation was successful; in post-class surveys, over 90 percent of couples acknowledged they had a better understanding of their fertility, and 83 percent would recommend the classes to a friend. Longer-term prospective follow-up is needed to evaluate the long-term impacts to couples exposed to such a requirement.
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Augustine, Grace. "We’re Not Like Those Crazy Hippies: The Dynamics of Jurisdictional Drift in Externally Mandated Occupational Groups." Organization Science 32, no. 4 (July 2021): 1056–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2020.1423.
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External actors often advocate for organizations to address a wide range of societal concerns, such as diversity, equality, and sustainability, and organizations have frequently responded by establishing new positions to oversee these demands. However, calls to address social problems can be broad and unrelated to an organization’s primary objectives, so the external mandates that underpin these new positions do not easily translate to clear task jurisdictions inside organizations. Furthermore, previous studies have found that the tasks that are pursued by occupations established through external pressure often diverge from what external groups had envisioned for these new roles. This study addresses the question of why this divergence occurs. It does so by examining the formation of the occupational group of sustainability managers in higher education. Through fieldwork, interviews, and analyses of longitudinal archival data, this paper uncovers the dynamics of jurisdictional drift and shows how jurisdictional drift unfolded first through sustainability managers’ confrontation of their jurisdictional ambiguity, and then through their efforts at performing neutrality, in particular by trading external Politics for internal politics and trading values for standards. Additionally, it uncovers how the sustainability managers attempted to partially realign their jurisdiction with their external mandate, but did so in a concealed manner. This study illuminates the process of how jurisdictions can come to drift away from mandates, highlights the importance of studying how mandates are translated into jurisdictions, and also furthers our understanding of the formation of externally mandated occupational groups.
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BEACH, ROBERT H., YUQUAN W. ZHANG, and BRUCE A. MCCARL. "MODELING BIOENERGY, LAND USE, AND GHG EMISSIONS WITH FASOMGHG: MODEL OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF STORAGE COST IMPLICATIONS." Climate Change Economics 03, no. 03 (August 2012): 1250012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007812500121.
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Biofuels production has increased rapidly in recent years due to higher petroleum prices as well as heightened concerns regarding climate change and energy security. However, because commercially viable biofuels are currently produced primarily from agricultural feedstocks, higher production volumes increase pressure on land resources. Thus, large-scale biofuels production has important implications for the forest and agriculture sectors, land use, trade, and net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Competition for land is expected to continue growing in the future as mandated biofuels volumes increase along with rising demand for food, feed, and fiber, both domestically and internationally. In response to heightened concern regarding impacts such as indirect land-use change and higher food prices, the U.S. policy is focusing on second-generation (cellulosic) feedstocks to contribute the majority of the mandated increase in biofuels volume through 2022. However, there has been little work exploring the logistics of supplying these feedstocks or examining feedstock mix and net GHG effects of combining renewable fuels mandates with climate policy. In this paper, we apply the recently updated Forest and Agricultural Sector Optimization Model with GHGs (FASOMGHG) to explore the implications of alternative assumptions regarding feedstock storage costs and carbon price for renewable energy production mix, land use, and net GHG emissions. The model is used to quantify the magnitude and regional distribution of changes in the optimal mix of bioenergy feedstocks when accounting for storage costs. In addition, we find that combining the biofuels volume mandate with a carbon price policy has additional implications for feedstock mix and provides a substantially larger net reduction in GHG than a renewable fuels mandate alone.
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Ernstberger, Jürgen, Benedikt Link, Michael Stich, and Oliver Vogler. "The Real Effects of Mandatory Quarterly Reporting." Accounting Review 92, no. 5 (February 1, 2017): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51705.
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ABSTRACT This paper examines how mandatory quarterly reporting affects managers' business decisions in terms of real activities manipulations. For our analyses, we use the setting of the European Union, where the reporting frequency was increased with the introduction of a mandate to issue Interim Management Statements (IMSs) on a quarterly basis. Controlling for accrual-based earnings management, we find an increase in real activities manipulations for firms mandated to switch from semiannual to quarterly IMS reporting, relative to matched control firms. This finding is in line with the notion of higher managerial short-termism resulting from increased reporting frequency requirements. Further, we provide evidence that reporting frequency-induced real activities manipulations are more pronounced if the price pressure from investors is high and if the informativeness of IMS disclosure is low. We also document that reporting frequency-induced real activities manipulations are followed by a short-term increase and then a decrease in firms' operating performance. Data Availability: Data are available from the commercial databases and public sources identified in the paper.
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Sabbatucci, Michela, Anna Odone, Carlo Signorelli, Andrea Siddu, Francesco Maraglino, and Giovanni Rezza. "Improved Temporal Trends of Vaccination Coverage Rates in Childhood after the Mandatory Vaccination Act, Italy 2014–2019." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 2540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122540.
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Maintaining high vaccine coverage (VC) for pediatric vaccinations is crucial to ensure herd immunity, reducing the risk of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD). The Italian vaccination Law (n. 119/2017) reinforced mandates for polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and hepatitis B, extending the mandate to pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, chickenpox, measles, mumps, and rubella, for children up to 16 years of age. We analyzed the national temporal trends of childhood immunization rates from 2014 to 2019 to evaluate the impact of the mandatory reinforcement law set in 2017 as a sustainable public health strategy in Italy. In a 3-year period, 9 of the 10 compulsory vaccinations reached the threshold of 95% and VC for chicken pox increased up to 90.5%, significantly. During the same period, the recommended vaccinations (against meningococcus B and C, pneumococcus, and rotavirus) also recorded a significant increase in VC trends. In conclusion, although the reinforcement of compulsory vaccination generated a wide public debate that was amplified by traditional and social media, the 3-year evaluation highlights positive results.
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DiMaggio, Susan L. "State Regulations and the HIV-Positive Health Care Professional: A Response to a Problem that Does Not Exist." American Journal of Law & Medicine 19, no. 4 (1993): 497–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800010145.
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An announcement in July 1990 concerning the possible transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus from an HIV-positive health care professional to a patient launched a public outcry for patient protection from acquiring HIV from health care professionals. As a result of numerous debates, Congress issued a mandate requiring the states to adopt the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's guidelines concerning HIV-positive health care professionals or an equivalent policy. This Note explores the regulations and guidelines established by various states in response to this mandate. The author concludes that policies requiring adherence to universal precautions within the health care setting, and not mandatory testing of health care professionals or mandatory disclosure of their HIV status, are best for protecting public health.
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Lusk, Jayson L., and John A. Fox. "Consumer Demand for Mandatory Labeling of Beef from Cattle Administered Growth Hormones or Fed Genetically Modified Corn." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 34, no. 1 (April 2002): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800002121.
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AbstractThis study estimates the value of policies that would mandate labeling of beef from cattle produced with growth hormones or fed genetically modified corn. At no cost, 85 percent of respondents desired mandatory labeling of beef produced with growth hormones and 64 percent of respondents preferred mandatory labeling of beef fed genetically modified corn. Estimates suggest that consumers would be willing to pay 17.0 percent and 10.6 percent higher prices for beef on average to obtain information provided via mandatory labeling about whether the beef is from cattle produced with growth hormones or fed genetically modified corn, respectively.
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Pitesa, Marko, Zen Goh, and Stefan Thau. "Mandates of Dishonesty: The Psychological and Social Costs of Mandated Attitude Expression." Organization Science 29, no. 3 (June 2018): 418–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1190.
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Kerr, Zachary Y., Samantha E. Scarneo-Miller, Susan W. Yeargin, Andrew J. Grundstein, Douglas J. Casa, Riana R. Pryor, and Johna K. Register-Mihalik. "Exertional Heat-Stroke Preparedness in High School Football by Region and State Mandate Presence." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-581-18.
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Context Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a leading cause of sudden death in high school football players. Preparedness strategies can mitigate EHS incidence and severity. Objective To examine EHS preparedness among high school football programs and its association with regional and state preseason heat-acclimatization mandates. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Preseason high school football programs, 2017. Patients or Other Participants A total of 910 athletic trainers (ATs) working with high school football (12.7% completion rate). Main Outcome Measure(s) We acquired data on high school football programs' EHS preparedness strategies in the 2017 preseason via an online questionnaire, looking at (1) whether schools' state high school athletic associations mandated preseason heat-acclimatization guidelines and (2) heat safety region based on warm-season wet-bulb globe temperature, ranging from the milder region 1 to the hotter region 3. Six EHS-preparedness strategies were assessed: EHS recognition and treatment education; policy for initiating emergency medical services response; emergency response plan enactment; immersion tub filled with ice water before practice; wet-bulb globe temperature monitoring; and hydration access. Multivariable binomial regression models estimated the prevalence of reporting all 6 strategies. Results Overall, 27.5% of ATs described their schools as using all 6 EHS-preparedness strategies. The highest prevalence was in region 3 schools with state mandates (52.9%). The multivariable model demonstrated an interaction in which the combination of higher heat safety region and presence of a state mandate was associated with a higher prevalence of reporting all 6 strategies (P = .05). Controlling for AT and high school characteristics, the use of all 6 strategies was higher in region 3 schools with state mandates compared with region 1 schools without state mandates (52.9% versus 17.8%; prevalence ratio = 2.68; 95% confidence interval = 1.81, 3.95). Conclusions Our findings suggest a greater use of EHS-preparedness strategies in environmentally warmer regions with state-level mandates for preseason heat acclimatization. Future researchers should identify factors influencing EHS preparedness, particularly in regions 1 and 2 and in states without mandates.
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Bowlin, Kendall O., Margaret H. Christ, and Jeremy B. Griffin. "Say-on-Pay and the Differential Effects of Voluntary versus Mandatory Regimes on Investor Perceptions and Behavior." Journal of Management Accounting Research 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-52485.
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ABSTRACT Say-on-pay is a corporate governance mechanism through which investors cast a non-binding vote on executive compensation. The Dodd-Frank Act mandates say-on-pay for U.S. firms. Congress is currently considering changes to the legislation that would give boards much more discretion over say-on pay. Using an interactive laboratory experiment, we examine the relative effects of say-on-pay when it is mandated by law compared to when firms invite say-on-pay voluntarily, which is analogous to both the former U.S. regime and that proposed by current legislation. We find that boards voluntarily giving investors a say-on-pay, versus only offering it due to a regulatory mandate, improves investors' perceptions of the fairness of compensation-setting procedures, which leads to greater investor trust in boards of directors and increases their willingness to invest. We also find that investors react negatively when directors' compensation decisions do not conform to investors' expressed say-on-pay preference. JEL Classifications: M12; M48; M52.
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Dahya, Jay, and John J. McConnell. "Board Composition, Corporate Performance, and the Cadbury Committee Recommendation." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 42, no. 3 (September 2007): 535–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109000004099.
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AbstractDuring the 1990s and beyond, countries around the world witnessed calls and/or mandates for more outside directors on publicly traded companies' boards even though extant studies find no significant correlation between outside directors and corporate performance. We examine the connection between changes in board composition and corporate performance in the U.K. over the interval 1989–1996, a period that surrounds publication of the Cadbury Report, which calls for at least three outside directors for publicly traded corporations. We find that companies that add directors to conform with this standard exhibit a significant improvement in operating performance both in absolute terms and relative to various peer group benchmarks. We also find a statistically significant increase in stock prices around announcements that outside directors were added in conformance with this recommendation. We do not endorse mandated board structures, but the evidence appears to be that such a mandate is associated with an improvement in performance in U.K. companies.
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Matlock, Daniel D., Mayuko Ito Fukunaga, Andy Tan, Chris Knoepke, Demetria M. McNeal, Kathleen M. Mazor, and Russell E. Glasgow. "Enhancing Success of Medicare’s Shared Decision Making Mandates Using Implementation Science: Examples Applying the Pragmatic Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model (PRISM)." MDM Policy & Practice 5, no. 2 (July 2020): 238146832096307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2381468320963070.
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The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has mandated shared decision making (SDM) using patient decision aids for three conditions (lung cancer screening, atrial fibrillation, and implantable defibrillators). These forward-thinking approaches are in response to a wealth of efficacy data demonstrating that decision aids can improve patient decision making. However, there has been little focus on how to implement these approaches in real-world practice. This article demonstrates how using an implementation science framework may help programs understand multilevel challenges and opportunities to improve adherence to the CMS mandates. Using the PRISM (Pragmatic Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model) framework, we discuss general challenges to implementation of SDM, issues specific to each mandate, and how to plan for, enhance, and assess SDM implementation outcomes. Notably, a theme of this discussion is that successful implementation is context-specific and to truly have successful and sustainable changes in practice, context variability, and adaptation to context must be considered and addressed.
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Vaz, Joana D'Arc. "TESE DE DOUTORADO." Revista Trabalho Necessário 17, no. 34 (September 27, 2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/tn.17i34.p38060.
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O tema sobre a relação de cooperação Sul-Sul é de grande importância nas diversas áreas do conhecimento. Nesse caso, o objeto da tese foi o estudo sobre a Educação Profissional no contexto dessa cooperação, mais precisamente entre Brasil-Moçambique e o protagonismo dos setores empresariais brasileiros em Moçambique, no recorte temporal de 2003 a 2015. O recorte temporal corresponde aos dois mandatos presidenciais do Governo Lula (2003-2011), e aos mandatos de Dilma Rousseff (2011-2016). No segundo mandato da presidente Dilma, optamos por limitar o nosso estudo até 2015. A política externa brasileira para a África foi intensificada nos governos Lula, dando prosseguimento na expansão das relações de cooperação nos governos de Dilma Rousseff.
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Silva, Willian Quadros da, Leonardo Secchi, and Ricardo Alves Cavalheiro. "Mandatos coletivos e compartilhados no Brasil: análise descritiva de inovações democráticas no poder legislativo." Revista Debates 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 168–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1982-5269.110367.
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Este artigo analisa experiências recentes de participação cidadã no poder legislativo no Brasil com mandatos coletivos e compartilhados. A metodologia utilizada foi um estudo de casos múltiplos com entrevistas em profundidade com representantes dos mandatos de vereador de Gabriel Azevedo, João Yuji, Ricardo Antonello e Gabinetona, além do coletivo estadual Juntas. As dimensões analíticas foram: (1) iniciativa; (2) tamanho; (3) elegibilidade; (4) momento de acesso; (5) critérios de permanência; (6) distribuição do poder; (7) escopo do poder partilhado; (8) custos e benefícios; (9) processo decisório; e (10) mecanismo de interação. Os resultados mostram que há ainda muito experimentalismo, tentativa e erro e espaço para inovação, faltando ainda um modelo consolidado de mandato coletivo ou compartilhado passível de replicação.
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Jung, Minah H., and Clayton R. Critcher. "How Encouraging Niceness Can Incentivize Nastiness: An Unintended Consequence of Advertising Reform." Journal of Marketing Research 55, no. 1 (February 2018): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmr.14.0654.
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Enacted in an effort to discourage negative political advertising, American regulations mandate that candidates endorse their ads (“My name is ___, and I approve this message.”). Four studies suggest that mandatory endorsements enhance the perceived credibility of some ads these regulations were designed to discourage. This research tests for what types of messages mandatory endorsements have this effect, and why. Mandatory endorsements boosted evaluations of policy-focused attack ads—those typically plagued by overcomeable skepticism—but had no consistent effect on positive or character-focused ads. Mandatory endorsements boost ad believability—largely outside of participants' awareness—for two reasons: (1) the tagline offers a legitimizing association with regulation and (2) the candidates' own personally delivered endorsement language offers an implicit promise of the ads' truth value. The authors discuss how these findings bring order to and extend previous work on mandatory endorsements and ironic effects of communications requirements. Finally, they consider how regulations could be reformed to promote the public good by informing (without misleading) the electorate.
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Kim, Yong-Young, Hee-Dong Yang, and JoongHo Ahn. "Mandatory Usage of Mobile IS by Unsophisticated Users." Information Resources Management Journal 22, no. 4 (October 2009): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2009061903.
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This study investigates the factors that influence the user’s (postal workers’) welfare in using personal digital assistants (PDAs) that were implemented by mandate in the Korea Postal Services (KPS). The authors propose to expand our perspective towards users’ welfare that becomes vulnerable when information systems (IS) are implemented by mandate, and suggest user satisfaction with IS as the appropriate measure of success. The authors are especially interested in the mandatory introduction and implementation of IS in organizations where users of such information systems are unsophisticated with limited educational background or IS experience, and whose job is relatively simple and labor-intensive. They hypothesized that information quality, system quality, and perceived usefulness are important factors for user satisfaction with mandatory IS. They also found that compatibility with work is a critical mediator through which the independent variables make significant influence on user satisfaction.
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Bhattacharyya, Asit, and Md Lutfur Rahman. "Mandatory CSR expenditure and stock return." Meditari Accountancy Research 28, no. 6 (April 20, 2020): 951–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-10-2019-0591.
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Purpose India has mandated corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditure under Section 135 of the Indian Companies Act, 2013 – the first national jurisdiction to do so. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of mandated CSR expenditure on firms’ stock returns by using actual CSR spending data, whereas the previous studies mostly focus on voluntary CSR proxied by CSR scores. Design/methodology/approach The authors estimate their baseline regression by using ordinary least squares(OLS) method. Although the baseline regression involving CSR expenditure and stock returns using ordinary least squares method are estimated, endogeneity and reverse causality biases are addressed by using two-stage least squares and generalized method of moments approaches. These approaches contribute mitigating endogeneity bias and biases associated with unobserved heterogeneity and simultaneity. Findings The findings document that mandatory CSR expenditure has a negative impact on firms’ stock returns which supports the “shareholders” expense’ view. This result remain robust after controlling for endogeneity bias and the use of both standard and robust test statistics. The authors however observe that this result holds for the firms with actual CSR expenditure equal to the mandated amount but does not hold for the firms with actual CSR expenditure greater than the mandated amount. Therefore, the authors provide evidence that CSR expenditure’s impact on stock returns depends on whether firms simply comply the regulation or voluntarily chose an amount of CSR expenditure above the mandated amount. Originality/value The primary contribution is to present a valid and robust evidence of negative effect of mandated CSR spending on firms’ stock returns when the mandatory CSR spending rule is already in place. This study contributes by examining the impact of mandated CSR spending on stock during post-implementation period (2015-2017), whereas other studies by Dharampala and Khanna (2018); Kapoor and Dhamija (2017); and Mukherjee et al. (2018) mainly examined the impact of legislation on Indian CSR. The authors use mandated actual CSR expenditure, whereas previous studies mostly focus on voluntary CSR proxied by CSR scores.
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Landers, Merrill R., James W. McWhorter, Laura L. Krum, and David Glovinsky. "Mandatory Continuing Education in Physical Therapy: Survey of Physical Therapists in States With and States Without a Mandate." Physical Therapy 85, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/85.9.861.
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Abstract Background and Purpose Although formal continuing education (CE) in physical therapy is one part of professional development, its value for renewing licensure is not shared by all states. The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in how physical therapists pursue formal continuing education on the basis of state mandate, sex, years of experience, practice specialty, American Physical Therapy Association membership, motivation, and perception of the benefits of CE. Subjects and Methods A survey questionnaire was sent to 3,000 physical therapists in 7 states—1,500 to physical therapists in states with mandatory CE and 1,500 to physical therapists in states without a requirement. A total of 1,145 usable survey questionnaires were returned, for a response rate of 38.2%. Results Physical therapists in states with mandatory CE averaged 33.8 hours of CE per year, whereas physical therapists in states without a mandate averaged 28.3 hours per year; 5.9% of therapists in states without a mandate reported taking no CE at all, and 10.8% reported taking 2 or fewer hours of CE within the preceding 5 years. No statistically significant relationships were observed between the amount of CE taken and years of experience, sex, or practice specialty. Therapists who reported membership in the American Physical Therapy Association participated in 7.2 more hours of CE per year than therapists who did not report membership. Significant motivational variables that respondents noted for taking CE were state mandate, increased clinical competence, and certification. Therapists overwhelmingly (96.2%) believed that CE had a beneficial effect on their clinical practice. Discussion and Conclusion Results from this study suggest that mandatory CE does have a significant association with the number of formal CE hours taken by physical therapists.
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Armstrong-Mensah, Elizabeth, Ato Kwamena Tetteh, and Gifty Rhodalyn Tetteh. "COVID-19 Pandemic: Face Mask Mandates, Hospitalization, and Infection Rates in the United States." International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health 5, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijtmrph.365.
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Face masks have been identified as one of the preventive methods for the control of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Although the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend the universal use of face masks, there are controversies in the implementation of a national face mask mandate in the US. This commentary discusses the relationship between facemask mandates and key COVID-19 indicators such as infection rates and hospitalization rates in the US. It also summarizes some of the political issues surrounding the implementation of the national face mask mandate. We conducted an ecological study on the relationship between face mask mandates and key COVID-19 indicators. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar and reviewed 150 English articles related to face mask challenges in the US published from 2005 to 2021. We identified seven challenges associated with face mask wearing - conflicting messaging, individualism, denial, health consequences, lack of a national masking standard, concerns of African American males, and environmental issues. We found that North Dakota, a state without a face mask mandate had the highest COVID-19 prevalence of 13.3%. The mean prevalence for the highest top 10 ranked states without and with a face mask mandate was 11.1% and 10.5%, respectively. We also found that Florida, Arizona and Georgia, states without a face mask mandates, had the highest cumulative hospitalizations of 83,381, 58,670, and 57,911 hospitalizations, respectively. Alabama, Indiana, and Minnesota, which have face mask mandates, had the lowest hospitalization rates of 47,090, 47,787, and 26,651, respectively.
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Thompson, Carolyn R. "HIV and the Blood Supply: Assessing MANTRA Legislation." Politics and the Life Sciences 14, no. 2 (August 1995): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400019110.
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Despite a dramatic decline in transfusion-associated AIDS, increased safety of the national blood supply, and voluntary efforts to find alternatives to homologous blood sources, Americans remain fearful about the possibility of acquiring AIDS through a blood transfusion. Numerous states have initiated legislative efforts that would require explicit warnings about blood safety and that would direct patients to alternative sources of blood. These proposed laws—known as MANTRA bills, for “mandatory notification of transfusion alternatives”—would require physicians to advise patients of blood transfusion options prior to any surgery. Many would mandate the development of new informed consent documents and involve health departments in the implementation of new regulations regarding transfusions. This article concludes that MANTRA legislation is primarily a symbolic attempt to reassure the public about AIDS. It mandates practices that are being adopted voluntarily; it will not make the blood supply safer; it will increase the cost of health care to individuals and in the aggregate; it may diminish the number of donors to the voluntary blood supply system; and it is likely to intensify public fear about the risk of a blood transfusion.
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Dicks, Michael R., Jody Campiche, Daniel De La Torre Ugarte, Chad Hellwinckel, Henry L. Bryant, and James W. Richardson. "Land Use Implications of Expanding Biofuel Demand." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 41, no. 2 (August 2009): 435–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800002911.
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The Renewable Fuel Standard mandates in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 will require 36 billion gallons of ethanol to be produced in 2022. The mandates require that 16 of the 36 billion gallons must be produced from cellulosic feedstocks. The potential land use implications resulting from these mandates were examined using two methods, the POLYSYS model and a general equilibrium model. Results of the POLYSYS analysis indicated that 72.1 million tons of corn stover, 23.5 million tons of wheat straw, and 24.7 million acres would be used to produce 109 million tons of switchgrass in 2025 to meet the mandate. Results of the CGE analysis indicated that 10.9 billion bushels of corn grain, 71 million tons of corn stover, and 56,200 tons of switchgrass is needed to meet the mandate.
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Mwangi, Jacquelene. "Francis Karioko Muruatetu v. Republic." American Journal of International Law 112, no. 4 (October 2018): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2018.82.
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The decision of the Supreme Court of Kenya (Court) in Francis Karioko Muruatetu and Another v. Republic (Muruatetu), finding the mandatory nature of the death penalty unconstitutional, represents not only a victory for human rights in Africa but also the transformative capacity of contemporary constitutions in Africa and the growing assertiveness of African judiciaries. In the judgment, the Court held that the mandatory death penalty is “out of sync with the progressive Bill of Rights” in Kenya's 2010 Constitution (para. 64) and an affront to the rule of law. The Court also relied on global death penalty jurisprudence to find the mandatory death sentence “harsh, unjust and unfair” (para. 48). Consequently, the Court mandated that all trial courts conduct a pre-sentencing hearing to determine whether the death penalty is deserved. The Court's judgment could spell the end of the mandatory death penalty in Kenya after almost 120 years on the statute books.
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Lopera Mesa, Gloria Patricia. "Los derechos fundamentales como mandatos de optimización." Doxa. Cuadernos de Filosofía del Derecho, no. 27 (November 15, 2004): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/doxa2004.27.08.
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En este trabajo se pretende examinar el significado y algunas de las implicaciones que se siguen de entender los derechos fundamentales como mandatos de optimización en el sentido propuesto por Alexy. Para ello se examina, en primer lugar, la caracterización de los principios como mandatos de optimización desarrollada por este autor para, a continuación, analizar algunas de las objeciones formuladas contra este planteamiento. Finalmente se presentan las razones que permiten sostener que el concepto de mandato de optimización en la teoría de Alexy cobra sentido si se entiende como una convención interpretativa aplicable en los llamados “casos difíciles”, más que como una propiedad derivada ya sea de la estructura abierta de las normas o del carácter gradual de su aplicación.
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Marneur, Victor. "O gênero da hereditariedade na política: uma via de acesso para os eleitos municipais da Gironda." Revista NEP - Núcleo de Estudos Paranaenses da UFPR 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/nep.v3i4.57160.
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Os municípios rurais constituem um terreno privilegiado para a transmissão hereditária dos mandatos municipais. A este respeito, e mesmo se vários estudos tenham demonstrado a natureza patrilinear dessa herança, é importante questionar a probabilidade de as mulheres herdarem um mandato. Os resultados de uma pesquisa com questionário e entrevistas realizada nos municípios da Gironda entre 2012 e 2014 permitiram identificar várias formas de patrimônio político nas zonas rurais. Enquanto alguns funcionam para ambos os sexos, existem termos e condições específicos para que as mulheres recebam um mandato. Assim, resulta que, em alguns contextos, particularmente os não privilegiados, a herança é um canal de acesso ao espaço público, permitindo que as mulheres neutralizem os efeitos de desmobilização do seu gênero na política.