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1
Snizhnoi, Hennadii, Volodymyr Sazhnev, Valentyn Snizhnoi, and Anatoliy Mukhachev. "Details of mining beneficiation equipment made of medium manganese wear-resistant steel." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1348, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1348/1/012027.
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Abstract For mining and beneficiation equipment, medium-manganese steel for the production of fast-wearing replaceable parts is proposed. The object of research was the effect of phosphorus on the physical and mechanical properties of austenitic manganese steels with a manganese concentration within the standard for steel 110G13L and below the regulated lower level. Phosphorus more significantly reduces impact toughness, relative elongation and relative narrowing in steels with a lower manganese content than in classic Hadfield steel. In steels with a reduced manganese content, phosphorus has a less effective influences on the tensile strength, and it has practically no effect on hardness. Reducing the phosphorus concentration to 0.025 % and below in 110G8L steel increases its main physical and mechanical properties to the level of 110G10L steel with high phosphorus (recommended for parts subject to abrasive wear). The use of 110G8LA steel with low phosphorus reduces to further reduce the costs of manganese ferroalloys in the production of fast-wearing replaceable parts of mining and beneficiation equipment. This also reduces the emission of manganese compounds with oxygen into the atmosphere, which is very harmful to the environment and the human body.
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Vdovin, K. N., N. A. Feoktistov, and D. A. Gorlenko. "Influence of Heat Treatment on Wear Resistance of Alloyed Hadfield Steel and Phase Transformations in it." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.640.
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The paper investigates the influence of alloying of high manganese steel with various materials on its wear resistance. It describes the results of differential scanning calorimetry and thermo-gravimetric analysis obtained in the process of thermal investigation of high manganese steel alloyed with different materials. The processes taking place in alloyed high manganese steel during heat treatment were considered. Besides, the paper shows the results of investigation of kinetics of oxidation of high manganese steels, temperatures of the start and completion of carbide decomposition and carbon burning; the comparative analysis of these processes was carried out. The research group determined the qualitative characteristics of the steel decarburization process depending on the implemented alloying scheme of high manganese steel. Scientific justification was given to the results obtained in the research work. The technological recommendations, which make it possible to calculate the optimum hardening temperature of high manganese steels, were given. General conclusions were made in the final part of the paper.
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Ueda, Keiji, Daichi Izumi, Toshinori Ishida, and Yoshiaki Murakami. "Effect of Alloying Element on Mechanical Properties of High Strength Austenitic Steel." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.678.
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A high strength austenitic steel is expected as a structural material for cryogenic use because fcc material does not cause a cleavage fracture despite high strength. High manganese steel which is a strong candidate material of the cryogenic high strength austenitic steel was originally famous for the Hadfield steel and widely applicable in actual use. In general, an excellent cryogenic toughness of the high manganese steels is achieved by obtaining stable fcc microstructure with an adequate amount manganese which is a typical austenite former alloy. However, as addition of manganese is not effective for increasing strength, other strengthening alloying elements like carbon and chromium need to be added. In this study, an effect of alloying elements on strength and cryogenic toughness of the high manganese austenitic steel is studied.
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An, Gyubaek, Seunglae Hong, Jeongung Park, and Ilwook Han. "Investigation of Correlation Between Fracture Toughness and Charpy Impact Energy of Cryogenic Steel Welds." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 4921–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19251.
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The high manganese steel was developed to improve the fracture toughness and safety at cryogenic temperatures, the austenite structure was formed by increasing the manganese (Mn) content. The developed weld high manganese steel was alloyed with austenite stabilizing elements (e.g., C, Mn, and Ni) for cryogenic toughness and fluxes contained less than 10% of acidic slag formers such as rutile (TiO2) and silica (SiO2). This paper describes the work carried out to enhance the fracture toughness of Mn contents in an economical way by means of increase of manganese up to 23% instead of using nickel (Ni) which has unique element to improve fracture toughness especially at cryogenic steel. The new cryogenic steels should be carefully evaluated in terms of safety for application in real structures including LNG ships. In this study, the fracture toughness performance was evaluated for recently developed cryogenic steels (high-Mn steels), especially the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) parameter was evaluated using the prediction formula proposed by conventional equation. The CTOD value was investigated the effect of microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe–C–Mn and Fe–C–Mn–Ni high manganese steel, it was revealed that the e-martesnsite phase formed in high manganese steel of 0.2C–20Mn and 0.4C–20Mn as a result of a low stability of austenite upon strain-induced phase transformation.
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Craddock, Paul T. "The Many and Various Roles of Manganese in Iron and Steel Production." Materials Science Forum 983 (March 2020): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.983.57.
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Manganese oxide and metallic manganese have made a long and varied contribution to the production of iron and steel through the centuries, long before Sir Robert Hadfield’s alloy manganese steel first produced in 1882. Although quite well known empirically, this contribution has sometimes been misunderstood or misrepresented.The success of some of the early so-called ‘natural steels’ was the presence of manganese oxides in the iron ores used.Manganese oxide was already used as a flux from the early days of the production of crucible steel in Asia and it now appears that it was used as a flux from the inception of the otherwise very different later European crucible steel technologies. After the introduction of crucible steel making in Britain in the 18th century, foreign competitors believed that the reason for the success of the processes used at Sheffield was a secret flux and studies on recently discovered 18th century crucibles in Sheffield have shown that process was indeed fluxed with manganese oxide.The function of manganese in the later European crucible steel industry has been rather overshadowed and confused historically by the very different ‘Carburet of manganese’, a strange concoction, patented by Josiah Heath in 1839 added to iron or steel to purify the metal. At the time the chemistry of the process was misunderstood and many acrimonious and inaccurate claims were made, crucially confusing the very different functions of manganese oxide and manganese metal, overshadowing the part already played by manganese oxide for almost a century previously..Finally manganese and its salts played a crucial role in the Bessemer process of steel making.
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Selecká, Marcela, Andrej Šalak, and Dagmar Jakubéczyová. "Mechanical and Tribological Characteristics of Sintered Manganese Steels." Materials Science Forum 672 (January 2011): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.672.59.
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The effect of three iron powder grades and three manganese carrier types on mechanical and tribological characteristics of sintered 1 -5% Mn steels was investigated. The different effect of iron powder grades in dependence on manganese addition expressed oneself in strength and in wear. The highest strength and highest wear attained the steels with 3% Mn added as high carbon ferromanganese. The components – rollers - prepared from manganese steel exhibited lower wear than that from Fe-4Ni-1.5Cu-0.5Mo powder. The gears for hydrogenerator prepared from Fe-3.5Mn-0.5Mo-0.3C steel exhibited longer life time at increased oil pressure compared with that from through hardened sintered Fe-4Ni-1C steel.
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Rybenko, I. A., I. D. Rozhikhina, O. I. Nokhrina, and M. A. Golodova. "Rational application of high quality manganese concentrate." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 67, no. 2 (April 21, 2024): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2024-2-237-244.
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The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies of manganese reduction processes from oxides of high-quality manganese concentrate obtained by hydrometallurgical enrichment of ferromanganese ores, as well as, from marokite (product of thermal synthesis of concentrate and dolomite) with carbon and silicon. The method of thermodynamic modeling with TERRA software complex determined the optimal temperatures and costs of reducing agents that ensure the complete reduction of manganese. It was found that any of the above-mentioned reducing agents, or a combination thereof in certain ratios, can be utilized as a reducing agent when using oxide manganese-containing materials for steel treatment. The results of experimental studies made it possible to develop technology for the production of marokite-manganite concentrate and monophase synthetic material (CaMnO3 ). They can be obtained using the technology developed by the authors, which includes mechanical and thermal treatment of a mixture of high-quality manganese concentrate and calcined dolomite or lime. Marokite-manganite concentrate is useful for alloying steel with manganese when it is smelted in an electric furnace or in a ladle furnace unit, and a monophasic synthetic material is efficient for the production of metal manganese. Based on the results of thermodynamic calculations and experimental studies, technological parameters for processing steel with marokite-manganite concentrate in an electric furnace and a ladle furnace unit are proposed. Monophasic synthetic material CaMnO3 should be used as the charge component for the production of metal manganese by the out-of-furnace aluminum thermal treatment, which will increase the terminality of the process, as well as the extraction of manganese at the level of 90 %. The results of experimental studies were obtained using modern research methods with laboratory and analytical equipment, as well as statistical processing methods.
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Shao, Xiaodong. "Exploiting a Simple Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Manganese in High Strength Line Pipe Steels." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1158.
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The use of high strength line pipe steels is beneficial for the reduction the cost of gas transmission pipelines by enabling high pressure transmission of large volumes of gas. The high strength line pipe steels will become the preferred materials for modern natural gas transmission pipeline. It was well known that manganese was an important element in the high strength line pipe steels. In this paper, a simple spectrophotometric method was described for determination of manganese in high strength line pipe steels. The method was based on the oxidation-reduction reaction between ammonium persulfate and manganese(II) producing manganese(VII) in the presence of silver nitrate as a catalyst. The characteristic wavelength of maximum absorption of manganese(VII) was obtained locating at 530 nm. Under the optimum reaction conditions the absorption value was proportional to the concentration of manganese in the range of 0.18%~2.0% (R2 = 0.9997), and the relative standard deviation was less than 3.0% (n=5). The proposed method was applied successfully to determine manganese in API grade X80 line pipe steel and API grade X70 line pipe steel samples.
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Poling, Whitney A., Emmanuel De Moor, John G. Speer, and Kip O. Findley. "Temperature Effects on Tensile Deformation Behavior of a Medium Manganese TRIP Steel and a Quenched and Partitioned Steel." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020375.
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Third-generation advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) containing metastable retained austenite are being developed for the structural components of vehicles to reduce vehicle weight and improve crash performance. The goal of this work was to compare the effect of temperature on austenite stability and tensile mechanical properties of two steels, a quenched and partitioned (Q&P) steel with a martensite and retained austenite microstructure, and a medium manganese transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel with a ferrite and retained austenite microstructure. Quasi-static tensile tests were performed at temperatures between −10 and 85 °C for the Q&P steel (0.28C-2.56Mn-1.56Si in wt.%), and between −10 and 115 °C for the medium manganese TRIP steel (0.14C-7.14Mn-0.23Si in wt.%). X-ray diffraction measurements as a function of strain were performed from interrupted tensile tests at all test temperatures. For the medium manganese TRIP steel, austenite stability increased significantly, serrated flow behavior changed, and tensile strength and elongation changed significantly with increasing temperature. For the Q&P steel, flow stress was mostly insensitive to temperature, uniform elongation decreased with increasing temperature, and austenite stability increased with increasing temperature. The Olson–Cohen model for the austenite-to-martensite transformation as a function of strain showed good agreement for the medium manganese TRIP steel data and fit most of the Q&P steel data above 1% strain.
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Chu, Jianhua, and Yanping Bao. "Volatilization Behavior of Manganese from Molten Steel with Different Alloying Methods in Vacuum." Metals 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10101348.
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The volatilization loss of manganese during the vacuum smelting process is one of the key factors that determines the manufacturing cost and quality of manganese steel. In this study, the laboratory experiments and thermodynamic calculations were performed to investigate volatilization behavior of manganese from molten steels with different alloying methods in vacuum process. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, with the increase of manganese content, the partial vapor pressure of the manganese component increased, resulting in manganese being easily volatilized from molten steel. The carbon content in the steel shows an evident influence on partial vapor pressure of manganese component, and a higher carbon content in steel leads to a lower partial vapor pressure of manganese, but it not influenced by the silicon content. Compared with the alloying method of high carbon ferromanganese, the volatilization loss of manganese in the alloying method of silicon manganese presents faster decay, agreeing well with the thermodynamic analysis. Besides, the volatile fraction generated in the alloying method of high-carbon ferromanganese is composed of a large amount of MnO nanorods with a lateral length approximately 500 nm and a small number of Mn3O4/Mn nanoparticles with a diameter less than 500 nm. Additionally, the volatile fraction generated in the alloying method of silicon manganese shows Mn3O4 nanoparticles as the main phase. It can be inferred that the existence of the manganese oxide phase is attributed to the high chemical activity of nanoscale particles within air.
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Yuri, Projdak, Podgorniy Sergey, Tregubenko Genadii, Polyakov Georgii, and Podyash Lyubov. "Improvement of quality and improvement of technology of production of economic alloyed steels for power engineering." Theory and practice of metallurgy 1,2021, no. 1,2021(126) (February 22, 2021): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.1.2021.03.
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Purpose. Investigate the effect of complex microalloying with nitrogen, titanium and aluminum on the structure and properties of cast steels at elevated temperatures. Methodology. Methods of optical microscopy were used for metallographic analysis of the microstructure of steels. The mechanical properties at room and elevated temperatures were determined for static tension, crease and impact bending. Results. The technology of carbonitride strengthening of silicon-manganese production steels has passed pilot testing. The results of mechanical tests indicate a favorable complex effect of nitrogen, titanium and aluminum on the properties of 20GSL steel in the entire range of operating temperatures. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the effect of nano-dispersed carbonitride phases (TiN, AlN) on the mechanical properties of low-alloy silicon-manganese steel of the GSL type at elevated temperatures (250-4500C) has been investigated. Practical value. The use of carbonitride technology for strengthening silicon-manganese heat-resistant electric steel provides an increase in operational reliability, an increase in the service life and reduce the metal consumption of equipment for power engineering. Keywords: technology, electric steel, heat resistance, carbonitride reinforcement, microalloying, steel 20GSL.
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Morawiec, M., V. Ruiz-Jimenez, C. Garcia-Mateo, and A. Grajcar. "Thermodynamic analysis and isothermal bainitic transformation kinetics in lean medium-Mn steels." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 142, no. 5 (October 9, 2020): 1709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-10259-z.
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AbstractThe work presents the results of thermodynamic analysis of two medium manganese steels with different Mn contents. The steels containing 3.1 and 3.6% of manganese were subjected to theoretical thermodynamic calculations using MUCG83 software and dilatometric experiments. The steels were heat-treated in two different isothermal holding temperatures of 400 and 350 °C for 15 min. The bainite transformation kinetics at different temperatures for different manganese contents was investigated. In the steel including 3.1% Mn, a complete transformation was obtained. The results indicated a strong influence of the holding temperature on the kinetics of bainitic transformation. It was related to the driving force of this process. When the manganese content was increased by 0.5%, an incomplete bainite transformation occurred. The microstructure investigations after heat treatment were performed using light and scanning electron microscopy. The XRD analysis to determine retained austenite amount and its carbon enrichment was performed. The microstructure of 3MnNb steel consisted of bainite and retained austenite with filmlike and blocky morphologies. The steel with the higher Mn content contained also fresh martensite for both isothermal holding temperatures.
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Ito, Atsushi, Akinobu Shibata, and Nobuhiro Tsuji. "Thermomechanical Processing of Medium Manganese Steels." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.90.
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As third generation advanced high strength steels (AHSS) managing both high strength and good ductility/formability, medium manganese steels containing 3-7 wt% Mn have attracted attentions recently. However, the fundamental microstructure evolution during thermomechanical processing and heat treatments in medium-Mn steels is still unclear. In the present study, changes in microstructure and mechanical properties during various heat treatments and thermomechanical processes of 4Mn-0.1%C steel were studied. It was clarified from dilatometric measurements that ferrite transformation in the 4Mn-0.1C steel was quite slow, so that fully martensitic structures were obtained in many cases after cooling from austenite. On the other hand, hot-deformation of austenite greatly accelerated ferrite transformation, and dual phase microstrcutures composed of ferrite and martensite could be obtained. The dual phase steel showed good combinations of high strength and adequate tensile ductility.
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Berezovsky, A. V., E. B. Votinova, and A. S. Smolentsev. "The technology of arc welding of dissimilar steels." Diagnostics, Resource and Mechanics of materials and structures, no. 5 (October 2023): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17804/2410-9908.2023.5.031-038.
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Arc narrow gap welding of the 35L carbon cast steel (cast carbon steel J03502, grade 1) and the 110G13L high-manganese steel (austenitic manganese steel, ASTM A128) is performed using chromium-nickel-manganese wires in a shielding gas mixture (GOST R ISO 14175–2010 – M21). The welded samples are examined by different methods including optical metallography, hardness measurement, and mechanical tests. The weld metal structure along the weld height in the welded samples proves to be fairly uniform, namely austenite with ferrite inclusions. The experiment results show that the mechanical properties of the weld metal correspond to the intermediate values for the joined steels. The developed technology has made it possible to produce a welded joint with high mechanical properties and a ductile structure.
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Hrabovskyi, V., V. Kaniuka, O. Lysytsia, and A. Yershov. "PROSPECTS FOR USE AS SUBSTITUTES OF HEAT-RESISTANT DIE STEELS, HIGH-NITROGEN AUSTENITIC CHROMIUM-MANGANESE STEELS WITH VANADIUM AND MOLYBDENUM." New Materials and Technologies in Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering, no. 3 (October 9, 2023): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6885-2023-3-3.
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Purpose. To study the effectiveness of additional (along with vanadium) alloying of high-nitrogen austenitic chromium-manganese steels with molybdenum to determine the prospects for their use instead of high-temperature resistant serial martensitic stamped steels. Research methods. Metallographic, durometric, tensile and impact strength tests at room and high temperatures.. Results. The peculiarities of dispersion hardening and microstructures of the investigated high-nitrogen austenitic chromium-manganese steels alloyed with vanadium and molybdenum were determined. The mechanical properties of the selected steels were determined depending on the content of strengthening alloying elements. Significant advantages in the high-temperature (750 and 850 °C) strength of high-nitrogen austenitic chromium-manganese steels alloyed with vanadium and molybdenum were found compared to the serial high-temperature stamping steel 5Х3В3МФС (ДИ23). The highest hardness and strength values correspond to the research steel 60Х11Г16АФ2М2, which allows us to recommend it as an effective substitute for die steels when required to provide increased resistance to high-temperature dehardening of hot-die tools. Scientific novelty. An abnormal presence of a minimum on the dispersion hardening curves of high-nitrogen austenitic chromium-manganese steels with molybdenum and its shift towards a shorter aging duration with increasing aging temperature have been determined. The formation of large particles of primary excess phases with increasing vanadium and molybdenum content in steels was revealed. The dependence of strength and ductility characteristics on the total alloying of the studied austenitic chromium-manganese steels with nitrogen and carbon was established. Practical value. The effectiveness of molybdenum alloying along with vanadium in high-nitrogen austenitic chromium-manganese steels has been established to provide significant (1.5...2.5 times) advantages in high-temperature strength compared to heat-resistant commerciall stamped steels.. The research steel 60Х11Г16АФ2М2 may be the most promising substitute for die steels under high force loads at operating temperatures of 750 °C and above.
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Jeon, Soon-Hyeok, Geun Song, Sang Kim, and Do Hur. "Galvanic Corrosion of SA106 Gr.B Coupled with Magnetite in Alkaline Solution at Various Temperatures." Materials 12, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12040628.
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The effect of temperature on the galvanic corrosion behavior of SA106 Gr.B carbon-manganese steel was studied in an alkaline aqueous solution at various temperatures (30, 60, and 90 °C) via electrochemical corrosion tests. At all temperatures studied, carbon-manganese steel acted as the anode of the galvanic cell composed of carbon-manganese steel and magnetite because the corrosion potential of carbon-manganese steel was significantly lower than that of magnetite. The corrosion current density of carbon-manganese steel significantly increased due to the galvanic effect irrespective of temperature used in this study. With the increase in temperature, the extent of the galvanic effect on the corrosion current density of carbon-manganese steel and reductive dissolution of magnetite gradually increased. When the area ratio of magnetite to carbon-manganese steel increased, the corrosion rate of the carbon-manganese steel in contact with magnetite further increased.
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Kalyaskin, A. V., I. V. Bakin, B. A. Kulakov, and A. A. Antip’ev. "To the question of improving the wear resistance of high manganese steel castings." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 79, no. 11 (December 19, 2023): 893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2023-11-893-900.
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Nowadays, one of the most significant tasks in production of equipment for mining industry is import substitution. In this regard, investigations aimed at improving the technologies of manufacturing high quality castings from wear resistance manganese austenitic steels seems to be relevant. The results of metallographic research of high manganese steel samples from foundries producing crushing plates and crushing cones, track links, hammers, shovel teeth, tooth caps etc. are given. Analysis of the microstructure of the presented castings showed that they are characterized by a coarse-grained structure with an austenite grain size of 1–2 points. In most cases, a thickened grain boundary, presence of manganese carbides along the grain boundaries and non-metallic inclusions are observed. The revealed mi-crostructure features of castings are one of the main indicators of low wear resistance of high manganese steel parts. The operational and technological factors affecting the wear resistance of castings are listed. Recommendations for improving the quality of steel products made from manganese steels are proposed, and the results of using original complex modifiers developed at NPP Technology Company in real manufacturing conditions are presented.
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Litovchenko, Igor, Sergey Akkuzin, Nadezhda Polekhina, Kseniya Almaeva, Valeria Linnik, Anna Kim, Evgeny Moskvichev, and Vyacheslav Chernov. "The Microstructure and Tensile Properties of New High-Manganese Low-Activation Austenitic Steel." Metals 12, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 2106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122106.
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Using X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the microstructure of a new low-activation chromium-manganese austenitic steel with a high content of manganese and strong carbide-forming elements is studied. Its structure, dislocation character and particle composition are detailed. The processes taking place in the steel under cold-rolling deformation are described. It is shown that the mechanical properties of the new high-manganese steel revealed by testing at 20 and 650 °C are comparable with those of well-known analogs or exceed them. Relying on the structural studies, this is attributed to the dispersion and substructural strengthening. Better plastic properties of the steel are associated with the twinning-induced plasticity effect. It is shown that the steel fracture after tension at the test temperatures is mainly ductile dimple transcrystalline with the elements of ductile intercrystalline fracture (at 20 °C), while at 650 °C the signs of the latter disappear. The low-activation chromium-manganese austenitic steels characterized by increased austenite stability are thought to be promising structural materials for nuclear power engineering.
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Dobrzański, Leszek Adam, Wojciech Borek, and Janusz Mazurkiewicz. "Influence of Thermo-Mechanical Treatments on Structure and Mechanical Properties of High-Mn Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1127 (October 2015): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1127.113.
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The aim of this paper is to determine the high-manganese austenite propensity to twinning induced by the cold working and its effect on structure and mechanical properties, and especially the strain energy per unit volume of new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) investigated steel, containing about 24,5 % of manganese, 1% of silicon, 3 % of aluminium and microadditions Nb and Ti with various structures after their heat- and thermo-mechanical treatments. The new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) steel provide an extensive potential for automotive industries through exhibiting the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) mechanisms. TWIP steel not only show excellent strength, but also have excellent formability due to twinning, thereby leading to excellent combination of strength, ductility, and formability over conventional dual phase steels or transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. Results obtained for high-manganese austenitic steel with the properly formed structure and properties in the thermo-mechanical processes indicate the possibility and purposefulness of their employment for constructional elements of vehicles, especially of the passenger cars to take advantage of the significant growth of their strain energy per unit volume which guarantee reserve of plasticity in the zones of controlled energy absorption during possible collision resulting from activation of twinning induced by the cold working as the fracture counteraction factor, which may result in significant growth of the passive safety of these vehicles' passengers.
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El-Sherbiny, Ahmed, Ahmed Y. Shash, Mohamed Kamal El-Fawkhry, Tarek M. El-Hossainy, and Taha Mattar. "Studying the Effect of Manganese Content on TRIP Advanced High Strength Steel." Materials Science Forum 950 (April 2019): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.950.50.
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TRIP effect containing steel was well reputed by its high mechanical properties among the 1st generation of Advanced High Strength Steel. High Silicon content was well established as an inhibitor for cementite precipitation at para-equilibrium condition. However, the effect of manganese as a powerful stabilizer for retained austenite was not much studied in TRIP-Steel. Thereby, the effect of high manganese content on the TRIP containing steel is studied in this research. As been observed from OM, and XRD results, it was found that as long as increasing Manganese content, the fraction of retained austenite increases. No doubt that enrichment of retained austenite throughout the matrix, beers a great impact on the plastic deformation character of the investigated steels, which was proved by using a uniaxial tensile test and determining the strain hardening exponent.
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Zhou, Zaifeng, Zhexuan Zhang, Quan Shan, Zulai Li, Yehua Jiang, and Ru Ge. "Influence of Heat-Treatment on Enhancement of Yield Strength and Hardness by Ti-V-Nb Alloying in High-Manganese Austenitic Steel." Metals 9, no. 3 (March 6, 2019): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030299.
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To deal with the problem of poor yield strength and hardness in the initial use of high-manganese austenitic steel, we investigated the alloying design, microstructure, precipitates, mechanical properties, and comprehensive strengthening mechanism of high-manganese austenitic steel through two novel heat-treatment processes, namely continuous heating process (CHP) and segmented heat preservation process (SHPP). In this work, austenitic Fe-0.9C-17Mn-0.8Si-2.0Cr-0.3Ni-0.5Cu-0.7Mo steels alloyed with Ti, V, and Nb were designed. The grain size of SHPP steels was smaller than that of CHP steels due to the smaller size of precipitates. The results of mechanical experiments showed that the yield strength and impact toughness of SHPP steel were obviously higher than those of CHP steel, but the Brinell hardness of CHP steel was higher than that of SHPP steel. The higher Brinell hardness and poorer impact toughness of CHP steel were mainly due to the larger-sized precipitates. Finally, solid-solution strengthening played the most effective role of increasing the yield and tensile strengths of the two steels.
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Zhuang, Wenwei, Haixu Zhi, Handai Liu, Daxiang Zhang, and Dongmin Shi. "Effect of Titanium Alloying on the Microstructure and Properties of High Manganese Steel." E3S Web of Conferences 79 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197901001.
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The test used casting process to alloy the traditional high manganese steel with adding Ti. The surface morphology of the high manganese steel sample was observed by the scanning electron microscopy.At the same time, the hardness, the tensile strength and the wear resistance of the sample were tested. Compared with the high manganese steel without alloying, it studied the micro-structure and properties of modified high manganese steel . The results show that the grain of high manganese steel alloyed by titanium alloy is refined, the inclusions is dispersed and their size is reduced. The hardness of high manganese steel is increased by 87 %~263 %, but the tensile strength is reduced. Compared with the sample without added titanium element, the wear resistance of the alloyed high manganese steel is significantly improved.
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Köhler, Kai, Norbert Kwiaton, and Martin Bretschneider. "Skin Pass Rolling of High Manganese Steels." Materials Science Forum 854 (May 2016): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.854.93.
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Applying a specific roughness on steel sheets, to ensure paintability and sufficient lubrication, is a crucial point for the metal forming processes. Due to the strength of high manganese HSD® steels (X70MnAlSi 15-2.5-2.5), special actions are necessary to obtain the required roughness. At Salzgitter Mannesmann Forschung GmbH skin-pass rolling experiments on high manganese HSD® steels with different PRETEX® textured work-rolls were performed to investigate the influence of roll-surface-texture and skin-pass rolling force on the roughness transfer. The roughness and texture parameters of the steel sheets and roll surfaces were determined using optical confocal microscopy measurements. It is clearly shown that the work-roll surface texture has a major influence on the roughness transfer from work-rolls to steel sheet surfaces.
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Chen, Shan, Xue Qun Chen, Lin Zheng, Guo Ming Li, Wan Shun Chang, and Guo Liang Cao. "The Effect of Calcium Treatment on the Corrosion Resistance of Manganese Steels." Advanced Materials Research 668 (March 2013): 850–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.850.
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The metallurgy quality of the steel was improved greatly by calcium treatment which was a technique developed for a long time. The Mn steels treated with calcium, carbon-manganese steels and nickel-chromium steels were collected and their corrosion behaviors were investigated. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of the Mn steel is lower than that of the Ni-Cr steel. The shape of the inclusions can be modified and quality of the steels can be enhanced by the calcium treatment, and the corrosion resistance of the steel treated with calcium is higher than that of the common carbon-Mn steel, and near to that of the NiCr steel.
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Lan, Fang-jie, Chang-ling Zhuang, Chang-rong Li, Jing-bo Chen, Guang-kai Yang, and Han-jie Yao. "Study on manganese volatilization behavior of Fe–Mn–C–Al twinning-induced plasticity steel." High Temperature Materials and Processes 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2021-0049.
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Abstract In the smelting process of high manganese steel, the volatilization of manganese will be accompanied. In this article, the volatilization of manganese in high manganese steel was studied by simultaneous thermal analyzer. The results show that the volatilization rate of manganese in high manganese steel increases with increasing temperature and holding time. It is proved by experimental study and data analysis that manganese volatilization follows the first-order kinetics model, and the empirical formula of manganese evaporation is derived. The volatile products of manganese were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the volatile components of manganese mainly consisted of MnO, Mn3O4, Mn2O3, and MnO2. Combined with thermodynamics, the mechanism of manganese volatilization is further analyzed, and two forms of manganese volatilization in high manganese steel are revealed. One is that manganese atoms on the surface of high manganese steel and oxygen atoms in the gas form different types of manganese oxides and then volatilize at high temperature. The other way is that Mn atoms vaporize into Mn vapor and evaporate in high temperature environment, and then are oxidized into different types of manganese oxides. The results of theoretical calculation and experiment show that manganese volatilization is mainly in the first form.
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Borek, Wojciech, Małgorzata Czaja, Krzysztof Labisz, Tomasz Tański, Mariusz Krupiński, and Stanislav Rusz. "High Manganese Austenitic X6MnSiAlNbTi26-3-3 Steel - Characteristic, Structures and Properties." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.18.
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The aim of this paper is to determine the high-manganese austenite propensity to twinning induced by the cold working and its effect on structure and mechanical properties, and especially the strain energy per unit volume of new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) investigated steel with various structures after their thermo-mechanical treatments. The new-developed high-manganese steel provides an extensive potential for automotive industries through exhibiting the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) and transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) mechanisms. TWIP steels not only show excellent strength, but also have excellent formability due to twinning, thereby leading to excellent combination of strength, ductility, and formability over conventional dual phase steels or transformation induced plasticity TRIP steels. The microstructure evolution in successive stages of deformation was determined in metallographic investigations using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopies as well as X-ray diffraction methods.
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Ye, Tie, Ping Yang, Zhi Wen Lu, and Chun Hua Ma. "Research of Deformation Law on High Manganese Steel with Different Alloy Composition." Key Engineering Materials 727 (January 2017): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.727.9.
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The organizations and phase composition after forging and heat treatment of the stacking fault energy for the three high manganese steel with 2.99 mJ/m2,7.9 mJ/m2and23 mJ/m2 were observed. It’s analysised that the microstructure and orientation change of three high manganese steel by SEM and EBSD and the effect of alloy elements and the composition of the material on microstructure of high manganese steel; Through Static compressive deformation of cylindrical specimen under different strain rates experimental, the effect of strain rate on the deformation mechanism of different components of high manganese steel was analysised. Cylindrical specimens by static compression at different strain rates, analysis of strain rate on the different components of high manganese steel impact deformation mechanism; The mechanical performance characteristics are analyzed under different strain rate of three components high-manganese steel by stress - strain curves. By Compressive Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar experiments to study the mechanism of high manganese steel deformation at high strain rates. The study found: the exclusion of the impact of the martensitic transformation can produce 18Mn high manganese TRIP or TWIP effect after deformation. Through observation and calculation, it found C, Al's content of alloying elements on the grain sizes less affected, but the starting temperature of martensitic transformation and layer greatly affects high manganese wrong size possible. Through analysis, found C, Al decides that the high content of alloying elements manganese organization original phase composition and deformation mechanism; organizations γ + ε-M + α'-M high manganese TRIP effect occurs, organizations γ + ε-M's high manganese TRIP effect occurs, tissue TWIP effect of high manganese steel γ.
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Wang, J. L., H. F. Wang, and L. Pang. "Analysis on Corrosion Resistance of the Cast Manganese Steel by Shock Excitation and Rotation Method." Key Engineering Materials 568 (July 2013): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.568.9.
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The corrosion property of the cast manganese steel by shock excitation and rotation method was done by the corrosion experiment. The experiment showed the corrosion resistance of the cast manganese steel by shock excitation and rotation method was better than that of the cast manganese steel by traditional casting technology. In addition, the experiment results showed that corrosion weightlessness was increased with the time increasing. In twenty-four hours, the corrosion of the casting manganese steel could not very serious with the time increasing, but exceeding twenty-four hours, the corrosion degree of the casting manganese steel would increase with the time increasing.
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Li, Yuchen, Jiguang Li, Dazheng Zhang, and Qihang Pang. "Optimization of Mechanical Properties of High-Manganese Steel for LNG Storage Tanks: A Comprehensive Review of Alloying Element Effects." Metals 14, no. 6 (June 7, 2024): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14060677.
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High-manganese austenitic steel represents an innovative variety of low-temperature steel used in the construction of liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks. This steel boasts remarkable characteristics such as exceptional plasticity, superior toughness at cryogenic temperatures, and robust fatigue resistance, all while providing significant cost benefits. By utilizing high-manganese steel, the material manufacturing costs can be considerably lowered, simultaneously ensuring the long-term stability and safety of LNG storage tanks. The alloying design is pivotal in attaining superior performance in high-manganese steel. Choosing the right chemical components to control the stacked fault energy (SFE) of high-manganese steel and fine-tuning its structure can further improve the balance between strength and plasticity. Summarizing the advancements in alloying design for high-manganese steel is of great importance, as it offers a foundational dataset for correlating the chemical composition with the performance. Therefore, this paper outlines the deformation mechanisms and the principles of low-temperature brittleness in high-manganese austenitic steel, and from this foundation, it explicates the precise functions of alloying elements within it. This aims to provide a reference for future alloying designs and the industrial deployment of high-manganese steel in LNG storage tanks.
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Filippov, Mikhail A., Elena I. Korzunova, and M. V. Tyumkova. "Engineering Method for Analysis of the Ability to Strain-Hardening of Steels." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 1168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.1168.
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A study of the structure and strain-hardening ability relationship was carried out in this work for wear-resistant steels of two structural classes: high-manganese austenitic steel 110G13L and metastable austenitic chromium-manganese steel 60G9KhL. It is shown that the strain-hardening ability can be estimated using a methodologically simple engineering criterion. The criterion determines the metal tendency to harden by determining the Rockwell hardness at the bottom of the indentation cup of the Brinell press indenter
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Kowalska, Joanna, Janusz Ryś, and Grzegorz Cempura. "Complex Structural Effects in Deformed High-Manganese Steel." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 6935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226935.
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The research presented in this paper is part of a larger project concerning deformation behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of high-manganese steels with different chemical compositions and processed under various conditions. The current investigation deals with the development of microstructure and crystallographic texture of Fe-21.2Mn-2.73Al-2.99Si steel deformed in tension until fracture at ambient temperature. The deformation process of the examined steel turned out to be complex and included not only dislocation slip and twinning but also strain induced phase transformations (γ → ε) and (γ → α′). The formation of ε-martensite with hexagonal structure was observed within the microstructure of the steel starting from the range of lower strains. With increasing deformation degree, the α′-martensite showing a cubic structure gradually began to form. Attempts have been made to explain the circumstances or conditions for the occurrence of the deformation mechanisms mentioned above and their impact on the mechanical properties. The obtained results indicate that the strength and plastic properties of the steel substantially exceed those of plain carbon steels. Since both, mechanical twinning and the strain-induced phase transformations took place during deformation, it seems that both types of deformation mechanisms contributed to an increase in the mechanical properties of the examined manganese steel.
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Kenik, E. A., G. E. C. Bell, and P. F. Tortorelli. "Sensitization of manganese-stabilized austenitic steels." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 926–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100177763.
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In an earlier study of the phase stability of manganese-stabilized austenitic steels based on Fe-12 Cr-20 Mn-0.25 C (wt %), significant precipitation of tau carbides (M23C6) was found to occur both in the matrix and at grain boundaries during aging near 600°C. Because of the similarity of the observed microstructures to those of sensitized steels and the evidence of preferential grain boundary attack in extraction replicas, the susceptibility of these alloys to sensitization relative to a type 304L nickel-stabilized stainless steel was investigated with the use of corrosion tests and analytical electron microscopy. Four Mn-stabilized steels (IT-2 - IT-5) were prepared with different minor additions (Table 1). These alloys and the type 304L steel were solution annealed at 1150°C (SA) and subsequently aged for 2 h at 650°C. The steels were checked for sensitization in both the SA and aged conditions by immersion in a boiling, acidified CuSO4 solution for 48 h (modified-Strauss test, ASTM A 262-E). The degree of sensitization was indicated by the extent of grain boundary attack and the tendency for grain boundary failure during immersion or post-immersion bending. The type 304L steel was not sensitized in the SA condition and only mildly sensitized as aged (only slight intergranular cracking during bending). On the other hand, though not sensitized in the SA conditions, the aged Mn-stabilized steels were severely attacked during the modified-Strauss test. They generally fractured intergranularly under their own weight or internal stresses after removal from the solution. This indicated a high degree of sensitization at 650°C.
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Sazhnev, V., and G. Snizhnoi. "THE EFFECT OF CARBON AND NEGATIVE TEMPERATURE ON THE PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL AND OPERATIONAL PROPERTIES OF AUSTENITIC HIGH-MANGANESE STEEL." New Materials and Technologies in Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering, no. 1 (April 20, 2023): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6885-2023-1-4.
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Purpose. It consists in determining the influence of carbon and manganese, concentrations of modifiers, test temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties and wear resistance of austenitic highmanganese steel Г13Л.
Research methods. Determination of impact viscosity was carried out on the MK-30A pendulum probe, microhardness – on the PMT-3 device. The hydrostatic weighing method was used to determine the density. Microstructural analysis and study of non-metallic inclusions were carried out using metallographic and electron microscopes. Corrosion resistance was determined in a model environment with pH9, which corresponded to the production conditions of beneficiation processes of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.
Results. It was established that the best indicators of the properties of steel 110Г13Л are provided at average values of carbon and manganese concentrations within the standard. For parts that work under low shock loads, it is advisable to use austenitic wear-resistant steels with lower manganese concentrations and higher carbon concentrations within the standard chemical composition.
Scientific novelty. New dependences on carbon influence, structural modification, non-metallic inclusions, and physical and mechanical properties of high-manganese steel were clarified and obtained. The strength limit of steel increases monotonically with increasing carbon content, and the dependences describing changes in plasticity, impact toughness, and hardness are extreme in nature.
Practical value. A rational method of modification to improve the operational characteristics of steels is proposed. The influence of the test temperature on the impact toughness of steel with changes in carbon concentrations was studied, as the main indicator of the reliability of machine parts at low temperatures.
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Bleck, Wolfgang. "High Manganese Steel 2016." steel research international 89, no. 9 (September 2018): 1800390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201800390.
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Jabłońska, Magdalena, Dariusz Kuc, Grzegorz Niewielski, and Bartosz Chmiela. "Influence of the Thermo-Mechanical Treatment on the Properties and Microstructure of High Manganese Austenitic-Ferritic Steel." Solid State Phenomena 226 (January 2015): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.226.75.
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New generation high-strength austenitic and austenitic-ferritic manganese steels represent a valid potential in applications for components in the automotive and railway industry due to the perfect combination of high mechanical properties and formability. Applying this new steels with their combination of properties allows for reduce the weight of vehicles by the use reduced cross-section components and thus to reduce fuel consumption. The development and implementation of industrial production and the use as construction materials such interesting and promising steel is conditioned to improve their casting properties and susceptibility to deformation during thermomechanical processes conditions. In this work, applied an new high manganese austenitic-ferritic steel for analysis the influence of the cooling medium in thermomechanical processes on the mechanical properties and structure of researched steel. The steel was hot rolled with finish temperature 900°C and next cooled with different conditions. Change the cooling conditions effect on the changes in the microstructure of the tested steel, observed grain refinement of austenite and ferrite morphology change. Also are changing the mechanical characteristics of the tested steel.
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Xia, Lei, Ling Yan, Hongmei Zhang, Yan Li, Zhengyi Jiang, and Guanglong Li. "Factors Affecting the Mechanical Performance of High Manganese Austenitic Steel." Metals 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12091405.
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High manganese austenitic steel has attracted increasing attention for its application in liquefied natural gas storage tank materials due to its excellent ductility and low cost. This paper presents an overview of the research progress of high manganese austenitic steel in recent years. As a structural material used at a low temperature environment, high manganese steel should not only have certain strength, but also good toughness to prevent brittle fracture at a low temperature. In this work, factors affecting mechanical properties of high manganese steel are discussed, possible reasons for the deterioration of low-temperature properties are analyzed, and the strengthening and toughening mechanisms of materials are elaborated, which may be beneficial to improve properties of high manganese austenitic steel.
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Tan, Jian Hong, Hai Yan Chen, Sheng Tao Zhang, and Qing Xiang. "The Comparison of Electrolysis Manganese Craft on Stainless Steel and Titanium." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.275.
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In this paper, Potentiodynamic scans and Potentiostatic experiments are used to study manganese electro deposition on stainless steel and titanium substrates from simple chloride solutions with addition of ammonium chloride. The surface morphology and the crystal structure of manganese electrodeposits are analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction spectrometer (XRD), respectively. The comparison of electrolysis manganese craft on stainless steel and titanium, It is found that precipitation hydrogen is easier and the cell voltage is higher on stainless steel ,but there are more side reactions on titanium; The cubic crystal form manganese deposite on stainless steel and titanium, but the higher pure degree manganese can be obtained on stainless steel, the depositions on the titanium are imply impurity.
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Borko, Kamil, F. Pastorek, Jacková M. Neslušan, S. Fintová, and B. Hadzima. "Effect of combined surface treatment on quality and electrochemical corrosion properties of manganese phosphate on hsla steel domex 700." Koroze a ochrana materialu 62, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kom-2018-0008.
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Abstract The actual industrial trend is focused on weight reduction of constructions while preserving strength properties. For this purpose, conventional steel are replaced by high strength steels.. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mechanical surface pre-treatment on corrosion resistance of high strength low alloy steel Domex 700 before and after surface treatment by manganese phosphating. Tested environment was 0,1M NaCl solution. Evaluation of mechanical pre-treatment and phosphating effects on corrosion resistance was realized by electrochemical measurements: potentiodynamic polarization measurements (Tafel analysis) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (equivalent circuits). From resulsts it is possible to conclude, that creation of manganese phosphate layer on ground and shot peened steel surface significantly increases the corrosion resistance of Domex 700 steel.
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Grajcar, Adam, Andrzej Kilarski, and Aleksandra Kozlowska. "Microstructure–Property Relationships in Thermomechanically Processed Medium-Mn Steels with High Al Content." Metals 8, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8110929.
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Detailed studies on microstructure–property relationships of thermomechanically processed medium-Mn steels with various manganese contents were carried out. Microscopic techniques of different resolution (LM, SEM, TEM) and X-Ray diffraction methods were applied. Static tensile tests were performed to characterize mechanical properties of the investigated steels and to determine the tendency of retained austenite to strain-induced martensitic transformation. Obtained results allowed to characterize the microstructural aspects of strain-induced martensitic transformation and its effect on the mechanical properties. It was found that the mechanical stability of retained austenite depends significantly on the manganese content. An increase in manganese content from 3.3% to 4.7% has a significant impact on the microstructure, stability of γ phase and mechanical properties of the investigated steels. The initial amount of retained austenite was higher for the 3Mn-1.5Al steel in comparison to 5Mn-1.5%Al steel—17% and 11%, respectively. The mechanical stability of retained austenite is significantly affected by the morphology of this phase.
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An, Gyubaek, Jeongung Park, Hongkyu Park, and Ilwook Han. "Fracture Toughness Characteristics of High-Manganese Austenitic Steel Plate for Application in a Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier." Metals 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 2047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11122047.
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High-manganese austenitic steel was developed to improve the fracture toughness and safety of steel under cryogenic temperatures, and its austenite structure was formed by increasing the Mn content. The developed high-manganese austenitic steel was alloyed with austenite-stabilizing elements (e.g., C, Mn, and Ni) to increase cryogenic toughness. It was demonstrated that 30 mm thickness high-manganese austenitic steel, as well as joints welded with this steel, had a sufficiently higher fracture toughness than the required toughness values evaluated under the postulated stress conditions. High-manganese austenitic steel can be applied to large offshore and onshore LNG storage and fuel tanks located in areas experiencing cryogenic conditions. Generally, fracture toughness decreases at lower temperatures; therefore, cryogenic steel requires high fracture toughness to prevent unstable fractures. Brittle fracture initiation and arrest tests were performed using 30 mm thickness high-manganese austenitic steel and SAW joints. The ductile fracture resistance of the weld joints (weld metal, fusion line, fusion line + 2 mm) was investigated using the R-curve because a crack in the weld joint tends to deviate into the weld metal in the case of undermatched joints. The developed high-manganese austenitic steel showed little possibility of brittle fracture and a remarkably unstable ductile fracture toughness.
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Pugacheva, N. B., and B. N. Guzanov. "Studying the chemical and phase compositions of a chromium-nickel-manganese steel after operation at elevated temperatures in corrosive environments." Diagnostics, Resource and Mechanics of materials and structures, no. 3 (June 2021): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17804/2410-9908.2021.3.017-030.
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In recent years, chromium-nickel-manganese corrosion-resistant steels have been widely used in construction for the manufacture of stair railings and fences, elevators, and heat exchangers used for heat recovery in office premises and in production, including in metallurgical workshops. The purpose of this study is to determine the changes in the chemical and phase compositions of the 12Cr15Mn9NiCu corrosion-resistant steel (Russian analogue of the AISI 201 steel) after commercial operation in structural components of the heat exchanger of a metallurgical workshop. It was found that, during operation, all the studied fragments of the 12Cr15Mn2NiCu steel heat exchanger underwent intense oxidation with the formation of chromium and manganese oxides both on the surface and along the boundaries of the austenite grain. Diffusive penetration of sulfur into the steel with the formation of MnS particles, as well as carbonization of the surface layers, was recorded. As a result, the content of chromium and manganese in the steel significantly decreased, the amount of carbon increased, and the structure changed from austenitic to martensitic with a hardness of 532 HV 5 (48 HRC). Several investigated fragments retained austenite with oxidized grain boundaries. The austenite grain size ranged from 0.031 mm to 0.088 mm, with hardness ranging from 156 to 212 HV 5. It is shown that the use of the 12Cr15Mn9NiCu corrosion-resistant chromium-nickel-manganese steel intended for the manufacture of heat exchangers for metallurgical production is extremely inappropriate.
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Xiong, Jianchao, Xiaodan Zhang, and Yuhui Wang. "Research Progress on Ultra-Low Temperature Steels: A Review on Their Composition, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties." Metals 13, no. 12 (December 13, 2023): 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13122007.
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To address global environmental concerns and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, countries worldwide are prioritizing the development of green, eco-friendly, and low-carbon energy sources. This emphasis has led to the growing importance of promoting clean energy industries like hydrogen energy and natural gas. These gases are typically stored and transported at cryogenic temperatures, making ultra-low temperature alloys indispensable as essential materials for the storage and transportation of liquid gas energy. With the temperature decreasing from room temperature (RT) to liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT), the dominant deformation mechanism in high-manganese steels undergoes a transformation from dislocation slip to deformation twinning, resulting in exceptional cryogenic mechanical properties. Consequently, high-manganese steel has emerged as an excellent material candidate for cryogenic applications. This report focuses on establishing the composition of high-manganese steel suitable for cryogenic applications and provides a comprehensive review of its microstructure and mechanical properties at both RT and LNT. Furthermore, it offers a prospective outlook on the future development of cryogenic high-manganese steels.
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Park, Chang Wook, Sung Won Yoon, Je Hyoung Cho, and Yun Hae Kim. "Analysis of residual stress in welding parts of cryogenic materials for LNG storage tank." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 07n09 (March 16, 2020): 2040030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920400308.
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Research in LNG fueled ships are actively underway in the world. Accordingly, various materials were widely used as materials for storage tanks for ultra-low temperatures, and high manganese steel for ultra-low temperature was recently developed. In this paper, the transient thermal and residual stress analysis of the welding of 9% nickel steel and high manganese steel are presented. 9% nickel steel tended to have higher transverse direction stress and longitudinal direction stress than high manganese steel.
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Nokhrina, O. I., I. D. Rozhikhina, V. I. Dmitrienko, I. E. Proshunin, and M. A. Golodova. "Peculiarities of application of natural and man-caused materials for steel alloying and modifying." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 8 (September 6, 2019): 944–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-944-954.
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Considerable reserves of improvement of steel quality and reduction of costs of its production are concealed in a possibility of active and purposeful formation their structure and the properties by introduction into the melt modifiers, alloying and microalloying additives. Due to the task of decreasing costs, studies on alloying and modifying of metal by natural and man-caused materials are very actual. Thermodynamic regularities of steel alloying and modifying processes by natural and man-caused materials, including manganese ores of various structures, BOF vanadium slag, barium- strontium modifier, obtained from the complex ores containing barium and strontium considered. Possibilities of wide application of various structure manganese ores for steel alloying by manganese without use of standard manganese alloys as well as vanadium slag for microalloying by vanadium demonstrated. Metallurgical properties barium-strontium natural modifier obtained and the possible mechanism of the modifying impact of barium and strontium on quality of metal studied. It was determined, that the effect of modifying by barium can revealed in steels, deoxidized only by silicon, and for modifying by strontium or joint modifying by barium and strontium it is necessary to apply aluminum as deoxidizing agent. Industrial testing of the above-stated materials showed reliability of studies, accomplished at thermodynamic modeling and laboratory studies of calculations and conclusions. Recommendations on optimization of technologies of steel alloying and modifying made. It was proved that use of the materials of the study allows to improve technical and economic indices of the process of production of steels and to increase considerably quality of final steel products. Conclusions on significant expansion of natural and man-caused materials prospects worded.
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Gramlich, A., M. A. Auger, and S. Richter. "Plasma Nitriding of an Air-Hardening Medium Manganese Forging Steel." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 77, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 298–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1017.
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Abstract The impact of plasma nitriding on the microstructure and the hardness of a recently developed 4 wt.-% medium manganese steel are presented. In contrast to standard quench and tempering steels, the investigated material achieves its martensitic microstructure by air-cooling from the forging heat, which enables the reduction of the carbon footprint of the forged components. The influence of nitriding on this grade of steel has not been investigated so far, but fundamental differences in comparison to standard nitriding steels are expected due to the increased manganese concentration. To address this issue, nitriding treatments with different temperatures (350 °C, 580 °C and 650 °C) have been performed, followed by examinations of the microstructure, the phase composition, the obtained hardness profiles and the tensile properties of the bulk material after nitriding, accompanied by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. It is demonstrated that after nitriding at 580 °C similar hardness profiles like standard nitriding steels are achieved, with a shorter process as austenitization and hardening were omitted, reaching a hardness of approximately 950 HV0.1. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that austenite can be stabilized by manganese and nitrogen partitioning to room temperature during nitriding in the intercritical phase region.
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THUBLAOR, Thammaporn, Padungaut SRIHATHAI, Panya WIMAN, Angkana MUENGJAI, and Somrerk CHANDRA-AMBHORN. "Oxidation behaviour of Mn-Co spinel coating on AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel with and without Cu in Ar-CO2-H2O atmosphere." Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals 33, no. 2 (June 27, 2023): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v33i2.1582.
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AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel is a promising candidate for utilising as interconnects of solid oxide fuel cells due to its cost effectiveness and durability. Many methods for applying coating on steel substrates have been developed in order to decrease the degradation of steel due to oxidation rate and chromium volatile problems. Manganese-cobalt spinel exhibits high conductivity, thermal expansion compatible with ferritic stainless steels, and forms a barrier to inhibit chromium migration during oxidation. Copper can be added to manganese-cobalt spinel to improve electrical conductivity of the spinel coating. This work investigated oxide scale formation and oxidation rate of Mn-Co and Mn-Co-Cu coated samples in comparison with uncoated steel. The coated samples were prepared on the AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel using the electrodeposition technique. The oxidation rate was tested at 800℃ in Ar-20% CO2-5% H2O for 96 h. The results showed that both Mn-Co and Mn-Co-Cu coated samples could be formed continuous oxide layers. The SEM image showed a chromium oxide layer under the manganese-cobalt coating layer. The oxidation rate of the samples coated with Mn-Co spinel and Mn-Co-Cu spinel was lower than that of the uncoated steel.
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Paul, Georg, and Kirill Khlopkov. "Precipitation Processes in High-Manganese Steels." Materials Science Forum 762 (July 2013): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.762.405.
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The highly interesting properties of high manganese steels can be further improved by microalloying. The introduction of carbon-nitride precipitates improves the yield strength and the microstructural control during the production process. Due to the high manganese content in these austenitic steels significant changes in the precipitation behaviour have to be expected in comparison to conventional carbon-manganese steels. However, although crucial for steel design, this has not been systematically described before. Preliminary results showing the effect of Nb and V are presented. Namely the softening behaviour is related to the precipitation state. In summary this allows describing the precipitation-time-temperature evolution and provides the necessary background for the alloy and process design.
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Li, Yan Guo, and Fu Cheng Zhang. "Numerical Simulation of Flash Butt Welding of High Manganese Steel Crossing with Carbon Steel Rail." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.571.
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A flash butt welding model of a high manganese steel crossing was established using the thermal coupled finite element method (FEM). The model considers comprehensively the physical parameters of materials, which change with temperature, as well as the burning material caused by the splutter during welding process. The temperature field of the flash butt welding joint and the cooling curves of the high manganese steel crossing at various locations near the welding seam were simulated. Comparisons with actual welding specimens of high manganese steel crossing indicated that flash butt welding model of the high manganese steel crossing is reasonable, and the temperature field distribution near the welding seam after flash butt welding can thus be appropriately evaluated by the simulation results.
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Jabłońska, Magdalena, Grzegorz Niewielski, and Rudolf Kawalla. "High Manganese TWIP Steel - Technological Plasticity and Selected Properties." Solid State Phenomena 212 (December 2013): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.212.87.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last few years national as well as international research centres conducting research on the development of high-manganese steels. Some of these materials belong to the group of AHS steels, are characterized by the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) effect which is a new type of steel possessing together with high strength a great plastic elongation, and an ideal uniform work hardening behavior. It is therefore a good candidate for deep drawing applications in the automobile and railway industry. The article presents the results of researches of TWIP-type austenitic steel in case of determination some of the more important parameters for continuous casting simulation process and the results of tests regarding the influence of strain parameters on sensitivity to plastic forming and deformation strengthening. It has been shown that the researched steel reaches a zero plasticity temperature at 1250°C. The deformation tests indicate its good workability of hot processing within the temperature range of 1100 ÷ 800°C. The relation between yield stress and strain during the hot deformation is typical for the presence of dynamic recrystallization processes. The tested steel has good formability and high mechanical properties, especially when being deformed at a high strain rate. Analysis of the substructure of researched steel was indicate presence of mechanical twinning.
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Chen, Chen, Hua Ma, Fei Wang, Zhinan Yang, Fucheng Zhang, and Zehui Yan. "Influence of Carbon Content on Tensile Properties of Pure High Manganese Austenitic Steel." Coatings 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111622.
Full textAbstract:
The tensile properties of high manganese austenitic steels with a carbon content ranging from 0.79 to 1.28 wt.% were tested. X-ray diffraction, electron backscattering diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and optical microscopy were used to observe the microstructures after tensile deformation. Results showed that the strength and plasticity of these high manganese austenitic steels increased with increasing carbon content. The tensile strength and elongation of the 130Mn11 steel reached 941 MPa and 38.2%, respectively. The 0.79% carbon-containing steel (80Mn11) formed the most deformation twins at the same strain because of the low stacking fault energy, which resulted in a high strain hardening rate. However, this high strain hardening rate was unsustainable, and the tensile properties of the 80Mn11 steel were the worst, with its tensile strength nearly 200 MPa lower than that of the 130Mn11 steel. In the case of the 1.28% carbon-containing steel (130Mn11), the relatively low density of deformation twins, the large number of dislocations, and intensified DSA effect made the steel display a moderate strain hardening rate, which facilitated the sustainability of deformation, and an excellent combination of strength and plasticity were obtained.