Journal articles: 'Mann-Kendall analysis'

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Suryanto, Joko, and Joko Krisbiyantoro. "Trend Analysis of Rainfall Data in Magelang District Using Mann-Kendall Test and Modification Mann-Kendall Variation." AGRIFOR 17, no. 2 (October 11, 2018): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.31293/af.v17i2.3616.

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The objective of the research was to analyzed rainfall trends from 6 rainfall stations Kajoran, Mendut, Muntilan, Ngablak, Salaman and Tempuran rainfall station in different time scales (monthly, 3-months periodicityand annual). Identification homogenity of the rainfall data period 1986-2016 for Magelang district using Rescaled Adjusted Partial Sums (RAPS) methode. The three non-parametric tests, Mann-Kendall (MK), modified Mann-Kendall (MMK), trend free prewhitening Mann-Kendall (TFPW-MK) and Sen’s slope wereemployed to assess significance of trends and detecting magnitude of trends.The results shows that monthly rainfall have no significant trend using MK, MMK, and TFPW-MK test at 0.05 level significance. Rainfall 3-month based January-February-March (JFM) period Kajoran station have negative significant trend with magnitude 19.4 mm/3-month. Mendut station have positive trend for April-May-June (AMJ) period with magnitude 6.75 mm/3-month. No significant trends at 0.05 level significance using MK trend test were detected in annual rainfall for 6 rainfall stations.

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Cabral Júnior, Jório Bezerra, and Rebecca Luna Lucena. "ANALYSIS OF PRECIPITATIONS BY NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS OF MANN-KENDALL AND KRUSKAL-WALLIS." Mercator 19, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4215/rm2020.e19001.

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Hu, Maochuan, Takahiro Sayama, Sophal TRY, Kaoru Takara, and Kenji Tanaka. "Trend Analysis of Hydroclimatic Variables in the Kamo River Basin, Japan." Water 11, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 1782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091782.

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Understanding long-term trends in hydrological and climatic variables is of high significance for sustainable water resource management. This study focuses on the annual and seasonal trends in precipitation, temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and river discharge over the Kamo River basin from the hydrological years 1962 to 2017. Homogeneity was examined by Levene’s test. The Mann–Kendall and a modified Mann–Kendall test as well as Sen’s slope estimator were used to analyze significant trends (p < 0.05) in a time series with and without serial correlation and their magnitudes. The results indicate that potential evapotranspiration calculated by the Penman–Monteith equation was highly related to temperature, and significantly increased in the annual and summer series. Annual river discharge significantly decreased by 0.09 m3/s. No significant trend was found at the seasonal scale. Annual, autumn, and winter precipitation at Kumogahata station significantly increased, while no significant trend was found at Kyoto station. Precipitation was least affected by the modified Mann–Kendall test. Other variables were relatively highly autocorrelated. The modified Mann–Kendall test with a full autocorrelation structure improved the accuracy of trend analysis. Furthermore, this study provides information for decision makers to take proactive measures for sustainable water management.

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Kamal, Neel, and Sanjay Pachauri. "Mann-Kendall Test - A Novel Approach for Statistical Trend Analysis." International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology 63, no. 1 (September 25, 2018): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22312803/ijctt-v63p104.

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Yun, Jung-hye, Syewoon Hwang, Dong-Hyeon Kim, and Sang-Min Kim. "Trend Analysis of Monthly Water Quality Data in Nakdong River Based on Seasonal Mann-Kendall Test." Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 57, no. 6 (November 30, 2015): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5389/ksae.2015.57.6.153.

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Long, Xun Jian, Chun Min Zhang, Tao Hong Yang, and Yu Lin Huang. "Analysis of Meteorological Elements Variations of Chongqing over the Past 60 Years." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 2016–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.2016.

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The power of a test is the probability that it cannot reject a null hypothesis when it is true. With interchangeably of non-parametric Mann-Kendall test, practical application is used in meteorological elements analysis. In this study, trend detection of meteorological elements data of Shapingba district in Chongqing, during 1951 to 2011, was estimated by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. The analyzed elements are composed by mean precipitation, annual sunshine hours, annual humidity, annual mean temperature and annual mean wind speed. And the results show that inter-annual variations of precipitation and mean annual relative humidity are not significant. However, inter-annual variation of sunshine duration is significantly reduced, while inter-annual temperature and wind speed are significantly increased. At the same time, the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test also detects the trend on seasonal data. It is different from the annual data, and trends in different seasons show markedly different.

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Alifujiang, Yilinuer, Jilili Abuduwaili, Balati Maihemuti, Bilal Emin, and Michael Groll. "Innovative Trend Analysis of Precipitation in the Lake Issyk-Kul Basin, Kyrgyzstan." Atmosphere 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2020): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040332.

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The analysis of various characteristics and trends of precipitation is an essential task to improve the utilization of water resources. Lake Issyk-Kul basin is an upper alpine catchment, which is more susceptible to the effects of climate variability, and identifying rainfall variations has vital importance for water resource planning and management in the lake basin. The well-known approaches linear regression, Şen’s slope, Spearman’s rho, and Mann-Kendall trend tests are applied frequently to try to identify trend variations, especially in rainfall, in most literature around the world. Recently, a newly developed method of Şen-innovative trend analysis (ITA) provides some advantages of visual-graphical illustrations and the identification of trends, which is one of the main focuses in this article. This study obtained the monthly precipitation data (between 1951 and 2012) from three meteorological stations (Balykchy, Cholpon-Ata, and Kyzyl-Suu) surrounding the Lake Issyk-Kul, and investigated the trends of precipitation variability by applying the ITA method. For comparison purposes, the traditional Mann–Kendall trend test also used the same time series. The main results of this study include the following. (1) According to the Mann-Kendall trend test, the precipitation of all months at the Balykchy station showed a positive trend (except in January (Zc = −0.784) and July (Zc = 0.079)). At the Cholpon-Ata and Kyzyl-Suu stations, monthly precipitation (with the same month of multiple years averaged) indicated a decreasing trend in January, June, August, and November. At the monthly scale, significant increasing trends (Zc > Z0.10 = 1.645) were detected in February and October for three stations. (2) The ITA method indicated that the rising trends were seen in 16 out of 36 months at the three stations, while six months showed decreasing patterns for “high” monthly precipitation. According to the “low” monthly precipitations, 14 months had an increasing trend, and four months showed a decreasing trend. Through the application of the ITA method (January, March, and August at Balykchy; December at Cholpon-Ata; and July and December at Kyzyl-Suu), there were some significant increasing trends, but the Mann-Kendall test found no significant trends. The significant trend occupies 19.4% in the Mann-Kendall test and 36.1% in the ITA method, which indicates that the ITA method displays more positive significant trends than Mann–Kendall Zc. (3) Compared with the classical Mann-Kendall trend results, the ITA method has some advantages. This approach allows more detailed interpretations about trend detection, which has benefits for identifying hidden variation trends of precipitation and the graphical illustration of the trend variability of extreme events, such as “high” and “low” values of monthly precipitation. In contrast, these cannot be discovered by applying traditional methods.

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Chowdhury, Asma, Hoang Lan Vu, Kelvin T. W. Ng, Amy Richter, and Nathan Bruce. "An investigation on Ontario’s non-hazardous municipal solid waste diversion using trend analysis." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 11 (November 2017): 861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2017-0168.

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Non-hazardous waste disposal and diversion trends in Ontario from 1996 to 2010 were identified using parametric and non-parametric statistical methods, and the temporal variability of its waste diversion practices were examined. Ontario’s diversion was sensitive to waste diversion policy and residential diversion programs. Total waste diversion increased by 85% in 14 years. Results suggested that waste minimization may be more effective than recycling on Ontario diversion rates. Programs targeting non-residential sectors are recommended, specifically for smaller businesses with limited waste management budgets. Linear regression and Mann-Kendall tests detected significant increasing trends for residential waste diversion. In contrast, non-residential diversion had a decreasing trend using linear regression. A significant upward trend (S = +10) was found for Ontario’s total waste diversion using Mann-Kendall tests. Highly significant upward trends were observed for plastic and organic recycling. Mann-Kendall tests were found more appropriate for waste trend analysis in the present study.

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NISHIOKA, Masaaki, and Kaoru TAKARA. "A trend analysis of hydrological time series by Mann-Kendall test." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY & WATER RESOURCES 17, no. 4 (2004): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.17.343.

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Connor, John A., Shahla K. Farhat, and Mindy Vanderford. "GSI Mann-Kendall Toolkit for Quantitative Analysis of Plume Concentration Trends." Groundwater 52, no. 6 (September 30, 2014): 819–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12277.

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Deka, Surobhi. "Statistical analysis of long-term rainfall trends in Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2442.

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Rainfall is the key climatic variable that governs the regional hydrologic cycle and availability of water resources. Rainfall trend analysis in a localized watershed can improve many aspects of water resource management not only to the catchment itself but also to some of the related other catchments. The trend analysis of monthly rainfall data over Cherrapunji of Meghalaya in India for the period 1872-2007 has been carried out in this work. While the magnitude of the trend in the time series has been determined using Sen's estimator, the significance of the trend in monthly rainfall series has been tested using Mann-Kendall test. During the time span 1872-2007, an increasing trend has been found in the monthly rainfall for the months July, October and November, and a decreasing trend has been found in the monthly rainfall for the months February to June, August and September. On the other hand, it was found that none of Mann-Kendall Z values was significant at 5% level of significance. Therefore, from Mann-Kendall Z test, it can be concluded that there is no trend in any month in monthly rainfall for the station Cherrapunji. For the better assessment of the temporal variation in monthly rainfall trend, whole period was divided into two halves, 1872-1939 and 1940-2007. Then, trend magnitude through Sen's estimator and Mann-Kendall Z for test of significance were determined for these two time periods separately. The analysis of trends of monthly rainfall in these two halves showed large variability in the magnitude and direction of the trend in various months from one half to another. Accurate prediction of trends in monthly rainfall is an important aspect of climate research and we believe that present study could provide a scope to correlate between current rainfall trend and climate change scenario of the study area.

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Caixeta, Larissa Pereira, Tathiane Ribeiro da Silva, and Douglas Eulálio Antunes. "Analysis of COVID-19 pandemic trends and its impact on the health system of the main urban centers of Minas Gerais, Brazil." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss11.2796.

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Objectives: In this study, related to COVID-19, we characterized the epidemiologic, trends and the impact of new coronavirus on the health systems of the main urban centers in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: A retrospective time series encompassing data associated with COVID-19 disease, from March to July of 2020, were approached for verifying the trends of social distancing rate and number of daily deaths by means of Mann-Kendall test. The Binomial test was performed to analyzing the differences between percentages of two periods (before and after pandemic) with the goal to measure the impact of disease on health systems. Results: Although the social distancing rates for the main urban centers of Minas Gerais presented declining trend along the time series, Juiz de Fora had the best rate and, consequently, flattened the epidemic curve for new cases of the disease, besides of to notify the lowest number of deaths (Mann-Kendall [Belo Horizonte]: -0.77, p<0.001; Mann-Kendall [Juiz de Fora]: -0.74, p<0.001; Mann-Kendall [Uberlandia]: 0.29, p<0.001). The number of oncologic treatments in Belo Horizonte (April 2019 vs April 2020= -41.5%; p<0.001) and clinical treatments in Uberlandia (March 2019 vs March 2020= -51.7%; p<0.0001) have reduced drastically before and after pandemic. Conclusions: Therefore, the implementation of a higher social distancing rate could flatten the epidemic curve avoiding an increase in deaths number and to reduce the impact of COVID-19 on health systems preventing the collapse of them.

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Alhaji, U. U., A. S. Yusuf, C. O. Edet, Celestine O. Oche, and E. P. Agbo. "Trend Analysis of Temperature in Gombe State Using Mann Kendall Trend Test." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 20, no. 3 (October 11, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2018/42029.

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Chattopadhyay, Goutami, Parthasarathi Chakraborthy, and Surajit Chattopadhyay. "Mann–Kendall trend analysis of tropospheric ozone and its modeling using ARIMA." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 110, no. 3 (March 24, 2012): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0617-y.

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Koffi, Djaman, and Ganyo Komla. "Trend analysis in reference evapotranspiration and aridity index in the context of climate change in Togo." Journal of Water and Climate Change 6, no. 4 (April 9, 2015): 848–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.111.

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Reference evapotranspiration is a key parameter in hydrological and meteorological studies and used to determine the actual water use rate for various crops. The objectives of this study were to explore trend in the grass-reference evapotranspiration (ETo) through years 1961–2011 and to identify trend in the aridity index as an indicator of change in climate in Togo. ETo was calculated using the FAO-56 Penman–Monteith method, and trends analyses were performed with non-parametric statistics proposed by Mann–Kendall and the Sen slope estimator. Results showed that annual ETo varied from 1,440 to 1,690 mm at Lomé, from 1,761 to 1,905 mm at Tabligbo, and from 1,839 to 1,990 mm at Sokode. The Mann–Kendall test revealed significant increase in annual ETo at Tabligbo (Z = 2.89) and Sokode (Z = 2.29). Annual ETo is much more stable at Lomé, with non-significant decrease. In Togo, according to the three study sites, the 1961–2011 period annual aridity index varied from 0.26 to 0.99 at Lomé, 0.38 to 0.98 at Tabligbo, and 0.45 to 1.08 at Sokode. The Mann–Kendall test revealed a declining trend in the ratio of precipitation/ETo which adversely implies an increasing severity of the aridity index at all the sites, prejudicial to rainfed agriculture practiced by about 90% of Togolese crop growers.

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Partal, Turgay. "Multi-annual analysis and trends of the temperatures and precipitations in West Anatolia." Journal of Water and Climate Change 8, no. 3 (April 20, 2017): 456–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2017.109.

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This study has been carried out to analyze the historical precipitation and temperature data for West Anatolia (Turkey) to understand the annual and multi-annual changes. The wavelet transform technique was used for time–frequency representation of the data. The trends in the data were estimated with the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test. A change point in the time series was determined by the Pettitt test. According to the wavelet analysis, some strong short-term periodical events at the scale levels of 1–4 were determined. The application of the Mann–Kendall test resulted with the identification of some decreasing trends in the observed annual precipitations and also in some periodic components, such as in 32 yearly periodic components. As well, 16 yearly periodic components of the temperature data showed very strong increasing trends at the 5% significance level.

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Krishan, Gopal, Surendra Chandniha, and Anil Lohani. "Rainfall Trend Analysis of Punjab, India Using Statistical Non-Parametric Test." Current World Environment 10, no. 3 (December 25, 2015): 792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.3.09.

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Annual, seasonal and monthly variations in rainfall trend in Punjab, India for 102 years (1901–2002) were analysed using statistical non-parametric tests - the Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test and Sen’s slope which indicated rising trend in rainfall in all the districts.

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Xavier Júnior, Sílvio Fernando Alves, Jader da Silva Jale, Tatijana Stosic, Carlos Antonio Costa dos Santos, and Vijay P. Singh. "Precipitation trends analysis by Mann-Kendall test: a case study of Paraíba, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 35, no. 2 (June 2020): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-7786351013.

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Abstract This work aimed to select semivariogram models to estimate trends in monthly precipitation in Paraiba State-Brazil using ordinary kriging. The methodology involves the application of geostatistical interpolation of precipitation records of 51 years from 69 rainfall stations across the state. Analysis of semivariograms showed that specific months had a strong spatial dependence (Index of Spatial Dependence - IDE < 25%). The trends were subjected to the following models: circular, spherical, pentaspherical, exponential, Gaussian, rational quadratic, K-Bessel and tetraspherical. The best fit models were selected by cross-validation and Error Comparison Index (ECI). Each data set (month) had a particular spatial dependence structure, which made it necessary to define specific models of semivariogram in order to enhance the adjustment of the experimental semivariogram. Besides, the monthly trend map was plotted to justify the chosen models.

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Sridhar, S. I., and A. Raviraj. "Statistical Trend Analysis of Rainfall in Amaravathi River Basin using Mann-Kendall Test." Current World Environment 12, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.12.1.11.

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The present study aims to detect the trends in annual and seasonal rainfall and its magnitude in Amaravathi basin, Tamil Nadu. In this study, the mean annual and seasonal rainfall in 10 rain gauge stations of Amaravathi basin have been analysed to determine the trend and its magnitude for the period of 1982-2014. The trend analysis is done using Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator. The trend analysis results showed wide variations during all the seasons. The increasing trend of rainfall is found to be dominant during north-east monsoon season when compared to other seasons.

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Atta-ur-Rahman and Muhammad Dawood. "Spatio-statistical analysis of temperature fluctuation using Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope approach." Climate Dynamics 48, no. 3-4 (April 8, 2016): 783–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3110-y.

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Samo, S. R., N. Bhatti, A. Saand, M. A. Keerio, and D. K. Bangwar. "Temporal Analysis of Temperature and Precipitation Trends in Shaheed Benazir Abad Sindh, Pakistan." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 7, no. 6 (December 18, 2017): 2171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1388.

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Temperature and precipitation variations have a huge environmental, social and economic impact. This study aims to analyze the temporal variation of temperature and precipitation in Shaheed Benazir Abad district by using the linear regression method, the trend magnitude, the Mann-Kendall test and the Sen’s estimator of slope. The annual precipitation and monthly temperature data of Shaheed Benazir Abad for the period of 1996-2014 are considered. The result shows that the Diurnal temperature range of all months is decreasing due to the increasing of monthly minimum temperature at a faster rate than the monthly maximum temperature. However, the Diurnal temperature range of extreme events is increasing. The results obtained by using Mann-Kendall test revealed that rainfall exhibits significant positive trend. The trends of rainfall and rainy days show that the amount of rainfall is increasing much more rapidly than that of rainy days which indicates the occurrence of heavy events.

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Ruwangika, Ashika M., Anushka Perera, and Upaka Rathnayake. "Comparison of Statistical, Graphical, and Wavelet Transform Analyses for Rainfall Trends and Patterns in Badulu Oya Catchment, Sri Lanka." Complexity 2020 (October 21, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7146593.

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Climate change has adversely influenced many activities. It has increased the intensified precipitation events in some places and decreased the precipitation in some other places. In addition, some research studies revealed that the climate change has moved seasons in the temporal scale. Therefore, the changes can be seen in both spatial and temporal scales. Thus, analyzing climate change in the localized environments is highly essential. Rainfall trend analysis in a localized catchment can improve many aspects of water resource management not only to the catchment itself but also to some of the related other catchments. This research is carried to identify the rainfall trends in Badulu Oya catchment, Sri Lanka. The catchment is important as it is in the intermediate climate zone and rich in agricultural productions. Four rain gauges (namely, Badulla, Kandekatiya, Lower Spring Valley, and Ledgerwatte Estate) were used to analyze the rainfalls in the resolutions of monthly, seasonally, and annually. 30-year monthly cumulative rainfall data for the above four gauging stations are analyzed using various standard tests. Nonparametric tests including Mann–Kendall test and sequential Mann–Kendall test and innovative trend analysis methods are used to identify the potential rainfall trends in Badulu Oya catchment. In addition, continuous wavelet transforms and discrete wavelet transforms tests are carried out to check the patterns on rainfall to the catchment. The trend analysis methods are compared against each other to identify the better technique. The results reveal that the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test is powerful to produce the statistically significant rainfall trends in qualitative and quantitative manner. Mann–Kendall analysis shows a positive trend to Ledgerwatte Estate in monthly (3.7 mm in February and 7.4 mm in October), seasonal (6.9 mm in the 2ndintermonsoon), and annual (3 mm annually) scales. However, the analysis records one decreasing rainfall trend to Kandekatiya (8.1 mm in December) only in monthly scale. Nevertheless, it was found that the graphical method can be easily used in qualitative analysis, while discrete wavelet transformations are efficient in identifying the rainfall patterns effectively.

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Cheng, B. Y., T. C. Liu, G. S. Shyu, T. K. Chang, and W. T. Fang. "Analysis of trends in water quality: constructed wetlands in metropolitan Taipei." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 11 (December 1, 2011): 2143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.785.

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Meandering through the most densely populated metropolitan areas of Taipei, Taiwan, the Danshui River and its tributaries have undergone the construction of 14 wetlands since 2004, as a means to improve water quality. This study was conducted to examine the functional capabilities associated with treating non-point source pollution through these riparian wetlands. Trend analysis was used to differentiate dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, ammonia, and Escherichia coli, among 13 sampling sites using both functions of a Mann–Kendall test and a seasonal Mann–Kendall test. The results show that water quality in Taipei metropolitan rivers has been improving since increasing the number of constructed wetlands and connecting households to the public sewage system. The concentration of pollutants such as those influencing biochemical oxygen demand have gradually declined in drought seasons because riparian wetlands contribute a base flow to dilute riverine pollutants. This paper indicates that the creation of treatment systems influences dissolved oxygen conditions at the municipal scale, suggesting that constructed wetlands could stabilize water quality during extreme hydrological events and improve water quality particularly in times of drought.

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Alashan, Sadık. "Can innovative trend analysis identify trend change points?" Brilliant Engineering 1, no. 3 (February 21, 2020): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/ben.2020.003.002.

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Trends in temperature series are the main cause of climate change. Because solar energy directs hydro-meteorological events and increasing variations in this resource change the balance between events such as evaporation, wind, and rainfall. There are many methods for calculating trends in a time series such as Mann-Kendall, Sen's slope estimator, Spearman's rho, linear regression and the new Sen innovative trend analysis (ITA). In addition, Mann-Kendall's variant, the sequential Mann Kendall, has been developed to identify trend change points; however, it is sensitive to related data as specified by some researchers. Şen_ITA is a new trend detection method and does not require independent and normally distributed time series, but has never been used to detect trend change points. In the literature, multiple, half-time and multi-durations ITA methods are used to calculate partial trends in a time series without identifying trend change points. In this study, trend change points are detected using the Şen_ITA method and named ITA_TCP. This approach may allow researchers to identify trend change points in a time series. Diyarbakır (Turkey) is selected as a study area, and ITA_TCP has detected trends and trends change points in monthly average temperatures. Although ITA detects only a significant upward trend in August, given the 95% statistical significance level, ITA_TCP shows three upward trends in June, July and August, and a decreasing trend in September. Critical trend slope values are obtained using the bootstrap method, which does not require the normal distribution assumption.

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Alashan, Sadık. "Can innovative trend analysis identify trend change points?" Brilliant Engineering 1, no. 3 (February 21, 2020): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/ben.2020.003.02.

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Trends in temperature series are the main cause of climate change. Because solar energy directs hydro-meteorological events and increasing variations in this resource change the balance between events such as evaporation, wind, and rainfall. There are many methods for calculating trends in a time series such as Mann-Kendall, Sen's slope estimator, Spearman's rho, linear regression and the new Sen innovative trend analysis (ITA). In addition, Mann-Kendall's variant, the sequential Mann Kendall, has been developed to identify trend change points; however, it is sensitive to related data as specified by some researchers. Şen_ITA is a new trend detection method and does not require independent and normally distributed time series, but has never been used to detect trend change points. In the literature, multiple, half-time and multi-durations ITA methods are used to calculate partial trends in a time series without identifying trend change points. In this study, trend change points are detected using the Şen_ITA method and named ITA_TCP. This approach may allow researchers to identify trend change points in a time series. Diyarbakır (Turkey) is selected as a study area, and ITA_TCP has detected trends and trends change points in monthly average temperatures. Although ITA detects only a significant upward trend in August, given the 95% statistical significance level, ITA_TCP shows three upward trends in June, July and August, and a decreasing trend in September. Critical trend slope values are obtained using the bootstrap method, which does not require the normal distribution assumption.

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Blahušiaková, Andrea, and Milada Matoušková. "Rainfall and runoff regime trends in mountain catchments (Case study area: the upper Hron River basin, Slovakia)." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 63, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2015-0030.

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Abstract This paper presents an analysis of trends and causes of changes of selected hydroclimatic variables influencing the runoff regime in the upper Hron River basin (Slovakia). Different methods for identifying trends in data series are evaluated and include: simple mass curve analysis, linear regression, frequency analysis of flood events, use of the Indicators of Hydrological Alteration software, and the Mann-Kendall test. Analyses are performed for data from two periods (1931-2010 and 1961-2010). The changes in runoff are significant, especially in terms of lower QMax and 75 percentile values. This fact is also confirmed by the lower frequency and extremity of flood events. The 1980s are considered a turning point in the development of all hydroclimatic variables. The Mann-Kendall test shows a significant decrease in runoff in the winter period. The main causes of runoff decline are: the considerable increase in air temperature, the decrease in snow cover depth and changes in seasonal distribution of precipitation amounts.

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Tan, Mou Leong, Narimah Samat, Ngai Weng Chan, Anisah Jessica Lee, and Cheng Li. "Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature Extremes over the Muda River Basin, Malaysia." Water 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020283.

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Trends in precipitation and temperature extremes of the Muda River Basin (MRB) in north-western Peninsular Malaysia were analyzed from 1985 to 2015. Daily climate data from eight stations that passed high quality data control and four homogeneity tests (standard normal homogeneity test, Pettitt test, Buishand range test, and von Neumann ratio test) were used to calculate 22 Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) extreme indices. Non-parametric Mann–Kendall, modified Mann–Kendall and Sens’ slope tests were applied to detect the trend and magnitude changes of the climate extremes. Overall, the results indicate that monthly precipitation tended to increase significantly in January (17.01 mm/decade) and December (23.23 mm/decade), but decrease significantly in May (26.21 mm/decade), at a 95% significance level. Monthly precipitation tended to increase in the northeast monsoon, but decrease in the southwest monsoon. Mann–Kendall test detected insignificant trends in most of the annual climate extremes, except the extremely wet days (R99p), mean of maximum temperature (TXmean), mean of minimum temperature (TNmean), cool days (TX10p), cool nights (TN10p), warm days (TX90p) and warm nights (TN90p) indices. The number of heavy (R10mm), very heavy (R20mm), and violent (R50mm) precipitation days changed at magnitudes of 0~2.73, −2.14~3.33, and −1.67~1.29 days/decade, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum 1-day (Rx1d) and 5-day (Rx5d) precipitation amount indices changed from −10.18 to 3.88 mm/decade and −21.09 to 24.69 mm/decade, respectively. At the Ampangan Muda station, TNmean (0.32 °C/decade) increased at a higher rate compared to TXmean (0.22 °C/decade). The number of the cold days and nights tended to decrease, while an opposite trend was found in the warmer days and nights.

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Patakamuri, Sandeep Kumar, Krishnaveni Muthiah, and Venkataramana Sridhar. "Long-Term Homogeneity, Trend, and Change-Point Analysis of Rainfall in the Arid District of Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh State, India." Water 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010211.

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The objective of this study is to evaluate the homogeneity, trend, and trend change points in the rainfall data. Daily rainfall data was collected for the arid district of Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh state, India from 1981 to 2016 at the subdistrict level and aggregated to monthly, annual, seasonal rainfall totals, and the number of rainy days. After quality checks and homogeneity analysis, a total of 27 rain gauge locations were considered for trend analysis. A serial correlation test was applied to all the time series to identify serially independent series. NonParametric Mann–Kendall test and Spearman’s rank correlation tests were applied to serially independent series. The magnitude of the trend was calculated using Sen’s slope method. For the data influenced by serial correlation, various modified versions of Mann–Kendall tests (pre-whitening, trend-free pre-whitening, bias-corrected pre-whitening, and two variants of variance correction approaches) were applied. A significant increasing summer rainfall trend is observed in six out of 27 stations. Significant decreasing trends are observed at two stations during the southwest monsoon season and at two stations during the northeast monsoon season. To identify the trend change points in the time series, distribution−free cumulative sum test, and sequential Mann–Kendall tests were applied. Two open−source library packages were developed in R language namely, ”modifiedmk” and ”trendchange” to implement the statistical tests mentioned in this paper. The study results benefit water resource management, drought mitigation, socio−economic development, and sustainable agricultural planning in the region.

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Sharma, Deepak, Bijendra Kumar, and Satish Chand. "A Trend Analysis of Machine Learning Research with Topic Models and Mann-Kendall Test." International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2019): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2019.02.08.

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Shin, Sha Chul. "Rainfall Trend Analysis by Mann-Kendall Test: A Case Study of Andong Dam Basin." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 16, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/crisisonomy.2020.16.3.125.

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Güçlü, Yavuz Selim. "Improved visualization for trend analysis by comparing with classical Mann-Kendall test and ITA." Journal of Hydrology 584 (May 2020): 124674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124674.

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Noorunnahar, M., and MA Hossain. "Trend Analysis of Rainfall Data in Divisional Meteorological Stations of Bangladesh." Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture 23, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aba.v23i1.51473.

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Sixty four years, 1952-2016, rainfall data (monthly rainfall and annual total rainfall) were analyzed using non-parametric methods like Mann-Kendall and Sen’s T test to detect the recent trends in rainfall pattern over seven divisions of Bangladesh. Sen’s non-parametric estimator of slope was frequently used to estimate the magnitude of trend, whose statistical significance was assessed by the Mann–Kendall test. Station basis trend analysis was performed for rainfall data. For rainfall of Bangladesh most of the stations, viz. Dhaka, Sylhet, Rangpur, Khulna showed significant upward trend. There were rising rates of rainfall in some months such as April in Rangpur and September in Khulna and a decreasing trend in some other months as in January in Sylhet were obtained by these statistical tests suggested overall significant changes in rainfall trend in these areas. Monthly rainfall and annual total rainfall were found to decrease at the rates of 4.94 mm/year and 16.11 mm/year, respectively, where the downward trend of monthly total rainfall was insignificant but the trend of annual total rainfall was significant with 5% level of significance. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2019) 23(1) : 49-61

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Tayyab, Muhammad, Jianzhong Zhou, Rana Adnan, and Aqeela Zahra. "Monthly Precipitation Trend Analysis by Applying Nonparametric Mann- Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho (SR) Tests In Dongting Lake, China: 1961-2012." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v5.i1.pp41-47.

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This research highlights the precipitation trends and presents the results of the study in temporal and spatial scales. Precise predictions of precipitation trends can play imperative part in economic growth of a state. This study examined precipitation inconsistency for 23 stations at the Dongting Lake, China, over a 52-years study phase (1961–2012). Statistical, nonparametric Mann- Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho (SR) tests were applied to identify trends within monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation. The trend-free prewhitening method used to exclude sequential correlation in the precipitation time series. The performance of the Mann- Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho (SR) tests was steady at the tested significance level. The results showed fusion of increasing (positive) and decreasing (negative) trends at different stations within monthly and seasonal time scale. In case of whole Dongting basin on monthly time scale, significant positive trend is found, while at Yuanjiang River and Xianjiag River both positive and negative significant trends are identified.

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Militino, Ana, Mehdi Moradi, and M. Ugarte. "On the Performances of Trend and Change-Point Detection Methods for Remote Sensing Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 6 (March 21, 2020): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12061008.

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Detecting change-points and trends are common tasks in the analysis of remote sensing data. Over the years, many different methods have been proposed for those purposes, including (modified) Mann–Kendall and Cox–Stuart tests for detecting trends; and Pettitt, Buishand range, Buishand U, standard normal homogeneity (Snh), Meanvar, structure change (Strucchange), breaks for additive season and trend (BFAST), and hierarchical divisive (E.divisive) for detecting change-points. In this paper, we describe a simulation study based on including different artificial, abrupt changes at different time-periods of image time series to assess the performances of such methods. The power of the test, type I error probability, and mean absolute error (MAE) were used as performance criteria, although MAE was only calculated for change-point detection methods. The study reveals that if the magnitude of change (or trend slope) is high, and/or the change does not occur in the first or last time-periods, the methods generally have a high power and a low MAE. However, in the presence of temporal autocorrelation, MAE raises, and the probability of introducing false positives increases noticeably. The modified versions of the Mann–Kendall method for autocorrelated data reduce/moderate its type I error probability, but this reduction comes with an important power diminution. In conclusion, taking a trade-off between the power of the test and type I error probability, we conclude that the original Mann–Kendall test is generally the preferable choice. Although Mann–Kendall is not able to identify the time-period of abrupt changes, it is more reliable than other methods when detecting the existence of such changes. Finally, we look for trend/change-points in land surface temperature (LST), day and night, via monthly MODIS images in Navarre, Spain, from January 2001 to December 2018.

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Steinke, Valdir Adilson, Luis Alberto Martins Palhares de Melo, Mamedes Luiz Melo, Rafael Rodrigues da Franca, Rebecca Luna Lucena, and Ercilia Torres Steinke. "Trend Analysis of Air Temperature in the Federal District of Brazil: 1980–2010." Climate 8, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8080089.

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This study was designed to identify trends in maximum, minimum, and average air temperatures in the Federal District of Brazil from 1980 to 2010, measured at five weather stations. Three statistical tests (Wald–Wolfowitz, Cox–Stuart, and Mann–Kendall) were tested for their applicability for this purpose, and the ones found to be most suitable for the data series were validated. For this data sample, it was observed that the application of the Wald–Wolfowitz test and its validation by the Cox–Stuart and Mann–Kendall tests was the best solution for analyzing the air temperature trends. The results showed an upward trend in average and maximum air temperature at three weather stations, a downward trend at one, and the absence of any trend at two. If the trend of increasing air temperature in the Federal District persists, it could have a negative impact on various sectors of society, mainly on the health of the population, especially during the dry season when more cases of respiratory diseases are registered. These results could serve as inputs for public administrators involved in the planning and formulation of public policies.

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Nagy, Patrik, and Martina Zeleňáková. "Drought indices and trend analysis." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2020-0005.

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Abstract In recent times, extremely dry seasons have been occurring more and more often in the eastern Slovakia, alternating with extremely wet seasons like torrential floods from extreme rainfall. Trend of reconnaissance drought index (RDI) and streamflow drought index (SDI) was evaluated in the paper using the Mann-Kendall test. The indices were evaluated at six climatic and river stations in the eastern Slovakia. The Mann-Kendal test results showed that the trend in the SDI index is not significant in 5 stations and only in one station the trend is significant. In the RDI index the trend is not significant in four stations and the trend is significant in two stationshe abstract is to indicate the subject of the paper, how the author proposes to develop the subject and its overall objective, aim or outcome.

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Paul, Arati, Riddhidipa Bhowmik, V. M. Chowdary, Dibyendu Dutta, U. Sreedhar, and H. Ravi Sankar. "Trend analysis of time series rainfall data using robust statistics." Journal of Water and Climate Change 8, no. 4 (July 12, 2017): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2017.141.

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Abstract A temporal rainfall analysis was carried out for the study area, Rajahmundry city located in lower Godavari basin, India, during the period 1960–2013. Both the parametric and non-parametric approaches were envisaged for identifying the trends at different temporal scales. Linear and robust regression analysis revealed a negative trend at weekly scale during monsoon months, but failed to signify the slope at 95% confidence level. The magnitude of Sen's slope was observed to be negative during the months of April–September. Results of the Mann–Kendall test ascertained the negative rainfall trends during the monsoon months of June and July with a significant trend at 95% confidence interval. Application of robust statistics for long-term rainfall analysis helped to address the outlier's problem in the dataset. The Mann–Kendall test rejected the null hypothesis for all months except February–May and August after exclusion of outliers. Overall, a negative trend during monsoon season and a positive trend during post-monsoon season were observed using a robust non-parametric approach. Further, good correlation was found between the total rainfall and rainy days during the study period. On average, 21.25% days of a year is considered as rainy, while heavy and extreme rainfall in this region together occupies nearly 15% of the rainy days.

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Wang, Jian Ying, Pan Pan Zhang, and Shu Sen Pang. "Poyang Lake Region Precipitation Singular Spectrum Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3006–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3006.

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Poyang Lake is located in the northern part of Jiangxi Province, is one of the important Yangtze River flood storage lakes. Use Mann-Kendall test the trends and mutation of the Poyang Lake area rainfall time series, and use singular spectrum analysis (SSA) method to analyze the time series of periodic oscillation characteristics. The results showed that, the Poyang Lake area rainfall time series no significant upward or downward trend, there are quasi 4-5 years, 8-11 years, 20-year periodicity.

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MOHD YUSOFF, SITI HAWA, FIRDAUS MOHAMAD HAMZAH, OTHMAN JAAFAR, and HAZRINA TAJUDIN. "Long Term Trend Analysis of Upstream and Middle-Stream River in Langat Basin, Malaysia." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5003-06.

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The present study investigates the trend in long term monthly streamflow of Sungai Lui (upstream) and Sungai Kajang (middle-stream) of the Sungai Langat Basin located in Selangor, Malaysia. The Mann-Kendall (MK) and Innovative Trend Method (ITM) tests were utilized to assess the trends at the two stations. The trend free pre-whitening (TFPW) and variance correction (VC) tests were used to assess the effects of serial correlation on the established trend, and Sen’s slope estimator was used to assess the magnitude of streamflow. Based on Sen’s Slope estimator results, the trend magnitude for Lui station is very small compared to the Kajang station. The Kajang station shows the highest increase in trend magnitude for November. The results of TFPW and VC trend tests showed that the most significant increasing trend of months occurred at Kajang station, while the less increasing significant trend of months occurred at Lui station. It can be concluded that similar trend results were obtained when the modified Mann-Kendall and ITM were applied to the same data for Sungai Lui and Sungai Kajang. The study found that there is a significant difference in terms of trend and magnitud between upstream and middle-stream.

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Pingale, Santosh M., Deepak Khare, Mahesh K. Jat, and Jan Adamowski. "Trend analysis of climatic variables in an arid and semi-arid region of the Ajmer District, Rajasthan, India." Journal of Water and Land Development 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2016-0001.

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Abstract In the present study, trends and variations in climatic variables (i.e. rainfall, wet day frequency, surface temperature, diurnal temperature, cloud cover, and reference and potential evapotranspiration) were analyzed on seasonal (monsoon and non-monsoon) and annual time scales for the Ajmer District of Rajasthan, India. This was done using non-parametric statistical techniques, i.e. the Mann–Kendall (MK) and Modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) tests, over a period of 100 years. The MK test with prewhitening (MK–PW) of climatic series was also applied to climatic variables and the results were compared to those obtained through the MK and MMK tests in order to assess the performance of trend detection methods. The Pettitt–Mann–Whitney (PMW) test was applied to detect the temporal shift in climatic series. The trend analysis revealed that annual and seasonal rainfall did not show any statistically significant trend at a 10% significant level. A noticeable trend increase was found in wet day frequency, surface temperature and reference evapotranspiration (ET) during the non-monsoon season from the three non-parametric statistical tests at a 10% significance level. A statistically significant decrease in maximum temperature was found during the non-monsoon season by the MK–PW test alone. This analysis of several climatic variables at the district scale is helpful for the planning and management of water resources and the development of adaptation strategies in adverse climatic conditions.

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Jung, Kang-Young, In Jung Lee, Kyung-Lak Lee, Se-Uk Cheon, Jun Young Hong, and Jung-Min Ahn. "Long-Term Trend Analysis and Exploratory Data Analysis of Geumho River based on Seasonal Mann-Kendall Test." Journal of Environmental Science International 25, no. 2 (February 24, 2016): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5322/jesi.2016.25.2.217.

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Ma, Teng Fei, Chuan Hai Wang, and Xian Min Zeng. "Data Processing in Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Long-Term Precipitation in Taihu Basin during 1951-2006." Advanced Materials Research 1046 (October 2014): 569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1046.569.

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Spatial-Temporal structure and trend of annual/flood season precipitation over the Taihu Basin, which is one of the most developed regions in China, were analyzed in this paper, based on the dataset during 1951-2006. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was employed to detect the trend, while the EOF and REOF methods were used to analyze the structure. The result showed that the annual rainfall distribution is decreased from southwest Zhexi district to northeast Wuchengxiyu and Yangchengdianmao districts, while the summer distribution is decreased from southwest to southeast Hangjiahu and Pudong distircts. The annual/flood season average precipitation of Taihu basin was on a downward trend (not significant) during 1951-2006. There was a significant decline trend in the Zhexi District, and the most significant downward trend appears in the Moganshan station, the Mann-Kendall slope of which is 6.5mm/a. Annual precipitation space distribution of Taihu basin is mainly characterized in two forms: north-south opposite distribution and east-west opposite distribution, both of the maximum rainfall appeared at Tianmu Mountain in the west of Zhejiang, and the minimum appeared at Danyang/Shanghai.

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Abdullahi, Musa Garba, Mohd Ekhwan Toriman, Mohd Barzani Gasim, and Hafizan Juahir. "Rainfall Dynamics of Terengganu Malaysia and Its Recent Trends Analysis Using the Mann-Kendall Test." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 4, no. 2 (July 30, 2014): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v4i2.1620.

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This study investigated the pattern and trends of the daily rainfall data in Terengganu Malaysia based on seasonal rainfall indices. The statistics of rainfall indices were calculated in terms of their means for seven stations in Terengganu Malaysia for the period 2000 to 2012. The findings indicate that the trend in the study area has no significant changes in stations (1, 4 and 6) while station (2, 3, 5 and 7) shows significant changes and southwest monsoon had the greatest impact on the whole stations, particularly in characterizing the rainfall pattern of the area. During this season, the study area could be considered as the wettest region since all rainfall indices tested are higher than in other neighboring state of the Peninsula. Otherwise, the northwest of the area is denoted as the driest part of the state during the northeast monsoon period. The northwest of the state is less influenced by the northeast monsoon because of the existence of the Titiwangsa Range, which blocks some part of the region from receiving heavy rainfall. On the other hand, it is found that the areas with lowlands are strongly characterized by the northeast monsoonal flow.The results of the Mann-Kendall test, shows that, trends of the total amount of rainfall during the southwest monsoon decrease at some of the stations. The rainfall intensity increases in contrast, increasing trends in the total amount of rainfall were observed at three stations during the northeast monsoon, which give rise to the increasing trend of rainfall intensity. The results for the combined stations in both seasons indicate that there are no significant changes in trends during the extreme events for the Terengganu Malaysia. However, a smaller number of significant trends were found for extreme intensity.Â

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Nyikadzino, B., M. Chitakira, and S. Muchuru. "Rainfall and runoff trend analysis in the Limpopo river basin using the Mann Kendall statistic." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 117 (June 2020): 102870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2020.102870.

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Negahban khajeh, F., and Y. Dinpashoh. "Trend Analysis of Groundwater Level, Using Mann-Kendall Non Parametric Method (Case Study: Tabriz Plain)." Journal of Water and Soil Science 23, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jstnar.23.2.335.

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Tosunoglu, F., and O. Kisi. "Trend Analysis of Maximum Hydrologic Drought Variables Using Mann-Kendall and Şen's Innovative Trend Method." River Research and Applications 33, no. 4 (October 20, 2016): 597–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.3106.

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Phuong, Dang Nguyen Dong, Vo Ngoc Quynh Tram, Tran Thong Nhat, Tran Dinh Ly, and Nguyen Kim Loi. "Hydro-meteorological trend analysis using the Mann-Kendall and innovative-Şen methodologies: a case study." International Journal of Global Warming 20, no. 2 (2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgw.2020.105385.

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Ly, Tran Dinh, Nguyen Kim Loi, Dang Nguyen Dong Phuong, Vo Ngoc Quynh Tram, and Tran Thong Nhat. "Hydro-meteorological trend analysis using the Mann-Kendall and innovative-Şen methodologies: a case study." International Journal of Global Warming 20, no. 2 (2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgw.2020.10027057.

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Sa’adi, Zulfaqar, Shamsuddin Shahid, Tarmizi Ismail, Eun-Sung Chung, and Xiao-Jun Wang. "Trends analysis of rainfall and rainfall extremes in Sarawak, Malaysia using modified Mann–Kendall test." Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 131, no. 3 (November 14, 2017): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00703-017-0564-3.

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Li, Guofang, Xinyi Xiang, and Caixiu Guo. "Analysis of Nonstationary Change of Annual Maximum Level Records in the Yangtze River Estuary." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7205723.

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Under the impact of climate change and human activities, the stationarity of hydrometeorological extreme value series has been losing in many regions, which makes occurrence rules of hydrometeorological extreme events more complicated. In this study, the efficiencies of trend test methods such as Spearman rank correlation test and Mann-Kendall test, as well as the efficiencies of change-point test methods such as moving T test, moving rank sum test, Pettitt test, and sequential Mann-Kendall test were analyzed quantitatively through Monte Carlo simulation. Five representative level stations in the Yangtze River estuary were selected, and the methods listed above were used in the trend and change-point detection of the annual maximum tidal level records in the period of 1950–2008. It was found that obvious rising tendency existed in the annual maximum tidal level series for all these 5 stations, and year 1980 (for 3 stations) and year 1979 (for 2 stations) were statistically significant change-points. Two subseries were divided with the change-point as the dividing point for all these actual series in the stations. Frequency analyses were carried out, respectively, for all of the subseries, and the impact of nonstationary changes in annual maximum tidal levels on probability distribution was evaluated quantitatively.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mann-Kendall analysis'

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