Relevant bibliographies by topics / Manual Coding

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Manual Coding'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 June 2025
Last updated: 9 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Manual Coding"

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Barnett, Ruthanna, Eva Codó, Eva Eppler, et al. "The LIDES Coding Manual." International Journal of Bilingualism 4, no. 2 (2000): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13670069000040020101.

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White, Steven. "Coding Manual and Automated Audiometry." ASHA Leader 16, no. 6 (2011): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.bml.16062011.3.

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Ruedin, Didier, and Laura Morales. "Estimating party positions on immigration: Assessing the reliability and validity of different methods." Party Politics 25, no. 3 (2017): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068817713122.

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We provide a systematic assessment of various methods to position political parties on immigration, a policy domain that does not necessarily overlap with left–right and is characterized by varying salience and issue complexity. Manual and automated coding methods drawing on 283 party manifestos are compared – manual sentence-by-sentence coding using a conventional codebook, manual coding using checklists, automated coding using Wordscores, Wordfish and keywords. We also use expert surveys and the Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP), covering the main parties in Austria, Belgium, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, between 1993 and 2013. We find high levels of consistency between expert positioning, manual sentence-by-sentence coding and manual checklist coding and poor or inconsistent results with the CMP, Wordscores, Wordfish and the dictionary approach. An often-neglected method – manual coding using checklists – offers resource efficiency with no loss in validity or reliability.
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Lungu, Maria. "The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers." American Journal of Qualitative Research 6, no. 1 (2022): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/12085.

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Wang, Song. "A Review of Research on Coding Methods for Open-ended Text Responses in Survey Questionnaires." Applied and Computational Engineering 106, no. 1 (2024): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/106/20241242.

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In fields such as social sciences and market research, open-ended questions can collect richer data information, but how to effectively count and analyse these text answers becomes a key issue. The study mainly explores the three coding methods of open-ended questions in questionnaires, including the definition, process, and application of manual coding, semi-automatic coding, and automatic coding. According to existing literature and data, manual coding has high flexibility and accuracy, but it is inefficient when processing large-scale data; semi-automatic coding combines manual coding and machine learning technology, which can improve efficiency while maintaining a certain degree of accuracy; automatic coding relies on natural language processing technology and deep learning models, which greatly improve coding efficiency, but there is a problem of insufficient accuracy when facing complex semantics. Future research can focus on improving the accuracy of automatic coding through deep learning, developing intelligent semi-automatic systems that reduce manual intervention, and incorporating real-time feedback mechanisms for continuous misappropriation.
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Wadia, Roxanne, Kathleen Akgun, Cynthia Brandt, et al. "Comparison of Natural Language Processing and Manual Coding for the Identification of Cross-Sectional Imaging Reports Suspicious for Lung Cancer." JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, no. 2 (December 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.17.00069.

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Purpose To compare the accuracy and reliability of a natural language processing (NLP) algorithm with manual coding by radiologists, and the combination of the two methods, for the identification of patients whose computed tomography (CT) reports raised the concern for lung cancer. Methods An NLP algorithm was developed using Clinical Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction System (cTAKES) with the Yale cTAKES Extensions and trained to differentiate between language indicating benign lesions and lesions concerning for lung cancer. A random sample of 450 chest CT reports performed at Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System between January 2014 and July 2015 was selected. A reference standard was created by the manual review of reports to determine if the text stated that follow-up was needed for concern for cancer. The NLP algorithm was applied to all reports and compared with case identification using the manual coding by the radiologists. Results A total of 450 reports representing 428 patients were analyzed. NLP had higher sensitivity and lower specificity than manual coding (77.3% v 51.5% and 72.5% v 82.5%, respectively). NLP and manual coding had similar positive predictive values (88.4% v 88.9%), and NLP had a higher negative predictive value than manual coding (54% v 38.5%). When NLP and manual coding were combined, sensitivity increased to 92.3%, with a decrease in specificity to 62.85%. Combined NLP and manual coding had a positive predictive value of 87.0% and a negative predictive value of 75.2%. Conclusion Our NLP algorithm was more sensitive than manual coding of CT chest reports for the identification of patients who required follow-up for suspicion of lung cancer. The combination of NLP and manual coding is a sensitive way to identify patients who need further workup for lung cancer.
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Chen, Hainan, Xiaowei Luo, and Zhenhua Zhu. "A worker posture coding scheme to link automatic and manual coding." Automation in Construction 125 (May 2021): 103630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103630.

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Daskalopoulos, Maria, Anastasia Kakouros, Nyryan Nolido, and Kathleen Malley-Morrison. "Elder Abuse Coding Manual: 09/05/06." Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect 18, no. 2-3 (2006): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j084v18n02_09.

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Lumbiganon, P. "Simplified icd coding manual for perinatal health." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 70 (2000): C7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(00)81406-x.

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Yastori, Yastori. "Sosialisasi Kasus-Kasus Terkait Manual Coding dan Modern Coding Pada Dispute Claim." Journal of Community Engagement in Health 3, no. 2 (2020): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30994/jceh.v3i2.72.

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Kesesuaian kompetensi alumni dengan kebutuhan stakeholder merupakan hal yang krusial dalam perkembangan dan kemajuan ilmu pendidikan. Seperti perbedaan antara manual coding dengan modern coding menjadi salah satu permasalahan yang sering muncul bagi perekam medis dilapangan kerja. Ketepatan pengodean dapat berpengaruh terhadap pembayaran seperti kepada pihak pemberi asuransi. Tujuan sosialisasi yaitu memberikan gambaran contoh-contoh kasus terkait manual coding dan modern coding pada dispute claim dirumah sakit kepada perekam medis, dokter dan mahasiswa. Metode pengabdian kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk sosialisasi pada seminar online dengan menggunakan aplikasi Zoom pada Sabtu, 08 Agustus 2020 dengan 299 orang peserta. Sosialisasi dilakukan dalam bentuk penyampaian materi, diskusi dalam bentuk tanya jawab dan memberikan latihan contoh soal kepada peserta. Pada sosialisasi disampaikan contoh-contoh kasus manual coding dan modern coding pada dispute claim yang diambil dari beberapa rumah sakit di kota Padang, kemudian dijelaskan apa yang menyebabkan pengodean pada diagnosis dan tindakan tersebut mengalami dispute claim. Pada penyajian penjelasan dibatasi dari sudut pandang akademik yaitu berdasarkan ICD-10 dan ICD 9 CM oleh WHO. Setelah dilakukan sosialisasi, peserta seminar yang terdiri dari perekam medis, dokter, mahasiswa dan tenaga kerja dibidang pengodean lebih memahami penyebab dispute claim dari contoh kasus yang diberikan. Peningkatan pemahaman terkait ketepatan pengodean diagnosis dan tindakan dapat meminimalisir terjadinya dispute claim.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Manual Coding"

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Pearson, J. "Evaluating an alternative coding manual for the AAI for use with people with Personality Disorders." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445901/.

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Several theorists have proposed that attachment theory provides a good grounding for the understanding of the development of Personality Disorders (PD). As a result many studies have now used adult attachment measures with this clinical group. The relevance of attachment theory to the development of psychopathology and more specifically of personality pathology has been outlined and the main findings from the research to-date reviewed. The most consistent finding in the literature is the association between Personality Disorder diagnosis and insecure attachment types. Most research has focused on Borderline PD (BPD). Early studies show an association between preoccupied and fearfully preoccupied attachment types and BPD. High rates of lack of resolution with respect to trauma are also seen in Adult Attachment Interviews (AAI). However, the results of more recent research are less conclusive and suggest that sub-types within the BPD diagnosis may be associated with different attachment styles. There is less research on other Personality Disorders, and much of this looks across categories rather than at specific Personality Disorders. However, there is some evidence to suggest that Personality Disorders might be divisible along dimensions of attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety. The range of different attachment measures used in studies makes comparison across studies difficult and the classification of AAI interviews as 'cannot classify' is over- represented in this population. Difficulties in administration of interview based methods and inconsistencies in findings across studies have led to the concern that assessment methods designed for use with normative samples may have reduced reliability and validity with Personality Disorder samples. It is proposed that future research focuses on the development of measures of attachment that draw on specific constructs relevant to attachment in Personality Disordered populations. 1.0 Introduction Literature on attachment theory and Personality Disorder was found by conducting literature searches using the Psychinfo and Medline data bases. The search terms used were: attachment and personality, Personality Disorder or specific Personality Disorders such as Borderline. Additional papers were found in the reference sections of key studies reviewed. All papers that had used either interview or self-report adult attachment measures with either Personality Disordered clinical participants or with Personality Disorder features in non-clinical samples were included. Papers that were excluded included papers that considered clinical symptoms associated with personality functioning such as sex offending or spousal abuse, but not Personality Disorder specifically. 2.0 Attachment theory The origins of attachment theory come from the joint work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth (Bretherton, 2000). Bowlby proposed that all organisms display a range of instinctive behaviours that in more complex organisms may be goal-directed and organised into complex plan hierarchies. The functions of these 'behavioural systems' are to promote survival and procreation (Bretherton, 2000). Bowlby viewed atachment as an innate behavioural system that is responsive to environmental demands. He defined attachment behaviour as that which has the intended outcome of promoting the infant's proximity to the attachment figure and therefore has the evolutionary function of protecting the child from danger (Bretherton, 2000). Throughout the course of infancy these behaviours become focused on the primary caregivers who are the most responsive to the child's needs. By the time the child is able to move around and explore its environment the infant is able to use the attachment figure as a 'secure-base' from which to explore and to return to for protection or comfort (Ainsworth, 1967). From these early attachment relationships in infancy it is hypothesised that the young child comes to construct internalised or mental working models (IWMs) of the interaction patterns that they have experienced with principal attachment figures (Bretherton & Munholland, 1999). These internal working models are 'operable' models of the self and attachment partner formed on the basis of experience and serve to regulate, interpret and predict the attachment figure's and the self's attachment related behaviour, thoughts and feelings (Bretherton & Mulholland, 1999). From this theoretical perspective Ainsworth (1978) devised a classification system to measure attachment patterns in young toddlers (12-20 months of age). This is a laboratory based procedure designed to capture the balance of exploratory and attachment behaviours under conditions of gradually increasing stress (Solomon, George, 1999). The procedure involves two periods of brief separation. During these separations and subsequent reunions with the attachment figure the infant is coded into one of four categories, securely attached (B), Anxious: Avoidant (A), Anxious: Ambivalent/resistant (C), and Disorganised/Disorientated (D).
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Lee, T. "The development of an alternative personality disorder coding manual for use with the adult attachment interview (AAI) : a psychoanalytical approach." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444961/.

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This literature review aims to explore the contribution psychoanalytical theory has made to our understanding of personality disorder, with particular emphasis on theory, assessment and diagnosis. I begin with a review of how personality disorder is currently defined and diagnosed within the NHS and then give an account of the major theoretical contributions of both academic and clinical psychology to both personality and personality disorder. The review then explores what psychoanalytical theories offer to this knowledge base. I will focus on the major contributions of psychoanalytical theory to our understanding of the symptoms and aetiology of personality disorder and move on to how psychoanalysis has contributed to clinical assessment and diagnosis. I conclude the review with possible future empirical directions for psychoanalysis and personality disorder as indicated by the literature.
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Malmheden, Lotta. "EN UTPRÖVNING AV PARENT-CHILD INTERACTION TASK CODING MANUAL PÅ BARN MED SPECIFIK FOBI SOM SAMTALAR MED SINA FÖRÄLDRAR OM RÄDSLA." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-36784.

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<p>Ångest är ett relativt vanligt förekommande psykiatriskt problem hos skolbarn, framförallt flickor. Obehandlad kan den fungera som brygga till annan psykopatologi. I barndomen fungerar föräldrar som viktig bas för inlärning. Förälderns grad av omsorg och överbeskydd anses kunna bidra till utvecklande och vidmakthållande av ångest. Genom reciprocitet påverkar även barnet föräldrarna. Syftet var att genom observationer beskriva interaktioner mellan barn med specifik fobi och deras föräldrar, utpröva användbarheten i Parent-Child Interaction Task Coding Manual samt undersöka samband och jämföra med deltagarnas självskattningsformulär. Videoinspelade samtal mellan 81 barn och föräldrar kodades. Signifikanta samband erhölls mellan värme och föräldrars respektive barns positiva affekt (<em>r</em>=0,72-0,75). Värme korrelerade negativt med förälders påträngande (<em>r</em>=-0,69, <em>p</em><0,01). Barn skattade föräldrar som mer överbeskyddande än föräldrarna själva gjorde (<em>t</em><sub>148</sub>=10,48, <em>p</em><0,001). Manualens användbarhet diskuteras, resultatet indikerar att observationer kan komplettera psykologisk utredning och behandling av barn med fobi. Beaktande av familjemedlemmars reciproka beteendepåverkan vid val av behandlingsåtgärder rekommenderas.</p>
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Giralt, Manuel [Verfasser], and M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Neppl. "Incremental City : Urban Coding für zukünftige koproduzierte Städte / Manuel Giralt ; Betreuer: M. Neppl." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1239180624/34.

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Chanamé, Gonzales Juana Rita, and Sánchez Ana María Salazar. "Impacto financiero y tributario de los ingresos y gastos no documentados para proponer un manual de control interno en la Empresa Codi El Delfin S.A.C. 2013-2014." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2017. http://tesis.usat.edu.pe/handle/usat/950.

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La presente investigación aborda un problema frecuente en las empresas del país: la operación semi – formal de los procesos comerciales y su impacto en los resultados contables de las mismas. En este caso la empresa bajo estudio se dedica a la comercialización de productos hidrobiológicos en la costa norte y capital del Perú y tiene como uno de sus principales problemas de gestión el desconocer el impacto financiero y tributario de los gastos no documentados en el cálculo de su utilidad. El tipo de estudio es descriptivo y se desarrolló bajo el enfoque sistémico; el diseño de investigación es no experimental. La población y muestra estuvo constituida por los procesos comerciales y la documentación contable de ingresos y egresos y asimismo por los gastos no documentados que se llevan en registros de la empresa. Los procesos de la investigación contaron con el auspicio de la gerencia de la empresa, lo cual permitió la revisión exhaustiva de la documentación, la aplicación de los instrumentos de recopilación de datos, las entrevistas y el arribo a las conclusiones del estudio. Se abordó un diseño metodológico que permitió describir la organización, identificar sus principales procesos comerciales, evaluar los gastos no documentados y su impacto financiero y tributario en el cálculo de la utilidad de la empresa, y finalmente elaborar una propuesta de control interno.<br>Tesis
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CHEN, HONG-SHENG, and 陳鴻聖. "Development of a field-to-plot digital mapping system without manual coding for topographic surveying." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68694985010386685496.

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Andrade, Marlene Andreia Martins. "Construção de um manual de codificação e interpretação de memórias autobiográficas." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/38618.

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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Psicologia<br>Erikson (1950) introduziu as oito idades do homem, estruturadas no mesmo número de estádios. O adulto idoso encontra-se no oitavo, pautado pelo conflito entre a integridade e o desespero. Na versão alargada da obra “Ciclo Vital” (Erikson & Erikson, 1998) é acrescentado o nono estádio, onde a dicotomia entre pólos se inverte. O adulto idoso tende a efectuar uma retrospectiva do passado e a confrontar-se com o presente, e a memória autobiográfica assume um papel fulcral. Várias taxonomias da memória foram desenvolvidas. Foi na que divide reminiscências em seis tipos (Wong e Watt, 1991) que este trabalho se alicerçou. O ojetivo principal foi a construção de um manual de classificação de memórias autobiográficas de adultos idosos, quanto ao seu posicionamento entre a integridade e o desespero. Aos participantes, foram administrados o Mini-Cog, o Questionário de Dados Sociodemográficos, a Entrevista de Autobiografia Guiada (1997) e a taxonomia acima referida. Às designações qualitativas, foram desenvolvidos critérios que permitissem classificar quantitativamente os episódios recolhidos. Nos resultados, para demonstrar a utilização prática do manual, analisaram-se vários episódios. Concluímos que os tipos integrativo e obsessivo podem ser encontrados com frequência e que podem coexistir na presença de um único estímulo.<br>Erikson (1950) introduced the eight ages of man, structured in the same number of stages. The eighth (older adults) is marked by a conflict between integrity and despair. In the extended version of the book "Life Cycle" (Erikson & Erikson, 1998) it is added the ninth stage where the dichotomy between poles is reversed. The older adults tend to rethink the past and confront the present, and autobiographical memory plays a key role. Several taxonomies have been developed. The foundations of this work were built in the one that divides reminiscences into six types (Wong and Watt, 1991). The main objective was the construction of a manual for classifying autobiographical memories of older adults as to its positioning between integrity and despair. Participants were administered the Mini-Cog, the Socio- Demographic Data Questionnaire, the Guided Autobiography (1997) and the taxonomy mentioned above. In addition to qualitative descriptions, criteria were developed to allow quantitative classification to the collected episodes. In the results, to demonstrate the practical use of the manual, several episodes were analyzed. We conclude that integrative and obsessive types can be found frequently and can coexist in the presence of a single stimulus.
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Olausson, Tommy. "Reduktion av järn, mangan och CODMn i dricksvatten : Ett pilotförsök vid Högåsens vattenverk." Thesis, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-182084.

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Högåsens vattenverk som förser Nyköping och Oxelösunds tätorter med vatten använder sig av konstgjord grundvattenbildning. Verket har under en längre tid haft besvär med att producera önskad kvantitet dricksvatten. Kapaciteten begränsas av att ur marken pumpat vatten vid höga uttag innehåller järn- och manganhalter som överstiger lagstadgade gränsvärden. I förhoppning om att öka kapaciteten vid vattenverket borrades 2011 en ny grundvattenbrunn, benämnd V7. Kemiska analyser på vattnet från V7 i samband med provpumpning av brunnen visade dock på förhöjda halter järn, mangan samt COD Mn – kemisk syreförbrukning.För att utreda möjligheterna att använda V7 för dricksvattenproduktion samt komma till rätta med Högåsens mangan- och järnproblem utfördes på vatten från V7 ett pilotförsök, där syresättning och filtrering användes för att reducera halterna av järn och mangan i vattnet. Resultaten visar på att järnhalten reduceras effektivt, medan manganhalten ej förändras genom pilotanläggningen. Den kemiska syreförbrukningen i råvattnet från V7 är hög, vilket ger bilden av ett syrefattigt grundvattenmagasin som under lång tid belastats med syreförbrukande organiskt material. För att kunna använda grundvattenbrunn V7 för dricksvattenproduktion föreslås tillsats av ett starkare oxidationsmedel än syre, följt av en avskiljning av utfällda oxider. Alternativt föreslås en fällning och flockning samt sedimentation/flotation följt av filtrering av råvattnet från både ytvattentäkten och grundvattenbrunn.
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SERPETTA, MARIA GIULIA. "La Regola per ben confessarsi di Giacomo della Marca: edizione e commento linguistico." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11393/251618.

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Tutta le ricerche riguardanti la confessione prendono avvio – e non potrebbe che essere così – dal Concilio Lateranense IV del 1215 e in particolare dalla disposizione 21, meglio nota con il suo incipit Omnis utriusque sexus. È per far fronte all’adempimento di tale disposizione (che prescrive l’obbligatorietà annuale alla confessione per tutti i fedeli di entrambi i sessi, come il testo ci dice) che si sviluppa una letteratura finalizzata a istruire sia i sacerdoti (al tempo impreparati a svolgere il ruolo di confessori), sia i penitenti. Questi manuali si moltiplicano con l’avvento della stampa a caratteri mobili; in particolare si sviluppa il genere delle confessioni generali: opuscoli di poche pagine in cui si fornisce al penitente una guida all’esame di coscienza attraverso un particolareggiato elenco di peccati. A questo filone appartiene la Regola per ben confessarsi di Giacomo della Marca, sicuramente uno dei predicatori più noti dell’Osservanza francescana. Il confessionale, scritto sia in latino (con il titolo di De confessione) che in volgare, è un’opera molto nota e diffusa. Viene presentato un elenco di tutti i peccati possibili, organizzati secondo un’ampia varietà di griglie concettuali: i dodici articoli della fede; i sette vizi capitali; i dieci comandamenti; i cinque sensi corporali; i sette sacramenti; le sette opere della misericordia corporale e spirituale; le tre virtù teologali e i doni dello Spirito Santo, ecc. L’importanza e la diffusione del testo sono testimoniate dalle otto edizioni a stampa segnalate tra il 1465 e il 1550 (cfr. Jacobson Schutte 1983: 208-209). Sono censiti anche tre manoscritti: il codice 33, posseduto dalla Biblioteca francescana e picena di Falconara Marittima; il Ricc. 341, presente presso la Biblioteca Riccardiana di Firenze e il manoscritto 2806, conservato presso la Biblioteca Augusta di Perugia. Nonostante ciò il testo non è stato oggetto di uno studio critico approfondito. Per tale motivo, il mio lavoro si è posto l’obiettivo di approntare l’edizione del testo di uno dei maggiori rappresentanti del francescanesimo marchigiano, fornendo un ulteriore tassello per lo studio di quel settore della letteratura penitenziale costituito dai confessionali. La collazione dei manoscritti e delle stampe ha rivelato la complessa situazione testuale: gli esemplari non derivano tutti dallo stesso originale ma sono copie di testi diversi. Nell’impossibilità, quindi, di ricostruire validamente la volontà d’autore, ho scelto di riportare in edizione il testo della Biblioteca di Falconara, ritenendo che questo codice rappresenti il bon manuscrit perché lo considero portatore del testo ‘reale’, circolato al suo tempo; questo esemplare, infatti, ha un nucleo comune a tutti, presente in una forma né troppo stringata né troppo estesa. Nella seconda parte del mio lavoro, il testo è stato oggetto di un commento linguistico basato sulla veste fonetica, morfologica e sintattica, in primo luogo; successivamente mi sono concentrata su un’analisi di tipo pragmatico-testuale, fondata sulla teoria delle tradizioni discorsive, così come è stata elaborata in ambito tedesco. Lo scopo della mia ricerca è stato quindi quello di rendere nota una delle opere che maggiormente si inscrive nel clima religioso Quattrocentesco e di evidenziare se i suoi caratteri linguistici, confrontati con opere appartenenti allo stesso genere, possano codificare una vera e propria tradizione discorsiva.
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Books on the topic "Manual Coding"

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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Aviation coding manual. National Transportation Safety Board, 1995.

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Bruyn, Gertrud. MARC coding manual. Ontario Library Services Center, 1989.

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Health, Ontario Ministry of. Residence coding manual, 1995. Ministry of Health, 1995.

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Leeds Family Therapy and Research Centre., ed. Leeds attributional coding system manual. Leeds Family Therapy and Research Centre., 1988.

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UTLAS. UTLAS MARC coding manual for authorities. Utlas International Canada, 1987.

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United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. Division of Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels., ed. Employee benefits survey, health coding manual. The Division, 1986.

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UTLAS. UTLAS MARC coding manual for serials. UTLAS, 1985.

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1951-, Killeen Maureen, ISM Library Information Services, and UTLAS, eds. MARC coding manual for bibliographic data. 3rd ed. ISM Library Information Services, 1996.

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United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. Division of Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels., ed. Employee benefits survey, health coding manual. The Division, 1986.

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(UK), Article Number Association. Article numbering and symbol markings: Operating manual. 4th ed. Article Number Association (UK), 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Manual Coding"

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Cafardi, Jennifer A. "Coding." In The Manual of Dermatology. Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0938-0_1.

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Keating, Michael, and Pierre Bricaud. "RTL Coding Guidelines." In Reuse Methodology Manual. Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5037-2_5.

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Birken, Philipp. "Introduction to Algebraic Coding Theory." In Student Solutions Manual, 10th ed. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003182306-30.

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Gateley, Crystal A., and Sherry Borcherding. "Reimbursement, Coding, and Billing." In Documentation Manual for Occupational Therapy, 5th ed. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003523901-3.

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Kreher, Donald L. "Design Theory Toolchest — User Manual and Report." In Coding Theory and Design Theory. Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6654-0_15.

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Keating, Michael, and Pierre Bricaud. "RTL Coding Guidelines." In Reuse Methodology Manual for System-on-a-Chip Designs. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2887-3_5.

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Gnisci, Augusto, Enza Graziano, and Angiola Di Conza. "Si.Co.D.: A Computer Manual for Coding Questions." In Cognitive Behavioural Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34584-5_16.

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Gallian, Joseph A. "Introduction to Algebraic Coding Theory." In Student Solutions Manual for Gallian's Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 11th ed. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003589693-30.

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Hu, Huimin, Junmin Du, Hui Lu, and Haoshu Gu. "Study on Size Coding Identification of Manual Rotary Knob." In Design, User Experience, and Usability. Design for Contemporary Interactive Environments. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49760-6_17.

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Sun, Wei, Shaoxiong Ji, Erik Cambria, and Pekka Marttinen. "Multitask Recalibrated Aggregation Network for Medical Code Prediction." In Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases. Applied Data Science Track. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86514-6_23.

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AbstractMedical coding translates professionally written medical reports into standardized codes, which is an essential part of medical information systems and health insurance reimbursement. Manual coding by trained human coders is time-consuming and error-prone. Thus, automated coding algorithms have been developed, building especially on the recent advances in machine learning and deep neural networks. To solve the challenges of encoding lengthy and noisy clinical documents and capturing code associations, we propose a multitask recalibrated aggregation network. In particular, multitask learning shares information across different coding schemes and captures the dependencies between different medical codes. Feature recalibration and aggregation in shared modules enhance representation learning for lengthy notes. Experiments with a real-world MIMIC-III dataset show significantly improved predictive performance.
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Conference papers on the topic "Manual Coding"

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Terenzi, Lorenzo, Peter Zaal, Daan M. Pool, and Max Mulder. "Adaptive Manual Control: a Predictive Coding Approach." In AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-2448.

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Nijman, Susanne, and Birgitte Blatter. "SM 04-1421 Can autotext regcognition software for coding injuries replace manual coding? findings from IDB/DISS in the netherlands." In Safety 2018 abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprevention-2018-safety.736.

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Benzine, Abdallah, Youssef Tamaazousti, Sudheesh Vadakkekalam, et al. "AI-Automated Codification-QC Model for Daily Drilling Reports." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/222675-ms.

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In the oil and gas industry, Daily Drilling Reports (DDRs) are vital to the well life cycle. Drilling supervisors meticulously record every detail of daily operations, ensuring accurate data is readily accessible for future use. This information is crucial for optimizing operations and future decision-making. However, manually preparing and coding these reports is both time-consuming and costly, introducing the risk of errors that can compromise data quality. Having accurate data and correct classification of drilling activities are key to making decisions that boost drilling efficiency and cut costs. The precision of DDRs affects how well drilling operations can be analyzed and optimized. But, manual codification by the rig crew often leads to errors, with mistakes in 10% to 20% of entries. These errors stem from the difficulty of categorizing over 400 unique drilling activities, leading to wrong classifications that can disrupt operations and cause expensive errors. This is where Quality Control (QC) comes in, playing a crucial role in making sure DDRs are accurate. However, QC faces similar challenges, requiring highly experienced engineers to spot and correct errors from the initial coding. These QC engineers need a deep understanding of drilling operations and must be able to pick up on subtle errors in many categories. The complexity and high skill requirements make the QC process as lengthy and prone to errors as the initial coding, highlighting the need for more reliable and efficient methods.
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Shah, Devanshi, Elisabeth Kames, McKenzie Clark, and Beshoy Morkos. "Development of a Coding Scheme for Qualitative Analysis of Student Motivation in Senior Capstone Design." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98423.

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Abstract Senior Capstone Design courses offer two major types of projects: industry sponsored projects and non-industry sponsored projects. Previous studies show changes in student motivation based on the type of project they select. However, the quantitative data analysis fails to capture the reasoning behind the student’s inclination towards a certain type of project in the beginning of the selection phase. Also, little is known about the personal experiences of the student working on the team and project they choose. This paper addresses the gap in the examination of student motivation based on the type of projects they select. This paper outlines a coding scheme developed to analyze the qualitative interview data gathered during an open-floor style exit interview with all of the senior design teams. The thirty minute exit interviews were conducted at the end of the semester to capture their experiences and reflections about the course. A coding manual is generated which highlights the codes observed frequently among the teams. Themes are developed highlighting the important phases of the course. The objective is to develop a coding scheme for senior capstone design courses which would serve as a guide to the educators to determine various factors that influence student motivation and improve the senior design experience for all students.
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Hodge, Emma-Leigh, Rahat Hasan, Eden Poihipi, and Rebecca Barker. "The Robots are Coming for your Students' Feedback." In Te Puna Aurei LearnFest 2022. Cardiff University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/conf2.g.

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The Data Analytics team at The University of Waikato gathers student feedback (as rich qualitative data) but manual analysis of these comments poses a time challenge for reporting. To address this, we explored the possibility of condensing qualitative information by leveraging natural language processing (NLP) technology, specifically Google’s NLP sentiment analysis. We employed a robust coding framework to test the validity of NLP-coded student feedback, analysing 1000 comments from the University’s 2021 course evaluations. Results show a statistical correlation between our sentiment analysis and NLP, offering promising evidence for NLP’s efficacy in providing accurate, high-level insights into student feedback sentiment.
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Shan, Yuzhong, and Kunpeng Xing. "Application of Genetic Algorithm in Pressure Control of Pressurizer." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-92661.

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Abstract The pressure control function of Pressurizer in the PWR nuclear power plant is one of the safety functions of the nuclear power plant. The traditional pressure control adopts the PID control method and manually adjusts the three parameters (Kp, Ki and Kd) to minimize the difference between the actual pressure value and the set value, thereby achieving the purpose of setting the three parameters (Kp, Ki and Kd) and determining the control model. The method of manually adjusting the three parameters (Kp, Ki and Kd) has low work efficiency, and generally requires several attempts to find parameters that meet the expectations, and depends on the work skills of the personnel. In this study, Genetic Agorithm was used to convert the three parameters (Kp, Ki and Kd) into the three gene coding sequences, and the three parameters (Kp, Ki and Kd) were quickly determined through individual operation operators (selection, crossover and mutation). The research shows that the efficiency of parameter adjustment by genetic algorithm is much higher than that of manual parameter adjustment, and the optimization result is better, the control system optimized by the genetic algorithm can reach the steady state faster, has less overshoot and shorter rise time. This achievement can be considered for subsequent application in the nuclear power plants affiliated to CGNPC.
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Adly Taha, Fares M., Ramez M. Adly Taha, Keegan West, Mohammad Fazelpour, Jeffrey W. Herrmann, and Matthew Anthony Polvinale. "An Automated Approach to Recording and Analyzing Design Activities Using a Graphical User Interface." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98226.

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Abstract Design researchers use protocol studies to understand the cognition of designers and how they think. Although different qualitative and quantitative methods have been employed, analyzing protocol data often requires manual coding, which is tedious, time-consuming, and susceptible to human error. To address these challenges, this paper presents an automated method to record and analyze the designer’s actions. To demonstrate the proposed method, we designed and conducted an experimental study that used a graphical user interface to record design actions while the designer solves a factory layout problem. Then, we used spectral clustering to analyze the data and identify the subproblems that the designer considered. The final design layouts were evaluated using two metrics: travel distance and adjacency score. Our automated method to record and analyze designers’ actions provides a framework to analyze protocol study data sets objectively and quickly.
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Zhang, Icy(Yunyi), Mary C. Tucker, and James W. Stigler. "Watching Hands Shuffle Data Improves Subsequent Understanding of R-Based Simulations of Randomness." In IASE 2021 Satellite Conference: Statistics Education in the Era of Data Science. International Association for Statistical Education, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/iase.hlraw.

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Simulation can be a powerful tool for teaching and learning statistics. Yet, students often struggle to understand the processes that underlie computer-based simulation activities. Recently, researchers have tried pairing computer-based simulation with more concrete, hands-on experiences to make simulation-processes more evident, but only in settings where students perform the hands-on simulation themselves. In this research, we ask whether manual simulation is necessary. Participants who were introduced to the shuffle function by watching a video of a hands-on activity before watching a video of live-coding performed better in a posttest than participants who were introduced to the shuffle function by watching an instructor write and run some R code and explain what that code did. This study provides pedagogical and practical insights into the use of hands-on demonstrations to complement computer simulation in remote teaching.
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Mokadam, Aashay, Shrikrishna Shivakumar, Vimal Viswanathan, and Mahima Agumbe Suresh. "Online Product Review Analysis to Automate the Extraction of Customer Requirements." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-71555.

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Abstract The increasing use of online retail platforms has generated an enormous amount of textual data on the user experiences with these products in online reviews. These reviews provide a rich resource to elicit customer requirements for a category of products. The recent research has explored this possibility to some extent. The study reported here investigates the coding of publically available user reviews to understand customer sentiments on environmentally-friendly products. The manual review typically consists of a qualitative analysis of textual content, which is a resource-intensive process. An automated procedure based on Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) is proposed and explored in this study. This procedure can be beneficial in analyzing reviews of products that belong to a specific category. As a case study, environmentally-friendly products are used. Manual content analysis and automated ABSA-based analysis are performed on the same review data to extract customer sentiments. The results show that we obtain over a 50% classification accuracy for a multiclass classification NLP task with a very elementary word vector-based model. The drop in accuracy (compared to human annotation) can be offset because an automated system is thousands of times faster than a human. Given enough data, it will perform better than its human counterpart in tasks on customer requirement modeling. We also discuss the future routes that can be taken to extend our system by leveraging more sophisticated paradigms and substantially improving our system’s performance.
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Goebel, Marius, Roger W. H. Bons, and Rüdiger Buchkremer. "An Analysis of Scientific Requirements on Artificial Intelligence Governance." In 38th Bled eConference. University of Maribor Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.4.2025.37.

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The emergence of AI technology has prompted the need for standardization and governance due to the potential societal risks associated with its use. However, there is currently no common concept for AI standardization, that considers a broad range of social and ethical subject areas. International cooperation is necessary to address the possible threats, and various nations and organizations have already made initial efforts in this direction. Our overall research question investigates, to what extent requirements based on scientific insights have been addressed in international standards and what new insights standardization efforts can offer to science. In this paper we report the findings of an extensive systematic literature review of 482 scientific articles, using a hybrid analysis process combining manual coding with generative AI supported triangulation steps. The resulting 17 requirements will be used as a basis for a thematic analysis of the most relevant AI standards currently being developed and deployed globally.
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Reports on the topic "Manual Coding"

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WINCHELL, D. F. NUCLEAR SCIENCE REFERENCES CODING MANUAL. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/909949.

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WINCHELL, D. F. NUCLEAR SCIENCE REFERENCES CODING MANUAL. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/909981.

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Ramavataram, S., and C. L. Dunford. Nuclear science references coding manual. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/380332.

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Cohen, Deborah J., Annette M. Totten, Robert L. Phillips, Jr., et al. Measuring Primary Healthcare Spending. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb44.

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Background. Policy leaders and researchers have identified a range of primary care spending conceptualizations, developed frameworks and methods for measuring primary care spending, and documented the pros and cons of different approaches. However, these efforts have not been comprehensive, particularly as the number of estimates has grown. We continue this work by identifying the definitions, data sources, and approaches used to estimate primary care spending in the United States. Our objective was to identify where there is and is not consensus across methods, and how initial steps toward a standardized approach to estimating primary care spending might be achieved. We approached this comparison from a societal economic perspective. Methods. Searches were conducted in Ovid MEDLINE® and Cochrane CENTRAL databases (inception to May 2, 2023), and were supplemented by manual reviews of reference lists, Scopus searches of key articles, gray literature searches of State and organization websites, and responses to a Federal Register Notice, as well as recommendations from Key Informants. Websites of States and organizations that produced reports were reviewed in November 2023 to identify updates. Publicly available estimates and reports of methods were supplemented by discussions with experts who have supported States’ estimates. Findings. We identified 67 primary care spending estimates for 2010 to 2021: 42 of these were produced by 11 State Governments for their State, 2 were published by the Veterans Health Administration, and 23 were published by researchers or other organizations, which include foundations and policy organizations. Forty-four estimates reported on primary care spending for a single State, one estimate reported spending for the New England States, and 22 reported national spending. To date, 13 State Governments have developed and/or are implementing measurements of primary care spending. When State Governments measure primary care spending, they produce regular, often yearly, estimates. States have produced one to eight estimates, demonstrating some States have more experience with this task than others. Primary care spending estimates in our sample ranged from 3.1 to 10.3 percent. These estimates started with definitions of primary care, which are often labeled narrow or broad. Estimates may use these same labels to mean different things. Narrow definitions of primary care usually include fewer providers, locations, or service types, while broad definitions include more. State, regional, or national estimates are either reported as two estimates, one using a narrow and one using a broad definition of primary care, or as a single estimate labeled neither narrow nor broad. Variations in what providers, services, and locations are included in definitions of primary care are significant and likely contribute to variation in primary care spending estimates. However, it is difficult to distinguish differences in definitions and measurement from differences in actual primary care spending. Conclusions. While there are some core similarities in how primary care spending is measured across State, regional, and national estimates, there are more differences. While there may be rationale behind some of these variations, this variation limits comparisons and what could be understood about the impact of policies. Furthermore, lack of clear, detailed reporting of methods can obscure precisely how and why estimates differ. Research is needed that quantifies the impact different decisions and measurement methods have on spending estimates. To assure the validity and reliability of estimates of primary care spending, and facilitate comparisons and links to health outcomes, Federal, State, and policy leaders need to: (1) collaborate to create a primary care clinician database that can function as a public utility for States to allow for more precise identification of primary care clinics and clinicians, and reduce reliance on Current Procedural Terminology/Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes; (2) develop a template for transparent reporting of methods used to estimate primary care spending; (3) foster collaboration among Federal agencies and State leaders to develop a consensus definition of primary care and process for estimating primary care spending, with consideration of methods that are easy to understand and transparent; and (4) support the development and ongoing maintenance of State All-Payer Claims Databases, expand to include nonclaims payments, and supply Medicare and Medicaid estimates for every State.
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1997 Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics: SSL Coding Manual. Institute for Social Research, 1997. https://doi.org/10.7826/isr-um.06.cds.16.05.1997.

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2019 Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics: Time Diary Coding Manual. Institute for Social Research, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7826/isr-um.06.cds.16.07.2019.

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2014 Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics: Time Diary Coding Manual. Institute for Social Research, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7826/isr-um.06.cds.16.05.2014.

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2019 Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics: Time Diary Coding Manual. Institute for Social Research, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7826/isr-um.06.cds.16.05.2020.

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2007 Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics: Time Diary Coding Manual. Institute for Social Research, 2008. https://doi.org/10.7826/isr-um.06.cds.16.05.2007.

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