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1
Grattini, Nunzio, Stefano Bellintani, and Paolo Gialdi. "[First nesting of Phalacrocorax pygmeus in Mantua province (Lombardy, N Italy)]." Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 88, no. 1 (December 5, 2018): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rio.2018.375.
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Radeghieri, P., F. Santi, and S. Maini. "Assessment of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Strain AM65-52 aqueous suspension for the control of black fly populations, (Simulium spp.) in northern Italy." Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 45, no. 3 (December 20, 2013): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jear.2013.e18.
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Four field trials were conducted in Mantua province in northern Italy to evaluate the effect of the <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em> subsp. israelensis Strain AM65-52 based VectoBac® 12 AS larvicide on black flies. Our objective was to examine and compare the efficacy of different concentrations of this microbial larvicide in small plain streams. Larvicidal activity was exhibited in all trials. VectoBac® 12 AS at 2.5 ppm/min rate generated larval mortality from the treatment point to 500 meters downstream. Larvae mortality (over 80%) was observed for 3500 meters downstream of the application site when a concentration of 40 ppm/min was applied.
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La Vecchia, Carlo, Peter Boyle, Cesare Cislaghi, Adriano Decarli, and Eva Negri. "Descriptive Epidemiology of Hodgkin's Disease in Italy." Tumori Journal 75, no. 5 (October 1989): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089168907500501.
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Death certification data on Hodgkin's disease in Italy over the period 1955-84 were studied in terms of age-standardized and age-specific national trends, and of geographical variation in mortality. There were substantial declines in death rates from the early 1970's onward, which can be largely attributed to therapeutic improvements. These led to avoidance of about 350 deaths, with a total 950 reported, which is probably the major absolute therapeutic advance identified for any cancer site. The declines started earlier in childhood and young adult age, and were restricted to population below age 60. The age distribution of the disease was different in the two sexes, since the age curve for males showed steady rises up to age 75, whereas that for females was clearly bimodal, with a peak around age 30, and another at oldest age. This divergent pattern is consistent with different exposure to (infectious) agent(s) in children of the two sexes, but also to occupational exposures potentially related to the risk of the disease. Examination of rates in various geographical areas showed generally higher rates in the North, and a few provinces with exceedingly high mortality in the central part of Northern Italy, particularly in a chiefly rural province (Mantua). This excess mortality (and, more in general, the observation that rates for Northern Italy are higher than in any other area of the EEC) could not be explained by obvious diagnostic or classification problems, were evident in both sexes, appeared to be consistent over the last decade and are reflected in available Italian cancer registration data.
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Galesi, Davide, and Linda Lombi. "The Consumption of Conventional and Nonconventional Medicines in an Italian Province: The Influence of Sociodemographic Factors and Health Beliefs." International Journal of Health Services 49, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731417747422.
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Many studies have investigated the factors that influence the consumption of medicines. This article aims to compare how these factors affect both conventional medicines (prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medicines) and nonconventional ones, also named as complementary and alternative medicines (CAM). A questionnaire was administered to a purposive sample of 4,074 inhabitants of the province of Mantua, Italy. Logical regressions were used to identify the variables influencing frequency of use. The consumption frequency of various types of medicines was associated not only with demographic aspects (such as gender, age, and education level) but also with everyday treatment strategies (such as self-medication habits and use of the Internet for medical aims) and health beliefs. From this last point of view, the use of conventional and nonconventional medicines is guided by 2 principal therapeutic attitudes, one aimed at removing all pathological aspects from everyday life and the other at contextualizing health problems within a broader philosophical search.
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Costani, Gloria, Paolo Rabitti, Adelmo Mambrini, Edoardo Bai, and Franco Berrino. "Soft Tissue Sarcomas in the General Population Living near a Chemical Plant in Northern Italy." Tumori Journal 86, no. 5 (September 2000): 381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160008600502.
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Background and objectives After the notification by a general practitioner of a high frequency of soft tissue sarcomas among subjects living close to the industrial area of the city of Mantua (northern Italy), the local Medical Association carried out a formal epidemiologic investigation to corroborate or falsify the hypothesized excess. Several industrial activities of the area were hypothesized to be a source of environmental pollution that might cause soft tissue sarcomas. Methods All general practitioners working in the area were requested to report the cases of soft tissue sarcoma diagnosed in the study area. Person-years of observation were computed for all subjects who ever resided in the area between 1984 and 1997. Expected incidence was computed from the cancer registry covering a nearby province (Varese) and from the pool of Italian cancer registries. Peripheral soft tissue sarcoma and visceral sarcomas were included in the analysis. Results and conclusions Overall, 20 cases were observed in a 13-year period, 8.87 were expected from the Varese province cancer registry and 7.72 from the pool of Italian registries. The corresponding standardized morbidity ratios were 2.25 (95% confidence interval, 1.34–3.47) and 2.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.6–4.0), respectively. A significant excess persisted after excluding 5 cases that had been the object of the original notification. We hypothesize that the soft tissue sarcoma excess may have resulted from environmental pollution by industrial toxic emissions, which likely included 2,3,7,8-tetra-chloro-dibenzo-dioxin.
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Baldi, Enrico, Roberto Primi, Sara Bendotti, Alessia Currao, Sara Compagnoni, Francesca Romana Gentile, Giuseppe Maria Sechi, et al. "Relationship between out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and COVID-19 during the first and second pandemic wave. The importance of monitoring COVID-19 incidence." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): e0260275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260275.
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Background The relationship between COVID-19 and out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) has been shown during different phases of the first pandemic wave, but little is known about how to predict where cardiac arrests will increase in case of a third peak. Aim To seek for a correlation between the OHCAs and COVID-19 daily incidence both during the two pandemic waves at a provincial level. Methods We considered all the OHCAs occurred in the provinces of Pavia, Lodi, Cremona, Mantua and Varese, in Lombardy Region (Italy), from 21/02/2020 to 31/12/2020. We divided the study period into period 1, the first 157 days after the outbreak and including the first pandemic wave and period 2, the second 158 days including the second pandemic wave. We calculated the cumulative and daily incidence of OHCA and COVID-19 for the whole territory and for each province for both periods. Results A significant correlation between the daily incidence of COVID-19 and the daily incidence of OHCAs was observed both during the first and the second pandemic period in the whole territory (R = 0.4, p<0.001 for period 1 and 2) and only in those provinces with higher COVID-19 cumulative incidence (period 1: Cremona R = 0.3, p = 0.001; Lodi R = 0.4, p<0.001; Pavia R = 0.3; p = 0.01; period 2: Varese R = 0.4, p<0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest that strictly monitoring the pandemic trend may help in predict which territories will be more likely to experience an OHCAs’ increase. That may also serve as a guide to re-allocate properly health resources in case of further pandemic waves.
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Adami, A., S. Chiarini, S. Cremonesi, L. Fregonese, L. Taffurelli, and M. V. Valente. "THE SURVEY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE: THE CASE OF EMILIA–LOMBARDIA IN 2012." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b5-161-2016.
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In recent years many earthquakes hit Italy and its Cultural Heritage. The topic of survey of buildings damaged by seismic events and their interpretation has become very relevant and involved many research groups and Italian Civil Protection. <br><br> The damage survey has different roles: in the first stage, immediately after the emergency, the documentation is necessary for the shoring and protection of damaged structures (AEDES forms of Civil Protection). The aim of the second stage is the study and the documentation for the restoration, reconstruction and retrofitting of buildings. <br><br> In this context, this study presents methods and instruments used in the survey of 24 churches in the province of Mantua, Lombardy, after the 2012 earthquake sequence. The paper examines the difficulties in surveying damaged buildings and presents the classification used to define, time by time, the most suitable survey approach in the field of Geomatics. In this classification, many aspects are taken into account, such as logistical and practical problems, safety conditions, time preserving methods, economic decisions, complexity of building and required results. <br><br> The accurate documentation obtained as a three-dimensional architectural database allows for the observation and analysis of the damage, the definition of interpretative models and the development of intervention projects. Different results are obtained from the point cloud database: traditional 2D representations for architectural projects as well as 3D models for structural analysis or for the development of BIM.
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Adami, A., S. Chiarini, S. Cremonesi, L. Fregonese, L. Taffurelli, and M. V. Valente. "THE SURVEY OF CULTURAL HERITAGE AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE: THE CASE OF EMILIA–LOMBARDIA IN 2012." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b5-161-2016.
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In recent years many earthquakes hit Italy and its Cultural Heritage. The topic of survey of buildings damaged by seismic events and their interpretation has become very relevant and involved many research groups and Italian Civil Protection. <br><br> The damage survey has different roles: in the first stage, immediately after the emergency, the documentation is necessary for the shoring and protection of damaged structures (AEDES forms of Civil Protection). The aim of the second stage is the study and the documentation for the restoration, reconstruction and retrofitting of buildings. <br><br> In this context, this study presents methods and instruments used in the survey of 24 churches in the province of Mantua, Lombardy, after the 2012 earthquake sequence. The paper examines the difficulties in surveying damaged buildings and presents the classification used to define, time by time, the most suitable survey approach in the field of Geomatics. In this classification, many aspects are taken into account, such as logistical and practical problems, safety conditions, time preserving methods, economic decisions, complexity of building and required results. <br><br> The accurate documentation obtained as a three-dimensional architectural database allows for the observation and analysis of the damage, the definition of interpretative models and the development of intervention projects. Different results are obtained from the point cloud database: traditional 2D representations for architectural projects as well as 3D models for structural analysis or for the development of BIM.
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Parolini, Francesca, Giordano Ventura, Carlo Rosignoli, Sara Rota Nodari, Mario D’incau, Leonardo Marocchi, Giovanni Santucci, Massimo Boldini, and Matteo Gradassi. "Detection and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella enterica Serotypes in Dairy Cattle Farms in the Po Valley, Northern Italy." Animals 14, no. 14 (July 12, 2024): 2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14142043.
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The presence of Salmonella spp. in dairy cattle farms poses a major risk to animal health and welfare. This study focused on Salmonella detection in dairy farms located in the Cremona and Mantua provinces (northern Italy) in samples collected and submitted to laboratories in 2021–2022. A total of 2710 samples from different sources, including calf carcasses/organs (n = 128), rectal swabs (n = 1937), feces (n = 390), bulk milk (n = 93), and overshoes/swabs (n = 127) for environmental sampling, were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp. and were included in the present study. Our results indicate that Salmonella was most commonly firstly identified from calf carcasses and organs (61.67%) and that the serotypes most frequently detected in dairies were S. Dublin (38.33%), S. Typhimurium (23.33%), and S. Typhimurium monophasic variant (14.17%). The most common pathological findings in calf carcasses were enteritis, hepatosplenomegaly, and pneumonia. The antimicrobial resistance pattern analyzed using the MIC assay of 51 Salmonella isolates revealed the presence of multi-resistant strains, which pose a major risk to public and animal health.
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Mikula, Adolf, and Herbert Ipser. "Preface." Pure and Applied Chemistry 79, no. 10 (January 1, 2007): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20077910iv.
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The 12th International Conference on High Temperature Materials Chemistry (HTMC-XII) took place at the Vienna University of Technology, Austria, 17-22 September 2006. Previous conferences were held in 2000 in Juelich (Germany), and in 2003 in Tokyo (Japan).The conference was sponsored by IUPAC and organized by the Department of Inorganic Chemistry/Materials Chemistry of the University of Vienna together with the Austrian Chemical Society (GÖCH) and the Department of Materials Chemistry of the Vienna University of Technology. The local organizing committee was chaired by Profs. Adolf Mikula and Herbert Ipser of the University of Vienna. Special patronage was granted by the Austrian Federal Minister for Education, Science and Culture and by the mayor of Vienna.More than 150 participants from 25 countries worldwide came to Vienna to present their research in the field of high temperature materials chemistry and to interact with each other in a lively scientific discussion. A considerable number of scientists, especially from Russia and some Eastern European countries, had the chance to come to this conference for the very first time, partly due to partial financial support by the local organizers, for example, by reduced or waived registration fees. It was also a pleasure to see many young scientists who made new contacts with each other and with their senior colleagues from all over the world.The program contained nine plenary lectures, corresponding to the main topics, but also included two special lectures on topics of more general interest, such as "Do universities prepare for industrial careers" (by Knuth Consemüller, chairman of the Austrian Council for Science and Technology Development), and "The arts: What use to materials science" (by Mark Miodownik). The plenary lectures, with the exception of the lecture by Dr. Consemüller, are published in this issue.In addition, there were 51 oral presentations and 100 posters that were on display for the entire week.For this conference, IUPAC sponsored three poster awards, and the winners received a two-year subscription of Chemistry International, a copy of the IUPAC "Gold Book" as well as a certificate signed by the IUPAC president. The winners, as selected by an international jury, were Dario Manara of Italy ("The uranium-oxygen phase diagram at high temperature: Recent advances"), Yuriy Plevachuk of Ukraine ("Density and electrical conductivity of liquid Al-Fe and Al-Ni binary alloys"), and Jiři Popovic of the Czech Republic ("Thermodynamic optimization of the Ni-Al-W system").The social program included a reception in the City Hall of Vienna, sponsored by the mayor of Vienna, as well as a conference excursion to the easternmost Austrian province, Burgenland, with visits to the small town of Rust on the shore of Lake Neusiedl and a guided tour through the Esterhazy Palace in Eisenstadt, the capital of Burgenland. This was followed by a string quartet concert with music by the Austrian composers Joseph Haydn (who had lived and worked in this particular palace for many years) and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (whose 250th birthday was celebrated in 2006). The excursion ended with a conference banquet in the state rooms of the palace.Judging from the comments of the participants, HTMC-XII was a big success, and many of the scientists promised to come back to the next meeting, HTMC-XIII. Most probably this will be held in 2009 in California, USA, organized by Prof. Alexandra Navrotsky of the University of California at Davis.Adolf Mikula and Herbert IpserConference Editors
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Grattini, Nunzio, and Cristiano Mantovani. "[First nesting of the Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus in the inland Po Valley (Italy)]." Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 89, no. 2 (May 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rio.2019.457.
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[Here we present the first report of Eurasian Oystercatcher nesting in the Province of Mantua; the nest was found on a sandbank on the Po river, in June 2017. This is the first case reported for the Po Valley away from the Adriatic coast].
[Article in Italian]
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Riccardo Caputo, Kyriaki Iordanidou, Luca Minarelli, Giorgos Papathanassiou, Maria Eliana Poli, Dimitra Rapti-Caputo, Sotiris Sboras, Marco Stefani, and Adriano Zanferrari. "Geological evidence of pre-2012 seismic events, Emilia-Romagna, Italy." Annals of Geophysics 55, no. 4 (October 17, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-6148.
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<p>In May 2012, two moderate (-to-strong) earthquakes that were associated with a noticeable aftershock sequence affected the eastern sector of the Po Plain, Italy, in correspondence with a buried portion of the Apennines thrust belt. The Provinces of Ferrara, Modena and Bologna (Emilia Romagna Region), Mantua (Lombardy Region), and Rovigo (Veneto Region) were affected to different extents. The first shock (Ml 5.9 according to the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV; National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology), and Mw 6.1 according to the US Geological Service) occurred on May 20, 2012, at 2:03 a.m. (GMT); this was the strongest of the sequence, and it was followed by several aftershocks (up to Ml 5.1). This first event produced secondary ground deformation effects, which were mainly associated with liquefaction phenomena that were spread across the broader epicentral region, and particularly in the western sector of the Ferrara Province [Papathanassiou et al. 2012, this volume]. A few weeks after the earthquake, a paleoseismological trench was excavated south of San Carlo village, where earthquake-induced effects were widely documented. This report presents the preliminary results of the paleoseismological investigation and documents the occurrence in the same area of paleo-events older than the May 2012 earthquakes. […]</p>
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Zecchin, B., A. Fusaro, G. Zamperin, A. Milani, A. Schivo, A. Salomoni, A. Salviato, et al. "A28 Spatial spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) virus in Italy, 2017–8." Virus Evolution 5, Supplement_1 (August 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ve/vez002.027.
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Abstract In winter 2016–7 the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, H5N8 subtype, clade 2.3.4.4 group B, circulated extensively both in wild and domestic birds in Europe. Northern Italy was hit by three epidemic waves: the first in January–May 2017, the second in July–December 2017, and the latest in March 2018. To genetically characterize the viruses circulating in Italy we used the Illumina MiSeq platform to sequence the complete genome of representative viruses from each infected farm, for a total of 86 cases in poultry and 17 in wild birds. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses performed using PhyML version 3.1 identified multiple viral introductions of distinct genotypes of HPAI H5N8 viruses in Italy at the beginning of the epidemic (January–February 2017). During the second epidemic wave a single genetic group originating from the virus A/wild duck/Poland/82A/2016 seemed to have been selected, further evolving into two different clusters, namely Italy-A and Italy-B. We identified four clusters of secondary outbreaks, the largest being the epidemic in the province of Brescia between October 2017 and March 2018, which had affected 26 farms. Evolutionary and phylogeographic analyses performed with the BEAST v1.8.4 package (applying a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, using a constant size coalescent tree prior and a SRD06 model of nucleotide substitution) indicated that different viral introductions had probably occurred through migratory birds from West Russia, Siberia, Central and East Europe. The discrete and continuous phylogeographic analyses showed that group Italy-A had probably emerged between February and April 2017 in the province of Mantua and had then spread eastwards, circulating in the Veneto region and eastern Lombardy; on the contrary, Italy-B had arisen between March and July 2017 in the central part of Lombardy and had spread westwards, circulating in the western part of Lombardy, Emilia Romagna, and Piedmont regions. This study was instrumental to reconstruct the virus dissemination routes and indicated that wild and domestic birds from Lombardy most likely represented the key source for the re-emergence and spread of the HPAI virus during the second and the third epidemic waves. This key spatial information will help to define appropriate disease control strategies.
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Corezzola, Serena, Sönke Hardersen, and Lorenzo Maffezzoli. "Discovery of isolated populations of Phengaris alcon and of Melitaea diamina in the central Po Plain, Italy (Lepidoptera Rhopalocera)." Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana, July 25, 2012, 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/bollettinosei.2012.71.
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Riassunto - Scoperta di popolazioni isolate di Phengaris alcon e Melitaea diamina nella Pianura Padana centrale (Italia) (Lepidoptera Rhopalocera). all’interno del Parco del Mincio (Mantova, lombardia) sono state scoperte popolazioni di Melitaea diamina (Lang, 1789) e Phengaris alcon ([Denis & Schiffermueller], 1775) (lepidoptera rhopalocera), rispettivamente nell’anno 2008 e 2010. entrambe le specie non sono note per la Pianura Padana, e le popolazioni più vicine conosciute si trovano a 170 e 50 km, rispettivamente per P. alcon e M. diamina. Durante l’anno 2011 sono state svolte ulteriori indagini su queste nuove popolazioni. entrambe le specie sono state riscontrate esclusivamente in prati umidi, di cui sono considerate specie tipiche. le nuove popolazioni dovranno essere protette, garantendo il mantenimento in futuro dei prati umidi mediante sfalcio.Abstract - Populations of Melitaea diamina (Lang, 1789) and Phengaris alcon ([Denis & Schiffermueller], 1775) (lepidoptera rhopalocera) were discovered in the Mincio natural Park (Mantua province, lombardy) in the years 2008 and 2010, respectively. Both species had not been known from the central Po Plain and the closest populations are approximately 170 km and 50 km away for P. alcon and M. diamina, respectively. More data on the new populations were collected during the year 2011. Both species were exclusively found in wet meadows, for which they are considered typical. The newly discovered populations need to be protected by ensuring that the meadows will continue to be mown in the future.
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Hardersen, Sönke. "The butterflies and burnets (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidea, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Zygaenidae) of the Nature Reserve Bosco della Fontana (Lombardy, Italy)." Natural History Sciences 10, no. 2 (September 27, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2023.657.
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Insects are declining at an alarming rate in many parts of Europe and this also applies to butterflies, one of the most well-studied groups of insects. They are popular with the public and are considered good biodiversity indicators. Bosco Fontana, an isolated protected area, which contains one of the best preserved lowland forests of northern Italy, is surrounded by a highly modified landscape and is known to host some important butterfly populations. To investigate the butterflies and burnets, a total of 22 standard surveys, lasting 25 minutes each, were carried out in four different habitat types of Bosco Fontana in the years 2020 and 2021. The surveys confirmed the presence of 36 species of butterflies and 3 species of burnets for the reserve. Statistical analysis revealed that the butterfly and burnet assemblages of the grasslands, ecotones and forests were distinct, but similar in the two study years (datasets available as supplementary information). Many nemoral species were confirmed for Bosco Fontana, with relict populations of Favonius quercus and Argynnis paphia present only in a few residual forests in the Po Plain. Five species typical of grasslands and other open habitats and belonging to the local species pool of the Po Plain in the province of Mantua, were never detected at Bosco Fontana in the study years. The ecological significance of their absence is discussed.
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"Does Living in Previously Exposed Malaria or Warm Areas is Associated with a Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19 Infection in Italy?" Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry 11, no. 2 (September 16, 2020): 9744–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33263/briac112.97449748.
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Incidence of Covid-19 positivity (21/2/2020-28/3/2020) in provinces of 4 Italian regions whose territory was described as previously exposed to Malaria was compared with those of other provinces of the same regions. The climate of such provinces was compared with the climate of the other provinces in some regions. Previously malarial areas show a lower risk than other provinces of the same regions: Mantua (Lombardy) RR=0.94 (CI95%0.89-0.99); Venice-Rovigo (Veneto) RR=0.61 (CI95%0.58-0.65); Ferrara-Ravenna (Emilia-Romagna) RR=0.37 (CI95%0.35-0.41); Cagliari-Oristano-SouthSardinia (Sardinia) RR=0.25 (0.17-0.31). The maximum temperature in March 2020 in those provinces was higher in mean 1.5° for other provinces. The lower frequency of COVID-19 in the provinces previously exposed to Malaria of four Italian regions does not reveal a causal link. The phenomenon has emerged independently in all the regions investigated. People born between the 1920s and 1950s were those most exposed to malaria years ago and today are the most exposed to the severest forms of COVID-19. A warmer climate seems to be associated with a lower risk of COVID, in line with the evidence highlighted in equatorial states where a lower lethality of the virus has emerged, however this regardless of the presence of Malaria. This may suggest that climate and not Malaria is the real risk factor, though further studies need to determine the role of the association climate / COVID.
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Clerici, Maria Antonietta. "Retail Trade Restructuring Paths on the Fringes of a Strong Region: the Case of Lower Lombardy, Italy (2001-2019)." Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, June 21, 2021, 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/bsgi-991.
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The “commercial revolution” driven by the spread of large-scale retail is always spatially differentiated. Even within an economically developed region, such as Lombardy, significant differences can be seen between territories with regard to the structure and evolution of the distribution network. The paper considers the case of Lower Lombardy, a vast rural area which includes 424 municipalities split into 4 provinces (Pavia, Lodi, Cremona and Mantua). An eccentric outlook is adopted compared to trade geography studies, which are usually focused on large urban areas, overlooking what occurs in peripheral contexts. The restructuring of the distribution network between 2001 and 2019 is investigated, highlighting how the municipalities of the southern part of Lombardy witnessed different evolutionary trajectories in relation to their demographic size and their position in the urban network. The image of trade decline, often associated with rural areas, is too simplistic and conceals different processes, which restructure the relationships internal to those areas. The paper also highlights a concerning process of weakening of the proximity commercial supply: are we moving towards the formation of food deserts?
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Merlo, Ivan, Mariano Crea, Paolo Berta, Francesca Ieva, Flavia Carle, Federico Rea, Gloria Porcu, et al. "Detecting early signals of COVID-19 outbreaks in 2020 in small areas by monitoring healthcare utilisation databases: first lessons learned from the Italian Alert_CoV project." Eurosurveillance 28, no. 1 (January 5, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.1.2200366.
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Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, large-scale diagnostic testing and contact tracing have proven insufficient to promptly monitor the spread of infections. Aim To develop and retrospectively evaluate a system identifying aberrations in the use of selected healthcare services to timely detect COVID-19 outbreaks in small areas. Methods Data were retrieved from the healthcare utilisation (HCU) databases of the Lombardy Region, Italy. We identified eight services suggesting a respiratory infection (syndromic proxies). Count time series reporting the weekly occurrence of each proxy from 2015 to 2020 were generated considering small administrative areas (i.e. census units of Cremona and Mantua provinces). The ability to uncover aberrations during 2020 was tested for two algorithms: the improved Farrington algorithm and the generalised likelihood ratio-based procedure for negative binomial counts. To evaluate these algorithms’ performance in detecting outbreaks earlier than the standard surveillance, confirmed outbreaks, defined according to the weekly number of confirmed COVID-19 cases, were used as reference. Performances were assessed separately for the first and second semester of the year. Proxies positively impacting performance were identified. Results We estimated that 70% of outbreaks could be detected early using the proposed approach, with a corresponding false positive rate of ca 20%. Performance did not substantially differ either between algorithms or semesters. The best proxies included emergency calls for respiratory or infectious disease causes and emergency room visits. Conclusion Implementing HCU-based monitoring systems in small areas deserves further investigations as it could facilitate the containment of COVID-19 and other unknown infectious diseases in the future.
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Gentile, F. R., R. Primi, E. Baldi, S. Compagnoni, C. Mare, E. Contri, F. Reali, et al. "Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and ambient air pollution: a dose-effect relationship and a predictive role in OHCA risk." European Heart Journal 42, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.2654.
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Abstract Background Pollution has been suggested as a precipitating factor for cardiovascular diseases via a series of different mechanisms. However, data about the link between the different air pollutants and the risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) are limited and controversial. Purpose The primary aim of this study is to examine the impact of short-term exposure to particulate and gaseous pollutants on the incidence of OHCA in a vast metropolitan and rural area that encompasses four provinces of the Po Valley in Northern Italy, one of the most polluted areas in Italy and Europe due to its levels of industrialization and high population density. The secondary aim of this study is to look for a dose-effect curve, which could help predict OHCA incidence based on the concentration of pollutants in a specific area. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data both in the OHCA registry (Lombardia CARe) and in the database of the regional agency for environmental protection (ARPA) of the Lombardy region. All medical OHCAs and the mean daily concentration of pollutants including fine particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), benzene (C6H6), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) were considered from January 1st to December 31st, 2019 in the southern part of the Lombardy region (provinces of Pavia, Lodi, Cremona and Mantua; 7863 km2; about 155ehab724.2654 inhabitants). Days were divided into high or low incidence of OHCA according to the median daily incidence. A Probit dose-response analysis and both uni- and multivariable logistic regression models were provided for each pollutant. Results The median daily incidence of OHCA was 0.3 cases/100,000 inhabitants. Benzene was the pollutant with the greatest difference between days at high and low incidence of OHCA [0.7 (IQR 0.4–1.2) vs 0.4 (IQR 0.3–0.7), p<0.001], whereas SO2 had the lowest and least significant difference between the two periods [3.2 (IQR 2.8–3.6) vs 3.1 (IQR 2.7–3.5), p=0.046]. O3 showed a countertrend, being significantly higher in the low-incidence period [29.9 (IQR 10.9–61.7) vs 56.1 (IQR 25.5–74.1), p<0.001] as well as temperature [10.1— (IQR 5.2–14.8) vs 15.1 (IQR 8.9–23.3), p<0.001]. By using the Probit regression analysis and after adjusting for temperature, a dose-response relationship was demonstrated for all the tested pollutants. Conclusions Our results clarify the link between pollutants and the acute risk of cardiac arrest suggesting the need of both improving the air quality and integrating pollution data in future models. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.