Academic literature on the topic 'Manila Conference, 1966'

An integral inculturated faith is anchored to the Filipino cultural heritage and identity. Primal cosmic beliefs and practices carried the holistic customs of stewardships towards God’s creation where it embodied the union and mutuality of the natives to nature rather than control and subordination. The research utilized primary materials written by Spanish ethnographers in the 16th-17th century. Although their observations were from the colonizers’ perspectives, it still revealed beliefs and practices at that time common among early Filipinos. One needs to filter and decipher those accounts to unearth early Filipinos experiences of oikenomous. Although the study was limited to the Tagalogs, still the dynamics of power-relations between the inhabitants and nature were demonstrated using the lenses of Foucault’s discourse on power. The findings of the research could have implications to inculturated faith given the open atmosphere of the Church for its renewed evangelization that includes stewardship towards God’s creation where harmony and communion with Mother Earth strengthens our bonds with God and find each other in a place we truly call a home.ReferencesPre-hispanic influence on filipino culture. (1958). Sunday Times Special Issue on the Foundations of Filipino Culture, pp. 2-5.Two lectures: Critique and power. (1998).Blair, E. and Robertson, A. (1903-1990). The Philippine islands, 1493-1898: explorations by early navigators, Descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest conditions with european nations to the close of the nineteenth century. (eds. at annots. ), 55. Cleveland: B & RCatholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines. (1991). Acts and decrees of theChirino, P. (1603). Relacion de las yslas Filipinas. 12, 174-321. Madrid: B & R.Colin, F. (1663). Labor evangelica. 40, 38-97. Madrid: B & RDavid, M., Mauro, B. & Alessandro, F. (Eds.). (1971). Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the College de France, 1975-76. New York: Picador.Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison. (1977). New York: Random House Inc.Donoso, I. et al.(n.d.) Transcribed and eds. Boxer Codex of 1570 (2018). Quezon City: Vibal Publishing.Filipino indigenous ethnic communities: Patterns, variations, and typologies. (1998). Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc.Filipino prehistory: Rediscovering precolonial heritage. (1998). Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc.Filipino worldview: Ethnography of local knowledge. (2001). Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc.Flannery, A. (1984). Vatican Council II: The Conciliar and Postconciliar documents. New York: Costello Publishing Co.Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge and the discourse on language. Translated by A.M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Pantheon Books.Fox, R. (1966). “Ancient filipino communities.” Filipino cultural heritage. Edited by F. Landa Jocano. Manila: Philippine Women’s University.Francis, Pope. (2015). Laudato si. Vatican Press. https://dokumen.tips/documents/notes-on-philippinedivinities.html.Hurley, R. (Ed) The history of sexuality: An introduction. (1990). 1..New York: Vintage Books.Jocano, L. (1969). Outline of Philippine mythology. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/Outline-Philippine-Mythology-Landa-Jocano/dp/1790400864#reader_1790400864 on December 10, 2018Kelly, M. (Ed). (1998). Foucault/Habermas Debate. Cambridge: The MIT Press.Licuanan, V. and Llavador, M. (1996) Philippines under Spain. (eds and annots). 6, Manila: National Trust for Historical and Cultural Preservation of the Philippines.Loarca, M. (1582). Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas. 5, 38-252. Madrid: B & RMadness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason. (1965) London: Random House Inc.Morga, A. (1609). Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. 15, 25-288. Mexico: B & RNational Historical Commission. (1887). Coleccion de documents ineditos de ultramar, Madrid.Notes on Philippine Divinities. (1968). Asian Studies.Pastells, P. (1925) Historia general de Filipinas in catalogo de los documentos relativos alas Islas Filipinas. Barcelona.Pigafetta, A. (1522). The first voyage around the world. 33, 24-266. Madrid: B & RPlasencia, J. (1589). Customs of the Tagalogs. 7, 173-198. Manila: B & RPre-history of the Philippines. (1967). Manila: National Museum.Ramos, M. (1990). Philippine myths, legends and folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.San Agustin, G. (1998) Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas: 1565-1615. (Bilingual Edition.) Translated by Luis Antonio Maneru. Manila: San Agustin Museum.Second Plenary Council of the Philippines. Manila: CBCP Press.Sulod Society. (1968). Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc.Villote, R. (1987). My tenth hour. Syneraide Consultaties.Zaide, G., (1990) Documentary sources of Philippine History. (eds. at annots.) 14, Manila: National Bookstore.

Spanish conquest in the New World has two sides, evangelization, and colonization. The former was carried by the missionaries who were heavily influenced by Bartolome de Las Casa and Vitoria, while the latter by conquistadores, the defenders of the conquest. Early missionaries fought for the dignity of the Indios where they clashed with the motives of the conquistadores to exploit human resources. The problematic part was they have to work under the Spanish crown where their point of contact was also their area for friction. When they arrived in the Philippines, that social solidarity and dynamics of social relation continued where it became complex due to the involvement of various groups including the natives and their leaders, the religious orders, and most of all the Spanish Royal Court that had the history of having a heart for the Indians. King Philip II created a space for debates within his agenda of social conscience. Using Durkheim’s structuralist-functionalist approach, historical narratives about early missionaries’ struggles for natives’ dignity in the 16th century Philippines were examined. Durkheim’s social solidarity, dynamics of social relations, and his concepts of anomie as disruptions due to dramatic changes and conflicts were utilized as tools to analyze the quest for total well-being. The achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs) is authenticated in amplifying the value of human dignity, equality, and respect for each individual. With this, the 500 years of Christianity in the Philippines is worth the celebration.ReferencesAbella, G. (1971) From Indio to Filipino and some historical works. Philippine Historical Review. (Vol. 4).Arcilla, J. S. S.J. (1998). The Spanish conquest. Kasaysayan: The story of the Filipino people. (Vol. 3). C & C Offset Printing Co., Ltd.Bernal, R. (1965). “Introduction.” The colonization and conquest of the Philippines by Spain: Some contemporary source documents. Filipiniana Book Guild.Burkholder, M. (1996). “Sepulveda, Juan Gines de.” Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture. (Vol.5). Edited by Barbara A. Tenenbaum. Macmillan Library Reference.Burkholder, S. (1996). “Vitoria, Francisco de.” Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture. (Vol.5). Macmillan Library Reference.Tenenbaum, B. (ed). (1996). “Sepulveda Juan Gines de” in Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture (Vol. 5) Macmillan Library Reference.Cabezon, A. (1964) An introduction to church and state relations according to Francisco Vitoria. University of Sto. Tomas. Cathay Press Ltd. (1971). Spain in the Philippines: From conquest to the revolution.Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) (2020). Pastoral letter celebrating the 500th Year of Christianity in the Philippines. https://cbcpnews.net/cbcpnews/wp-content/uploads/2021/ 03/500-YOC-CBCP-Pastoral-Statement-Final.pdf.Charles V. (1539) De Indis, Letter of Emperor Charles V to Francisco Vitoria, Toledo.Cushner, N. (1966). The isles of the west: Early Spanish voyages to the Philippines, 1521-1564. Ateneo de Manila Press.Dasmarinas, G. (1591). Account of Encomiendas in Philipinas. Blair, E. and R. (1903) (Vol. 8) (eds. at annots). The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 Vol.3: Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest conditions with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century. Arthur H Clark. Hereinafter referred to as B and R.De la Costa, H. (1961). Jesuits in the Philippines. Harvard University Press.De la Rosa, R. (1990). Beginnings of the Filipino Dominicans. UST Press.De Jesus, E. (1965). “Christianity and conquest: The basis of Spanish sovereignty over the Philippines.” The beginnings of Christianity in the Philippines. Philippine Historical Institute.Digireads.com. (2013). The division of labor. https://1lib.ph/book/2629481/889cf4Donovan, W. (1996). “Las Casas, Bartolome.” Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture (Vol.3). Macmillan Library Reference.Durkheim, E. (2005). Suicide: A study on sociology. Routledge.Durkheim, E. Mauss, M., & Needham, R. (2010) Primitive Classification. Routledge.Duterte, R. (2018). Executive Order No.55. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/05may/20180508-EO-55-RRD.pdf.Ferrante, J. (2015). Sociology, a global perspective. Cengage Learning.Gutierrez, L. (1975). “Domingo de Salazar’s struggle for justice and humanization in the conquest of the Philippines.” Philippiniana Sacra 14.Harvard University. (1951). Jurisdictional conflicts in the Philippines during the XVI and XVII.Lavezaris, M. (1569) Letter to Felipe II in B and R (1903) (Vol. 3).Licuanan, V. and Mira J. (1994). The Philippines under Spain: Reproduction of the original spanish documents with english translation (Vol. 5). National Trust for Historic and Cultural Preservation of the Philippines.Lietz, P. (Trans). (1668). Munoz Text of Alcina’s History of the Bisayan Islands. Philippine Studies Program. XXV(74). National Quincentennial Committee (2021). Victory and Humanity. https://nqc.gov.ph/en/resources/victory-and-humanity/Lukes, S. (ed) (2013) The rules of sociological method. Palgrave Macmillan.National Trust for Historic and Cultural Preservation of the Philippines. (1996). The Philippines under Spain: Reproduction of the original Spanish documents with English translation (Vol 6).Piscos, J.L. (2017). Human Rights and Justice Issues in the 16th Century Philippines. Scientia, The international journal on the liberal arts. San Beda College. https://scientia-sanbeda.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2-piscos.pdfPorras, J.L. (1990). The synod of Manila of 1582. Translated by Barranco, Carballo, Echevarra, Felix, Powell and Syquia. Historical Conservation Society.Munoz, H. (1939). Vitoria and the Conquest of America.Rada. M. (1574) Opinion regarding tributes to the Indians in B and R (1903) (Vol.3).Rafael, V. (2018) Colonial contractions: The making of the modern Philippines, 1565–1946. https://www.academia.edu/ 41715926/Vicente_L_Rafael_Colonial_Contractions_The_ Making_of_the_Modern_Philippines_1565_1946_Oxford_Modern_Asia.Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias. (1943). Tomo I.Roberts, D. (2021) The church and slavery in Spain. https://www.academia. edu/49685496/THE_CHURCH_AND_SLAVERY_IN_NEW_SPAIN.San Agustin, G. (1998). Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas: 1565-1615. Translated by Luis Antonio Maneru. Bilingual Edition. San Agustin Museum.Schaefer, R. (2013). Sociology matters. McGrawHill.Scott, J.B. (1934) Francisco de Vitoria and his law of nations. Oxford Press.Scott, W.H. (1991). Slavery in the Spanish Philippines. De la Salle University Press.Szaszdi, I. (2019). The “Protector de Indios” in Early Modern Age America. University of Valladolid: Journal on European History of Law, Vol. 10. https://www.academia.edu/43493406/The_Protector_de_Indios_in_early_Modern_Age_America on August 4.United Nations Development Program (2015). What are the SustainableDevelopment Goals?. https://www.undp.org/sustainabledevelopment-goals?utm_source=EN&utm_medium=GSR&utm_content=US_UNDP_PaidSearch_Brand_English&utm_campaign=CENTRAL&c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR&gclid=CjwKCAjwgr6TBhAGEiwA3aVuITYSRlHJDYekFYL-lXHAxzBAO5DWwd2kUCDjhvuRglDj Z1F6dFIUFxoCoOwQAvD_BwEUniversity of Santo Tomas. (1979). “Domingo de Salazar, OP, First Bishop of the Philippines (1512-1594): Defender of the Rights of the Filipinos at the Spanish Contact” Philippiniana Sacra XX.University of Santo Tomas. (2001). Domingo de Salazar, OP, First Bishop of the Philippines, 1512-1594.University of Santo Tomas. (1986). “Opinion of Fr. Domingo de Salazar, O.P. First bishop of the Philippines and the major religious superiors regarding slaves.” Philippiniana Sacra. 22(64).University of Santo Tomas. (1986). “Domingo de Salazar’s Memorial of 1582 on the status of the Philippines: A manifesto for freedom and humanization.” Philippiniana Sacra 21(63).University of Santo Tomas. (1990). “The Synod of Manila: 1581-1586.” Philippiniana Sacra.University of the Philippines-Diliman. (2007). Church-state politics in the justice issues of the 16th Century Philippines. Unpublished Dissertation,Villaroel, F. (2000). “The Church and the Philippine referendum of 1599.” Philippiniana Sacra (Vol.XXXV).Yale Courses. (2011). Durkheim’s theory of Anomie. 23. Durkheim's Theory of Anomie - YouTubeZaide, G. at annots. (1990). Documentary sources of Philippine history. (Vol. 2). National Bookstore.

Dr. Tierry Garcia was born December 20, 1919 as one of nine children of Dr. Silverio F. Garcia from Bocaue, Bulacan (UPCM 1912) and Elisea Trijo Ballesteros (UP Pharmacy) from Sorsogon. He was married to Amanda, wife of 63 years, and the couple was blessed with three children: Tierry, Jr., Sofia Garcia – Buder, M.D. (a third generation UPCM graduate), and Angela. According to Sofia he “led a life of service to God and to his fellowman, both professionally and personally. His greatest professional legacies for posterity include being among the founding fathers and past Chairman of the Department of Ear, Nose and Throat at the UP-PGH; the Philippine Society of Otorhinolaryngology; and the Manila Doctors' Hospital. He was the last of the small group of pioneers over six decades ago who helped pave the way for the delivery of modern day ENT care to the Filipino people whom he loved.” She continues: “like his father before him, a former surgeon and governor of Sorsogon,” he “strived towards doing ‘the most good for the most people’." On a personal note, his father used to play tennis with my grandfather Col. Antonio Martinez, a Bicolano who was Philippine Constabulary Officer in Sorsogon at that time. Because of this, there formed a special bond between Dr. Tierry and my father. Here are the thoughts and recollections of my father Dr. Armando T. Chiong on this great man: “I first met Dr. Tierry Garcia in 1960. I was 30 years old and he was 40. My first impression of Dr. Garcia was that he was a visionary leader with strong intellect. When he talked in meetings and conferences everybody listened. He was well respected such that he was able to establish the first separate Department of Otolaryngology from Ophthalmology at Manila Doctors Hospital in 1956 in spite of much objections. He established his clinic beside those of famous physicians like Dr. Ambrocio Tangco, founder of the Department of Orthopedics at the Philippine General Hospital, then Dean of UP College of Medicine Benjamin Barrera, Dr. Gonzalo Austria, former Dean of the UE College of Medicine, Dr. Constantino Manahan (world renowned OB-Gynecologist) and Dr. Carlos Sevilla , famous EENT specialist who were among the 14 of his co-founders of Manila Doctors Hospital. Most importantly, he also founded the Philippine Society of Otolaryngology and Bronchoesophagology in 1956.” “When he left for the United States in 1972, I took over his clinic and practice. All his medical instruments that he left with me are still intact and I have them in our hospital in Malolos, Bulacan. As for my last impression of Dr. Garcia, he was a generous and kind person. He helped in my first appointment to the Department of Otolaryngology at UP College of Medicine in 1964 apart from giving me his clinic at the Manila Doctors Hospital.” That he graduated from UPCM at the top ten of his class in 1942 and ranked in the top ten in the Physician’s Licensure Board Exams followed by a three year residency training in surgery at PGH then another residency in the U.S. finishing as chief resident in otolaryngology at Columbia Presbyterian prepared him well for the trail blazing and pioneering work. His bold, and inspiring spirit proved a great influence to succeeding generations of what he had ascribed as the “best and the brightest” otolaryngologist Fellows of PSOHNS now numbering 694 from the original heroic 9 that rallied to establish a separate society 60 years ago in the midst of great opposition. He firmly believed that serving others was the “true path to happiness” as gleaned from one of my own conversations with him after a PGH grand rounds he attended. As proof, he caused the establishment of a PGH Patient Endowment Fund in ORL to help indigent patients undergo much needed surgeries with meager financial resources. We have been most fortunate indeed that he was able to join us in the 2015 Annual Congress last December and on the 60th anniversary of the Philippine Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery last February. Proof perhaps that not all “the good die young.” He has bequeathed to us a most precious legacy, a specialty we have chosen as careers and where we have all found some of life’s most important rewards. In his own words, a meaningful life that can only be measured by what he thought constitutes “true happiness” – a life lived in the service of our God and country, while enjoying a journey filled to the brim by love of family, friends and fellowmen.

-Timothy Barnard, J.M. Gullick, A history of Selangor (1766-1939). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1989, vi + 220 pp. [MBRAS Monograph 28.] -Okke Braadbaart, Michael L. Ross, Timber booms and institutional breakdown in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, xvi + 237 pp. -H.J.M. Claessen, Patrick Vinton Kirch ,Hawaiki, ancestral Polynesia; An essay in historical anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, xvii + 375 pp., Roger C. Green (eds) -Harold Crouch, R.E. Elson, Suharto; A political biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, xix + 389 pp. -Kees van Dijk, H.W. Arndt ,Southeast Asia's economic crisis; Origins, lessons, and the way forward. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian studies, 1999, ix + 182 pp., Hal Hill (eds) -Kees van Dijk, Sebastiaan Pompe, De Indonesische algemene verkiezingen 1999. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1999, 290 pp. -David van Duuren, Albert G. van Zonneveld, Traditional weapons of the Indonesian archipelago. Leiden: Zwartenkot art books, 2001, 160 pp. -Peter van Eeuwijk, Christian Ph. Josef Lehner, Die Heiler von Samoa. O Le Fofo; Monographie über die Heiler und die Naturheilmethoden in West-Samoa. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1999, 234 pp. [Mensch und Gesellschaft 4.] -Hans Hägerdal, Frans Hüsken ,Reading Asia; New research of Asian studies. Richmond: Curzon, 2001, xvi + 338 pp., Dick van der Meij (eds) -Terence E. Hays, Jelle Miedema ,Perspectives on the Bird's head of Irian Jaya, Indonesia; Proceedings of the conference, Leiden, 13-17 October 1997. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998, xiii + 982 pp. (editors with the assistance of Connie Baak), Cecilia Odé, Rien A.C. Dam (eds) -Menno Hekker, Peter Metcalf, They lie, we lie; Getting on with anthropology. London: Routledge, 2002, ix + 155 pp. -David Henley, Foong Kin, Social and behavioural aspects of malaria control; A study among the Murut of Sabah. Phillips, Maine: Borneo research council , 2000, xx + 241 pp. [BRC Occasional paper 1.] -Gerrit Knaap, Frédéric Mantienne, Les relations politiques et commerciales entre la France et la péninsule Indochinoise (XVIIe siècle). Paris: Les Indes Savantes, 2001, 395 pp. -Uli Kozok, James T. Collins, Malay, world language; A short history. Second edition. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan bahasa dan pustaka, 2000, xii + 101 pp. -Nathan Porath, Hoe Ban Seng, Semalai communities at Tasek Bera; A study of the structure of an Orang Asli society. [A.S. Baer and R. Gianno, eds.] Subang Jaya, Malaysia: Centre for Orang Asli concerns, 2001, xii + 191 pp. -Nathan Porath, Narifumi Maeda Tachimoto, The Orang Hulu; A report on Malaysian orang asli in the 1960's. [A.S. Baer, ed.] Subang Jaya, Malaysia: Centre for Orang Asli concerns, 2001, xiv + 104 pp. -Martin Ramstedt, Raechelle Rubinstein ,Staying local in the global village; Bali in the twentieth century. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1999, xiii + 353 pp., Linda H. Connor (eds) -Albert M. Salamanca, Thomas R. Leinbach ,Southeast Asia: diversity and development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000, xiii + 594 pp., Richard Ulack (eds) -Heather Sutherland, Muhamad Hisyam, Caught between three fires; The Javanese pangulu under the Dutch colonial administration, 1882-1942. Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands cooperation in Islamic studies (INIS), 2001, 331 pp. [Seri INIS 37.] -Heather Sutherland, Roderich Ptak, China's seaborne trade with South and Southeast Asia (1200-1750). Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, xii + 366 pp. [Variorum collected studies series CS638.] -Sikko Visscher, M. Jocelyn Armstrong ,Chinese populations in contemporary Southeast Asian societies. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2001, xiv + 268 pp., R. Warwick Armstrong, Kent Mulliner (eds) -Reed Wadley, Clifford Sather, Seeds of play, words of power; An ethnographic study of Iban shamanic chants. Kuching: Tun Jugah foundation, 2001, xvii + 753 pp. [Borneo classic series 5.] -Boris Wastiau, Raymond Corbey, Tribal art traffic; A chronicle of taste, trade and desire in colonial and post-colonial times. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 2000, 255 pp. -Willem G. Wolters, Wong Kwok-Chu, The Chinese in the Philippine economy, 1898-1941. Quezon city: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1999, xvi + 279 pp. -Volker Grabowsky, Stephen Mansfield, Lao hill tribes; Traditions and patterns of existence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, vii + 91 pp. -Volker Grabowsky, Jean Michaud, Turbulent times and enduring people; Mountain minorities in the South-East Asian Massif. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2000, xiii + 255 pp. -Volker Grabowsky, Jane Richard Hanks ,Tribes of the northern Thailand frontier. (with a foreword by Nicola Tannenbaum), New Haven, CT: Yale University Southeast Asia studies, 2001, xlviii + 319 pp. [Monograph 51.], Lucien Mason Hanks (eds)

Rapid urbanization rates impact significantly on the nature of Land Cover patterns of the environment, which has been evident in the depletion of vegetal reserves and in general modifying the human climatic systems (Henderson, et al., 2017; Kumar, Masago, Mishra, & Fukushi, 2018; Luo and Lau, 2017). This study explores remote sensing classification technique and other auxiliary data to determine LULCC for a period of 50 years (1967-2016). The LULCC types identified were quantitatively evaluated using the change detection approach from results of maximum likelihood classification algorithm in GIS. Accuracy assessment results were evaluated and found to be between 56 to 98 percent of the LULC classification. The change detection analysis revealed change in the LULC types in Minna from 1976 to 2016. Built-up area increases from 74.82ha in 1976 to 116.58ha in 2016. Farmlands increased from 2.23 ha to 46.45ha and bared surface increases from 120.00ha to 161.31ha between 1976 to 2016 resulting to decline in vegetation, water body, and wetlands. The Decade of rapid urbanization was found to coincide with the period of increased Public Private Partnership Agreement (PPPA). Increase in farmlands was due to the adoption of urban agriculture which has influence on food security and the environmental sustainability. The observed increase in built up areas, farmlands and bare surfaces has substantially led to reduction in vegetation and water bodies. The oscillatory nature of water bodies LULCC which was not particularly consistent with the rates of urbanization also suggests that beyond the urbanization process, other factors may influence the LULCC of water bodies in urban settlements. Keywords: Minna, Niger State, Remote Sensing, Land Surface Characteristics References Akinrinmade, A., Ibrahim, K., & Abdurrahman, A. (2012). Geological Investigation of Tagwai Dams using Remote Sensing Technique, Minna Niger State, Nigeria. Journal of Environment, 1(01), pp. 26-32. Amadi, A., & Olasehinde, P. (2010). Application of remote sensing techniques in hydrogeological mapping of parts of Bosso Area, Minna, North-Central Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 5(9), pp. 1465-1474. Aplin, P., & Smith, G. (2008). Advances in object-based image classification. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37(B7), pp. 725-728. Ayele, G. T., Tebeje, A. K., Demissie, S. S., Belete, M. A., Jemberrie, M. A., Teshome, W. M., . . . Teshale, E. Z. (2018). Time Series Land Cover Mapping and Change Detection Analysis Using Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing, Northern Ethiopia. Air, Soil and Water Research, 11, p 1178622117751603. Azevedo, J. A., Chapman, L., & Muller, C. L. (2016). Quantifying the daytime and night-time urban heat island in Birmingham, UK: a comparison of satellite derived land surface temperature and high resolution air temperature observations. Remote Sensing, 8(2), p 153. Blaschke, T., Hay, G. J., Kelly, M., Lang, S., Hofmann, P., Addink, E., . . . van Coillie, F. (2014). Geographic object-based image analysis–towards a new paradigm. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 87, pp. 180-191. Bukata, R. P., Jerome, J. H., Kondratyev, A. S., & Pozdnyakov, D. V. (2018). Optical properties and remote sensing of inland and coastal waters: CRC press. Camps-Valls, G., Tuia, D., Bruzzone, L., & Benediktsson, J. A. (2014). Advances in hyperspectral image classification: Earth monitoring with statistical learning methods. IEEE signal processing magazine, 31(1), pp. 45-54. Chen, J., Chen, J., Liao, A., Cao, X., Chen, L., Chen, X., . . . Lu, M. (2015). Global land cover mapping at 30 m resolution: A POK-based operational approach. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 103, pp. 7-27. Chen, M., Mao, S., & Liu, Y. (2014). Big data: A survey. Mobile networks and applications, 19(2), pp. 171-209. Cheng, G., Han, J., Guo, L., Liu, Z., Bu, S., & Ren, J. (2015). Effective and efficient midlevel visual elements-oriented land-use classification using VHR remote sensing images. IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, 53(8), pp. 4238-4249. Cheng, G., Han, J., Zhou, P., & Guo, L. (2014). Multi-class geospatial object detection and geographic image classification based on collection of part detectors. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 98, pp. 119-132. Coale, A. J., & Hoover, E. M. (2015). Population growth and economic development: Princeton University Press. Congalton, R. G., & Green, K. (2008). Assessing the accuracy of remotely sensed data: principles and practices: CRC press. Corner, R. J., Dewan, A. M., & Chakma, S. (2014). Monitoring and prediction of land-use and land-cover (LULC) change Dhaka megacity (pp. 75-97): Springer. Coutts, A. M., Harris, R. J., Phan, T., Livesley, S. J., Williams, N. S., & Tapper, N. J. (2016). Thermal infrared remote sensing of urban heat: Hotspots, vegetation, and an assessment of techniques for use in urban planning. Remote Sensing of Environment, 186, pp. 637-651. Debnath, A., Debnath, J., Ahmed, I., & Pan, N. D. (2017). Change detection in Land use/cover of a hilly area by Remote Sensing and GIS technique: A study on Tropical forest hill range, Baramura, Tripura, Northeast India. International journal of geomatics and geosciences, 7(3), pp. 293-309. Desheng, L., & Xia, F. (2010). Assessing object-based classification: advantages and limitations. Remote Sensing Letters, 1(4), pp. 187-194. Dewan, A. M., & Yamaguchi, Y. (2009). Land use and land cover change in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh: Using remote sensing to promote sustainable urbanization. Applied Geography, 29(3), pp. 390-401. Dronova, I., Gong, P., Wang, L., & Zhong, L. (2015). Mapping dynamic cover types in a large seasonally flooded wetland using extended principal component analysis and object-based classification. Remote Sensing of Environment, 158, pp. 193-206. Duro, D. C., Franklin, S. E., & Dubé, M. G. (2012). A comparison of pixel-based and object-based image analysis with selected machine learning algorithms for the classification of agricultural landscapes using SPOT-5 HRG imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 118, pp. 259-272. Elmhagen, B., Destouni, G., Angerbjörn, A., Borgström, S., Boyd, E., Cousins, S., . . . Hambäck, P. (2015). Interacting effects of change in climate, human population, land use, and water use on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, 20(1) Farhani, S., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Causal relationship between CO 2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption, financial development, trade openness, and urbanization in Tunisia. 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This paper is an exploration of the elements for developing a program of liturgical formation according to the principles and themes indicated in Pope John Paul II’s Dilecti Amici. It is in line with the celebration of the 2019 Year of the Youth, as it endeavors to get to know the youth better in view of ministering to them more effectively. Indicated in the paper is a general overview of the current situation of the youth, highlighting such features as those pertinent to their interests and capacity for liturgical participation. By learning the proper exercise of their ministry and being imbued with the true spirit of the liturgy, they will be able to bring themselves and the people whom they serve to a more devout and fruitful participation in liturgical celebrations. The paper offered an exposition of Pope John Paul II’s Apostolic Letter Dilecti Amici to bring to clearer light his vision for young people in and for the Church and cues that are pertinent and relevant for the liturgical formation of the youth today. Moreover, the paper articulates some considerations and indications for forming young people in and for the liturgy to help them grow spiritually in their formative years and thus equip them with the needed skills and values to make a positive impact on the Church and on the society both now and in their future. References Bacani, T., A Spirituality for Ministry, Manila 2006. Bauerschmidt, F.- Buckley, J., Catholic Theology: An Introduction, Oxford 2017. Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines-Episcopal Commission on Youth (CBCP-ECY) and the Catholic Educational of Association of the Philippines (CEAP), "The National Filipino Catholic Youth Study", Manila 2015. Chupungco, A., "Active Participation," in Pastoral Liturgy: Shepherding God's Flock, ed. G. Diwa, Manila 2013, 29-61. Chupungco, A., "A Definition of Liturgy," in Handbook for Liturgical Studies 1: Introduction to the Liturgy, A.J. Chupungco, Collegeville 2000, p. 3-10. Chupungco, A., "Lay Liturgical Ministries," in Liturgy for the Filipino Church, ed. J. Manabat, Manila 2004, 199-208. Clemens, J., "The Church's Commitment to the Young: From John Paul II to Pope Francis," presented at the International Meeting on World Youth Day (Rio 2013-Krakow 2016) on 10-13 April 2014 at Sassone di Ciampino, Rome, p. 1-17. in <http://www.laici.va/content/dam/laici/documenti/clemens/english/Clemens%20%20the%20Church's%20commitment%20to%20the%20young.pdf.> Episcopal Commission on Catechism and Catholic Education of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, Catechism for Filipino Catholics (CFC), Manila 1997. Episcopal Commission on Catechism and Catholic Education of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippine, Catechism of the Catholic Church, (CCC), Manila 1994. John Paul II, Address to young people: "After his first Angelus at the end of the solemn liturgy that inaugurated his pontificate, 22 October 1978", International Meeting on WYD, Rio 2013 - Krakow 2016, The Church commitment to the young: from John Paul II to Pope Francis, (12 April 2014.) John Paul II, Catechesi tradendae, on Catechesis in our Time (16 October 1979) in Vatican Council II. More Post Conciliar Documents 2, ed. A. Flannery, Pasay City 1996, 762-814. John Paul II, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Christifideles laici on the Vocation and the Mission of the Lay Faithful in the Church and in the World (30 December 1988), Pasay City 2014. John Paul II, Apostolic Letter Dilecti Amici, (31 March 1984) to the Youth of the World on the Occasion of the International Youth Year. 1984. John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Ecclesia de Eucharistia on the Eucharist in its Relationship to the Church (April 17, 2003). John Paul II, Apostolic Letter Vicesimus Quintus Annus on the 25th Anniversary of the Promulgation of the Conciliar Constitution Sacrosanctum Concilium on the Sacred Liturgy (4 December 1988). L’Osservatore Romano (23-24 October 1978), p. 2. Mazza, E., Mystagogy, A Theology of Liturgy in the Patristic Age, New York 1989. Paul VI, "Apostolic Letter Ministeria Quaedam on the First Tonsure, Minor Orders, and Subdiaconate (15 August 1972)," in Vatican Council II. The Conciliar and Post Conciliar Documents, Vol. 1 ed. A. Flannery, New York 1996, 427-432. Pontifical Committee on International Eucharistic Congress, "Christ in You our Hope of glory", The Eucharist: source and goal of the Church's mission, Theological and pastoral reflections in preparation for the 51st International Congress, Cebu, Philippines 2016. 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Today, Philippine society is confronted by different types of social problems that require solidarity with the poor, marginalized groups, and nature. In this regard, what can Filipino theologians do to address these challenges? Carlito “Karl” Gaspar, in thinking theologically, proposes to rediscover the precolonial Filipino spirituality to address the social issues. For Gaspar, precolonial Filipino spirituality is a transformative-oriented spirituality and inherently Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan (For God, People, Nature). Gaspar argues that reclaiming the roots of our connection with precolonial spirituality could lead us towards developing solidarity with the poor, with marginalized groups, and with nature. Analyzing Gaspar’s The Masses Are Messiah: Contemplating the Filipino Soul (2010) as resource dissipation, this paper is an invitation to explore precolonial Filipino spirituality as a source to transform power structures. The paper is divided into five parts: First, the paper gives a brief introduction to the life and work of Karl Gaspar. Second, the paper offers an overview of Gaspar’s book, The Masses Are Messiah. Third, the paper discusses Gaspar’s transformative spirituality. Lastly, the paper advances the precolonial Filipino spirituality as a potential source for a holistic model of Filipino spirituality, especially for Filipino Pentecostal spirituality. Therefore, Filipino Pentecostal spirituality becomes meaningful, useful, and relevant in the Philippine context. References “Black Nazarene statue draws 800,000 Philippine Catholics to procession in Manila,” South China Morning Post, January 9, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2181294/black-nazarene-statue-draws-800000-philippine-catholics. 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Arguillas, Carolyn O. “Tribute to Mindanao’s Karl Gaspar: 3 awards in one month,” 2017. http://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2017/09/tribute-to-mindanaos-karl-gaspar-3-awards-in-one-month/. (accessed January 19, 2019). Batara, Jame Bryan. “Overlap of religiosity and spirituality among Filipinos and its implications towards religious prosociality,” International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology Vol. 4 No. 3, (2015): 3-21. Benavidez, Doreen A. ‘Pentecostalism and Social Responsibility, Prospects and Challenges for the Ecumenical Movement in the 21st Century’ Insights from the Global Ecumenical Theological Institute, No. 12, (Geneva, Globalethics.net, 2016), 171-178. http://www.globethics.net/documents/4289936/13403236/GE_Global_12_web.pdf. (accessed December 28, 2018). Buenafe, Christian B. “Foreword” in The Masses Are Messiah: Contemplating the Filipino Soul. Quezon City: Institute of Spirituality in Asia Publications, 2010. Bulatao, Jaime C. Split-level Christianity. Manila, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1966. Bulatao, Jaime C. Phenomena and Their Interpretation: Landmark Essays 1957-1989. Manila: Ateneo de Manila, 1966. Calano, Mark Joseph. (2015), ‘The Black Nazarene, Quiapo, and the Weak Philippine State,’ Kritika Kultura Vol. 25, (2015):166-187. Clifton, Shane. ‘Pentecostals and Ecology – part 1,’ Pentecostal Discussion Blog, May 2005. https://scc.typepad.com/scc_faculty_pentecostal_d/2006/05/pentecostals_an.html. (accessed January 23, 2019). Clifton, Shane. “Preaching the ‘Full Gospel’ in the Context of Global Environmental Crises.” in The Spirit Renews the Face of the Earth: Pentecostal Forays in Science and Theology of Creation, edited by Amos Yong, 117-34. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, 2009. Cornelio, Jayeel S. Philippines beyond clichés: ‘Catholic country’ New Mandala, 2018. https://www.newmandala.org/beyond-cliches-catholic-country/. (January 11 2019). Drum, Mary Therese. “Women, Religion and Social Change In The Philippines: Refractions of the Past in Urban Filipinas' Religious Practices Today, School of Social Inquiry,” PhD. diss. Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, 2001. https://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30023597/drum-womenreligionandsocial-2001.pdf. (accessed January 20, 2019). Faysaleyyah, Abdullah, et. al. Organized Chaos: A Cultural Analysis of Quiapo, Unpublished paper https://www.academia.edu/3684663/Organized_Chaos_A_Cultural_Analysis_of_Quiapo_in_the_Philippines. (accessed January 20, 2019). Gasch-Tomás, José L. “The Hispanization of the Philippines. Spanish Aims and Filipino Responses,” 1565–1700, European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire, Vol. 19, No. 3, (2012): 452-453. Gaspar, Karl. The Masses Are Messiah: Contemplating the Filipino Soul. Quezon City: Institute of Spirituality in Asia Publications, 2010. Homes, Peter R. “Spirituality: Some Disciplines Perspectives,” in A Sociology of Religion, eds. Kieran Flanagan and Peter C. Jupp, England, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2007. Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti. in Toward A Pneumatological Theology: Pentecostal and Ecumenical Perspectives on Ecclesiology, Soteriology, and Theology of Mission, ed. Amos Young, USA: University of America, 2002. Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti. “Are Pentecostals Oblivious to Social Justice? Theological and Ecumenical Perspectives,” Missiology: An International Review, Vol. 29, No. 4 (2001): 417–431. Kees, Waaijman, Spirituality: Forms, Foundations, Methods. Leuven: Peeters Publishers, 2002. Kees, Waaijman. “Spirituality, A Multifaceted Phenomenon: Interdisciplinary Explorations”, in Studies in Spirituality, Vol. 17, (2017): 1-113. Lacal, Marlon A, Torre, Edicio G. and Miranda, Dionisio M., Spirituality as Interdisciplinary Phenomenon: The Philippine Setting. Quezon City: Institute of Spirituality in Asia Publications, 2011. Lacsa, Jose Eric M. “Integral Eucharist: a way to bring about Environmental Awareness,” 2018. https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/arts-congress-proceedings/2018/acp-04.pdf. (accessed January 20, 2019). Matienzo, Rhochie Avelino “The Quiapo Leap: A Kierkegaardian Reading of the Religious Experience of the Black Nazarene Popular Devotion,” Kritike: An Online Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 10, No. 2, (2016): 29-43. Matienzo, Rhochie Avelino E. “Kierkegaard in Quiapo! An Existential Look at the Quiapo Black Nazarene Popular Religious Experience,” Kritike: An Online Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 10, No. 2, (2016):43-71. https://www.kritike.org/volume-10-2.html. (accessed January 20, 2019). Odchigue, Randy J.C. “Emancipating Religion from Religion: Reflections on the Contribution of Karl Gaspar,” This article was read at the Damdaming Katoliko sa Teolohiya (DaKaTeo) – Catholic Theological Society of the Philippine General Assembly Conference in October 16-17, 2017 held at St. Vincent School of Theology Quezon City, Philippines. Paris, Janella. “Things to know about the Feast of the Black Nazarene,” Rappler, 2019. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/220515-things-to-know-about-feast-black-nazarene>, (accessed January 20, 2019). Piscos, James Loreto C. “Poststructuralist Reading of Popular Religiosity in the Devotion to the Black Nazarene in Quiapo,” Scientia: The International Journal on Liberal Arts, Vol. 7, No. 2, (2018): 101-115. Ramirez, Robertzon and Galupo Rey. “Black Nazarene devotees leave 43 trucks of trash after traslacion,” The Philippine Star, January 11, 2019. https://www.philstar.com/nation/2019/01/11/1883990/black-nazarene-devotees-leave-43-trucks-trash-after-traslacion#XDXKiDbdSywXfCBt.99. (accessed January 20, 2019).Sadje, Hadje C. “Reinventing Pentecostal Prophetic Ministry in the Philippines,” Pentecostals and Charismatic for Peace and Justice, 2018. https://pcpj.org/2018/03/18/reinventing-pentecostal-prophetic-ministry-in-the-philippines/. (accessed January 20, 2019). Tallman, Matthew. “Pentecostal Ecology: A Theological Paradigm for Pentecostal Environmentalism” in The Spirit Renews the Face of the Earth: Pentecostal Forays in Science and Theology of Creation, ed. Amos Yong, Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, 2009..Tan, Michael T. “Translating Quiapo,” Inquirer Net: Philippine Daily Inquirer, January 10, 2013. https://opinion.inquirer.net/44593/translating-quiapo#ixzz5iKQ4i6LO. (accessed March 16, 2019). Tejedo, Joel A. The Church in the Public Square: Engaging our Christian Witness in the Community. Baguio City, Sambayanihan Publishers, 2016. Yabot, Homer. “The Development of the Filipino Spirituality Scale,” Presented at the DLSU ARTS Congress October 2018, at De La Salle University-Manila, Philippines. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328040686_The_Development_of_the_Filipino_Spirituality_Scale. (accessed March 13, 2019). Waaijman, Kees. Spirituality: Forms, Foundations, Methods: Studies in Spirituality, Supplement 18 Translated by John Vriend. Leuven: Peeters Publishers, 2003.

From 1925-1929, the popular social movement of "Emperor" Flor Intrencherado in Western Visayas gained notoriety within the press local. The Iloilo-based local newspaper, the Makinaugalingon, extensively covered the movement in their press release articles. The newspaper, unsurprisingly, recreated a picture of Intrencherado and his followers in a language of ridicule, dismissing the movement and identifying its leader as a lunatic and insane despite the locality of the press. This, in turn, marginalized the movement, its goals, and objectives, as well as the leader, "Emperor" Flor Intrencherado. The goal of this study is to present, review, and analyze the different representations the local press created with the “infamous” peasant movement and give the context in which similar social movements could be understood. References Primary Materials El Tiempo. Microfilm. Information Services and Instruction Section, University of the Philippines Main Library. Quezon City. The issue used: August 8, 1907 Makinaugalingon. Microfilm. Information Services and Instruction Section, University of the Philippines Main Library. Quezon City. Various Issues used. Manila Times. Microfilm. Information Services and Instruction Section, University of the Philippines Main Library. Quezon City. Various Issues used. Philippines Free Press. Microfilm. Information Services and Instruction Section, University of the Philippines Main Library. Quezon City. Various Issues used. Works Cited Acevedo, Christian George. “Rosendo Mejica, the Golden Age of the Hiligaynon Literature and the Vernacularization of Jose Rizal’s Novels.” AGATHOS: An International Review of the Humanities and Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (2020): 107–18. Adamkiewicz, Andrei. “The Legitimating Aspects of Colonial Discourse.” In Culture and Texts: Representations of Philippine Society, edited by Raul Pertierra and Eduardo Ugarte, 155-176. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1994. Aguilar, Filomeno. Clash of Spirits: The History of Power and Sugar Planter Hegemony on a Visayan Island. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1998. Aguilar, Filomeno Jr. “Masonic Myths and Revolutionary Feats in Negros Occidental.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 28, no. 2 (September 1997): 285–300. Alayon, John Richard. “The Empire of Flor Yntrencherado: A Study of Anti-Colonial Resistance.” Undergraduate Research, University of the Philippines in the Visayas, 1999. Bankoff, Greg. "Bandits, Banditry, and Landscapes of Crime in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 29, no. 2 (September 1998): 319–39. Baumgartner, Joseph. "Newspapers as Historical Sources." Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 9, no. 3 (September 1981): 256–58. Borrinaga, George Emmanuel. “Seven Churches: The Pulahan Movement in Leyte, 1902-1907.” Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 43, no. 1/2 (2015): 1–139. Braünlein, Peter. "Who Defines 'the Popular'? Post-Colonial Discourses on National Identity and Popular Christianity in the Philippines." In Religion, Tradition and the Popular: Transcultural Views from Asia and Europe, edited by Judith Schlehe and Evamaria Sandkühler, 75–111. History in Popular Cultures. Bielefeld, 2014. Constantino, Renato. The Philippines: A Past Revisited. Quezon City: Tala Publications Inc., 1975. Fernandez, Doreen. “The Philippine Press System: 1811-1989.” Philippine Studies 37, no. 3 (1989): 317–44. Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated by Richard Howard. Vintage Books Edition. New York: Random House, Inc., 1988. Funtecha, Henry. “The Making of a ‘Queen City’: The Case of Iloilo 1890s-1930s.” Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 20, no. 2/3 (September 1992): 107–32. Goh, Daniel. “Postcolonial Disorientations: Colonial Ethnography and the Vectors of the Philippine Nation in the Imperial Frontier.” Postcolonial Studies 11, no. 3 (2008): 259–76. Guerrero, Milagros. “The Colorum Uprisings, 1924-1931.” Asian Studies 5, no. 1 (1967): 65–78. Holt, Elizabeth Mary. Colonizing Filipinas: Nineteenth-Century Representations of the Philippines in Western Historiography. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2002. Ileto, Reynaldo. Filipinos and Their Revolution: Event, Discourse, and Historiography. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1998.__________. Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1979. Kaufmann, John. Kapulúngan Binisayá-Ininglís. Iloilo: La Editorial, 1935. https://www.gutenberg.ph/previews/kaufmann/KVED-Body.pdf. Lanternari, Vittorio. “Nativistic and Socio-Religious Movements: A Reconsideration.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 16, no. 4 (September 1974): 483–503. Larkin, John. Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Madrid, Randy, and Joefe Santarita. “Montor: Iloilo’s Robinhood and Reluctant Revolutionary.” In The Struggle Against the Spaniards and the Americans in Western Visayas: Papers on the 1st and 2nd Conferences on the West Visayan Phase of the Philippine Revolution, edited by Henry Funtecha and Melanie Jalandoni Padilla, 129-135. Iloilo: UP in the Visayas Centennial Committee, 1998. Magos, Alicia P. “Birdin: Bukidnon (Sulod) Revolutionary Hero.” In The Struggle Against the Spaniards and the Americans in Western Visayas: Papers on the 1st and 2nd Conferences on the West Visayan Phase of the Philippine Revolution, edited by Henry Funtecha and Melanie Jalandoni Padilla, 125-128. Iloilo: UP in the Visayas Centennial Committee, 1998. __________. The Enduring Ma-Aram Tradition: An Ethnography of a Kinaray-a Village in Antique. Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1992. Marco, Sophia. “Dios-Dios in the Visayas.” Philippine Studies 49, no. 1 (2001): 42–77. McCoy, Alfred. “A Queen Dies Slowly: The Rise and Decline of Iloilo City.” In Philippine Social History: Global Trade and Local Transformations, edited by Alfred McCoy and Edilberto de Jesus, 297–358. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1982. __________. “Baylan: Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology.” Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 10, no. 3 (September 1982): 141–94. __________. “Sugar Barons: Formation of a Native Planter Class in the Colonial Philippines.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 19, no. 3–4 (1992): 106–41. Oosterwal, Gottfried. “Messianic Movements.” Philippine Sociological Review 16, no. 1 (1968): 40–50. Pertierra, Raul. “Philippine Studies and the New Ethnography.” In Cultures and Texts: Representations of Philippine Society, edited by Raul Pertierra and Eduardo Ugarte, 121–37. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1994. Rafael, Vicente. White Love and Other Events in Filipino History. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2000. Spivak, Gayatri. “Can the Subaltern Speak?” In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, edited by Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, 271–313. London: MacMillan Education LTD, 1988. Sturtevant, David. “Guardia de Honor: Revitalization with the Revolution.” Asian Studies 4, no. 2 (1966): 342–52. Tan, Samuel K. A History of the Philippines. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1995. Reprint, 2012. Vergara, Benito Jr. Displaying Filipinos: Photography and Colonialism in Early 20th Century Philippines. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1995. Other References Arellano Law Foundation. The LawPhil Project. https://www.lawphil.net/ Cruz-Lucero, Rosario, Doreen Fernandez, John Barrios, and Jeffrey Yap. “Ilonggo.” Our Islands, Our People: The Histories and Cultures of the Filipino Nation (blog), 2018. https://ourislandsourpeople.wordpress.com/ilonggo/. Hudtohan, Emiliano. “Makinaugalingon Advocacy of Rosendo Mejica.” Dr. Emiliano Hudtohan (blog), July 23, 2014. http://emilianohudtohan.com/makinaugalingon-advocacy-of-rosendo-mejica/. Lagos, Joy, and Nazaria Lagos. "Remembering Don Rosendo Mejica." The News Today Online Edition, March 12, 2007. http://www.thenewstoday.info/2007/03/12/remembering.don.rosendo.mejica.html. Lua, Shirley. “Rediscovering the Rosendo Mejica Museum in Molo, Iloilo.” Lifestyle Inquirer, January 4, 2016. https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/218350/rediscovering-the-rosendo-mejica-museum-in-molo-iloilo/.

Interreligious dialogue plays a vital role in addressing conflicts in Asia. In situations, however, where there is an interweaving of religion and conflict, interreligious dialogue, as a peace-building mechanism, is fundamentally challenged by its very foundation, which is the notion of religion. By taking the case of the Mindanao conflict, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate that religion expressed culturally and geographically as ethno-religious identity forces interreligious dialogue as primarily a process towards radical renewal of the involved faith traditions. By drawing into the Mindanao experiences, the paper argues that interreligious dialogue, in order to perform its peace-building task, should first be able to process ethno-religious identities to overcome their particularity and embrace theology of harmony. The theology harmony transcends religious identity and the priority of the other, and considers acceptance and engagement of the “we”-as a diverse people living together as the very constitution of the involved parties in the interreligious dialogue. References Abu-Nimer, Mohammed. “Conflict Resolution, Culture, and Religion: Toward a Training Model of Interreligious Peacebuilding.” Journal of Peace Research 38, no. 6, (2001): 685-704. Aurel Croissant and Cristoph Trinn, “Culture, identity and conflict in Asia.” Asien: the German Journal on Contemporary Asia no. 110 (2009): 13-43. Baybado, Pablito Jr. “Beyond Colonization: The Impact of History in Philippine Interreligious Dialogue.” Journal of Interreligious Studies, issue 20, (2017): 38-53. Bishop Ulama Conference (BUC). Konsult Mindanaw: Voices, Visions and Values. A Project of the National Ulama Conference, (2010). Cornille, Catherine. “Introduction,” in The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Inter-religious Dialogue, edited by Catherine Cornille. UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2013. Eilers, Franz-Josef (ed) For All the Peoples of Asia Vol. 2. Quezon City: Claretian Publications, 1997) Eilers, Franz-Josef (ed). For All the Peoples of Asia Vol 3. Quezon City: Claretian Publication, 2002. Fox, Jonathan. “Lessons on Religion and Conflict Resolution Based on Empirical Studies of Religion and conflict,” Religion and Conflict Resolution: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Bar-Ilan University, (2002). http://www.tinyurl.com/n8nbfzw Francisco, Jose Mario C. “The Mediating Role of Narrative in Interreligious Dialogue: Implications and Illustrations from the Philippine Context." East Asian Pastoral Review 41, no. 2 (2004): 160-175. Gaudencio Rosales, DD and C.G. Arevalo, S.J. (eds). For All the Peoples of Asia, Vol. 1. Quezon City: Claretian Publications, 1997. Gowing, Peter and McAmis, Robert. (eds). Muslim Filipinos: Their History, Society and Contemporary Problems. Manila: Solidaridad Publishing House, 1974. Kadayifci-Orellana, S. Ayse. “Inter-religious Dialogue and Peacebuilding” in The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Inter-religious Dialogue, edited by Catherine Cornille. UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2013. Kho, James. “Mindanao: Land of Promise Once More.” Mindanao Horizons 3, no. 2, (2011): 56-73. Larousse, William. Walking Together Seeking Peace: The Local Church of Mindanao-Sulu Journeying in Dialogue with the Muslim Community (1965-200). Quezon City: Claretian Publication, Inc., 2001. Lingga, Abhoud Syed. “Assertions of Sovereignty and Self-Determination: The Philippine Bangsamoro Conflict.” Mindanao Horizons 1, no. 1 (2010): 5-24. Majul, Cesar A. “Muslims and Christians in the Philippines: A Study in Conflict and Efforts at Reconciliation,” in The Vatican, Islam and the Middle East, ed. by Kail Ellis, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1987. Majul, Cesar A. Muslims in the Philippines. 2nd edition. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1973. Mercado, Leonardo. Interreligious Explorations: The Challenge and Rewards of Inter-religious Dialogue. Manila: Logos Publications, 2004. Michael Amaladoss, SJ. Making Harmony: Living in a Pluralist World. Chennai: IDCR & ISPCK, 2003. Philippine Council for Islam and Democracy. Interfaith Dialogue and Peacebuilding in Mindanao: Interfaith Approaches to Peace and Development in Mindanao, Sept 7 & 17, 2004. http://www.muslimmindanao.ph/peace_process/Interfaith%20Dialogue%20and%20Peacebuilding%20in%20Mindanao.pdf (January 6, 2016). Rodil, Rudy B. “Achieving peace and justice in Mindanao through the tri-people approach.” Mindanao Horizons 1, no. 1 (2010): 25-46. Rood, Steven. Forging Sustainable Peace in Mindanao: The Role of Civil Society: Policy Studies 17. Washington: East-West Center, 2005. Tan, Samuel K. Decolonization and Filipino Muslim Identity. Quezon City: UP Department of History, 1988. Wostyn, Lode. Vatican II and the Asian Theology of Harmony, paper delivered during the Theology Week 2006, Manila: University of Santo Tomas, 2007. Ziselsberger, Georg. The Vision of Bishop Bienvenido S. Tudtud: Interreligious Dialogue – a fundamental attitude of Christian life. Zamboanga City: Silsilah Publications, 1990.

The article is a poststructuralist reading of the discourses on popular religiosity exemplified in the devotion to the Black Nazarene in Quiapo. Popular religiosity is considered the religious expression of the ‘ordinary’ believers in the margins relation to the official hierarchical Church. Poststructuralist interpretation shows how power operates like a thread network where those in the periphery can own their faith: this is described as discourse, an expression of the devotees’ faith and practices. Discourse can be either discursive or non-discursive. When it is discursive, it shows the structures, the faith expressions, organizations and observable elements. When it is nondiscursive, it reveals the resistance, the underlying structures, undercurrent faith beliefs and practices, worldviews and hidden interactions. An examination of the models leads to uncover how the movements of popular religiosity from below find its way towards faith empowerment, life’s meaning and even survival. References BooksCandelaria, Michael R. Popular Religion and Liberation: The Dilemma of Liberation Theology. New York: University of New York Press, 1990. Foucault, Michel. The Archaeology of Knowledge and the discourse on Language. Translated by A.M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Pantheon Books, 1972. _________________. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, translated by Alan Sheridan Smith. New York: Pantheon, 1973. _________________. The Order of Things: An Archeology of Human Sciences, unidentified collective translation New York: Pantheon, 1971. _________________. The Archaeology of Knowledge and the discourse on Language. Translated by A.M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Pantheon Books, 1972. _____________. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Random House Inc., 1977. _____________. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. London:Random House Inc., 1965. _____________. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, Volume 1. Translated by Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage Books, 1990 _____________. “Two Lectures.” Critique and Power: Recasting the Foucault/Habermas Debate. Translated by Michael Kelly. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1998. Galilea, Segundo. The Challenge of Popular Religiosity. Quezon City: Claretian Publications, 1988. Raas, Bernard. Popular Devotions. Manila: Divine Word Publications, 1992. Articles Bouritius, G.J.F. “Popular and Official Religion in Christianity: Three Cases in the 19th Century Europe”, Official and Popular Religion: Analysis of a Theme for Religious Studies. Edited by Pieter Hendrik Vrijhof and Jacques Waardenburg.New York: Mouton Publishers, 1979 Frijhoff, M. “Official and Popular Religion in Christianity: The Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times (13th-18th Centuries)”, Official and Popular Religion: Analysis of a Theme for Religious Studies, edited by Pieter HendrikVrijhof and Jacques Waarddenburg. New York: Mouton Publishers, 1979. Internet Sources Catechism of the Catholic Church On-line Version: http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines. Catechism for Filipino Catholics.1997. Manila: ECCCE Word and Life Publications. On Line Version: https://chermercado.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/cfc-cbcp.pdf Defending the Bride. Proof that Catholics clearly teach to worship only God and not to worship Mary in http://www.defendingthebride.com/ma3/only18.html. Inquierer.net. Traslacion 2018 attracts 4million Black Nazarene Devotees in http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/958747/traslacion-2018-attracts-4-million-black-nazarene-devotees-black-nazarene-pnp-quiapo-metro-feast-traslacion-devotees. Manila Reviews, Devotion to the Black Nazarene, A Pastoral Understanding. MinorBasilica of the Black Nazarene Website, 2018 in http://www.quiapochurch.com/devotion-to-the-black-nazarene-a-pastoral-understanding/.

Escribir este preliminar, es para quien lo hace una especie de defensa, y como bien plantea su definición, el prólogo a veces es ajeno a la esencia del texto mismo, puede ser un valor añadido. En este caso, más que el valor complemento, lo que pretendo dejar es la clave para entrar en la esencia del trabajo que usted tiene en sus manos. Y lo hago de esta manera porque no hay duda que en un mundo como el presente se hace necesario crecer como humanos, social y comunitariamente tenemos mucho por hacer, pero especialmente en el campo de la pedagogía, y en la educación, seguimos teniendo mucho por abordar. Así las cosas y de cara a la visión de nuestra Corporación Universitaria, se proponen ejercicios de encuentro con pertinencia y rigor en la investigación para favorecer al desarrollo social. Estamos interesados en los resultados de investigaciones con sustento y fortaleza epistemológica, a la vez que comprometidos con los fundamentos éticos y culturales. Pero ¿quiénes y dónde se desarrolla la comunidad académica a la que hago referencia? Ese problema inicial puede responderse desde una conferencia dictada en 1966 en Montreal por Georges Canguilhem, quien fuera alumno de Gastón Bachelard y maestro de Miche Foucault. Propone que el asunto del Lugar para esa colectividad, son los enfoques y métodos que quienes escriben en este trabajo transitan. Si se sigue la reflexión propuesta por Canguilhem, también pregunta ¿por qué seguir haciendo ciencia en comunidad y siguiendo algunas directrices? ¿Cuáles son las razones para publicar un diálogo científico de este tipo? Y se pueden presentar tres posibles soluciones a estas cuestiones: la primera es una razón de tipo histórica, pues hay un carácter que se exige a quienes dedican su vida a esto de indagar, ya que el mundo que los circunda en condiciones de tiempo y contexto se los exige. Ahora bien, la época dará una segunda razón, ya que la visión de procesos de largo plazo con mayores patrimonios colaborativas, tendrá capacidades y actitudes que procuran participación de numerosos académicos, y será el piso firme para hablar de ciencia. La tercera, y no menos importante razón estará en el orden de lo filosófico, gracias a que, sin referencia a lo epistemológico, cualquier acción científica y de producción de conocimiento terminará siendo simplemente una reflexión vacía y sin sentido, posiblemente una superficial réplica de técnicas y métodos. Al terminar esta entrada al libro, queda la pregunta de ¿Cómo es esa ciencia que sustenta este trabajo? La respuesta que ofrece el epistemólogo propuesto es que lo hace con un carácter para responder a las funciones de las instituciones que las originan, en la medida en que el sondeo del conocimiento y su aplicación, dan origen a las tareas fundamentales de las instituciones universitarias: investigación, docencia y extensión. Entonces, el signo de este libro es externalista, ya que presenta los resultados de investigación de diferentes portentos propios de la pedagogía, que de manera disciplinar asimila aquí una manera natural de discursos que emergen como interpretaciones que quieren acercarse científicamente a la realidad educativa. Lo que se pone en evidencia en este libro es el arrastre del mundo de la vida, de la subjetividad maestros en ejercicio que están interesados en signar su mente conforme la realidad que los inquietan. Con lo antes dicho, el concepto de Pedagogía que persiste a través del texto nos permite avanzar como institución de educación superior y entregar reflexiones del orden disciplinar. De esa manera los autores muestran a través de cada capítulo argumentos y que llenan de significado las abstracciones logradas en una rica diversidad de investigaciones propias del ambiente y los talantes de la educación contemporánea. Se tienen en cuenta creaciones y un mundo de imágenes y creaciones, además que: Es posible romper con los contenidos ceñidos a los límites para dar cuenta de lo real como espacio de sujetos: pensar desde el momento que obliga a hablar también de sus aperturas, lo que alude al movimiento de lo producido como siendo lo constituyente de éste y que transformamos en el ángulo para considerar el momento sin restringirnos a sus estructuras cerradas (Zemelman, 1998, p. 34).

En una exposición informativa de la doctrina de Austin (1911-1960), nos encontramos de manera explícita con la teoría de los performativos y con la teoría de los ilocucionarios, teorías que desarrolla en las doce conferencias que aparecen en su libro Cómo Hacer Cosas con Palabras. Sin embargo, detrás de estas teorías, que flotan en la superficie, se esconde de modo implícito una concepción del análisis del lenguaaje moral y del lenguaje jurídico. Pretensión del filósofo de Oxford que desarrollamos en este breve trabajo. Recordemos que mediante su concepción Austin recupera zonas del discourso que habían sido excluídas del logicismo de los neopositivistas. Así tanto el lenguaje moral como el jurídico poseen significado, construyen acciones y constituyen formas de comportamiento. No debemos olvidar que desde la primera conferencia de su libro, en mención, concibe los actos de habla del lenguaje moral y jurídico; actos de habla que afectan de manera primeria nuetra vida cotidiana.

Gas purging, a process of displacing one gas by another gas, occurs on a routine basis in the natural gas industry when pipelines are purged into and out of service. In a project sponsored by the Gas Research Institute and in cooperation with the American Gas Association (A.G.A.) the purging practices as outlined in the A.G.A.’s Purging Principles and Practices manual are being reviewed because many of today’s pipeline purging operations occur under conditions not addressed directly in the manual. The program focus is on the purging procedures outlined in Chapter 8 of the manual entitled Gas Transmission and Distribution Pipes. The technical objective of the project is to develop an understanding of the scientific principles upon which safe, practical purging practices can be based. Direct displacement and inert gas slug purging operations are explained in terms of dispersion and mixing parameters and their relationship to the gas velocity. Field data is compared to the results of an analytical mixing model. Computer software for planning safe and cost effective pipeline purges has been developed. Finally, recommendations for revising Chapter 8 of the A.G.A. manual are presented.

Sahar Pakseresht¹, Manel Guàrdia Bassols¹ ¹ Department of Theory and History of Architecture. Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC). Av. Diagonal, 64908028 Barcelona, Tel:93-4017874 E-mail: sahar.pakseresht@estudiant.upc.edu, manel.guardia@upc.edu Keywords: Iranian city, Kermanshah, urban morphology, Islamic city, urban transformation, Modernisation Conference topics and scale: City transformations, urban form and social use of space Pre-1920 cities in Iran are characterized by a number of features considered to be typical of the so-called “Islamic city”. A set of features are shared by traditional cities where dominated by Islam religion. The notion of “Islamic city”, often criticised for its Eurocentric nature, has guided most studies of these traditional cities. The modernisation process in so-called Islamic cities is crucial due to its serious impacts on the traditional morphology and transformation of their urban structure. We, thus, need more holistic and integrated understanding about changes of these cities derives from the modernisation process. In order to explore the broad and wide-spread changes due to modernisation process in the traditional cities in Muslim world, it is more enlightening if we study second order cities, rather than studying the transformations of major capitals such as Cairo, Istanbul or Teheran, where interventions are goal to approach a more exceptional and rhetorical characters. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study the historic core of Kermanshah city, to understand the link between urban transformations and social due to modernisation process by tracing it historically. We will focus, particularly, on studying the stages of urban transformation and changes of urban morphology as well as conflict and differences between traditional urban features with the modern ones. For example, we are interested in understanding how traditional morphology and structure of residential and commercial zone are affected by the opening of new and wide boulevards in course of modernisation process, and how these changes influence everyday people life. References Kheirabadi, M. (2000). Iranian cities: formation and development. Syracuse University Press. Clarke, J. I., &amp; Clark, B. D. (1969). Kermanshah: an Iranian provincial city (No. 10). University of Durham, Department of Geography. Bonine, M. E. (1979). THE MORPHOGENESIS OF IRANIAN CITIES∗. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 69(2), 208-224. Stefano Bianca. (2000). Urban form in the Arab world: Past and present (Vol. 46). vdf Hochschulverlag AG. Habibi, M. (1996). Az shar ta Shahr (de la Cite a la Ville). Analytical review of the city concept and its physical image in the course of time), Tehran: University of Tehran. (In Persian)

El presente estudio compara, desde una perspectiva histórica, las previsiones de crecimiento consideradas en los planes que han regido el crecimiento del Área Metropolitana de Concepción, Chile (AMC) con el crecimiento real que ha tenido esta área urbana –la segunda del país- mediante el análisis de fotografías aéreas históricas. Para lograrlo se ha partido de una simple interrogante: ¿cuánto han orientado los Planes Reguladores Metropolitanos (PRMC) el crecimiento del Área Metropolitana de Concepción? El objetivo general ha sido comparar los Planes Metropolitanos de Concepción de 1962, 1980 y 2003 con la superficie realmente urbanizada, mediante el uso de material inédito disponible en fotografías aéreas, generando nueva información que grafica claramente la coherencia y/o las diferencias entre lo propuesto y lo realizado. Se ha planteado como objetivos específicos: a) estudiar como a lo largo del tiempo la definición del AMC ha cambiado y cómo esto ha influido en su planeamiento, b) identificar las principales sectores en los que se ha reflejado la evolución del AMC y su desarrollo en el tiempo, ver cómo se ha abordado esto a la hora de planificar el crecimiento y ver con la perspectiva del tiempo si se ha logrado), y, c) establecer un paralelo gráfico entre el espacio urbanizable y espacio realmente urbanizado del AMC. Para lograr los objetivos se siguieron los siguientes pasos: a) recopilación de información, b) armado de mosaicos, c) homologación de formatos e información (fotografías aéreas y planes metropolitanos), d) redefinición de área de estudio, e) análisis general, y, f) análisis detallado por sectores. En cuanto a los datos utilizados, la mayoría del material encontrado no estaba en un estado óptimo, por lo antiguo del mismo. En el Ministerio de la Vivienda (MINVU) se encontraron juegos de fotografías aéreas correspondientes a los años 1976 y 1992 los que fueron traspasados a un soporte digital de manera de poder contar con un material utilizable para desarrollar el estudio. El primer resultado de este trabajo ha sido la producción de un material de base que podrá ser utilizado como antecedente en el desarrollo de nuevos trabajos –cuantitativos y cualitativos- acerca del Área Metropolitana de Concepción. Respecto del análisis mismo, finalmente se pudo detallar con datos precisos tanto las superficies como los porcentajes del crecimiento de la mancha urbana en las comunas analizadas y determinar períodos y sectores de crecimiento. El AMC se localiza entre los 36º35’ latitud sur y 72º45’ longitud oeste y 37º00’ latitud sur y 73º15’ longitud oeste. Posee una población de 1.010.950 hab., con una superficie de 2.831,3 Km2 y densidad de 357,0 hab. /Km2. El AMC es la 2ª concentración urbana de Chile después de Santiago (AMS). Tiene una variada actividad económica basada en la industria (forestal, minera, pesquera y manufacturera, entre otros) y es un importante centro de servicios.

This paper is concerned with an ongoing program that explores the effect of different variables on the bolt stress developed during manual bolt tightening. Research published in 1936 by Mr. E. C. Petrie[1] established an empirical relationship relating bolt diameter to the probable bolt stress resulting from the manual assembly techniques of the day. That relationship currently appears in Non-Mandatory Appendix S of Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code [2]. Taking the Petrie stress relationship a step further, this research examines the effect of several known, important variables on the original Petrie stress formula. This paper reports on results with lubricated and un-lubricated bolts ranging from 5/8 in. to 1 in. diameter tightened by various male and female mechanics who are experienced, or not, and trained, or not.

Abstract Many hydrogen cooled generators operate with no hydrogen dryer. Plant personnel offer a variety of reasons: • The OEM didn’t supply a dryer to begin with. • Manual Reactivations are too labor intensive. • Don’t think their generator is wet. • Because they have a Gas Turbine (no steam), they don’t think there is anywhere for the hydrogen to pick up moisture. • Don’t think moisture matters. • Purity is good so everything must be fine. • They employ “Bleed and Feed” or “Scavenging” to deal with purity / moisture issues. Generator manufacturers recommend keeping the hydrogen dry. We had a theory that many generators were much wetter than was realized or recommended by the manufacturers. We took portable dewpoint analyzers to the plants to test the actual dewpoint of the hydrogen. This paper presents our results. Over 90% of the generators tested were found to have hydrogen dewpoints higher than the generator manufacturer’s recommendation.

Abstract Product assembly is a major consideration when designing products for manufacture as the method of assembly (manual, hybrid, or automated) often dictates, among other things the design of components, the assembly process and associated tooling. The choice of assembly method is, on the other hand, frequently dictated by technical and economic considerations. If the technical and economic considerations favor one method over the other, the decision-making is straight forward. However, when a product can be assembled either manually or with the assistance of automated equipment, the designer is confronted with the decision to choose between the two methods. This article provides a systematic procedure for choosing the assembly method in the event both manual and automated assembly methods are technically feasible.

Some companies seek ISO 9000 registration for competitive reasons or because customers require it. PETRONAS Gas Bhd, pipeline division company TOD or Transmission Operations Division, seek ISO 9000 registrations purely for the benefits since the management believes that a well designed and well implemented quality system has a process which tends to be lean, sensitive to customers needs, highly reactive and efficient. This paper informs how TOD sets out to put ISO 9002 international quality system to work in its operations. A Quality Steering Council was formed in Feb. 1994 and the HSE and Quality Management Manager was appointed as management representative. The current working system was first assessed. Next, an implementation plan was prepared. Training was provided and the quality manual prepared followed by all the necessary work procedures and instructions. Finally there was trial implementation and actual “live” implementation. In January 1995 TOD ISO 9002 registration was approved.

Resumen: El interés de Le Corbusier por los aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos es una constante a lo largo de su vida, sobre todo como inspiración y referencia para proyectar su arquitectura, dando forma a una lección del embalse que veremos enfocada de diferentes maneras y en distintos momentos, desde su descubrimiento durante el trabajo en Vienne (Francia) para la Société d’applications du bétón armé hasta el intento de materialización con la obra de Bhakra en la India, pasando por etapas sucesivas en las que se va exponiendo, publicando o compartiendo, mediante conferencias, textos teóricos o encuentros en viajes, como el realizado a los Estados Unidos en 1946, cuando visita el macroproyecto de la Tennessee Valley Authority y deja constancia en la primera edición americana de Quand les catedrales étaient blanches: voyage au pays des timides. A través de sus palabras, de sus dibujos y de sus proyectos vamos revelando las dos caras de la lección del embalse: la que se desprende de manera inmediata desde las realidades encontradas, que tendrá su impulso final paralelo a la construcción de Chandigarh con la implicación en la presa sobre el Sutlej; y la cara oculta, desvelada como aportaciones e influencias progresivas en su arquitectura. Ambas caras permanecerán como el testimonio de la fértil relación entre Le Corbusier y los aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos. Abstract: The interest of Le Corbusier on hydroelectric industry is a constant throughout his life, especially as inspiration and reference to project its architecture, shaping a lesson of the dam that we will see focused in different ways and at different times, from their discovery while working in Vienne (France) for the Société d’applications du bétón armé to the attempt to materialize the work of Bhakra in India, through successive stages in wich he will be in exposing, publishing or sharing through conferences, theoretical texts and encounters on trips, like the one made to the United States in 1946, when he visits the macro project of Tennessee Valley Authority and describes it in the first American edition of Quand les cathedrals étaient blanches: voyage au pays des timides. Through his words, his drawings and his projects we will reveal the two faces of the lesson of the dam: the one which follows immediately from the facts found, which will find the final attempt parallel to the construction of Chandigarh with the involvement at the dam on Sutlej; and the other side, unveiled as inputs and progressive influences in its architecture. Both sides remain as the testimony of the fertile relationship between Le Corbusier and hydroelectric industry. Palabras clave: Arquitectura; Siglo XX; Le Corbusier; agua; industria; embalse. Keywords: Architecture; 20th Century; Le Corbusier; water; industry; dam. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1007

Analysis of the breakdown-statistics of the Hungarian crude and gas pipeline system dating back more than 20 years shows the main sources of the errors. In order to prevent these, we have started a vast program regarding state monitoring of pipelines by means of the common use of on-line and above-ground methodes. Related expenses are as high as 8% of maintenance costs. Manual handling and analysing of the available and continually increasing data nowadays is already insoluble. To solve the problem, we have decided to develop an integrated information system that integrates the technical data with the up-to-date GIS applications, thus providing a wide-range application possibility for the operating staff. Integrity analysis is supported by the system, which shows the various examination results in a comparable way, their change in time can be followed, and there is a possibility to automatically compare them sinchronously with map displaying. The system is able to receive and process the results of outer examination (for example such as of an intelligent pipe scraper), but the sinchronous transmission into outer systems is also possible. The development of the information system and especially the input of the data into the system is possible only at great costs but the usefulness of the application and the turnover of the investment can be, even if only undirectly, proved.