Relevant bibliographies by topics / Manganese ores – South Africa

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Academic literature on the topic 'Manganese ores – South Africa'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Manganese ores – South Africa"

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Gutzmer, J., and N. J. Beukes. "Mineralogy and mineral chemistry of oxide-facies manganese ores of the Postmasburg manganese field, South Africa." Mineralogical Magazine 61, no. 405 (1997): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1997.061.405.05.

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AbstractThe diagenetic to very low-grade metamorphic manganese ores of the Postmasburg manganese field provide a unique example of oxide-facies manganese ores in a Palaeoproterozoic palaeokarst setting. The ores are composed mainly of braunite group minerals, including braunite, partridgeite and bixbyite, with rare braunite II and Ca-poor, silica-depleted braunite. Iron-poor partridgeite is distinguished from Fe-rich bixbyite and the occurrence of Ca-poor, silica-depleted braunite is reported for the first time. Braunite and partridgeite formed during early diagenesis but remained stable under greenschist facies metamorphic conditions. In contrast, bixbyite is apparently a product of metasomatic remobilisation under peak metamorphic conditions. It is suggested that local variations of the metamorphic mineral association reflect variations of the host rock composition and that they are not related to changing P-T conditions of metamorphic alteration, a model promoted by previous authors. The phase chemistry of braunite, braunite II and bixbyite is explained by the existing polysomatic stacking model for the braunite group. However, the chemical composition of partridgeite and Ca-poor, silica-depleted braunite can only be explained by introducing a distinct module layer, with partridgeite composition, to the existing polysomatic stacking model.
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Fairey, Brenton J., Martin J. Timmerman, Masafumi Sudo, and Harilaos Tsikos. "The Role of Hydrothermal Activity in the Formation of Karst-Hosted Manganese Deposits of the Postmasburg Mn Field, Northern Cape Province, South Africa." Minerals 9, no. 7 (2019): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9070408.

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The Postmasburg Manganese Field (PMF), Northern Cape Province, South Africa, once represented one of the largest sources of manganese ore worldwide. Two belts of manganese ore deposits have been distinguished in the PMF, namely the Western Belt of ferruginous manganese ores and the Eastern Belt of siliceous manganese ores. Prevailing models of ore formation in these two belts invoke karstification of manganese-rich dolomites and residual accumulation of manganese wad which later underwent diagenetic and low-grade metamorphic processes. For the most part, the role of hydrothermal processes and metasomatic alteration towards ore formation has not been adequately discussed. Here we report an abundance of common and some rare Al-, Na-, K- and Ba-bearing minerals, particularly aegirine, albite, microcline, banalsite, sérandite-pectolite, paragonite and natrolite in Mn ores of the PMF, indicative of hydrothermal influence. Enrichments in Na, K and/or Ba in the ores are generally on a percentage level for most samples analysed through bulk-rock techniques. The presence of As-rich tokyoite also suggests the presence of As and V in the hydrothermal fluid. The fluid was likely oxidized and alkaline in nature, akin to a mature basinal brine. Various replacement textures, particularly of Na- and K- rich minerals by Ba-bearing phases, suggest sequential deposition of gangue as well as ore-minerals from the hydrothermal fluid, with Ba phases being deposited at a later stage. The stratigraphic variability of the studied ores and their deviation from the strict classification of ferruginous and siliceous ores in the literature, suggests that a re-evaluation of genetic models is warranted. New Ar-Ar ages for K-feldspars suggest a late Neoproterozoic timing for hydrothermal activity. This corroborates previous geochronological evidence for regional hydrothermal activity that affected Mn ores at the PMF but also, possibly, the high-grade Mn ores of the Kalahari Manganese Field to the north. A revised, all-encompassing model for the development of the manganese deposits of the PMF is then proposed, whereby the source of metals is attributed to underlying carbonate rocks beyond the Reivilo Formation of the Campbellrand Subgroup. The main process by which metals are primarily accumulated is attributed to karstification of the dolomitic substrate. The overlying Asbestos Hills Subgroup banded iron formation (BIF) is suggested as a potential source of alkali metals, which also provides a mechanism for leaching of these BIFs to form high-grade residual iron ore deposits.
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Evdokimov, Aleksandr, and Benedict Pharoe. "Features of the mineral and chemical composition of the Northwest manganese ore occurrence in the Highveld region, South Africa." Journal of Mining Institute 248 (May 25, 2021): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2021.2.4.

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The Northwest manganese ore mineralisation is located at a relative distance from traditionally known manganese mining areas in a new manganese-bearing region (Highveld) in the Northwest Province, Republic of South Africa. The ore occurrence was studied on farms: Buchansvale 61 IQ, Weltevreden 517 JQ, Rhenosterhoek 343 JP and Kafferskraal 306 JP. The data obtained from studying the geology of the area pointed out to interests regarding the development criterias for search of similar ore mineralisations in the northwest region of South Africa. The ore occurs predominantly in the form of powdered manganese wad, manganese nodules and crusts, confined to the karstic structures of the upper section of the dolomites. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive link (SEM-EDS) and X-ray fluorescence were utilized to unveil the mineral and chemical composition of the ore samples. The present study therefore presents the results on both chemical and mineral composition of manganese ores, and their depth and longitudinal distribution. Karstic areas causing an increased local thickness of the ore body were identified. The geochemical and microspcopic study of the ores indicates their supergene nature. The main ore minerals includes cryptomelane, lithiophorite, purolusite, hollandite and romanechite associated with impurity components of Ba, Ce, Co, La, Cr, Zn and V.
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Varentsov, I. M., and V. N. Kuleshov. "Rare elements — setting markers of the formation of the manganese and iron ore deposits of Kalahari and Postmasburg areas (South Africa). Communication 1. Kalahari manganese field." Литология и полезные ископаемые, no. 4 (July 9, 2019): 364–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0024-497x20194364-386.

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In manganese ores of the Hotazel Formation (Transvaal supergroup) of the Lower Proterozoic, associated with banded ferrous silicites, high concentrations of a number of rare elements (B, Ge, W, Mo, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ag, Bi, As, Sb, Te, Se) were determined. High boron contents in oxide-carbonate ores (manganese lutites) are considered as a consequence of the concentration by chemsorbtion of this element on Mn-carbonates. It is proposed that as a result of hydrothermal transformations, a wide range of ore-forming (mainly Fe, Mn) and rare elements (including REE) was removed from the underlying andesite-basaltic hyaloclastite Ongeluk Formation In manganese ores and ferruginous silicites, typical values of cerium (Ce/Ce* 0.28–1.72) and europium (Eu/Eu* 0.57–16.31) anomalies were established, which may indicate that the initial sediments accumulated in the marginal shallow sea basin with a pronounced oxide surface water layer and close to anoxide conditions near the bottom. Metalliferous (Mn, Fe) sediments of a shallow water basin at different stages of lithogenesis were enriched with europium (positive Eu/Eu*), subjected to metasomatosis (with redistribution of manganese and the formation of manganese carbonates) and, subsequently, regional metamorphism (up to the stage of sericitic green schists).
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Varentsov, I. M., and V. N. Kuleshov. "Rare elements — setting markers of the formation of the manganese and iron ore deposits of Kalahari and Postmasburg areas (South Africa). Communication 2. Iron- and manganese ore of Postmasburg area." Литология и полезные ископаемые, no. 5 (October 20, 2019): 466–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0024-497x20195466-485.

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In the world resources of manganese and iron ores, a significant place belongs to the Postmasburg ore field (South Africa), enclosed in rocks of the Transvaal Supegroup. Ore deposits have the nature of karst residual accumulations. A number of elements (B, Cr, Ni, Zn, Ge, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Te, W, Pb, REE) form a characteristic association that sheds light on the geochemistry of the ore formation processes. Of these, the most representative elements are: Mo, As, Ag and REE. Molybdenum is distinguished by the chemisorption incorporation nature of accumulation in the ores under consideration, often with the formation of epic growths of ferri molybdate-type minerals. Arsenic leached from substrate rocks and accumulated in karstic Mn-Fe- and Fe-ores reflects the total effect of the dominant iron oxide minerals on its mobility. The behavior of silver is controlled by the processes of hypergenic change of Archean-Early Proterozoic carbonate rocks and banded iron ores (BIF). Comparison of the distribution of REE in karst Fe-, Mn-Fe- and Mn-ores and in banded iron ores shows that they are characterized by similar values of cerium (C/Ce*) and europium (Eu/Eu*) anomalies, but differ in the fractionation of heavy and light REE (typical values: Ce/Ce* = 0.7‒1.0; Eu/Eu* = 0.8‒1.1). Strip iron ores and associated manganese ore deposits accumulated in the marginal anoxide-disoxide marine basin, which was limited to continental land. Anoxide and disoxide conditions were the result of intense hydrothermal activity.
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Gutzmer, J., and N. J. Beukes. "Fault-controlled metasomatic alteration of early Proterozoic sedimentary manganese ores in the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa." Economic Geology 90, no. 4 (1995): 823–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.4.823.

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Gutzmer, J., A. P. Du Plooy, and N. J. Beukes. "Timing of supergene enrichment of low-grade sedimentary manganese ores in the Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa." Ore Geology Reviews 47 (September 2012): 136–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.04.003.

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Gutzmmer, J., N. J. Beukes, A. S. E. Kleyenstuber, and A. M. Burger. "Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa." Mineralogical Magazine 59, no. 397 (1995): 703–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1995.059.397.12.

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AbstractHausmannite (Mn3O4), a manganese oxide with a tetragonally distorted spinel structure, is considered to be ferrimagnetic with a very low Curie temperature of 42.5 K. However, strongly magnetic hausmannite has been discovered in some of the hydrothermally altered high-grade manganese ores of the giant Kalahari manganese deposit in South Africa. EDS-electron microprobe analyses indicate magnetic hausmannite to contain on average between 3 and 11.3 wt.% Fe2O3. In contrast non-magnetic hausmannite contains on average about 1–3 wt.% Fe2O3. X-ray powder diffraction analyses reveal small changes in cell dimensions of the magnetic hausmannite related to the high iron content. Mössbauer spectroscopy suggests that all iron is in the trivalent state. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (electron back-scatter imaging) proved the magnetic hausmannite to be homogeneous in composition, containing only a few minute inclusions of hematite. Magnetic blocking temperatures of the iron-rich hausmannite, approximating the Curie temperature, are of the order of 750 K. It is suggested that the ferrimagnetic state of hausmannite is stabilized and enhanced by replacement of Mn3+ by Fe3+.
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Armbruster, T., E. Gnos, R. Dixon, et al. "Manganvesuvianite and tweddillite, two new Mn3+-silicate minerals from the Kalahari manganese fields, South Africa." Mineralogical Magazine 66, no. 1 (2002): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461026610018.

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AbstractThe new minerals manganvesuviante and tweddillite, both formed by hydrothermal alteration of primary manganese ores, are described from the Kalahari manganese fields (Republic of South Africa). In addition, single-crystal X-ray structure refinements of both new minerals are presented.Manganvesuvianite is a tetragonal vesuvianite mineral with the simplified formula Ca19Mn3+(Al,Mn3+,Fe3+)10(Mg,Mn2+)2Si18O69(OH)9, characterized by Mn3+ occupying the five-coordinated position (square pyramid). The crystals simple prismatic forms: {100}, {110} terminated by {101} and exhibit deep maroon red colour. With polarized light the crystals are strongly pleochroic, yellowish parallel to E and dark red to lilac parallel to O.Tweddillite is an epidote-group mineral (space group P21/m, a = 8.932(5), b = 5.698(4), c = 10.310(5) Å, β = 114.56(4), V = 477.3(8) Å3) with the simplified formula CaSr(Mn3+,Fe3+)2Al[Si3O12](OH), closely related to strontiopiemontite. The difference between strontiopiemontite and tweddillite is the concentration of octahedral Mn3+. Strontiopiemontite has Mn3+ mainly on the M3 site whereas tweddillite has Mn3+ with minor Fe3+ on M3 and M1. Tweddillite forms aggregates of very thin dark red {001} blades characterized by striking pleochroism. The crystals appear dark red parallel to b and orange-yellow parallel to a. Perpendicular to (001) the blades appear magenta to red.
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Miyano, Takashi, and Nicolas J. Beukes. "Physicochemical environments for the formation of quartz-free manganese oxide ores from the early Proterozoic Hotazel Formation, Kalahari manganese field, South Africa." Economic Geology 82, no. 3 (1987): 706–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.82.3.706.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Manganese ores – South Africa"

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Tsikos, Harilaos. "Petrographic and geochemical constraints on the origin and post-depositional history of the Hotazel iron-manganese deposits, Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005599.

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The giant Palaeoproterozoic manganese deposits of the Kalahari manganese field (KMF), Northern Cape Province, South Mrica, have been a world renowned resource of manganese ore for many decades. In recent years, the mineralogical composition, geochemistry and genesis of these deposits have been the objects of many geological investigations, yet their origin remains contentious up to the present day. A characteristic feature of the Kalahari deposits is the intimate association of manganese ore and iron-formation of the Superior-type, in the form of three discrete sedimentary cycles constituting the Hotazel Formation. This striking lithological association is an almost unique feature on a global scale. From that point of view, the present study is effectively the first attempt to shed light on the origin and post-depositional history of the Hotazel succession, using as prime focus the petrographic and geochemical characteristics ofthe host iron-formation. Petrographic and whole-rock geochemical information of iron-formation from the southern parts of the KMF, suggests that the Hotazel iron-formation is almost identical to other iron-formations of the world of similar age and petrological character. The rock exhibits essentially no high-grade metamorphic or low-temperature alteration effects. Mineralogically, it contains abundant chert, magnetite, subordinate amounts of silicate minerals (greenalite, minnesotaite, stilpnomelane) and appreciable concentrations of carbonate constituents in the form of coexisting calcite and ankerite. Such mineralogical composition is indicative of processes occurring in a diagenetic" to burial (up to very low-greenschist facies) metamorphic environment. Bulk-rock geochemical data point towards a simple composition with Si02, total Fe-oxide and CaO being the chief major oxide components. Whole-rock rare-earth element data suggest that the iron-formation precipitated from a water column with chemical signatures comparable to modern, shallow oceanic seawater. The virtual absence of positive Eu anomalies is a feature that compares well with similar data from Neoproterozoic, glaciogenic iron-formations of the Rapitan type, and suggests but only a dilute hydrothermal signal, poten!ially derived from distal submarine volcanic activity. Carbon and oxygen isotope data from iron-formation and Mn-bearing carbonates as well as overlying ferriferous limestone of the Mooidraai Formation, compare well with the literature. The former exhibit variable depletion relative to seawater in terms of both BC and 180, while the latter have signatures comparable to normal marine bicarbonate. Isotopic variations appear to be related to fluctuations in the amount of co-precipitated marine carbonate, in conjunction with processes of coupled organic matter oxidation - FelMn reduction in the diagenetic environment. Oxygen isotope data from quartz-magnetite-calcite triplets suggest that crystallisation took place under open-system conditions, with magnetite being the most susceptible phase in terms of fluid-rock isotopic exchange. Data also suggest that the calcite-magnetite pair may constitute a more reliable geothermometer than the quartz-magnetite one, mainly due to the interlinked diagenetic histories between calcite and magnetite. Iron-formation from the northern parts of the KMF can by categorised into three main classes, namely pristine, altered and oxidised. Pristine iron-formation is identical to the one seen in the southernmost parts of the field. Altered iron-formation corresponds to a carbonate-free derivative of intense oxidation and leaching processes at the expense ofpristine iron-formation, and contains almost exclusively binary quartz-hematite mixtures. The rock appears to have lost essentially its entire pre-existing carbonate-related components (i.e., Ca, Mg, Sr, most Mn and Ba) and displays residual enrichments in elements such as Cr, Th, V, Ni and Pb, which would have behaved as immobile constituents during low-temperature alteration. The low temperature origin of altered iron-formation is supported by oxygen isotope data from quartz-hematite pairs which indicate that isotopically light hematite would have derived from oxidation of magneftte and other ferroussilicate compounds in the presence of a low-temperature meteoric fluid, while quartz would have remained isotopically unchanged. Occasional occurrences of acmite-hematite assemblages suggest localised metasomatic processes related to the action ofNaCI-rich fluids at the expense of altered iron-formation. The conditions of acmite genesis are very poorly constrained due to the very broad stability limits of the mineral in environments ranging from magmatic to surface-related. Oxidised iron-formation constitutes a distinct rock-type and shares common attributes with both the pristine and the altered iron-formation. The rock contains hematite as an important constituent while the amount of magnetite is substantially reduced. With regard to carbonate nlinerals, calcite contents are clearly very low or absent, having being replaced in most instances by a single, Mgenriched, dolomite/ankerite:type species. Oxidised iron-formation contains somewhat higher amounts of iron and reduced amounts of Sr and Ba relative to pristine iron-formation, whereas enrichments in elements such as Ni, Th, Pb, Cr, and V are seen, similar to altered iron-formation. Oxidised iron-formation appears to have originated from processes of dissolution-mobilisationreprecipitation of solutes derived primarily from leaching that produced altered iron-formation. It is proposed that the Hotazel iron-formation and associated manganese deposits were formed as a result of episodic sea-level fluctuations in a stratified depositional environment that gradually evolved into a shallow carbonate platform. A critical parameter in the development of manganese sediment may include regional climatic patterns related to a glacial event (Makganyene diamictite) prior to deposition of the Hotazel strata. This suggestion draws parallels with processes that are believed to have led to the formation of worldwide iron-formations and associated manganese deposits subsequent to Neoproterozoic episodes of glaciation. Submarine volcanism related to the underlying Ongeluk lavas appears to have had very little (if any) metallogenic significance, while evidence for a sudden rise in the oxygen contents of the atmosphere and ambient waters is lacking. With regard to later alteration processes, combination of geological and geochemical data point towards the potential influence of surface weathering prior to deposition of rocks of the unconformably overlying Olifantshoek Supergroup, possibly coupled with fault- and/or thrustcontrolled fluid-flow and leaching of the Hotazel succession during post-Olifantshoek times.
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Fairey, Brenton John. "Genesis of karst-hosted manganese ores of the Postmasburg Manganese Field, South Africa with emphasis on evidence for hydrothermal processes." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020904.

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The Postmasburg Manganese Field (PMF), located in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, once represented one of the largest sources of manganese ore worldwide. However, the discovery of the giant manganese deposits of the Kalahari Manganese Field (KMF) led to the gradual decline in manganese mining activity in the PMF. Two belts of manganese ore deposits have been distinguished in the PMF, namely the Western Belt of ferruginous manganese ores and the Eastern Belt of siliceous manganese ores. Prevailing models of ore formation in these two belts invoke karstification of manganese-rich dolomites and residual accumulation of manganese wad which later underwent diagenetic and low-grade metamorphic processes. For the most part, the role of hydrothermal processes in ore formation and metasomatic alteration is not addressed. The identification of an abundance of common and some rare Al-, Na-, K- and Ba-bearing minerals, particularly aegirine, albite, microcline, banalsite, sérandite-pectolite, paragonite and natrolite in the PMF ores studied in this thesis, is indicative of the influence of hydrothermal activity. Enrichments in Na, K and/or Ba in the ores are generally on a percentage level for the majority of samples analysed through bulk-rock techniques. The discovery of a Ba-Mn arsenate/vanadate similar to gamagarite may also indicate that the hydrothermal fluid affecting the ores was not only alkali-rich but also probably contained some As and V. The fluid was likely to be oxidized and alkaline in nature and is thought to have been a mature basinal brine. Various replacement textures, particularly of Na- and Krich minerals by Ba-bearing phases, suggest sequential deposition of gangue as well as oreminerals from the hydrothermal fluid, with Ba phases being deposited at a later stage. The stratigraphic variability of the studied ores and the deviation of their character from the pigeon-hole-type classification of ferruginous and siliceous ores in the literature, suggests that a re-evaluation of genetic models is warranted. The discovery of hydrothermallydeposited alkali-rich assemblages in the PMF and KMF provides grounding for further investigation into a possible regional-scale hydrothermal event at least re-constituting the ores. Some shortcomings in previous works include disregard for the highly variable nature of the PMF deposits, the effects of hydrothermal activity of the ores and the existence of stratigraphic discrepancies. This study provides a single, broad model for the development of all manganese deposits of the PMF. The source of metals is attributed to all formations that stratigraphically overly the Reivilo Formation of the Campbellrand Subgroup (including the Reivilo Formation itself). The main process by which metals are accumulated is attributed to karstification of the dolomites. The interaction of oxidized, alkaline brines with the ores is considered and the overlying Asbestos Hills Subgroup BIF is suggested as a potential source of alkali metals.
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Rasmeni, Sonwabile. "Lithostratigraphic correlation, mineralogy and geochemistry of the lower manganese orebody at the Kalagadi Manganese Mine in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016155.

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The Kalagadi Manganese mine in the Kuruman area of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa contains reserves of Mn ore in excess of 100Mt. Mineralization in the mine lease area is restricted within the Hotazel Formation of the Voȅlwater Subgroup, belonging to the Postmasburg Group, the upper subdivision of the Transvaal Supergroup. Surface topography is characterized by flat lying, undulation with minimal faulting and the ore are slightly metarmophosed. This study investigates the general geology of the mine, lithostratigraphic subdivision and correlation of the economic Lower Manganese Orebody (LMO) of the Kalagadi Manganese Mine in order to guide mining plan and operations once the mine is fully commissioned. At the commencement of this study, Kalagadi Manganese mine was a project under exploration with no specific geology of the mine lease area and no lithostratigraphic subdivision. The study also aimed determining the extent of lithostratigraphic correlation between the LMO economic orebodies of the Kalagadi Manganese mine with that of underground Gloria and open-pit Mamatwan mines. Four methods including petrographic microscope, Scanning electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses were applied mainly for the mineral identification, chemical composition and ore characterization of the Lower Manganese Orebody (LMO) at Kalagadi Manganese mine. The results of this study indicates the following: (1) Eleven textural distinct zones with economic zones restricted to the middle while the lower grade zones are confined to the top and bottom of the LMO; (2) The economic zones, comprising of Y, M, C and N subzones attain an average thickness of 10 m and are graded at an average of 40% Mn while the Mn/Fe ratio varies from 6 to 9; (3) The most economic zones are M and N subzones which are mostly characterized by oxidized ovoids and laminae, a characteristic applicable even to other zones of economic interest; (4) Braunite is the main mineral of the manganese ore and is often integrown with kutnahorite and other minerals (hematite, hausmannite, Mg-calcite, calcite, jacobsite, serpentine and garnet) which are present in variable amounts; (5) The Mg-rich calcite (Ca, Mg)CO3 is the second dominant manganese carbonate mineral and it corresponds to elevated MgO concentration and is often associated with marine environment. The occurrence of the Mgcalcite is not common in the manganese ore of this area except for the Mn-calcite, which was not determined by XRD analyses in this study; (6) MnO is the most abundant major oxide in the manganese ore while other major oxides present in decreasing order of abundance are CaO, SiO2, Fe2O3, and MgO. The oxides TiO2, Na2O, K2O, Al2O3, and Cr2O3 are depleted and are mostly  0.01wt% and  0.001wt% respectively while P2O5 concentrations are low ranging from 0.02wt% to 0.3wt%. The trace element concentrations of Ba, Zn and Sr in most borehole samples are slightly elevated ranging from 100ppm to 3.9% (36000pm) while Co, Cu, Ni, Y, As, Zr, V and La rarely exceed 50ppm. The enrichments of Cu, Zn, Ni, Co and V that are commonly associated with volcanogenic hydrothermal input in chemicals may reach up to 70ppm; (7) The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the manganese ore in the Kalagadi Manganese mine lease area are similar to that of Low-Grade Mamatwan-Type ore. The cyclicity (Banded Iron Formation ↔ Hematite lutite ↔ braunite lutite) and alternation of manganese and iron formation have been confirmed; and (8) The oxygen δ18O isotope values (18‰ to 22‰) indicate a slight influence of metamorphism of the manganese ore. No positive correlation exists between δ13C vs δ18O values and Mn vs δ13C values. Such observations indicate minimal action of organic carbon during manganese precipitation where the organic matter was oxidized and manganese content reduced. On the other hand, the manganese carbonates (CaO) are positively correlated with carbon isotope, this indicates diagenetic alteration and the involvement of biogenic carbonate during the formation of manganese carbonates. It is concluded that the lithostratigraphic subdivision at Kalagadi Manganese mine is best correlated physically, mineralogically and geochemically with that of Gloria mine operating in the Low Grade Mamatwan - Type ore while correlation with an open-pit Mamatwan mine is also valid.
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Terracin, Matthew Theodore. "Petrography, geochemistry and origin of atypical sedimentary-igneous contact relationships at the base of the Hotazel Formation around Middelplaats, Northern Cape Province, RSA." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012985.

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In the Middelplaats mine area of the Kalahari manganese field, two drill holes (MP53 and MP54) intersected anomalously high-grade manganese ore sitting stratigraphically just above an igneous body (likely a dike or sill). Manganese ore located within approximate 5 meters of the contact with the underlying igneous rocks has been substantially metasomatically upgraded from 25 percent manganese, to over 40 percent whilst the dominant manganese species within the ore has been altered to hausmannite. This report demonstrates the metasomatic alteration is related to devolatilization (removal and/or remobilization of H₂O, CO₂ and CaO) due to contact metamorphism caused by the underlying igneous rocks. The Middelplaats mine is situated in the southwest corner of the Kalahari manganese field where the paleo basin shallows out and ends. Within the mine area, several stratigraphic units pinch out or are truncated by the side of the basin. This pinching out of lithological formations has led to the underlying Ongeluk Formation being in contact with the much younger units of the Hotazel Formation. Therefore, geochemical investigation into the nature and source of the igneous rocks was also undertaken to see if the rocks from the two drill holes were related to one another and/or the underlying Ongeluk Formation. Results of these geochemical studies have demonstrated that the Middelplaats igneous rocks (dolerites) from the two drill holes (MP53 and MP54) share a co-genetic source region. There is also reasonable geochemical evidence that the source region of the Middelplaats igneous rocks was substantially similar to the source region of the Ongeluk Formation. This may indicate that the source region of the Ongeluk Formation was reactivated at some later stage resulting in the emplacement of doleritic dikes or sills in the Middelplaats mine area. The Middelplaats igneous rocks were also found to have undergone a slight but pervasive potassic alteration; with most of the original plagioclase feldspar showing some level of replacement by a potassium enriched feldspar. Although no source for this potassic fluid was found, the devolatilization reaction within the manganese ore appears to have released some potassium into the surrounding rocks. This additional potassium may be responsible for some localized potassic alteration.
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Polteau, Stéphane. "The early proterozoic Makganyene glacial event in South Africa : its implication in sequence stratigraphy interpretations, paleoenvironmental conditions and iron and manganese ore deposition." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007612.

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The Makganyene Formation forms the base of the Postmasburg Group in the Transvaal Supergroup in the Griqualand West Basin. It consists of diamictites, sandstones, banded iron-formations (BIFs), shales, siltstones and carbonates. It is generally accepted that the Makganyene Formation rests on an erosive regional unconformity throughout the Northern Cape Province. However this study demonstrates that this stratigraphic relationship is not universal, and conformable contacts have been observed. One of the principal aims of this study is to identify the nature of the Makganyene basal contact throughout the Griqualand West Basin. Intensive fieldwork was carried out from Prieska in the south, to Danielskuil in the north. In the Sishen and Hotazel areas, only borehole material was available to assess the stratigraphy. The Griquatown Fault Zone delimits the boundary between the deep basin and platform facies. The Koegas Subgroup is only present south of the Griquatown Fault Zone, where it pinches out. However, the transition Griquatown BIFs-Koegas Subgroup occurs in lacustrine deposits on the Ghaap platform (Beukes, 1983). The Griquatown Fault Zone represents the edge of the basin, which corresponds to a hinge rather than a fault zone. The Makganyene Formation rests with a conformable contact on the Koegas Subgroup south of the Griquatown Hinge Zone, and north of it the Makganyene Formation lies unconformably on the Asbestos Hills Subgroup. The Makganyene Formation displays lateral facies changes that reflect the paleogeography of the Griqualand West Basin, and the development of ice sheets/shelves. The Ghaap platform is characterised by coarse immature sand interbedded with the diamictites. The clasts in this area contain local Asbestos Hills material and no dropstones are present. Such settings are typical of sediments that are being deposited below a grounded ice mass. At the Griquatown Hinge Zone, the sandstone lenses are smaller, and the clasts consist of chert, of which a great number are striated and faceted. In the Matsap area, the presence of dropstones is strong evidence for the presence of a floating ice shelf that released its material by basal melting. Further south, the Makganyene Formation contains stromatolitic bioherms that only form if clastic contamination is minimal and therefore the ice that transported the detritus to the basin did not extend far into open sea conditions. The base of the Hotazel Formation also contains diamictite levels. Dropstones have been identified, implying a glacial origin. The Hotazel diamictites are interbedded with hyaloclastites and BIFs. The Makganyene glacial event, therefore, was not restricted to the Makganyene Formation, but also included the Ongeluk Formation, through to the base of the Hotazel Formation. Petrographic studies of the Makganyene Formation and the base of the Hotazel Formation reveal mineral assemblages that are diagnostic of early to late diagenetic crystallisation and of low-grade metamorphism not exceeding the very low green-schist facies. The facies identified display the same sense of basin deepening, from shallow high-energy Hotazel area on the Ghaap platform, to the deep basin in the Matsap area. Whole-rock geochemical analyses reveal that the elemental composition of the Makganyene Formation is very similar to that of the Asbestos Hills BIFs, which were the most important source of clastic detritus for the Makganyene Formation. However, minor amounts of carbonates of the Campbellrand Subgroup, as well as a felsic crustal input from the Archean granitoid basement, made contributions. On the Ghaap platform, the Makganyene diamictite is enriched in iron, calcium, and magnesium, while in the deeper parts of the basin the diamictites are enriched in detrital elements, such as titanium and aluminium, which occur in the fine clay component. The Hotazel diamictite displays a distinct mafic volcanic input, related to the extrusion of the Ongeluk basaltic andesites, which was incorporated in the glacial sediments. Sequence stratigraphy is based on the recognition of contacts separating the different systems tracts that compose a depositional sequence. However, because the basal contact of the Makganyene Formation has not been properly identified in previous work, no correct model has been proposed so far. Therefore correlations between the Griqualand West and the Transvaal basins, based on lithostratigraphic similarities and extrapolations of unconformities, have to be reviewed, especially since the publication of new radiometric ages contradict all previously proposed correlations. It is proposed here that the Transvaal Supergroup in the Griqualand West Basin represents a continuous depositional event that lasted about 200 Ma. The Makganyene glacial event occurred during changing conditions in the chemistries of the atmosphere and ocean, and in the continental configuration. A Snowball Earth event has been proposed as the causative process of such paleoenvironmental changes. However, evidence presented here of less dramatic glacial conditions, with areas of ice-free waters, implies an alternative to the Snowball Earth event. The paleoenvironmental changes are thought to represent a transition from an anaerobic to aerobic atmosphere, that was responsible for the global cooling of the surface of the Earth, Such a glacial event may have aided in the large-scale precipitation of iron and manganese in areas of intense upwellings.
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MacGregor, Duncan Graeme. "Manganese deposits of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6614.

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The outcrops, petrography and geochemistry of manganese deposits were studied at several sites on the Cape Peninsula (Skeleton Gorge, Kasteelpoort Path, Kommetjie and Hout Bay) as well as at Rooi Els on the opposite side of False Bay. The purpose of this study was to understand the origin and depositional history of these manganese deposits. Manganese ore samples contain between 16 and 86 wt% MnO, 0.3 to 29 wt% Fe2O3 , 1.2 and 5.6 wt% K2O and a P2O5 content of 0.3 to 1.8 wt%. The primary manganese oxide mineral present is cryptomelane (KMn8O16). The iron and quartz content of bulk rock samples have a positive correlation, and a negative correlation to manganese. From the field data, petrography and chemistry by electron microprobe analysis, it was established that the method of deposition was lateral secretion and the deposits fit into Harrison’s (1998) manganese classification as a Type 1 deposit. Lateral secretion involves the reduction of manganese and iron oxides within the soil profile by acidified rain water, further leaching of oxides as reducing groundwaters flow through regolith and bedrock, and the eventual precipitation as oxides at groundwater seeps and springs. Field observations and the chemistry of water and rock samples support the lateral secret ion model in which the manganese and iron are chemically leached from the Peninsula Format ion quartzarenite sandstone bedrock and transported along fractures and faults to be deposited as oxides upon emergence at the surface. Minor surface coatings of iron and manganese oxides are ubiquitous in the study area but can become concentrated in locally historic economic deposits where the groundwater f low is focused by topography, aquitards and faults. Trace element composition of the manganese-rich deposits indicates that they are low-temperature, hydrogenous freshwater deposits. The proposed Eh - pH evolution of surface and ground water flow paths is consistent with the reduction of manganese and iron within the soil profile, and the precipitation of first iron and then manganese at springs and seeps. The Rare Earth Element (REE) pat terns suggest variable sources and transport of the manganese and iron. The manganese deposits of the Cape Peninsula are no longer economic but do provide insights into the remobilisation of metals by low temperature groundwaters during the process of lateral secretion.
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Whitfield, Derek. "The genesis and controls of gold mineralization south of Rehoboth, Namibia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005560.

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Gold mineralization is hosted within gossanous quartz-haematite veins in volcano-sedimentary lithologies of the Klein Aub - Rehoboth basin of the Irumide Belt, Namibia. Mineralization and hydrothermal alteration are restricted to deformed lithologies particularly the metasediments. Lithological relationships, geochemistry and metallogenic characteristics of the Irumide Belt suggest an intra-continental rift setting. Copper mineralization is well known along the length of the belt, from Klein Aub in the southwest to Ghanzi in the northeast, whereas gold mineralization appears restricted to the Klein Aub Rehoboth basin. The gold is envisaged as having being leached initially from graben fill sequences during rift closure and basin dewatering. Location of the mineralization is strongly controlled by structure and lithological contact zones. Such zones are percieved as having acted as conduit zones for escaping mineralized fluids during basin closure and deformation. Apart from the lack of an effective mineralizing trap, all features consistent with the development of an ore deposit are present. The largest mineralization traps within the area studied are shear zones followed by lithological contact zones. The Mebi and Blanks gold mines are developed over large shear zones while the Swartmodder and Neuras gold mines are situated over mineralized lithological contacts. The Swartmodder copper mine yielded ore from a mineralized schist enclave within granite. Copper and gold occurrences are attributed to two contrasting styles of mineralization. Copper mineralization is suggested to have developed during initial rifting of the belt (ie. stratabound sedimentary exhalative type), while the gold and minor copper resulted from rift closure and basin dewatering. Although no economical orebody was realized during the course of this study a model is proposed for the development of mineralization within the Irumide basement lithologies as a working hypothesis for future exploration.
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Forbes, PBC, M. Thanjekwayo, JO Okokwo, M. Sekhula, and C. Zvinowanda. "Lichens as biomonitors for manganese and lead in Pretoria, South Africa." Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001756.

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Abstract Parmotrema austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale lichens were collected from the Pretoria central business district (CBD), as well as three sites to the east of Pretoria; the National Botanical Gardens, the CSIR campus and the suburb of Lynnwood, with the aim of utilising these lichens as biomonitors of air quality to determine the effects of the phasing out of leaded petrol and the simultaneous introduction of manganese anti-knock additives to fuel in South Africa. In addition to lichens, roadside dust and soil samples were collected from the CBD and CSIR campus, and all samples were analysed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after acid digestion. There was no significant difference (95 % confidence) between the Mn content of lichens from all sampling sites (overall average of 97.1 ± 39.1 μg.g-1, n= 28), which was most likely due to an even suspension of Mn-containing particles arising from soil dust. Additional contributions to Mn loading as a result of vehicle emissions were currently not evident. For all non-CBD sites, higher Pb levels were found in lichens which were nearer to busy roads, suggesting an historical impact by vehicular emissions of Pb arising from leaded petrol usage. The Pb concentrations in lichens found in the CBD (average of 181.1 ± 98.0 μg.g-1, n=10) were significantly higher (95 % confidence limits) than those of lichens growing outside of the CBD area (average of 41.5 ± 36.4 μg.g-1, n=18), and the Pb levels were higher than those of Mn, which was contrary to that found in sites outside the CBD.
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Moses, Mokete. "The deportment of manganese in the Gamsberg East orebody South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53531.

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The Gamsberg East orebody is the least studied orebody of the Gamsberg zinc (Zn) deposit. The Gamsberg Zn deposit is a largest undeveloped Broken Hill-type deposit, which is well known for relatively low zinc grade as well as manganese (Mn) being a problem and penalty element. The occurrence of manganese within the sphalerite crystal lattice is one of the reasons for the lack of mining development over the past three decades. The recent metallurgical test works of the Gamsberg East ore showed that alabandite floats faster than sphalerite and this adds to the Mn penalty factor. Alabandite (MnS) was first reported as trace concentrations, but it was most recently found in anomalous concentrations in the Gamsberg East orebody. Up to 16 %wt alabandite occurs within the pelitic schist of the Gams Formation, and concentrations below 2 %wt occur within the top half of meta-pelite ore. The occurrence of alabandite is also associated with thicker or well developed portions of the ore horizon, which is also associated with manganese enrichment. The model of formation for alabandite is similar to that of sphalerite and Fe-sulphides during metal-sulphide formation in the Gamsberg Zn deposit. Alabandite is therefore pre-metamorphic and its formation is controlled by change in redox water conditions from chemogenic to detrital facies, sulphur fugacity, change in pH and hydrothermal fluids with temperature less than 300 °C, rich in manganese and iron but poor in zinc. Manganese is also hosted in silicate and oxide minerals, such as by pyrophanite, jacobsite, franklinite, amphiboles, micas, pyroxenes/pyroxenoids, and garnets.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015.<br>Geology<br>MSc<br>Unrestricted
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10

Badenhorst, Jaco Cornelis. "The precambrian iron-formations in the Limpopo belt as represented by the magnetite quartzite deposits at Moonlight, Koedoesrand area, Northern Transvaal." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013309.

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This dissertation is based largely on data that was accumulated during the execution of an exploration program by Iscor Ltd in the Northern Transvaal. The program included geological mapping, geophysical surveys and drilling, on Precambrian iron-formations in the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt. The structure, stratigraphy, metamorphism, and economic importance of the magnetite quartzites and associated lithologies of the Moonlight prospect are discussed. The lithologies underlying the Moonlight prospect area consist of various pink- and grey-banded gneisses and pink granulite, together with a variety of metasedimentary supracrustal rock-types and concordant serpentinite bodies. The gneissic rock-types consist of chlorite-quartz-feldspar gneiss, chlorite-quartz-feldspar augen gneiss, hornblende-quartz-feldspar gneiss, biotite-quartz-feldspar gneiss, felsic and mafic granulite, and foliated amphibolite. The metasedimentary lithologies are represented by calc-silicates and marble, white quartz-feldspar granulite, magnetite quartzite, metaquartzite and garnet-bearing granulite and gneiss (metapelites). The concordant ultramafic bodies consist of serpentinite with lesser amphibolite, dunite, and chromitite. Intrusive pegmatites and diabase dykes are also present in the prospect area. Metamorphism reached granulite-facies, and more than one retrqgrade metamorphic event is recognized . Amphibolite-facies assemblages are present, but it is uncertain whether they represent another retrograde event . Polyphase deformation has produced intense and complex folding , resulting in irregular magnetite quartzite orebodies. The high metamorphic grades have resulted in medium- grained recrystallization of the magnetite-quartzites with a loss of prominent banding often associated with these rock-types . The magnetite quartzite occurs as three seperate but related ore zones, consisting of one or more ore-bands seperated by other lithologies. All three zones form poor outcrops and suboutcrops in a generally flat lying and sand covered area. · Although representing a low-grade iron ore (32% total Fe), the magnetite quartzite deposits at Moonlight are regarded as potentially viable due to the large opencast tonnages available at low stripping ratios, and the relatively cheap and easy beneficiation process needed to produce a magnetite concentrate with 69-70% total Fe.
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Books on the topic "Manganese ores – South Africa"

1

Cairncross, B. The manganese adventure: The South African manganese fields. Associated Ore & Metal Corp., 1997.

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Harley, M. The mineralisation at Elandshoogte Gold Mine, Eastern Transvaal, South Africa. University of the Witwatersrand, 1990.

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United States International Trade Commission. Electrolytic manganese dioxide from Australia, China, Greece, Ireland, Japan, and South Africa: Investigations nos. 731-TA-1048-1053 (preliminary). U.S. International Trade Commission, 2003.

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Bowles, M. Tungsten mineralisation in the Namaqualand-Bushmanland region, northwestern Cape, South Africa. Republic of South Africa, Dept. of Mineral and Energy Affairs, Geological Survey, 1988.

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Duane, M. J. Pb and Sr isotopic characteristics of Proterozoic Pb-Zn and Au deposits, Transvaal sequence, South Africa: Suggestions for their source areas and genesis. University of the Witwatersrand, 1988.

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Pretorius, Desmond A. The sources of Witwatersrand gold and uranium: A continued difference of opinion. University of the Witwatersrand, 1989.

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Pretorius, Desmond A. The sources of Witwatersrand gold and uranium: A continued difference of opinion. University of the Witwatersrand, 1989.

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Rudolf, Saager, Köppel V. H, and University of the Witwatersrand. Economic Geology Research Unit., eds. Uranium distribution and redistributiom in a suite of fresh and weathered pre-Witwatersrand and Witwatersrand conglomerates from South Africa. Economic Geology Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, 1985.

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International Symposium on Processing of Nickel Ores & Concentrates (1st : d2005 Cape Town, South Africa). Proceedings of processing of nickel ores & concentrates 05: Cape Town, South Africa, November 16-17, 2005. MEI Conferences, 2005.

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Ruhmer, W. T. A techno-economic evaluation of five routes for the communition of gold ores in South Africa. Council for Mineral Technology, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Manganese ores – South Africa"

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Moholwa, M. S., J. D. Steenkamp, and H. L. Rutto. "Method to Quantify the Effect of Temperature and Rotational Speed on the Decrepitation of South African Manganese Ores in a Rotary Kiln." In 11th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36540-0_72.

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Akdogan, G., E. Burucu, and R. H. Eric. "Reduction behaviour of some South African manganese ores." In Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Alloy Processes. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-040411-0.50008-0.

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"(a) Central Andes of Peru, near Chacayán: terraces in the dry 268 season (b) View from the central railway of Peru 268 11.2 The driest desert in the world, the Atacama, northern Chile 270 11.3 One of the highest mountains in the Andes, Huascarán, Peru 270 11.4 Latin America: mechanisation in Brazil (a) Early textile machinery installed in a mill in Northeast 274 Brazil, Salvador (b) Plant for processing manganese ore, Serra do Navio, 274 Amapa, North Brazil 12.1 Africa south of the Sahara: cultivators and herders (a) Trappean lava plateau of central Ethiopia: patchwork of 296 ploughed fields and land with crops (b) Eastern lowlands of Ethiopia: nomads herding cattle 296 12.2 Africa south of the Sahara: agriculture (a) Subsistence agriculture: a stick used to make holes in the 297 soil to plant seeds, Ethiopia (b) Commercial agriculture: sisal fibre being processed 297 12.3 Africa south of the Sahara: church hollowed out of a deposit of 298 sandstone, Lalibela, Ethiopia 12.4 Tanzania: extracts from manuals on diet and health 300 12.5 South Africa: cartoons from the magazine Fun 302 13.1 Semi-desert landscape, with some cultivation and a date-palm 315 Mosque in Kaiouran, Tunisia, first in status in North Africa 316." In Geography of the World's Major Regions. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203429815-162.

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Conference papers on the topic "Manganese ores – South Africa"

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Kalenga wa Kalenga, Michel. "SLAG FORMATION IN THE REDUCTION ZONE USING COKE DURING HIGH CARBON FERROMANGANESE PRODUCTION USING SOUTH AFRICAN MANGANESE ORES." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/1.3/s04.118.

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Kalenga wa Kalenga, Michel. "PHASE RELATIONS IN THE REDUCTION ZONE IN PRESENCE OF CARBON MONOXIDE DURING HIGH CARBON FERROMANGANESE PRODUCTION USING SOUTH AFRICAN MANGANESE ORES." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/1.3/s04.115.

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WA KALENGA, Michel Kalenga, Didier Kasongo NYEMBWE, and Merete TANGSTAD. "study on the influence of Al2O3/SiO2 on the KINETICS in the prereduction zone during high carbon ferromanganese production using basic south african manganese ores." In METAL 2020. TANGER Ltd., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2020.3588.

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Fischel, Matthew, Cathy Clarke, and Donald Sparks. "Characterization and Reactivity of Geogenic Manganese-Oxides from South Africa." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.715.

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Nelson, Gill, and Brad Racette. "P205 Measuring the health effects of manganese smelter emissions in south africa: a pilot study." In Occupational Health: Think Globally, Act Locally, EPICOH 2016, September 4–7, 2016, Barcelona, Spain. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.521.

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