Journal articles on the topic 'Manuella tester'

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Consagrado como uno de los mejores escritores en Hispanoamérica, don Ricardo Palma mantuvo una intensa correspondencia epistolar con reconocidos personajes del Perú y del extranjero. En su larga lista epistolar se destacan nombres de mujeres escritoras como Juana Manuela Gorriti, Clorinda Matto de Turner, Mercedes Cabello de Carboneda, entre otras, con quienes logró compartir diversos asuntos relacionados al ámbito literario, el escenario político, la esfera privada, entre otros temas. Precisamente, el presente trabajo versa sobre el mensaje de estas cartas, las cuales nos proporcionan una idea del grado de admiración y confianza que tuvo el escritor limeño por parte de estas escritoras femeninas.

Aunque preferentemente limeñas, las tradiciones de Ricardo Palma abarcan buena parte del territorio nacional. La ponencia se detiene en analizar aquella en la que aparece Manuelita Sáenz en su edad provecta, en el puerto de Paita. El trabajo se complementa con referencias a un libro reciente La Nantuca de Maintope de Miguel Cortés, un autor piurano.

Las Tradiciones de Ricardo Palma han gozado de gran reconocimiento desde su aparición, pero también ha sido objeto de críticas y descalificación por parte de algunos intelectuales y escritores, como Manuel González Prada, los indigenistas y Sebastián Salazar Bondy. Este último, uno de los representantes más destacados de la Generación del 50, en Lima la horrible, acusa al tradicionista de ser el principal creador del mito de una Lima idílica y de la “arcadia colonial”; de una visión pasadista que debía desterrarse por retrógrada. Esta posición se ha extendido a los demás miembros de su generación. En este artículo se demuestra que esta generalización es errónea, por cuanto la mayoría de los integrantes de la generación consideran a Palma como un clásico y reconocen sus valores como creador y su papel en la formación de la literatura peruana.

Background: It is unknown, whether direct guidance by ultrasound is essential for the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided compression repair (UGCR) of pseudoaneurysms. We therefore tested, whether clinically guided manual compression repair (MCR) without continuous ultrasound control may represent an equally effective alternative. Methods: After ultrasound diagnosis of a pseudoaneurysm, direct manual compression was applied to the lesion until the characteristic clinical signs disappeared or for a maximum of 1 hour. Then a compression bandage was applied for 24 hours. If the pseudoaneurysm persisted, MCR was repeated up to a maximum of three times. Results: Of 96 consecutive patients with pseudoaneurysms, ten patients were referred to primary surgery; one patient refused any therapy. The remaining 85 patients (89%) were treated by MCR. MCR was successful in 74 patients (87%). Of these, 74% were cured at the first attempt, while 16% resp. 10% required 2 resp. 3 compression manoeuvers for definite cure. The success rate tended to be somewhat lower in patients on anticoagulants (78%) than in those on aspirin (91%) or those without any antithrombotic medication (89%) (p = 0.14). No major complications were observed. Of the 11 patients in whom MCR was unsuccessful, five patients underwent surgical repair; in four patients the pseudoaneurysms thrombosed spontaneously within 1–3 months and 2 pseudoaneurysms persist without complications. Conclusions: Our results with MCR are comparable to those published for UGCR. Since MCR requires less technical equipment and seems to be less painful for the patient, a prospective comparison of both methods appears warranted.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar métodos de seleção visando ao aumento de flores femininas na população FCA-UNESP-PB de mamona (Ricinus communis L.). A seleção foi realizada no município de Botucatu (SP), na safrinha de 2007. Por meio de seleção massal, foram selecionadas plantas com racemo primário estritamente feminino. Destas plantas, as que tinham reversão sexual foram autofecundadas. As avaliações foram realizadas na safrinha de 2008 em Botucatu e São Manuel (SP), onde foram comparados os tratamentos: método de seleção massal; método de seleção massal com autofecundação e testemunha (racemos de plantas colhidos ao acaso, sem seleção). Foram avaliados: porcentagem de flores femininas do racemo primário (%), produtividade de grãos (kg ha-1) e teor de óleo das sementes (%). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com 30 repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância individual para cada local e conjuntamente para os dois locais, pelo teste F a 1% de probabilidade. Mediante os resultados conclui- se que o método de seleção massal com autofecundação foi aquele que proporcionou maiores valores de porcentagem de flores femininas no racemo primário, com ganho fenotípico realizado de 18% em Botucatu e 29% em São Manuel (SP). Por meio dos métodos de seleção, notou-se comportamento diferencial em relação aos locais para a característica produtividade de grãos, e o método seleção massal com autofecundação proporcionou a menor produtividade. No teor de óleo não houve diferenças significativas entre os métodos e os locais avaliados.

La présente expérimentation teste la performance, en tant que système de repérage de l’information, de deux index d’une monographie, l’un manuel, l’autre semi-automatique selon la méthode de Bennion. L’expérimentation consiste à repérer la localisation d’extraits du texte à l’aide des index. L’application des formules développées par Bennion démontre que les deux index sont à peu près égaux. Les conclusions ne peuvent être valables pour tous les index semi-automatiques mais il appert que dans le cas présent il s’agit d’une alliance réussie entre l’ordinateur et l’humain.

O leiteiro (Peschiera fuchsiaefolia) é uma infestante de pastagens de importância para as regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste do Brasil, cuja dispersão ocorre por sementes. Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de leiteiro, em função do estádio de maturação e armazenamento dos frutos, foram colhidos frutos em cinco regiões diferentes, constituindo cinco acessos: lote 1-Vitoriana/SP, lote 2-Botucatu/SP, lote 3Bauru/SP, lote 4-São Manuel/SP e lote 5-São Pedro/SP. Cada lote de sementes foi avaliado individualmente, seguindo-se o delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x4, sendo dois períodos de armazenamento dos frutos (0 e 7 dias após colheita) e quatro estádios de maturação (verde-oliva, verde-limão, alaranjado-fechado e alaranjado-aberto). A polpa dos frutos foi retirada e as sementes extraídas mediante fricção em peneira sob água corrente. As sementes foram colocadas para germinar a 30 ºC com 8 h de luz, sendo as contagens realizadas semanalmente até os 42 dias do início do teste. Os resultados dos testes da primeira contagem de germinação, IVG e condutividade elétrica mostraram que o vigor das sementes foi superior em frutos colhidos nos estádios finais de maturação e que, de modo geral, o armazenamento dos frutos prejudicou a qualidade das sementes.

Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX: EC 1.5.99.12) is able to provide a means for the rapid turnover of its substrate and it has been considered responsible for changes in the cytokinin pool in an adverse environment. Mild temperature stresses (10°C and 33°C average) were applied to young pea plants of two varieties (cvs. Manuela and Scinado) in order to assess the response of the cytokinin pool and CKX activity to altered growth conditions. Both temperature treatments increased the isopentenyl adenine (iP) and isopentenyl adenine riboside (iPR) contents in stressed plants. This trend was far more pronounced in the leaves. Low temperature additionally resulted in elevated cis zeatin riboside ( cis ZR) and CKX activity. Heat did not influence the enzymatic activity in the leaves, while opposing trends were observed in the root-derived CKX activity of the two tested varieties. The data suggest that variance in the temperature provokes adaptive reactions in the cytokinin pool, which is maintained by CKX activity.

Depuis les années 1980, la qualité croissante d'images satellites destinées à l'observation de la terre ouvre de nouvelles possibilités en photo-interprétation dans l'analyse des risques naturels, à la fois pour la prévision, la surveillance et l'analyse d'endommagement (Kerle et Oppenheimer, 2002 ; Domenikiotis et al., 2003). Suite à une crue torrentielle de février 2013 qui a affecté 93 bâtiments le long du chenal Avenida Venezuela dans la ville d'Arequipa, Pérou et endommagé 23 des 53 ponts, une étude a été menée en utilisant l'imagerie Pléiades. Des relevés de terrain ont servi de contrôle pour la cartographie du bâti et des infrastructures critiques sur deux images Pléiades respectivement d'avant-crue en 2012 et d'après-crue en 2013. Les objectifs de cette étude sont : (1) améliorer la cartographie de l'occupation du sol en milieu urbain sur des images Pléiades à résolution submétrique ; (2) tester l'apport de la classification supervisée semi-automatique à l'aide du logiciel Monteverdi (©CNES, Toulouse, France) ; (3) comparer la qualité des résultats et évaluer le potentiel de l'utilisation de la classification supervisée à partir des images Pléiades et (4) identifier l'impact de la crue torrentielle sur le chenal lui-même. Les résultats confirment une nette amélioration de la précision de la cartographie de vulnérabilité grâce aux images HRS à échelle locale. La délimitation d'objet est bien meilleure et la combinaison de la classification semi-automatique avec une digitalisation manuelle sous SIG donne des résultats très prometteurs.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) can be infected by several viruses of the genera Allexivirus, Carlavirus, and Potyvirus (3). Garlic common latent virus (GarCLV) and Shallot latent virus (SLV) are the most important Carlavirus species infecting garlic, but only GarCLV has been described on garlic in Brazil. Seven hundred thirty-one samples of garlic showing mosaic symptoms and chlorotic streaking were collected from the states of São Paulo (São Manuel), Minas Gerais (Santa Juliana and São Gotardo), Goiás (Campo Alegre and Ipameri), and Paraná (Guarapuava and Piraquara) from April 2008 to July 2009 and analyzed by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA for the presence of GarCLV and SLV using specific antiserum for SLV and GarCLV according to the manufacturer's protocol (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). Cultivars sampled were Caçador, Chonan, Ito, Jonas, Quitéria, and Tropical. Fifty-five samples (7.5% of 731) tested positive for GarCLV, and none of the samples tested positive for SLV. Total RNA was extracted (2) from 15 samples that represented different states of production and used with primers SLV 7044 (5′-CTTTTGGTTCACTTTAGG-3′) and SLV 8004 (5′-GCACGCAATAGTCTACGG-3′), designed in this study, to detect SLV in a one-step reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay. Only 3 of the 15 samples, two from São Paulo and one from Paraná State, produced a 960-bp fragment covering the putative coat protein gene (ORF 5) (1) of SLV. The amplicons of the three isolates were sequenced. A nucleotide sequence identity of 91 to 92% was detected in comparison with two strains of SLV (GenBank Accession Nos. AB004567 and DQ520093), indicating the presence of two isolates of SLV in São Manuel (São Paulo State) and one in Piraquara, Paraná State (submitted to GenBank as Accession Nos. GU120176, HQ128602, and GU120175, respectively). To confirm identity of the virus, another pair of primers was constructed and tested (SLV 6737: 5′-YCCSGCCARGAAYTTCCC-3′, and SLV 7060: 5′-TTAGAGCGCTGTWAACC-3′), from which a 340-bp fragment covering a portion of TGB2 (ORF 3) and TGB3 (ORF 4) (1) was amplified using the two isolates from São Paulo (GenBank Accession Nos. HQ123181 and HQ123182, respectively). The amplicon sequences shared 87% identity with that of an SLV isolate (Accession No. AJ292226), which confirmed the presence of SLV. The low titer of SLV in garlic might account for the false negative results by DAS-ELISA. The source of cultivated garlic bulbs in these regions of Brazil is unknown. Garlic cloves have been cultivated in São Manuel for approximately 15 years, indicating that SLV may have been present in Brazil for many years. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SLV in Brazil. References: (1) M. J. Adams et al. Virus Taxonomy: 8th Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier Academic Press, 2005. (2) Y. D. Bertheau et al. Methods for the Detection and Quantification of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica on Potatoes. M. C. N. Perombelon and J. M. van der Wolff, eds. Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee, U.K., 1998. (3) T. V. M. Fajardo et al. Fitopatol. Bras. 26:619, 2001.

Realizou-se, o presente trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência da seleção recorrente para a redução da estatura de plantas de mamona da cultivar Guarani (Ricinus communis L.), tornando-a com porte adequado para facilitar a colheita manual e/ou mecânica. Foram realizados quatro ciclos de seleção recorrente com a utilização de progênies autofecundadas na cultivar Guarani para redução da estatura das plantas, nas condições edafoclimáticas dos municípios de São Manuel - SP, Botucatu - SP e Penápolis - SP. As avaliações de estatura das plantas e de produtividade de grãos (kg.ha-1), dos quatro ciclos de seleção e do ciclo original foram realizadas nos municípios de São Manuel - SP, Botucatu - SP e Penápolis - SP na safra 2005/2006, sob um delineamento de blocos casualizados com cinco repetições e parcela útil de 30 m². A análise de variância para as características avaliadas foi feita separadamente para cada local e conjuntamente para os três locais e, posteriormente, realizada a comparação das médias pelo teste de Tukey, a 5%. Foram estimados, para as três localidades, por análise de regressão, os ganhos genéticos dos quatros ciclos de seleção para estatura de plantas. A partir dos resultados obtidos pôde-se concluir que a seleção recorrente foi eficiente para a redução da estatura de plantas e que a cultivar de mamona Guarani apresenta variabilidade genética para essa característica e que a produtividade não foi influenciada pela redução da estatura de plantas.

This paper will describe and analyze the elaboration of government programs and realities that occur in society as one of the strengths to create a system of integration in the context of poverty in South Central Timor. Furthermore, the article was appointed to show how the identity politics of local communities not only become a symbol of resistance but can also be synergized as a critical space in order to achieve an ideal social transformation. Therefore, the method used in collecting data in the form of reviewing the facts of literature sources will then be tested for relevance to the reality of poverty that is happening in the community. Using Manuel Castells' theory of identity and Peter Blau's explanation of social exchange, this paper will examine the extent to which the incorporation of the values or habits of local communities and government policies can play a role in cracking poverty in the context of South Central Timor. In the end, this paper will also explore the benefits of a mutually beneficial relationship between grassroots residents and the government as a political elite to support economic development and community maturity.

Lippia alba, espécie brasileira da família Verbenaceae, é plantada e usada em todo o Brasil por suas atividades farmacológicas como analgésica, antiespasmódica, calmante, sedativa e citostática. Popularmente a Lippia é denominada de alecrim, cidreira falsa ou falsa melissa. O trabalho visou testar o efeito das aplicações de GA3, ethephon e CCC sobre o crescimento de Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. - Verbenaceae, em diferentes épocas do ano. O experimento foi instalado na Fazenda São Manuel, pertencente à UNESP em Botucatu, de dezembro/95 a dezembro/96. O mesmo consistiu de sete tratamentos e três repetições em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com os tratamentos aplicados nas parcelas e as colheitas nas subparcelas. Os tratamentos incluíram o controle, ácido giberélico (GA3 50 e 100 mg.L-1), ácido 2-cloroetil-fosfônico (ethephon- 100 e 200 mg.L-1) e cloreto de 2-cloroetil-trimetil amônio (CCC 1000 e 2000 mg.L-1). Os reguladores vegetais foram aplicados em duas épocas, aos quarenta e cem dias da implantação do experimento no campo e o crescimento das plantas foi avaliado em seis épocas. Após a primeira aplicação as plantas foram coletadas em intervalos de 14 dias. Os fitorreguladores GA3, e CCC tenderam a elevar os resultados das características, matéria seca de caule, folhas, flores e total, porém sempre permaneceram menores ou iguais ao controle.

Darquenne, Chantal, Peter Brand, Joachim Heyder, and Manuel Paiva. Aerosol dispersion in human lung: comparison between numerical simulations and experiments for bolus tests. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(3): 966–974, 1997.—Bolus inhalations of 0.87-μm-diameter particles were administered to 10 healthy subjects, and data were compared with numerical simulations based on a one-dimensional model of aerosol transport and deposition in the human lung ( J. Appl. Physiol. 77: 2889–2898, 1994). Aerosol boluses were inhaled at a constant flow rate into various volumetric lung depths up to 1,500 ml. Parameters such as bolus half-width, mode shift, skewness, and deposition were used to characterize the bolus and to display convective mixing. The simulations described the experimental results reasonably well. The sensitivity of the simulations to different parameters was tested. Simulated half-width appeared to be insensitive to altered values of the deposition term, whereas it was greatly affected by modified values of the apparent diffusion in the alveolar zone of the lung. Finally, further simulations were compared in experiments with a fixed penetration volume and various flow rates. Comparison showed good agreement, which may be explained by the fact that half-width, mode shift, and skewness were little affected by the flow rate.

Brasília é uma cultivar de cenoura com possibilidade de produção de raízes em áreas e épocas de elevada temperatura. A produção de suas sementes ainda requer pesquisa quanto ao estímulo artificial ao florescimento e população de plantas. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, o estudo desses fatores, no método semente-semente, da cultivar Brasília, em São Manuel, SP. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, com e sem aplicação de ácido giberélico. As populações foram 25.000, 50.000, 100.000, 200.000 e 400.000 plantas ha-1. As sementes foram separadas de acordo com a origem de sua coleta, constituindo dois grupos: sementes de umbelas de primeira e segunda ordem (colheita selecionada) e sementes de todas as umbelas da parcela útil (colheita geral). Após cada colheita foram realizados análises de pureza física, testes de germinação e de vigor (emergência de plântulas em campo e envelhecimento acelerado), avaliações do peso de mil sementes e do teor de água. Houve florescimento e produção de sementes, mesmo sem a aplicação do ácido giberélico. De modo geral, as sementes de colheita selecionada apresentaram qualidade superior às de colheita geral, com diferenças de germinação de até 16%. O aumento da população de plantas, até 200.000 plantas ha-1, não diminuiu a qualidade das sementes.

En términos generales, los estudios teatrales tradicionales parecen pasar por alto el hecho de que las didascalias no constituyen un conjunto homogéneo de enunciados, sino que, por el contrario, existen una serie de diferencias formales que permiten identificar distintos subtipos, cada uno de ellos con una función específica en la construcción de sentido. Por consiguiente, en este trabajo buscamos proponer una clasificación del discurso didascálico que atienda a sus características lingüísticas específicas. Al respecto, sugerimos distinguir entre las “didascalias paratextuales” (aquellas que son externas a la narración), las “didascalias generales” (enunciados que cumplen la función de construir una representación de la situación dramática) y las “didascalias particulares” (expresiones que acompañan cada una de las réplicas de los personajes y se especializan en definir su “escenografía” (véase MAINGUENEAU, 2002)). Para probar nuestra hipótesis, nos enmarcaremos en el Enfoque dialógico de la argumentación y la polifonía enunciativa (véase GARCÍA NEGRONI, 2009, 2016a, 2016b, 2017), teoría no referencial del significado lingüístico y no unicista del sujeto. Finalmente, respecto al corpus de trabajo, haremos uso de la pieza Misterio del ramo de rosas (2009), del escritor argentino Manuel Puig, para ejemplificar los distintos subtipos que proponemos en nuestra categorización del discurso didascálico. *** Uma classificação do discurso didascálico desde uma perspectiva polifônica da enunciação ***De um modo geral, os estudos de teatro tradicionais parecem ignorar o fato de que as direções de palco não são um conjunto homogêneo de declarações, mas por outro lado, há uma série de diferenças formais que identificam diferentes subtipos, cada um com uma função específica na construção do significado. Portanto, neste artigo, procuramos propor uma classificação do discurso didascálico que aborde suas características linguísticas específicas. Neste sentido, sugerimos distinguir entre “didascalias paratextuales” (aquelas que são externas à narrativa), as “didascalias generales” (declarações que funcionam para construir uma representação da situação dramática) e as “didascalias particulares” (expressões que acompanham cada uma das réplicas dos personagens e se especializam na definição de sua “cenografia” (ver MAINGUENEAU, 2002)). Para testar a nossa hipótese, vamos enquadrar no Enfoque dialógico de la argumentación y la polifonía enunciativa (ver GARCÍA NEGRONI, 2009, 2016a, 2016b, 2017), a teoria não-referencial do significado linguístico e não unicista do assunto. Finalmente, quanto ao corpus do trabalho, vamos usar o Misterio del ramo de rosas (2009), do escritor argentino Manuel Puig, para exemplificar os diferentes subtipos que propomos na nossa categorização de expressão didascálica.Palavras-chave: Argumentação; Didascália; Polifonia; Réplica; Texto dramático.

RésuméDans cette étude, les dimensions de la dépression ont été analysées par rapport aux états dépressifs non bipolaires. Les états d’anxiété dans ce domaine ont été considérés comme des formes peu sévères de dépression au niveau phénoménologique. La dimension de l’anhédonie a été considérée comme liée aux troubles schizoaffectifs.Le concept clinique de la mélancolie a été utilisé pour inclure ces états unipolaires de la dépression. Ce concept comprend et la dimension de sévérité et les types diagnostiques de la dépression. Le principe d’organisation des désordres mentaux utilisé dans le manuel du DSM III implique que la «phénoménologie partagée» précède l’étiologie psychologique dans le cadre des désordres affectifs.Certains auteurs soutiennent que le moyen le plus efficace de tester la «phénoménologie partagée» est de démontrer l’existence d’une relation additive entre indices et symptômes. Le modèle de Rasch consiste en une théorie générale de la relation statistique entre les dimensions cliniques et les échelles d’évaluation de la dépression.Moyennant l’usage des analyses de Rasch, on a démontré que notre échelle de la mélancolie mesure une dimension de la sévérité de la dépression. De plus, notre échelle diagnostique de la mélancolie, qui a été élaborée à partir des 2 échelles de Newcastle (pour la dépression endogène versus la dépression réactionnelle (névrotique), mesure ces deux dimensions diagnostiques. Des résultats préliminaires obtenus avec l’échelle de diagnostic de la mélancolie ont démontré que chez des patients classifiés comme ayant une dépression endogène «pure» la courbe d’amélioration dans le temps est plus importante que chez des patients classifiés comme ayant une dépression réactive «pure» ou une association de dépression endogène et de dépression réactionnelle.

Em razão da escassez de informações relacionadas ao efeito da adubação na produção e qualidade de sementes de hortaliças, principalmente nas espécies que possuem aumento no ciclo com o estádio reprodutivo, nota-se a necessidade de determinar a dose dos nutrientes para auxiliar na recomendação que proporcione uma produção de sementes com elevado potencial fisiológico. Embora existam estudos sobre nutrição e recomendações de adubação para o cultivo comercial de brócolis (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenk), raramente se encontram trabalhos que abordem os efeitos dos nutrientes na produção e qualidade de sementes. Em vista disso, neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a influência do composto orgânico na produção e qualidade de sementes de brócolis. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda São Manuel e as avaliações foram feitas no Setor de Horticultura da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA/UNESP) emBotucatu-SP. Os tratamentos foram quatro doses de composto orgânico (30, 60, 90 e 120 t ha-1), além da testemunha sem composto orgânico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as características de produção em massa (g) e número de sementes por planta; além das características relacionadas com a qualidade das sementes: massa de mil sementes, teste de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e condutividade elétrica. A análise de regressão apresentou uma resposta linear em função das doses de composto, onde maiores doses resultaram em maior produção, sem, no entanto, afetar a qualidade das sementes.

O trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência da adubação orgânica em 6 épocas de crescimento na produção de β-ecdisona por plantas de Pfaffia glomerata. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Santo Antonio do Araquá, distrito de Catâneo Ângelo, município de São Manuel, São Paulo, Brasil. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, num esquema fatorial 5x6, com quatro repetições, considerando-se 8 plantas úteis por parcela. Os blocos foram constituídos de 6 épocas de crescimento (60, 120, 180, 240, 300 e 360 dias após a germinação) e de 5 doses de esterco de galinha curtido [testemunha (sem adubação), 15, 30, 45 e 60 t ha-1]. Após cada colheita, as raízes das plantas foram secas em estufa com circulação de ar forçada a 40ºC e pesadas para posterior extração do β-ecdisona, seguindo metodologia desenvolvida por Magalhães (2000). Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de separação de médias de Scott Knott, todos a 5% de probabilidade. Quando ocorreu interação os resultados foram avaliados usando-se análise de regressão polinominal. O teor de β-ecdisona não foi influenciado pelas doses de adubo e nem pela época do crescimento das plantas. Porém a quantidade total de β-ecdisona por raiz foi influenciada pela época de crescimento, sendo que aos 360 dias após a emergência ocorreu uma maior quantidade do princípio ativo em todos os tratamentos. Apesar de não diferir estatisticamente dos demais tratamentos, aos 360 dias após a emergência das plantas, o tratamento 30 t ha-1 foi o que proporcionou maior quantidade de β-ecdisona.

ATRIBUTOS FÍSICO-HÍDRICOS DO SOLO VIA FUNÇÕES DE PEDOTRANSFERÊNCIA EM SOLOS DOS TABULEIROS COSTEIROS DE PERNAMBUCO FERNANDA HELENA NASCIMENTO DE ANDRADE1; CERES DUARTE GUEDES CABRAL DE ALMEIDA2; BRIVALDO GOMES DE ALMEIDA3; JOSÉ AUDIFAX CÉZAR DE ALBUQUERQUE FILHO1; BRUNO CAMPOS MANTOVANELLI4 E JOSÉ COELHO DE ARAÚJO FILHO5 1 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, CEP: 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil, fernanda_andrade89@hotmail.com, jaudifax@deagri.ufrpe.br 2 Colégio Agrícola Dom Agostinho Ikas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, CEP: 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil, ceres.codai.ufrpe@gmail.com. 3 Departamento de Agronomia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, S/N, Dois Irmãos, CEP: 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil, brivaldoalmeida@gmail.com. 4 Departamento de Ciências Rurais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Avenida Roraima, n° 1000, Camobi, CEP: 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, brunomantovanelli21@gmail.com. 5 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, EMBRAPA Solos - UEP Recife, Rua Antônio Falcão, n° 402, Boa Viagem, CEP: 51020-240, Recife, PE, Brasil, jose.coelho@embrapa.br. 1 RESUMO Objetivou-se gerar funções de pedotransferência (FPT) com base em dados das frações granulométricas, distribuição do tamanho de poros, densidade do solo e de partículas para estimar a umidade do solo equivalente à capacidade de campo (CC), ponto de murcha permanente (PMP) e a capacidade de armazenamento de água disponível (CAD) em Argissolos Amarelos representativos dos tabuleiros costeiros na zona da mata norte de Pernambuco. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras deformadas e indeformadas na camada 0,00 - 0,20 m de profundidade. As FPTs foram geradas a partir do método de regressão linear múltipla aplicando a técnica de stepwise backward. Este método eliminou alguns atributos físico-hídricos do solo baseado nos valores de R2 e no Teste t. Os coeficientes de regressão do modelo proposto para predição de CAD, CC e o PMP apresentaram significância de 1% de probabilidade para as variáveis independentes selecionadas para cada modelo, indicando que esses parâmetros podem ser preditos, com ótima precisão, a partir do conteúdo de areia, argila, mesoporosidade, microporosidade e densidade do solo, as quais são fáceis de serem determinadas e obtidas, pré-requisito básico para construção das FPTs. Palavras-chave: manejo de irrigação, stepwise backward, índices estatísticos. ANDRADE, F. H. N.; ALMEIDA, C. D. G. C.; ALMEIDA, B. G.; ALBUQUERQUE FILHO, J. A. C.; MANTOVANELLI, B. C.; ARAÚJO FILHO, J. C. SOIL PHYSICAL-HYDRIC PROPERTIES BY PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTION IN SOILS OF COASTAL PLAINS OF PERNAMBUCO 2 ABSTRACT Aimed to generate pedotransfer functions (PTF) based on particle size, pore size distribution, soil and particle density to estimate the field capacity (CC), permanent wilting point (PMP) and available water capacity (CAD) in Ultisol Typic Fragiaquults in coastal plains of Pernambuco. Thus, deformed and undeformed samples were collected at 0.00 - 0.20m depth. PTFs were generated from multiple linear regression method by stepwise backward technique. This method eliminated some hydro-physical soil attributes, based on the values of R2 and t test. CAD, CC and PMP estimated values showed a significant correlation of 1% probability for independent variables selected for each model. Thus, available water capacity, field capacity and permanent wilting point can be predicted with great precision by sand, clay content, mesoporosity, microporosity and soil density, which are easy to determine and obtain, basic prerequisite for construction of PTFs. Keywords: irrigation management, stepwise backward, statistical indexes.

Gozariu, Manuela, Dominique Bragard, Jean-Claude Willer, and Daniel Le Bars. Temporal summation of C-fiber afferent inputs: competition between facilitatory and inhibitory effects on C-fiber reflex in the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3165–3179, 1997. Long-lasting facilitations of spinal nociceptive reflexes resulting from temporal summation of nociceptive inputs have been described on many occasions in spinal, nonanesthetized rats. Because noxious inputs also trigger powerful descending inhibitory controls, we investigated this phenomenon in intact, halothane-anesthetized rats and compared our results with those obtained in other preparations. The effects of temporal summation of nociceptive inputs were found to be very much dependent on the type of preparation. Electromyographic responses elicited by single square-wave electrical shocks (2 ms, 0.16 Hz) applied within the territory of the sural nerve were recorded in the rat from the ipsilateral biceps femoris. The excitability of the C-fiber reflex recorded at 1.5 times the threshold ( T) was tested after 20 s of electrical conditioning stimuli (2 ms, 1 Hz) within the sural nerve territory. During the conditioning procedure, the C-fiber reflex was facilitated (wind-up) in a stimulus-dependent fashion in intact, anesthetized animals during the application of the first seven conditioning stimuli; thereafter, the magnitude of the responses reached a plateau and then decreased. Such a wind-up phenomenon was seen only when the frequency of stimulation was 0.5 Hz or higher. In spinal, unanesthetized rats, the wind-up phenomenon occurred as a monotonic accelerating function that was obvious during the whole conditioning period. An intermediate picture was observed in the nonanesthetized rat whose brain was transected at the level of the obex, but the effects of conditioning were profoundly attenuated when such a preparation was anesthetized. In intact, anesthetized animals the reflex was inhibited in a stimulus-dependent manner during the postconditioning period. These effects were not dependent on the frequency of the conditioning stimulus. Such inhibitions were blocked completely by transection at the level of the obex, and in nonanesthetized rats were then replaced by a facilitation. A similar long-lasting facilitation was seen in nonanesthetized, spinal rats. It is concluded that, in intact rats, an inhibitory mechanism counteracts the long-lasting increase of excitability of the flexor reflex seen in spinal animals after high-intensity, repetitive stimulation of C-fibers. It is suggested that supraspinally mediated inhibitions also participate in long term changes in spinal cord excitability after noxious stimulation.

Objectif : Deux herbicides « Action 80® » de matière active le Diuron (3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1- Dimethylurea) à 80 % et « Lumax® SE » de formulation (125 g/L de Terbuthiron, 37,5 g/L de Mesotrione et 375 g/L de S-Métolachlore) ont été testés en vue d’évaluer l’efficacité biologique de chaque produit et sa dose minimale efficace sur le contrôle des adventices dans la culture du Teck. Méthodologie et résultats : Pour pallier le déficit en main d’œuvre et résoudre le problème des adventices difficiles à maîtriser en entretien manuel, une série d’essais herbicides a été initiée dans les pépinières sèches de Tectona grandis L. dans la forêt classée de la Sangoué. Plusieurs doses des herbicides Lumax® et Action 80® ont été testées en traitement de pré émergence des adventices. Conclusion et application des résultats : Ces herbicides ont montré une bonne efficacité, la persistance des traitements varie entre 4 et 6 mois. Par ailleurs, la dose minimale efficace est de l’ordre de 3 l/ha pour Lumax® et de 4 kg/ ha pour l’Action 80®. Mots clés : adventices, contrôle chimique, reboisement, Teck, pépinières sèches Biological efficacy of ACTION® and LUMAX® herbicides in weed control in dry nurseries of Tectona grandis in Sangoué, Côte d'Ivoire ABSTRACT Objective: Two herbicides, "Action 80®" with active ingredient Diuron (3- (3,4-Dichlorophenyl) -1,1- Dimethylurea) at 80% and “Lumax® SE” of formulation (125 g/L of Terbuthiron, 37,5 g/L of Mesotrione and 375 g/L of S-Metolachlor) have been tested to assess the biological efficacy of each product and its minimum effective dose for weed control in Teak cultivation. Methodology and results: To overcome the deficit of man power and resolve the weed problem difficult to control in manual maintenance, a series of herbicide trials was initiated in the dry nurseries of Tectona grandis L. in the classified forest of Sangoué. Several doses of the herbicides Lumax® and Action 80®were tested for weed pre-emergence treatment. Kone et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Efficacité biologique des herbicides ACTION 80® et LUMAX® dans le contrôle des adventices dans les pépinières sèches de Tectona grandis à Sangoué en Côte d’Ivoire 15757 Conclusion and application of results: These herbicides have shown good efficacy, the persistence of treatments varies between 4 and 6 months. In addition, the minimum effective dose is around 3 l / ha for Lumax® and 4 kg / ha for Action 80®. Key-words: Weeds, chemical control, reforestation, teak, dry nurseries.

L’objectif de ce travail est de contribuer à la potabilisation des eaux de forages dans les zones périurbaines de la ville de Lomé (Togo). L’évaluation de la qualité physicochimique et bactériologique a été réalisée sur 30 échantillons en utilisant les méthodes normalisées (AFNOR). Les essais d’élimination des nitrates par le charbon actif et de désinfection par le chlore pour la détermination du break-point ont été réalisés sur les eaux de plus forte teneur en nitrate dans chaque site étudié. Les résultats des enquêtes ont montré que les forages réalisés dans les zones périurbaines sont à 95% manuels. Les forages sont souvent implantés sans orientation technique à cause de la facilité qu’offre la formation sédimentaire. La profondeur varie de 25 à 35 m. Les résultats ont montré que les forages sont réalisés dans un environnement insalubre, dépourvu d’infrastructure d’assainissement (plus de 80%). Plus de 70% des échantillons d’eaux analysés ont des pH acide (< 6,5). Quatre-vingt-dix pour cent des échantillons d’eaux analysés ont des goûts salés, 87% deséchantillons ne sont pas conFormes à aux valeurs guides de l’OMS. La concentration des nitrates (élément toxique) et le fer (élément indésirable) sont très élevés, respectivement dans les proportions de 13% et 6% des eaux de forages analysées. La totalité des échantillons analysés est contaminée par des germes indicateurs d’origine fécale. Les échantillons d’eaux analysés ne sont pas conformes aux normes de potabilité des eaux de consommation. La contamination serait due prioritairement aux techniques de « foration » et à la maintenance périodique de la pompe. Les essais de traitement par le charbon actif et le chlore se sont révélés efficaces et constitueraient une des mesures à prendre en compte dans le traitement des eaux. Mots clés : Eau de forage, contamination, traitement, charbon actif, chlore. English title: Quality and testing of water treatment in peri-urban areas: case of borehole water in the Légbassito and Vakpossito cantons (Togo)The target of this study is to have a part in the preservation of sinking waters of Lomé city’s suburbs areas. (Togo). The assessment of physicochemical quality and bacteriological has been carried out on 30 samples using standardized methods (AFNOR). Nitrate elimination tests with activated charcoal and disinfecting chlorine for break-point determination have been carried out on waters of high nitrate content on each studied site. Surveys’ results have shown that sinking, carried out in the suburbs’ areas are of 95% manuals. Sinkings are often done without technical orientation due to the easy layer of sedimentary formation. The depth varies from 25 to 35 m. Results showed that sinkings are carried out (over 80%) in an unhealthy environment devoid of sanitation infrastructures. The pH is mostly acid (< 6,5). Waters are salted (about 90%) and 87% of samples are not standard to the WHO recommended values. Nitrates concentration (toxic element) and the iron (undesirable element) are very high, respectively in the proportions of 13% and 6% of tested sinking waters. The whole of tested samples are contaminated by germ indicators from faeces. Tested water samples are not standard to preservation norms of drinking water. Contamination might have resulted as a priority from « foration » techniques and periodic maintenance of the pump. Tests treatment with activated charcoal and the chlorine are effectively revealed and constitute one the measures to be taken into account in water-processing.Keywords: Water sinking, contamination, processing, activated charcoal, chlorine

Vidal-Puig AJ, Muñoz-Torres M, Jódar-Gimeno E, García-Calvente CJ, Lardelli P, Ruiz-Requena ME, Escobar-Jiménez F. Ketoconazole therapy: hormonal and clinical effects in non-tumoral hyperandrogenism. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:333–8. ISSN 0804–4643. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of ketoconazole as a therapeutic alternative to polycystic ovary syndrome. The study group comprised 37 women with signs of hyperandrogenism (hirsutism, acne) and oligomenorrhea. A low dose (400 mg/day) of ketoconazole was tested in a 9-month prospective clinical study. Clinical response (Ferriman & Gallway score, acne) and modifications in hormone pattern (luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, testosterone, prolactin, 17-hydroxy-progesterone, androstenedione, steroid hormone-binding globulin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, cortisol, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and free testosterone index) were measured, and ACTH stimulation tests were performed. Tolerance and side-effects also were assessed. After 9 months of ketoconazole treatment, the patients' Ferriman & Gallway scores (18.26 ± 4.6 vs 12.4 ± 4.1; p < 0.001) and acne had improved markedly. Hormone patterns also became more favorable, with decreases in androgenic steroids (testosterone, androstenedione, free testosterone index and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; p < 0.01) and increases in estradiol (p < 0.01). Basal cortisol levels and cortisol after ACTH stimulation were not changed significantly, remaining within the reference range. Increases in ACTH were observed only in the 3rd month (p < 0.01). Initial levels of androgenic steroids were correlated inversely with their percentage decrease in successive samplings. Decreases in adrenal androgenic steroids were associated with an increase in steroid hormone-binding globulin. The side-effects of treatment, although not severe, caused some discomfort and led to a high drop-out rate (30%). Our results suggest that low doses of ketoconazole (400 mg/day) are an alternative therapy for non-tumoral hyperandrogenism, although the bothersome side-effects, which require close monitoring and maximal patient compliance, make this treatment advisable only in selected patients. Manuel Muñoz-Torres, Plaza Isabel la Católica no. 2, E-18009, Granada, Spain

FATORES ABIÓTICOS E A DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE FOTOASSIMILADOS DA MAMONEIRA EM CONDIÇÕES SEMIÁRIDAS1 ALLAN NUNES ALVES2; HANS RAJ GHEYI3; JOSÉ AMILTON SANTOS JÚNIOR4; FREDERICO ANTÔNIO LOUREIRO SOARES5; CLAUDIO AUGUSTO UYEDA6 E JOSÉ EUSTÁQUIO CAMPOS JÚNIOR4 1Artigo extraído da Tese de Doutorado do primeiro autor, presentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola da UFCG 2Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. R. Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande - PB, 58429-900. allan_1nunes@yahoo.com.br 3Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia. Cruz das Almas - BA, 44380-000. hans@pq.cnpq.br 4Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. R. Manuel de Medeiros, s/n - Dois Irmãos, Recife - PE, 52171-900 eng.amiltonjr@hotmail.com; camposjr.agro@gmail.com 5Instituto Federal Goiano. Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Zona Rural, Rio Verde – GO, 75.901-970 fredalsoares@hotmail.com 6Instituto Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão. Propriedade Terra Preta Zona Rural, s/n, Vitória de Santo Antão - PE, 55600-000 cauyeda@yahoo.com.br 1 RESUMO Embora a susceptibilidade a fatores abióticos seja evidente, a análise dos fotoassimilados em plantas sob estresse é relevante para subsidiar práticas de manejo. Nesta direção, buscou-se avaliar a produção da biomassa e analisar a distribuição de fotoassimilados da mamoneira (BRS Energia) irrigada com águas salinas (CEa = 0,6; 1,6; 2,6; 3,6; e 4,6 dS m-1) e adubada com doses de nitrogênio (50; 75; 100, 125 a 150 mg kg-1 de solo). Os fatores testados foram alocados em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5x5, com três repetições, totalizando 75 unidades experimentais. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise da variância pelo teste ‘F’ e comparados mediante análise de regressão em 0,01 nível de probabilidade. Verificou-se que até CEa = 3,6 dS m-1 houve maior produção de massa seca da parte aérea sob 125 mg de N kg-1 de solo e que nas condições de salinidade impostas às plantas, as folhas foram a maior fonte e o racemo o maior dreno da parte aérea, bem como a alocação de fotoassimilados na raiz foi até 59,75% maior que na parte aérea. Palavras-chave: Ricinus communis L., salinidade, adubação nitrogenada ALVES, A. N.; GHEYI,H. R.; SANTOS JÚNIOR, J. A.; SOARES, F. A. L.; UYEDA, C. A; CAMPOS JÚNIOR, J. E. ABIOTIC FACTORS AND DISTRIBUTION OF PHOTOASSIMILATES IN CASTOR BEAN PLANTS UNDER SEMIARID CONDITIONS 2 ABSTRACT Although the susceptibility to abiotic factors is obvious, the analysis of photoassimilates in plants under stress is relevant to subsidize management practices. In this context, the production of biomass and partition of photoassimilates of castor bean (BRS Energy) irrigated with saline water (ECw = 0.6, 1.6, 2.6, 3.6, and 4.6 dS m -1) and fertilized with nitrogen (50; 75; 100, 125 to 150 mg kg-1 of soil) was evaluated. The factors tested were allocated in randomized blocks in a 5x5 factorial design with three replications, totaling 75 experimental units, and the data were submitted to analysis of variance by the ‘F’ test and compared by regression analysis at 0.01 level of probability. It was verified that up to ECw = 3.6 dS m-1 there was greater dry mass production of shoot under 125 mg of N kg-1 of soil. In the conditions of salinity imposed to the plants, leaves were the greater source and racemus was the greater drainage of the aerial part, as well as the allocation of photoassimilates in the root was up to 59.75% higher than in the aerial part. Keywords: Ricinus communis L., salinity, nitrogen fertilization

Background:Anti-PM/Scl antibodies are associated to systemic sclerosis (SSc) but are not specific to SSc. The true prevalence of anti-PM/Scl antibodies in SSc is unknown, ranging from 2.5% to 12.5%. An association between anti-PM/Scl antibodies with muscular involvement, pulmonary fibrosis, calcinosis, and a relatively benign prognosis have been described.Objectives:To compare the clinical manifestations and prognosis of SSc patients according the presence of anti-PM/Scl antibodies in the cohort of RESCLE (Spanish Scleroderma Registry).Methods:From the Spanish Scleroderma Study Group database, we selected patients in whom anti-PM/Scl antibodies had been tested. We compared demographic features, clinical manifestations, laboratory characteristics, and survival data between patients according the anti-PM/Scl antibodies status.Results:72 out of 947 (7%) patients tested positive for anti-PM/Scl antibodies. As presenting SSc manifestations, patients with anti-PM/Scl antibodies had higher prevalence of puffy fingers (11% versus 2%; p=0.002) and arthralgias (11% versus 4%; p=0.03), and lower prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon (65% versus 82%, p=0.002). Regarding cumulative manifestations, myositis (51% versus 15%; p<0.001), arthritis (43% versus 22%; p=0.001), and interstitial lung disease (ILD) (60% versus 45%, p=0.014) were more prevalent in patients with anti-PM/Scl antibodies. In fact, those patients with anti-Pm/Scl antibodies presented with FVC (77.4% ± 23.1% versus 85.8% ± 23,1%; p=0.006) and more severe ILD defined as FVC <70% (41% versus 24%; p=0.004). Death rate was similar in patients with and without PM/Scl antibodies (18% versus 17%; p=0.871).We did not find differences in terms of death rate nor in the causes of death (SSc and non-SSc related) according to the anti-PM/Scl antibodies profile.The 5- and 10-years survival rates of patients with anti-PM/Scl antibodies were 91% and 82% respectively, without differences with those without these antibodies (93% and 85%, respectively).Conclusion:In Spanish SSc patients, the presence of anti-PM/Scl antibodies confer a distinctive clinical profile. However, anti-PM/Scl antibodies do not play a role in the prognosis of these patients.References:[1]Stochmal A, Czuwara J, Trojanowska M, Rudnicka L. Antinuclear antibodies in systemic sclerosis: an update. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020;58(1):40-51. doi: 10.1007/s12016-018-8718-8.Acknowledgments:We gratefully acknowledge all investigators who are part of the RESCLE Registry. We also thank the RESCLE Registry Coordinating Centre, S&H Medical Science Service, for their quality control data, logistic and administrative support and Prof. Salvador Ortiz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Statistical Advisor S&H Medical Science Service for the statistical analysis of the data presented in this paper.Disclosure of InterestsNerea Iniesta-Arandia: None declared, Gerard Espinosa Speakers bureau: Glaxo-Smith-Kline, Janssen, Boehringer, Rovi, Alfredo Guillen del Castillo: None declared, Carles Tolosa Consultant of: Actelion pharmaceuticals, GSK, MSD., Gema Maria Lledó: None declared, Dolores Colunga Argüelles Consultant of: Actelion pharmaceuticals, GSK, MSD., Cristina González-Echávarri: None declared, Luis Sáez-Comet: None declared, Norberto Ortego: None declared, Jose Antonio Vargas-Hitos: None declared, Manuel Rubio-Rivas: None declared, Mayka Freire: None declared, Juan José Rios: None declared, Monica Rodriguez-Carballeira: None declared, Luis Trapiella Martínez: None declared, Vicent Fonollosa Pla Speakers bureau: Actelion, Carmen Pilar Simeón-Aznar Consultant of: Actelion pharmaceuticals, GSK, MSD., on behalf of RESCLE Investigators, Autoimmune Diseases Study Group (GEAS): None declared

Abstract The presumably most important function of a corporation is the establishment and management of connections to customers, suppliers, investors, debtors and competitors. All these connections may produce profits or bear risks. Hence, the isolated inspection of a corporation (or also a sovereign) may be insufficient. Instead, the economic environment of a corporation and its connections should be included in its valuation. Usually, this is done via manual and hardly standardized processes with their associated large efforts. This article presents a new method to analyze business news and to build up a network of corporations based on business news. To this end, we search in news articles from Reuters and Bloomberg for corporation names or synonyms and assume a connection exists between two corporations if the corporations are mentioned together frequently. Based on these connections, we (1) build up a network for the S&amp;P500 companies, (2) identify groups therein to validate the approach manually and (3) test, whether corporations with many connections and a particularly favorable position in the network receive better rating grades compared to corporations with fewer connections and an average network position. The latter is equivalent to the question of whether a corporation’s connections are a driver of the firm value. Moreover, we use the business news to measure a corporation’s publicity and sentiment, and relate these to the corporation’s rating as well. Our empirical results indicate that the network properties, the sentiment and the media attention are contained in respectively affect the rating grade. Hence, the incorporation of news in the firm valuation – as it is done by many financial institutions – is reasonable. The factors mentioned above increase the explanatory power of our regression model significantly. Since many corporations have sufficient news coverage for our approach but are not rated from a rating agency, and hence must be rated with internal models, our approach may support manual processes in financial institutions and reduce efforts and costs. Zusammenfassung Eine der zentralen aber oft unterschätzten Aufgaben von Unternehmen ist der Aufbau und die Pflege von Beziehungen zu Kunden, Lieferanten, Gläubigern, Investoren oder auch Konkurrenten, aus denen Profite und gegebenenfalls auch Risiken resultieren. Daher ist die isolierte Betrachtung eines Unternehmens (oder auch eines Staates) für dessen Bewertung oft nicht ausreichend. Stattdessen sollten das wirtschaftliche Umfeld eines Unternehmens und die Verbindungen eines Unternehmens direkt in dessen Bewertung einfließen. Deren zumeist qualitative, wenig standardisierte Analyse verursacht bei Kreditinstituten meist hohe Aufwände. Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Analyse von Unternehmensnachrichten und die Herleitung von Netzwerken dieser Unternehmen aus deren Unternehmensnachrichten. Hierzu suchen wir in Nachrichten von Reuters und Bloomberg nach Unternehmensnennungen und gehen von einer Verbindung zwischen zwei Unternehmen aus, wenn diese häufig in denselben Nachrichten genannt werden. Aufgrund dieser Verbindungen (1) erzeugen wir ein Netzwerk für die Unternehmen im S&amp;P500, (2) identifizieren nicht-triviale Unternehmensgruppen und (3) testen, ob gut vernetzte Unternehmen eine bessere Bonitätsnote von den Ratingagenturen erhalten als weniger gut vernetzte Unternehmen. Letzteres ist gleichbedeutend mit der Fragestellung, ob eine gute, zentrale Positionierung eines Unternehmens in einem Netzwerk einen messbaren Mehrwert für das Unternehmen schafft, der sich im Rating niederschlägt. Darüber hinaus nutzen wir die Unternehmensnachrichten auch dazu um Kennzahlen abzuleiten, die die Aufmerksamkeit und die Stimmung der Nachrichtenlage unternehmensspezifisch messen und somit das wirtschaftliche Umfeld eines Unternehmens quantifizieren. Bezüglich dieser Kennzahlen überprüfen wir ebenfalls, ob sie einen messbaren Einfluss auf die Ratingnoten haben. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nah, dass sich sowohl Netzwerkeigenschaften als auch die Nachrichtenlage in der Bonitätseinschätzung niederschlagen. Diese Kennzahlen steigern den Erklärungsgrad unseres Shadow-Rating Modells erheblich. Da viele Unternehmen eine für unseren Ansatz hinreichende Nachrichtenabdeckung besitzen, aber kein Agenturrating, kann unser Ansatz besonders bei der Bewertung von Adressrisiken mit internen Modellen manuelle Prozesse ablösen und zu Effizienzsteigerungen führen. JEL Classification: G14, L14, D85

Background:Autoimmune diseases have a broad phenotypic spectrum, with great variability in clinical manifestations. Anti-DFS70/LEDGFp75 (ANAS/DFS70) antibodies have attracted interest as a positive result in patients without clinical evidence of autoimmune systemic rheumatic disease (SARD). It has been proven in non-rheumatic inflammatory diseases and in “apparently healthy” individuals.Objectives:To assess ANAS/DFS70 performance in a large population with autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases compared with first degree relatives and healthy controls.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted. We analysed 531 individuals between 18-65 years old, 101 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients (ACR/EULAR 2010 classification criteria), 137 relatives from RA, 60 psoriasis (Ps) patients (Colombian classification consensus), 47 Undifferentiated connective tissue diseases(UCTD) patients and 186 healthy controls matched by age and sex. The healthy control group were individuals who lived and work similarly like those patients those criteria of exclusion criteria were to present autoimmune or auto-inflammatory disease, infectious, neoplasms, diabetes, antibiotic treatment, pregnancy or lactation, consanguinity with autoimmune entities. Ethical Committee approved.The determination of ANAS-HEp2 antibodies (ANA-Hep-2 AESKU.Dignostic®, Autoantiboy test SYSTEM IMCO DIAGNOSTICS REF 1103® and ANA-Hep-2 AESKU.Dignostic®) was carried out. The positive results (standard AC-2) are used as a confirmatory test the determination of ANAS / DFS70: AUTOANTIBOY TEST SYSTEM IMMCO DIAGNOSTICS (Knocked out, for the psip gene) REF 1108® and CytoBead ANA Generic Assays ref 8065 ® by indirect immunofluorescence-IFI technique. In addition, serum levels of C-reactive protein (PCR), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), IgG/IgA antibodies against citrullinated peptide (ACPA), and rheumatoid factor (RF). Absolute and relative frequencies were established.Results:531 participants were included: RA 19%, 25,8% RA relatives, Ps 11,3%, UCTD 8,9%, and 35% healthy controls. RA mean age was 41,8±12,2 years, female 82,2%, with ANA test(+) result 42%. In Ps mean age 49,1±15,7 years, female 53,3%, ANA test(+) 41,7%. UCTD mean age 41,3±15,2 years, female 85,1%, and ANA test(+) 78,7%. Relatives of RA mean age 38,7±12,2 years, female 73%, ANA test(+) 26,3%. And healthy controls mean age 41,3±12,2 years, female 74,7%, and ANA test(+) 26,9%.ANA/DFS70 was positive in a 6,4% in UCTD, 3,2% in healthy controls, 1,7% in Ps, 1,5% in Relatives of RA, no RA had positive results. These 12 participants were negative for acute phase reactants (ESR[-] 83,3% and CRP[-] 66,6%), as well as they were all negative for RF and two were positive for APCA from UCTD.Conclusion:ANAS/DFS70 autoantibodies were present in very low frequency in patients with SARD. Thus, patients with a positive result tend to have a mild or non-progressing phenotype of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, as UTCD. This is the first time ANA/DFS70 are tested in a large population cohort in Latin American countries which coincide with previous results in RA and RA relatives.Acknowledgments:Hospital Militar Central-Universidad El Bosque-Immco diagnosis-Dizar Ltda and Generic Assay-Medipan.Disclosure of Interests:Consuelo Romero-Sánchez: None declared, Omar-Javier Calixto Employee of: Worked in Janssen Cilag as medical manager from 2016 to 2018, V Romero-A: None declared, A Vargas: None declared, Luis Castro: None declared, Julio Amador: None declared, Pedro Lopez-Mojica: None declared, Daniela Marin: None declared, Diana Acero-M: None declared, M Acevedo: None declared, Diana Rincón-Riaño: None declared, Juan Manuel Bello-Gualtero: None declared

Neste editorial apresentamos o segundo número do volume 12, de 2019. Contamos, nesse número com textos em quatro trilhas ou eixos temáticos: Linguística e Tecnologia, Educação e Tecnologia, Ensino Superior e Tecnologia e Entrevistas. Não temos a intenção de mostrar aqui os resultados a que chegam os autores, mas apenas destacar os objetivos principais de cada texto, de maneira a orientar os leitores quanto ao conteúdo do número atual, diverso por natureza, já que conta com temas variados advindos de pesquisas realizadas no Brasil, no México e na Espanha. A primeira trilha, “Linguística e Tecnologia”, é aberta com o artigo “Videorresenhas em ambiente digital”, de Flávia Thaís Alves Britto, Williany Miranda da Silva. Nesse texto, as autoras buscam definir o gênero videorresenha, identificando-o a partir de uma descrição estrutural e funcional em canais do YouTube. Em “As tecnologias como ferramentas na educação linguística: a BNCC e a visão dos professores”, Carolina Santos Melo de Andrade, Eliane Marquez da Fonseca Fernandes e Maryá Amaral de Souza analisam as práticas de professores com as tecnologias em relação às orientações da Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) do Ensino Médio no eixo “Códigos, Linguagens e suas tecnologias”. Luciana Chaves Pinheiro, em “Gêneros orais e normas linguísticas: análise de uma proposta de ensino no contexto digital”, analisa um material didático digital em suporte DVD, integrante da coleção (versão professor) “Português Linguagens”, de William Roberto Cereja e Thereza Cochar Magalhães, que apresenta uma proposta de ensino com 14 gêneros orais. Na trilha “Educação e Tecnologia”, os mexicanos Sandra Delia Faustino Cruz, Maricela López-Ornelas, Javier Organista Sandoval e Sergio Cruz Hernández analisam os atributos tecnológicos e os recursos didáticos do livro digitalizado, de uso obrigatório do 1° ao 6° ano de educação primária no México. Ana Carolina Nascimento Souza Pinto e Vera Menezes, em “A pesquisa em linguagem, tecnologia e ensino de língua inglesa na região norte do Brasil: implicações para a formação de professores”, apresentam uma pesquisa feita em teses e dissertações sobre linguagem, tecnologia e uso de ferramentas digitais no ensino de língua inglesa, produzidas em programas de pós-graduação da Região Norte do Brasil, mostrando um panorama das pesquisas feitas em um período de dez anos. Em “Análisis del efecto de la formación b-learning en el profesorado. Estudio de caso de una cooperativa de enseñanza”, os espanhóis Jesús López Belmonte, Santiago Pozo Sánchez, Arturo Fuentes Cabrera e Gerardo Gómez García buscam conhecer, através de testes, o impacto do projeto INNOVACOOP, destinado a desenvolver competências digitais em docentes. Juliana Prestes de Oliveira, em “TIC e literatura infantil: desafios da prática pedagógica na era digital”, analisa e reflete sobre desafios na implementação das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) na organização pedagógica de professores de Literatura. Em “Aprendizagem autônoma e WebQuest: experiências de aprendizes pós-graduandos em um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem”, Fernanda Franco Tiraboschi investiga as experiências de alunos de pós-graduação (professores em formação continuada) com atividades desenvolvidas por meio de WebQuest, observando eventuais mudanças nas percepções dos alunos quanto ao seu papel de professor de línguas. Fechando essa trilha, os portugueses Sara Dias-Trindade, José António Moreira e Catarina S. Nunes apresentam um estudo sobre os procedimentos de construção de uma escala de autoavaliação de competências digitais de professores do ensino fundamental e médio de Portugal e as suas qualidades psicométricas.Na trilha “Ensino Superior e Tecnologia”, começamos com o artigo “Análisis de la implementación de un programa educativo basado en la metodología mobile learning”, dos espanhóis Manuel Francisco Romero Oliva, Rafael Jiménez Fernández e Hugo Heredia Ponce. Eles analisam a repercussão da metodologia m-learning nos processos de nivelação da competência gramatical entre estudantes universitários. Em “Os quatro grandes desafios ao modelo de Ciência Aberta: (des)acreditação, informalidade, comodificação e predação”, o português Tiago Lima Quintanilha apresenta e questiona os desafios que a Ciência Aberta passou a enfrentar no início do novo milênio. Para fechar o número, trazemos uma entrevista dada por Eric Aislan Antonelo a Tacia Rocha. O entrevistado é cientista da computação com mestrado em Engenharia de Sistemas de Computação, na linha de pesquisa “Sistemas Inteligentes”, pela Universidade de Halmstad, na Suécia, e doutorado em Ciência da Computação pela Universidade de Ghent, na Bélgica, e esclarece várias questões sobre Inteligência Artificial na contemporaneidade, especialmente no que diz respeito a educação e trabalho.Desejamos a todos uma excelente leitura!

Encerrando o quarto volume da Motricidades: Revista da SPQMH, publicamos no terceiro número de 2020: 6 artigos de pesquisa, 1 artigo de revisão e 1 ensaio, além da Seção Especial, com 2 artigos de pesquisa e 2 ensaios.No artigo de pesquisa “Gênero, sexualidade e educação física: formação e prática docente”, Milena de Bem Zavanella Freitas (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos-SP, Brasil) e Osmar Moreira de Souza Junior (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos-SP, Brasil) analisam a abordagem de gênero e sexualidade no currículo de um curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física e os impactos na atuação profissional.Em “Jogos e brincadeiras: modificações entre gerações”, Talila Schimith (Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo, SEE-SP, Catanduva-SP, Brasil) e Andresa de Souza Ugaya (Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, UNESP, Bauru-SP, Brasil) pesquisaram como os jogos e brincadeiras se inserem em tempos-espaços, na construção social e cultural de diferentes gerações de estudantes do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola estadual de um município do interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil.Jonas Yuiti Ogawa (Escola de Educação Física do Exército, ESEFEX, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brasil) e Angela Nogueira Neves (Escola de Educação Física do Exército, ESEFEX, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brasil), adotando a tradução, síntese, retrotradução, comitê de peritos e pré-teste, adaptaram culturalmente a Sport Character Scale para a língua portuguesa, no artigo “Adaptação transcultural da Sport Character Scale no Brasil”.No artigo “Inserção do professor de educação física no programa de ensino integral”, Guilherme Augusto da Silva (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos-SP, Brasil), Mário Lucio de Amorim Filho (Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo, SEE-SP, São Carlos-SP, Brasil) e Glauco Nunes Souto Ramos (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos-SP, Brasil) analisam a inserção profissional de um professor de Educação Física no Programa de Ensino Integral.A análise do processo vivido por integrantes de um projeto de Ginástica para Todos de uma universidade estadual do interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foi realizada por Jéssica Shizuka Yahiro da Silva Oliveira (Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas-SP, Brasil), Felipe de Souza Silva (Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas-SP, Brasil), Fernanda Raffi Menegaldo (Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas-SP, Brasil) e Marco Antonio Coelho Bortoleto (Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas-SP, Brasil), no artigo “Ginástica para Todos: notas sobre a composição coreográfica por praticantes idosas”.Em “Representação e simbolismo: artes visuais na fronteira Brasil/Bolívia”, Paulo César Antonini de Souza (Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande-MS, Brasil) e Derick Trindade Bezerra (Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande-MS, Brasil) objetivaram identificar a materialidade e conceitos que permeiam as manifestações artísticas bidimensionais na fronteira Brasil/Bolívia.No artigo de revisão “Estilos de vida de los estudiantes universitarios: una revisión sistemática”, Marlucio De Souza Martins (Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, PUJ, Bogotá, Colômbia) e Melba Ximena Figueroa-Ángel (Universidad Santo Tomás, USTA, Bogotá, Colômbia) apresentam uma revisão sobre os estilos de vida no atual contexto universitário, atentando-se à qualidade de vida.Flávio Soares Alves (Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, UNESP, Rio Claro-SP, Brasil) e Yara Aparecida Couto (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos-SP, Brasil) partem de uma experiência didática envolvendo o ensino das danças no contexto de um curso de mestrado profissional, para apresentar o ensaio “Reflexões sobre dança na educação física escolar”.O presente número da Motricidades: Revista da SPQMH conta também com Seção Especial, apresentada por Maria Waldenez de Oliveira (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos-SP, Brasil), composta pelos seguintes trabalhos:Artigo de Pesquisa “Fútbol callejero: esperançando alteridade”, de Maurício Mendes Belmonte (Unidade de Saúde da Família Ulisses Guimarães, USF, Sorocaba-SP, Brasil) e Luiz Gonçalves Junior (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos-SP, Brasil);Artigo de Pesquisa “Os ‘aulões’ nos espaços de privação de liberdade como ato de esperança”, de Luciana Ferreira da Silva Moraes (Secretaria de Estado de Educação do Estado do Mato Grosso, SEDUC, Cuiabá-MT, Brasil) e Elenice Maria Cammarosano Onofre (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos-SP, Brasil);Ensaio “Processos educativos pelas veredas do esperançar”, de Djalma Ribeiro Junior (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos-SP, Brasil) e Maria Waldenez de Oliveira (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos-SP, Brasil);Ensaio “Vivências de Jongo com crianças na escola: educação das relações étnico-raciais”, de Vívian Parreira da Silva (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos-SP, Brasil) e Aida Victória Garcia Montrone (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos-SP, Brasil).Com a esperança de estarmos prestes a superar momento tão difícil da história da humanidade, continuemos a exercitar a solidariedade, empatia, sororidade, fraternidade...Sigamos em frente, assim como a Motricidades, que continua a sua missão de expandir a divulgação científica na área de Educação, em suas interfaces com Artes, Educação Física, Lazer, Meio Ambiente e Saúde!Boas leituras, reflexões, debates e, principalmente... engajadas ações!São Carlos-SP, dezembro de 2020MOTRICIDADESRev. SPQMHEditorProf. Dr. Fábio Ricardo Mizuno Lemos(Instituto Federal de São Paulo, Brasil)Editores AssociadosProfa. Dra. Denise Aparecida Corrêa(Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil)Prof. Dr. Luiz Gonçalves Junior(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brasil)Prof. Dr. Paulo César Antonini de Souza(Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil)Prof. Dr. Victor Lage(Universidade de Brasília, Brasil)Conselho EditorialProf. Dr. Cae Rodrigues(Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brasil)Profa. Dra. Claudia Foganholi(Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil)Profa. Dra. Denise Andrade de Freitas Martins(Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil)Prof. Dr. Elenor Kunz(Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brasil)Profa. Dra. Fabiana Rodrigues de Sousa(Centro Universitário Salesiano, Brasil)Prof. Dr. Gilberto Tadeu Reis da Silva(Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brasil)Prof. Dr. Glauco Nunes Souto Ramos(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brasil)Profa. Dra. Lílian Aparecida Ferreira(Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil)Profa. Dra. Luciane Ribeiro Dias Gonçalves(Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brasil)Prof. Dr. Manuel Sérgio Vieira e Cunha(Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Portugal)Prof. Dr. Marcos Garcia Neira(Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil)Profa. Dra. Petronilha Beatriz Gonçalves e Silva(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brasil)Profa. Dra. Regina Maria Rovigati Simões(Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Brasil)Prof. Dr. Sergio Alejandro Toro Arévalo(Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile)Profa. Dra. Valéria de Oliveira Vasconcelos(Centro Universitário Salesiano, Brasil)Profa. Dra. Vitória Helena Cunha Espósito(Pontifícia Universid/ade Católica de São Paulo, Brasil)Prof. Dr. Wagner Wey Moreira(Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Brasil)

In this paper, it is discuss the points raised from a pilot study for qualitative research planning. The argumentation present here is the result of a pilot study that focused the games of mathematical language on teacher training for rural schools. The data production took place in the Federal University of Reconcâvo Baiano, campus of Feira de Santana, state of Bahia, Brazil. The pilot study did not only provide insights for the research, but for any qualitative inquiry. Based on that, it is suggest that pilot study raises questions for reviewing a qualitative research planning in at least six dimensions: ethical, methodological, theoretical, analytical, operational and representational.ResumoNeste artigo, são discutidas as potencialidades do estudo piloto para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa qualitativa. A argumentação ora apresentada é fruto de um estudo piloto que focalizou os jogos de linguagem matemáticos na formação de professores do campo. A produção de dados ocorreu no curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo com Habilitações em Ciências da Natureza e Matemática em uma universidade pública no interior da Bahia, Brasil. O estudo piloto dessa pesquisa não gerou insights apenas para o delineamento da referida pesquisa, mas para qualquer investigação qualitativa. Baseado nisso, argumenta-se que o estudo piloto levanta questões para o refinamento do planejamento da pesquisa, pelo menos, em seis dimensões: ética, metodológica, teórica, analítica, operacional e representacional.Keywords: Pilot study, Qualitative research, Research Planning.Palavras-chave: Estudo piloto, Pesquisa qualitativa, Planejamento da pesquisa.ReferencesARAIN, Mubashir et al. What is a pilot or feasibility study? A review of current practice and editorial policy. BMC Medical Research Methodology. UK, jul. 2010. Disponível em: <https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1471-2288-10-67>. Acesso em: 21 set. 2017.ARNOLD, Donald et al. The design and interpretation of pilot trials in clinical research in critical care. Crit Care Med. USA, vol. 37, n. 1, jan. 2009. Disponível em: <http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.622.1427&rep=rep1&type=pdf>. Acesso em 22 set. 2017.BELLO, Samuel Edmundo Lopez; RÉGNIER, Jean-Claude. Linguagem, realidade e subjetividade: elementos para uma Educação Matemática contemporânea. In: JELINEK, Karin Ritter; BELLO, Samuel Edmundo Lopez; SANTOS, Suelen Assunção (Orgs.). Educação Matemática: linguagens, práticas e sujeitos. Porto Alegre: Editora Canto - Cultura e Arte, p. 25-41, 2017. Disponível em: <http://canto.art.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Educacao-Matematica-linguagens-praticas-e-sujeitos-versao-digital-espelhada.pdf>. Acesso em: 6 abr. 2019BIRMAN, Joel. Jogando com a Verdade. Uma Leitura de Foucault. PHYSIS: Revista Saúde Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, v. 12, n.2, p.301-324, 2002. Disponível em: < http://www.scielo.br/pdf/physis/v12n2/a07v12n2.pdf>. 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Anais eletrônicos. Blumenau: FURB, 2012. Disponível em: <https://www.tecnoevento.com.br/nel/anais/artigos/art16.pdf>. Acesso em: 21 set. 2017.DE VAUS, David. Surveys in Social Research - 3rd edn. London: UCL Press, 1993. 379 p. FLICK, Uwe. Introdução à Pesquisa Qualitativa. 3. ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2009. 405 p.FONGER, Nicola. Lessons learned as a novice researcher: A pilot study in Mathematics Education. The Hilltop Review, Michigan, apr. 2011. Disponível em: <https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=hilltopreview>. Acesso em: 6 fev. 2018.FOUCAULT, Michel. O cuidado com a verdade. In: FOUCAULT, Michel. Ditos e Escritos V. Ética, Sexualidade e Política. Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitária, 2004c, p. 240-251.FOUCAULT, Michel. A Ordem do Discurso. Trad. Laura Fraga de Almeida Sampaio. 24 ed. São Paulo: Loyola, 2014. 74 p.GAIA, C.; PIRES, L. Saberes matemáticos e história de vida na zona rural de Marabá-PA. 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Disponível em: <http://hayat.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=666&sid=1&slc_lang=en>. Acesso em: 6 fev. 2018.KIM, Yujin. The pilot study in qualitative inquiry: identifying issues and learning lessons for culturally competent research. Qualitative Social Work, USA, may 2011. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325010362001>. Acesso em: 6 fev. 2018.KNIJNIK, Gelsa. Differentially positioned language games: ethnomathematics from a philosophical perspective. Educational Studies in Mathematics, Switzerland, v. 80, p. 87-100, may 2012. Disponível em: <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10649-012-9396-8>. Acesso em: 10 mar 2018.KNIJNIK, Gelsa. Etnomatemáticas en movimiento: Perspectiva Etnomatemática, sus formulaciones teóricas y ejemplificaciones. Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática, Colombia, v. 7, n. 2, p. 139-151, jun./sep. 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.revista.etnomatematica.org/index.php/RevLatEm/article/view/127>. Acesso em: 5 abr. 2019.KNIJNIK, Gelsa. 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El interés por la estrecha relación que han mantenido Ecuador y Perú, más allá de los distanciamientos políticos y diplomáticos que no afectaron la comunicación entre ambos países, nació durante mis estudios de maestría y me acompañó en los años posteriores. En el ámbito literario, me incliné por los temas que podrían dar cuenta de aquellas conexiones binacionales y, quizápor ello, en el presente trabajo me he abocado a indagar cómo en sus textos Ricardo Palma delinea el perfil de cuatro mujeres ecuatorianas: Rosa Campusano, Manuela Sáenz, Dolores Veintimilla de Galindo y Marietta de Veintemilla; y cómo dos de ellas, Manuela y Marietta, desafiaron al rol prefigurado para las mujeres en el siglo XIX en América Latina, incursionando en el ámbito público que estaba destinado al quehacer masculino: las letras y la política.

En 1877, el coronel Manuel de Odriozola publicó, dentro de la colección de Documentos Literarios del Perú, un artículo de Ricardo Palma, de carácter histórico, titulado Monteagudo y Sánchez Carrión. En este trabajo Palma sostenía, entre otros puntos, que tanto el asesinato del coronel Bernardo Monteagudo (25 de enero de 1825) cuanto la muerte de José Faustino Sánchez Carrión (2 de junio de 1825) habían sido crímenes políticos.

Los años que van de 1833 a 1919 representa un corto período de 86 años que se inicia en Lima, o en Talavera de la Reina (Apurimacma), el 6 de junio de 1833 y concluye en esta ciudad, el 6 de octubre de 1919, lapso en el que transcurre la vida del ilustre americano Manuel Ricardo Palma Carrillo, a cuya memoria debo mi presencia en este centro académico de renombre internacional.

En torno a la obra de Ricardo Palma, y en especial a las Tradiciones Peruanas, existe una serie de interpretaciones o lecturas, entre ellas: las de José de la Riva Agüero y Víctor Andrés Belaúnde; la de Manuel González Prada; y las de Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre y José Carlos Mariátegui. Estas lecturas de Palma son, sin duda, las más importantes, no solo porque abordan una obraliteraria desde puntos de vista completamente opuestos, sino también porque en ellas está presente la discusión ideológica respecto a nuestro ser y destino nacionales.

Este trabajo se refiere a un incidente que no ha merecido atención alguna de los estudiosos de la literatura del siglo XIX peruano, pero que, si se analiza con la óptica de ciento cincuenta años atrás, es posible reparar en que a principios de la década de 1870 resultaba sumamente importante. En este incidente hay cuatro componentes: el primero es la participación deRicardo Palma en el semanario limeño Cascabel, de carácter netamente político destinado a atacar al Partido Civil que el 2 de agosto de 1872 había asumido el mando político en el Perú mediante el gobierno encabezado por don Manuel Pardo y Lavalle; el segundo es la reacción contra Palma desde el semanario La Sabatina, también limeño, pues los pocos que se han ocupado de él se limitan a señalar que apoyó la candidatura de Manuel Pardo a la presidencia de la república; el tercero es la vida y obra de Luis Enrique Márquez, periodista agresivo y muy aceptable versificador que ha sido marginado por nuestras historias de la literatura que solo le conceden el mérito de haber fundado La Sabatina, haber sido uno de los fundadores y el primer presidente del Círculo Literario y haber estado claramente vinculado a La Revista Social; y el cuarto es el posible origen de la animadversión de algunos periodistas contra Ricardo Palma que se inicia con los textos que se le dedica en La Sabatina y no con los discursos de González Prada de la segunda mitad de la década de 1880, como hasta ahora se repite.

Desde esa singular y excelente obra La literatura peruana en el siglo XX, el maestro Estuardo Núñez, traza con excepcional originalidad el legado del siglo anterior y nos señala fehacientemente la existencia de dos figuras representativas consagradas: las de Ricardo Palma y Manuel González Prada. Es cierto que las tradiciones de Palma fueron publicadas a lo largo de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y que su escritura cubre un espacio de más de medio siglo. “La capacidad para ser original –afirma Núñez– fue en Palma tan neta y rotunda que hasta en la forma del estilo y ya no solamente en los asuntos, dio la impresión y constituyó la realidad de un nuevo y brillante artífice de las letras.

Hablar de Ricardo Palma es como hablar de un mito que contribuyó a forjar y propalar las acerbas polémicas que se armaron en su tiempo acerca de su personalidad, entre conservadores y progresistas, liberales y revolucionarios, moderados y radicales. Siempre tengo en la memoria la violenta diatriba de Manuel González Prada contra el patriarca de las letras peruanas, como se lo consideraba entonces, en su famoso discurso del Politeama de 1888: “¡Los viejos a la tumba; los jóvenes a la obra!” Mientras, al revés, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, fundador del APRA, y José Carlos Mariátegui, fundador del Partido Socialista Peruano, eminentes figuras de la “nueva generación” como González Prada, trataron de interpretar el pensamiento de Palma en un marco más favorable procurando rescatarlo de la tentativa de recuperación conservadora capitaneada por José de La Riva Agüero, otro de los notables intelectuales de la época.

Aunque mi participación en el Encuentro anual de “Re– Visión de las Tradiciones” ha venido siendo reiterada en este Instituto que lleva como timbre de orgullo el nombre del padre de la Tradiciones peruanas, mi presencia en esta oportunidad viene enaltecida con la designación honrosísima, pero inmerecida, de que soy objeto al ser admitido como “Miembro Correspondiente” del Instituto Ricardo Palma, ello gracias a la extrema generosidad de los dos principales artífices que lo impulsan, su presidente, Dr. Manuel Pantigoso Pecero, y el rector, Dr. Iván Rodríguez Chávez; y digo extrema generosidad porque no otra es la razón que puede explicar tal nombramiento que me hace, de hecho, el más humilde colega de notables investigadores palmistas que tanto en el ámbito nacional como en el internacional honran a esta corporación y a la casa del saber que la alienta: la Universidad Ricardo Palma. Gratitud eterna, lealtad sin límite y trabajo esforzado son las ofrendas inmarcesibles que esta tarde puedo dejar a los pies de nuestro patrono institucional, las cuales nacen con sinceridad de mi corazón e intelecto como la única manera que conozco de retribuir a tan magnánima muestra de amistad.

Se determina hoy mi ingreso como numerario del Instituto Ricardo Palma y por ello expreso, en primer lugar, mi reconocimiento a los amigos que me han invitado a integrar esta academia dedicada al estudio y difusión de la obra de quien, con justicia, es llamado el patriarca de nuestras letras. Ellos han creído, sugestionados por el afecto más que por la convicción, que yo podría alguna vez convertirme en un intérprete de Palma algo más aprovechado que el mero lector, dichoso pero acrítico, que he sido hasta ahora. Sin embargo, han pasado inadvertidamente por alto que el apego a nuestro tradicionista es un sentimiento consustancial a todo limeño, o cuando menos a los que no renegamos de nuestra ciudad, como instiga la demagogia mal llamada progresista según la cual la peruanidad estaría en los valores vernáculos de las provincias antes que en los supuestamente postizos de Lima. Agradezco, entonces, al doctor Iván Rodríguez Chávez, Rector de la Universidad Ricardo Palma y al doctor Manuel Pantigoso, flamante Presidente de este Instituto, por la dignidad que me confiere esta casa de estudios superiores, de la que ya tengo el privilegio de ser profesor honorario, aceptándome hoy como miembro de Número del Instituto Ricardo Palma. Tan generosa decisión compromete desde ahora mi más esforzado empeño por obtener algún día las credenciales suficientes que justifiquen la confianza que ellos depositan en mí.

According to the Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 2010), slip-critical bolts can only share load with longitudinal welds in a joint. Moreover, the bolt available strength shall not be taken greater than 50% of the bearing-type. This paper presents the result of a series of joint tests verifying the specification. The joints were tested in a manner similar to previous work (e.g. Manuel and Kulak 2000). The slip strength values of JIS F10T and F14T bolts were tested and compared. Transverse and longitudinal fillet welds with a leg size of 12 mm and the same amount of weld material were adopted and tested respectively. The strength ratio between bolts and welds changes from 5/8 to 6/9 in the combination joints. The result shows that in the combination with longitudinal welds, the bolts tend to slip and contact the plates, developing greater bearing strength. In the combination with transverse welds, the bolts slip and the pretension decreases greatly. But the combination also causes the fracture surfaces of transverse welds to change, providing additional strength to compensate the decrease in bolt slip strength. The combination joints therefore can develop strength greater than the sum of slip strength and fracture strength.

The interpretation of laboratory test results requires reference or cutoff values. An improved diagnosis with accurate, reliable laboratory reference ranges saves valuable healthcare resources essential for effective clinical evaluation and monitoring. This benefit provides improved cost containment by eliminating unnecessary testing, treatment changes, and use of other healthcare resources during the episode of care. Based on the above fact, this study was designed to establish reference ranges for hematological parameters in apparently healthy voluntary non-remunerated blood donors. The study was a hospital based cross-sectional experimental study conducted between February and October 2020. Blood samples were taken from 356 healthy adults (18 to 60 years) 211 (59.3%) males and 145 (40.7%) females and routine hematology analysis performed. Patients were assessed as healthy on the basis of a medical history and medical examinations. Venous blood from the antecubital fossa was collected in 2-3mL of K- ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) for complete blood counts. A total of nineteen hematological parameters were tested in this study and showed significant differences (p<0.001) among males and females with the former showing higher CBC values, except WBC, GRAN# and platelet. More than 10% of the female population presented results that were out of that of the accompanying manual of the hematology analyzer used in the study. The reference range for LYM % for the female was above the upper limit of the manufacturers’ manual reference and for GRAN% in the males was below the lower limit of the accompanying manual of the hematology analyzer. Several differences were also observed when compared to previously established values from Yaounde (Cameroon), most notably in platelets. Our findings for CBC parameters, are in general agreement with previously published data from more limited trials undertaken in other African countries. In spite of the uncontrolled factors influencing hematological values, this study permitted to establish new hematological reference values for use in the North West region of Cameroon. In the absence of previously detailed and more comprehensive investigated hematological reference values for the region we offered to use these results for clinical management of patients from this region and interpretations of laboratory data. L'interprétation des résultats des tests de laboratoire nécessite des valeurs de référence ou de coupure. Un diagnostic amélioré avec des plages de référence de laboratoire précises et fiables permet d'économiser de précieuses ressources de santé essentielles pour une évaluation et un suivi cliniques efficaces. Cet avantage permet une meilleure maîtrise des coûts en éliminant les tests inutiles, les changements de traitement et l'utilisation d'autres ressources de soins de santé pendant l'épisode de soins. Sur la base de ce qui précède, cette étude a été conçue pour établir des plages de référence pour les paramètres hématologiques chez des donneurs de sang volontaires non rémunérés apparemment en bonne santé. L'étude était une étude expérimentale transversale en milieu hospitalier menée entre février et octobre 2020. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés sur 356 adultes en bonne santé (18 à 60 ans) 211 (59,3%) hommes et 145 (40,7%) femmes et une analyse hématologique de routine a été réalisée. Les patients ont été jugés sains sur la base des antécédents médicaux et des examens médicaux. Le sang veineux de la fosse antécubitale a été collecté dans 2-3 ml d'acide K-éthylènediamine tétra acétique (EDTA) pour une numération globulaire complète. Un total de dix-neuf paramètres hématologiques ont été testés dans cette étude et ont montré des différences significatives (p <0,001) entre les hommes et les femmes, le premier montrant des valeurs de FSC plus élevées, sauf globules blancs, GRAN # et plaquettes. Plus de 10% de la population féminine a présenté des résultats différents de ceux du manuel d'accompagnement de l'analyseur d'hématologie utilisé dans l'étude. La plage de référence pour LYM% pour la femelle était au-dessus de la limite supérieure de la référence manuelle du fabricant et pour GRAN% chez les mâles était inférieure à la limite inférieure du manuel d'accompagnement de l'analyseur d'hématologie. Plusieurs différences ont également été observées par rapport aux valeurs précédemment établies à Yaoundé (Cameroun), notamment dans les plaquettes. Nos résultats pour les paramètres du FSC, sont en accord général avec les données publiées antérieurement à partir d'essais plus limités entrepris dans d'autres pays africains. Malgré les facteurs incontrôlés influençant les valeurs hématologiques, cette étude a permis d'établir de nouvelles valeurs hématologiques de référence à utiliser dans la région du Nord-Ouest du Cameroun. En l'absence de valeurs de référence hématologiques étudiées précédemment détaillées et plus complètes pour la région, nous avons proposé d'utiliser ces résultats pour la prise en charge clinique des patients de cette région et l'interprétation des données de laboratoire. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0775/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

ZusammenfassungBei Verdacht auf Vorliegen einer systemischen Autoimmunerkrankung wird für die serologische Routinediagnostik ein Zwei-Stufen-Verfahren empfohlen. Zuerst werden Autoantikörpern (AAK) mittels sensitiver zellbasierter indirekter Immunfluoreszenz (IIF)-Teste bestimmt. Ein positives Ergebnis muss aufgrund der Möglichkeit von falsch-positiven Ergebnissen mit einem weiteren, spezifischen Test bestätigt werden. Dieses sukzessive Vorgehen ist notwendig, da zurzeit keine Assaytechnik die notwendigen Anforderungen an ein einstufiges Verfahren hinsichtlich Sensitivität und Spezifität erfüllt. Im Sinne einer effektiven AAK-Diagnostik kann heute schon eine simultane Bestimmung von mehreren AAK mittels multiparametrischer Bestätigungstests die Diagnosefindung im Vergleich zu konventionellen, monoparametrischen Tests wesentlich verkürzen. Jedoch erlauben die verfügbaren multiparametrischen AAK-Nachweismethoden nicht die Kombination von Screening- und Bestätigungstesten. Deshalb wurde basierend auf der digitalen Fluoreszenz mit der hier vorgestellten CytoBead Technologie ein neuer Ansatz entwickelt. Ziel war die Kombination der empfohlenen Stufendiagnostik bestehend aus sensitivem Screening und spezifischer Bestätigungsdiagnostik in einer Reaktionsumgebung und darüber hinaus die Möglichkeit der Adaption auf die serologische Diagnostik mehrerer Autoimmunerkrankungen. Durch a) die Nutzung von Standardglasobjektträgern, b) die Kombination von nativen zellulären oder Gewebesubstraten mit antigenbeladenen fluoreszierenden Mikropartikeln (Beads) in einer Reaktionsumgebung, c) die Möglichkeit der manuellen und automatischen Auswertung mittels IIF und d) die Erhebung von quantitativen Fluoreszenzmessergebnissen konnten die Nachteile der bisher bestehenden Testsysteme überwunden werden. Das neue Prinzip ist auf verschiedene multiparametrische AAK-Nachweise wie zum Beispiel die Bestimmung von antinukleären Antikörpern und AAK gegen entsprechende nukleäre und zytoplasmatische autoantigene Zielstrukturen anwendbar. Damit wurde weiterhin die Basis für die simultane AAK-Multiparameterbestimmung für die Serologie der Zöliakie und von ANCA-assoziierten systemischen Vaskulitiden geschaffen.

Se realizó un ensayo clínico fase II explorativo, aleatorizado y controlado, en la sala de emergencias del hospital provincial universitario "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes", Bayamo, provincia Granma, en el período comprendido entre Septiembre 2013 a Septiembre de 2016 con el objetivo evaluar la eficiencia y seguridad del ClNa 7.5% Hemoest en el tratamiento del choque hemorrágico. El universo construido por los pacientes politraumatizados a los que se le diagnostique estado de choque hemorrágico traumático clase II y III. Se incluyeron 64 pacientes de 15 a 60 años de edad. Ambos tratamientos se aplicaron de forma intravenosa, a dosis según requerimiento del paciente. Se aplicaron las Normas Nacionales e Internacionales de Buenas Prácticas Clínicas. Para determinar la eficacia se realizó la prueba unilateral de equivalencia de las proporciones a la variable principal del estudio: (respuesta clínica). La seguridad del tratamiento fue evaluada a través del tipo e intensidad del evento adverso y su relación de causalidad con el tratamiento recibido. Los grupos resultaron ser homogéneos en cuanto a las características de base estudiadas, las que no mostraron influencia en la respuesta al tratamiento. El análisis con los pacientes que completaron el período de tratamiento con ClNa 7.5% Hemoest tuvieron una evolución satisfactoria y se concluyó que es más efectivo y seguro a las dosis según el esquema de administración aplicados en el estudio que el tratamiento utilizado en como control. Palabras clave: Solución Salina CLNA 7.5%-Hemest, Schok Hemorrágico Abstract. It has been made a clinic essay phase II explorative, randomized and controlled, in the emergency room of the University province hospital “Carlos Manuel de Céspedes”, Bayamo, Granma province, in the period between September 2013 to September 2016 with the objective of test the efficiency and security of CINa 7.5% Hemoest in the treatment of hemorrhage shock. The universe constructed by patients polytraumatized, who were diagnosed state of hemorrhagic shock clase I and II. 64 patients were include, with ages between 15-60 years. Both treatments was applied in intravenous form in doses according to the requirements of the patient. National and International norms of Good Medical Practices was applied. To determine the efficiency it was made the unilateral test of equivalence of the proportions to the main variable of the study :( Clinic response). The security of the treatment was tested through the type and intensity of the adverse event and its causal relationship with the treatment received. The groups turned out to be homogeneous in terms of the characteristics of bases studied, which showed no influence on the response to the treatment. Analysis with patients who completed the treatment period with CINa 7.5% Hemoest had a satisfactory evolution and it is concluded that it is more effective and safe at the doses according to the administration scheme applied in the study, than the treatment used as control Key words: Saline solution CLNA 7.5%-Hemoest, hemorrhage shock.zc

Resumen Partimos de la hipótesis de que el color es un elemento de la fotografía publicitaria capaz de añadir significados connotados. Consideramos que a lo largo de la historia y para la cultura occidental se han asociado una serie de significados de carácter simbólico y connotado a los diferentes tonos del color. Y la fotografía publicitaria los utiliza y los controla de forma que crea y refuerza el posicionamiento que se quiere dar al producto publicitado. Para probar nuestra hipótesis hemos desarrollado una herramienta de recogida y análisis de datos que hemos puesto a prueba con el estudio de tres fotografías publicitarias de perfumes de la compañía Lancôme: Trésor, Trésor in love y Trésor midnight rose. Se trata de tres posicionamientos muy claros, para públicos objetivos muy bien diferenciados. En los tres casos se detectan claves tonales y gamas de color muy concretas. Que enlazan con el universo simbólico con el que se rodea a cada uno de esos perfumes en las descripciones que la propia compañía realiza de cada uno de ellos en su sitio web (www.lancomespain.com). AbstractWe hypothesized that color is an element of advertising photography able to add connoted meanings. We consider that throughout history and for Western culture there are some connoted and symbolic meanings associated to different color tones. And advertising photography uses and manages them so it creates and reinforces the positioning asigned to the advertised product. To test our hypothesis we developed a tool for collecting and analyzing data that we have tested with the study of three advertising photographs of perfume from Lancôme: Tresor, Tresor in love and Tresor midnight rose. These are three very clear positionings for very distinct target audiences. In all three cases are detected very specific tonal keys and color ranges. And they link to the symbolic universe which surrounds each of these fragrances in the descriptions that the own company makes on its website (www.lancomespain.com). Forma de citar este artículo en las bibliografíasFélix Galindo Marín, Blas José Subiela Hernández y Manuel González-Sicilia Llamas (2014): --Análisis del color como connotador en la fotografía publicitaria-, en Miguel Hernández Communication Journal, nº5, páginas 53 a 90. Universidad Miguel Hernández, UMH (Elche-Alicante). Recuperado el __ de ____________ de 20__ de: http://mhcj.es/index.php?journal=mhcj&page=article&op=view&path[]=56 Trabajo elaborado en el marco del subproyecto I+D -LOS PROFESIONALES DE LA COMUNICACIÓN ANTE LA COMPETENCIA EN COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL EN UN ENTORNO DIGITAL-, perteneciente al Proyecto Coordinado con referencia EDU2010-21395-C02, financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación en la convocatoria de 2010

The European Carabidologists' Meeting (ECM) is a scientific meeting where researchers from Europe and other countries discuss their work about the main topics of ecology, biogeography and evolution, to foster a sense of community among researchers with a common background on carabid beetles, and to promote collaborations. The 19th ECM is organized by the “Parco Naturale di Paneveggio - Pale di San Martino”, and by the Dept. of Biology Ecology and Earth Sciences of the Calabria University, and will be held on Monday 16 th to Friday 20 th September 2019 in the town of Fiera di Primiero, Italy. The main theme of the Meeting is "Carabids in extreme environments". Carabidae as model organisms was the topic of the discussion when several researchers met in Wijster (The Netherlands) in 1969, giving rise to the tradition of the European Carabidologists' Meetings. Since then a lot of people joined the carabidologists "family", producing sound science, not restricted to carabids' study. Traditionally the ECM is a place where to present new/old ideas, hypotheses not yet tested, preliminary results or relevant discoveries and participants are strongly encouraged to present original research, not yet published. As usual, the proceedings of the 19th ECM will be published, as peer reviewed full papers, in a scientific journal. Three plenary talks characterise the 19th ECM. The first is on "Global warNing: what we know and what we should know about carabid beetles in high altitude habitats", and it is followed by talks on different aspects of the biology of carabids in extreme environments. The second plenary is on a long-debated topic of carabidology, i.e. "A standardized European trapping protocol – perspectives for long-term studies". The third plenary gives a scientific perspective of the carabidologists work: "Progress and knowledge gaps in carabidology – a bibliometric analysis of the last 50 years". Two workshops close the days of Tuesday and Thursday. The first is entitled "What to do with the standardized trapping method?" and it may give prompts to develop joint projects in carabidology. During the second workshop "IUCN Red List of European Ground Beetles", a badly needed field of application for carabid research will be discussed. The Scientific Board is composed of: Assmann Thorsten, Leuphana University (Germany); Brandmayr Pietro, University of Calabria (Italy); Di Giulio Andrea, University of Roma Tre (Italy); Fattorini Simone, University of L'Aquila (Italy), Gobbi Mauro, MUSE Museo delle Scienze (Italy); Lovei Gabor, Aarhus University (Denmark ); Plantagenest Manuel, Agrocampus-Ouest (France); Saska Pavel, Crop Research Institute (Czech Rep.); Šerić Jelaska Lucija, University of Zagreb (Croatia); Serrano José, University of Murcia (Spain); Sklodowski Jaroslaw, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (Poland); Spence John, University of Alberta (Canada); Venn Stephen, University of Helsinki (Finland ). Seventy people registered for the Meeting, coming from 22 regions depicted in Fig. 1, where it is possible to see that the ECM is a scientific agorà attracting not only European scientists. Forty two talks and thirty three posters were scheduled.

This essay aims to elucidate issues related to the origin, definition and contributions of number sense to mathematical learning. We discuss the controversies involved in the origin and conceptualization of the construct, as well as the understanding of number sense that characterizes this work. We present studies that highlight the relevant role that number sense plays in the construction of initial mathematics and the relation that this construct has evidenced in children’s later mathematical performance. These findings are then related to educational actions developed by researchers in the field, showing the effectiveness of the investment in developing mathematical interventions. In conclusion, it is evidenced the controversy that characterizes the concept of number sense, which reflects the need for more research in this field. A strong predictive relationship between the construct and later mathematical knowledge is also highlighted, which has led to the realization of intervention studies in this field. Such studies have shown encouraging results for kindergarten and elementary school students who have difficulties in learning mathematics.ResumoEste ensaio tem como objetivo elucidar questões relativas à origem, definição e contribuições do senso numérico para a aprendizagem matemática. Abordam-se as controvérsias envolvidas na origem e conceituação do constructo, assim como a compreensão de senso numérico que caracteriza este trabalho. São apresentados estudos que destacam o papel relevante que o senso numérico desempenha para a construção da matemática inicial e a relação que este constructo tem evidenciado com o desempenho matemático posterior das crianças. Após, relaciona-se o que foi exposto às ações educacionais desenvolvidas por pesquisadores da área, mostrando a efetividade do investimento no desenvolvimento de intervenções matemáticas. Em conclusão, fica evidenciada a controvérsia que caracteriza a conceituação de senso numérico, o que reflete a necessidade e relevância de mais pesquisa nesta área. É destacada também a forte relação preditiva entre o constructo e o conhecimento matemático posterior, o que tem impulsionado a realização de estudos de intervenção neste campo, com resultados animadores, para alunos da Educação Infantil e dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental que apresentam dificuldades de aprendizagem na matemática.ResumenEste ensayo tiene como objetivo dilucidar cuestiones relacionadas con el origen, la definición y las contribuciones del sentido numérico al aprendizaje matemático. Discutimos las controversias involucradas en el origen y la conceptualización del constructo, así como la comprensión del sentido numérico que caracteriza este trabajo. Presentamos estudios que destacan el papel relevante que juega el sentido numérico en la construcción de las matemáticas iniciales y la relación que este constructo ha evidenciado en el rendimiento matemático posterior de los niños. Estos hallazgos se relacionan luego con acciones educativas desarrolladas por investigadores en este campo, evidenciando la efectividad de los esfuerzos en el desarrollo de intervenciones matemáticas. En conclusión, queda evidenciada la controversia que caracteriza el concepto de sentido numérico, lo que refleja la necesidad de más investigación en este campo. También se destaca una fuerte relación predictiva entre este constructo y el conocimiento matemático posterior, lo que ha llevado a la realización de estudios de intervención en esta área. Dichos estudios han mostrado resultados alentadores para los alumnos de la Educación Infantil y años iniciales de la Enseñanza Fundamental que tienen dificultades para aprender matemáticas.Palavras-chave: Senso numérico, Aprendizagem da matemática, Estudos preditivos, Intervenção.Keywords: Number sense, Mathematical learning, Predictive studies, Intervention.Palabras clave: Sentido numérico, Aprendizaje matemático, Estudios Predictivos, Intervención.ReferencesANDERSSON, Ulf; LYXELL, Björn. Working memory deficit in children with mathematical difficulties: A general or specific deficit? Journal of experimental child psychology, v. 96, n. 3, p. 197-228, 2007.ANDREWS, Paul; SAYERS, Judy. Identifying opportunities for grade one children to acquire foundational number sense: Developing a framework for cross cultural classroom analyses. Early Childhood Education Journal, v. 43, n. 4, p. 257-267, 2015.ANTELL, Sue Ellen; KEATING, Daniel P. Perception of numerical invariance in neonates. Child development, p. 695-701, 1983.ARAGÓN-MENDIZÁBAL, Estíbaliz; AGUILAR-VILLAGRÁN, Manuel; NAVARRO-GUZMÁN, José I.; HOWELL, Richard. Improving number sense in kindergarten children with low achievement in mathematics. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, v. 33, n. 2, p. 311-318, 2017.BARBOSA, Heloiza Helena de Jesus. Sentido de número na infância: uma interconexão dinâmica entre conceitos e procedimentos. Paidéia, v. 17, n. 37, p. 181-194, 2007.BERCH, Daniel B. Making sense of number sense: Implications for children with mathematical disabilities. Journal of learning disabilities, v. 38, n. 4, p. 333-339, 2005.BRYANT, Diane p.; BRYANT, Brian R.; VAUGHN, Greg R.S.; PFANNENSTIEL, Kathleen H.; PORTERFIELD, Jennifer; GERSTEN, Russell. Early numeracy intervention program for first-grade students with mathematics difficulties. Exceptional Children, v. 78, n. 1, p. 7-23, 2011.CORSO, L. Memória de trabalho, senso numérico e desempenho em aritmética. Revista Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, v. 20, n. 1, p. 141-154, 2018.CORSO, L.; DORNELES, B. V. Senso numérico e dificuldades de aprendizagem na matemática. Revista Psicopedagogia, São Paulo, 83, 289–309, 2010.DEHAENE, Stanislas. Babies who count. In: DEHAENE, Stanislas. The Number Sense: how the mind creates mathematics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.DE SMEDT, Bert; GILMORE, Camilla K. Defective number module or impaired access? Numerical magnitude processing in first graders with mathematical difficulties. Journal of experimental child psychology, v. 108, n. 2, p. 278-292, 2011.DOWKER, Ann; SIGLEY, Graham. Targeted interventions for children with arithmetical difficulties. In: BJEP Monograph Series II, Number 7-Understanding number development and difficulties. British Psychological Society, p. 65-81, 2010.DYSON, Nancy I.; JORDAN, Nancy C.; GLUTTING, Joseph. A number sense intervention for low-income kindergartners at risk for mathematics difficulties. Journal of learning disabilities, v. 46, n. 2, p. 166-181, 2013.FUCHS, Lynn S.; FUCHS, Douglas; STUEBING, Karla; FLETCHER, Jack M.;HAMLETT, Carol L.; LAMBERT, Warren. Problem solving and computational skill: Are they shared or distinct aspects of mathematical cognition? Journal of educational psychology, v. 100, n. 1, p. 30-47, 2008.FUCHS, Lynn. S.; POWELL, Sara. R.; SEETHALER, Pamela M.; CIRINO, Paul T.; FLETCHER, Jack M.; FUCHS, Douglas; HAMLETT, Carol L. The effects of strategic counting instruction, with and without deliberate practice, on number combination skill among students with mathematics difficulties. Learning and individual differences, v. 20, n. 2, p. 89-100, 2010.FUSON, Karen C.; SECADA, Walter G.; HALL, James W. Matching, Counting, and Conservation of Numerical Equivalence. Child Development, v. 54, n. 1 p. 91-97, 1983.GERSTEN, Russell; CHARD, David. Number sense: Rethinking arithmetic instruction for students with mathematical disabilities. The Journal of special education, v. 33, n. 1, p. 18-28, 1999.GINSBURG, Herbert P.; LEE, Joon Sun; BOYD, Judi Stevenson. Mathematics Education for Young Children: What It Is and How to Promote It. Social Policy Report, v. 22, n. 1. p. 3-23, 2008.HASSINGER-DAS, Brenna; JORDAN, Nancy C.; GLUTTING, Joseph; IRWIN, Casey; DYSON, Nancy. Domain-general mediators of the relation between kindergarten number sense and first-grade mathematics achievement. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, v. 118, p. 78-92, 2014.JORDAN, Nancy C.; GLUTTING, Joseph; RAMINENI, Chaitanya. The importance of number sense to mathematics achievement in first and third grades. Learning and individual differences, v. 20, n. 2, p. 82-88, 2010.JORDAN, Nancy C.; GLUTTING, Joseph; RAMINENI, Chaitanya, WATKINS, Marley W. Validating a number sense screening tool for use in kindergarten and first grade: Prediction of mathematics proficiency in third grade. School Psychology Review, v. 39, n. 2, p. 181, 2010.MARTIN, Rebecca B.; CIRINO, Paul T.; SHARP, Carla; BARNES, Carla. Number and counting skills in kindergarten as predictors of grade 1 mathematical skills. Learning and individual differences, v. 34, p. 12-23, 2014.MEYER, Meghan L.; SALIMPOOR, Valorie; WU, Sarah S.; GEARY, David C.; MENON, Vinod. Differential contribution of specific working memory components to mathematics achievement in 2nd and 3rd graders. Learning and Individual Differences, v. 20, n. 2, p. 101-109, 2010.NUNES, Terezinha; BRYANT, Peter. Explicando numeralização. In: NUNES, T; BRYANT, P. Crianças fazendo matemática. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas, 1997. 246 p.NUNES,Terezinha; BRYANT, Peter. Children’s understanding of mathematics. In: GOSWAMI, Usha C. (Org.) The wiley-blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development. Blackwell Publishing, 2011.NUNES, Sula. C. T.; ASSIS, Évelin F.; THORNTON, Alessandra F.; CORSO, Luciana Vellinho. Contribuições da pesquisa em senso numérico para a prática de sala de aula. In: VII CONGRESSO INTERNACIONAL DE ENSINO DA MATEMÁTICA. ULBRA, 2017, Canoas, RS. Anais do VII CIEM – Canoas, Ulbra 2017, 2017.OKAMOTO, Yukari; CASE, Robbie. Exploring the microstructure of children's central conceptual structures in the domain of number. Monographs of the Society for research in Child Development, v. 61, n. 1?2, p. 27-58, 1996.PASSOLUNGHI, Maria Chiara; LANFRANCHI, Silvia. Domain?specific and domain?general precursors of mathematical achievement: A longitudinal study from kindergarten to first grade. British Journal of Educational Psychology, v. 82, n. 1, p. 42-63, 2012.PRAET, Magda; DESOETE, Annemie. Enhancing young children's arithmetic skills through non-intensive, computerised kindergarten interventions: A randomised controlled study. Teaching and Teacher Education, v. 39, p. 56-65, 2014.SPERAFICO, Yasmini Lais Spindler. Intervenção no uso de procedimentos e estratégias de contagem com alunos dos anos iniciais com baixos desempenho em matemática. Revista Psicopedagogia, v. 31, n. 94, p. 11-20, 2014.SPINILLO, Alina Galvão. Usos e funções do número em situações do cotidiano. In.: BRASIL. Secretaria de Educação Básica; Diretoria de Apoio à Gestão Educacional. Pacto nacional pela alfabetização na idade certa: Quantificação, Registros e Agrupamentos. Brasília: MEC, SEB, p. 20-29, 2014.STARKEY, Prentice; COOPER, Robert G. Perception of numbers by human infants. Science, v. 210, n. 4473, p. 1033-1035, 1980.STEIN, Lilian Milnitsky. TDE: teste de desempenho escolar: manual para aplicação e interpretação. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo, p. 1-17, 1994.STOCK, Pieter; DESOETE, Annemie; ROEYERS, Herbert. Mastery of the counting principles in toddlers: A crucial step in the development of budding arithmetic abilities? Learning and Individual Differences, v. 19, n. 4, p. 419-422, 2009.STRAUSS, Mark S.; CURTIS, Lynne E. Infant perception of numerosity. Child development,v. 52, p. 1146-1152, 1981.TOLAR, Tammy D.; FUCHS, Lynn; FLETCHER, Jack M.;FUCHS, Douglas; HAMLETT, Carol L. Cognitive profiles of mathematical problem solving learning disability for different definitions of disability. Journal of learning disabilities, v. 49, n. 3, p. 240-256, 2016.

Although I'm a rich white guy, I'm also a feminist anti-racism activist who fights for the rights of the poor and oppressed. (Carl Kenner)Systemic bias is a scourge to the pillar of neutrality. (Cerejota)Count me in. Let's leave the bias to the mainstream media. (Orcar967)Because this is so important. (CuttingEdge)These are a handful of comments posted by online editors who have banded together in a virtual coalition to combat Western bias on the world’s largest digital encyclopedia, Wikipedia. This collective action by Wikipedians both acknowledges the inherent inequalities of a user-controlled information project like Wikpedia and highlights the potential for progressive change within that same project. These community members are taking the responsibility of social change into their own hands (or more aptly, their own keyboards).In recent years much research has emerged on Wikipedia from varying fields, ranging from computer science, to business and information systems, to the social sciences. While critical at times of Wikipedia’s growth, governance, and influence, most of this work observes with optimism that barriers to improvement are not firmly structural, but rather they are socially constructed, leaving open the possibility of important and lasting change for the better.WikiProject: Countering Systemic Bias (WP:CSB) considers one such collective effort. Close to 350 editors have signed on to the project, which began in 2004 and itself emerged from a similar project named CROSSBOW, or the “Committee Regarding Overcoming Serious Systemic Bias on Wikipedia.” As a WikiProject, the term used for a loose group of editors who collaborate around a particular topic, these editors work within the Wikipedia site and collectively create a social network that is unified around one central aim—representing the un- and underrepresented—and yet they are bound by no particular unified set of interests. The first stage of a multi-method study, this paper looks at a snapshot of WP:CSB’s activity from both content analysis and social network perspectives to discover “who” geographically this coalition of the unrepresented is inserting into the digital annals of Wikipedia.Wikipedia and WikipediansDeveloped in 2001 by Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales and academic Larry Sanger, Wikipedia is an online collaborative encyclopedia hosting articles in nearly 250 languages (Cohen). The English-language Wikipedia contains over 3.2 million articles, each of which is created, edited, and updated solely by users (Wikipedia “Welcome”). At the time of this study, Alexa, a website tracking organisation, ranked Wikipedia as the 6th most accessed site on the Internet. Unlike the five sites ahead of it though—Google, Facebook, Yahoo, YouTube (owned by Google), and live.com (owned by Microsoft)—all of which are multibillion-dollar businesses that deal more with information aggregation than information production, Wikipedia is a non-profit that operates on less than $500,000 a year and staffs only a dozen paid employees (Lih). Wikipedia is financed and supported by the WikiMedia Foundation, a charitable umbrella organisation with an annual budget of $4.6 million, mainly funded by donations (Middleton).Wikipedia editors and contributors have the option of creating a user profile and participating via a username, or they may participate anonymously, with only an IP address representing their actions. Despite the option for total anonymity, many Wikipedians have chosen to visibly engage in this online community (Ayers, Matthews, and Yates; Bruns; Lih), and researchers across disciplines are studying the motivations of these new online collectives (Kane, Majchrzak, Johnson, and Chenisern; Oreg and Nov). The motivations of open source software contributors, such as UNIX programmers and programming groups, have been shown to be complex and tied to both extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, including online reputation, self-satisfaction and enjoyment, and obligation to a greater common good (Hertel, Niedner, and Herrmann; Osterloh and Rota). Investigation into why Wikipedians edit has indicated multiple motivations as well, with community engagement, task enjoyment, and information sharing among the most significant (Schroer and Hertel). Additionally, Wikipedians seem to be taking up the cause of generativity (a concern for the ongoing health and openness of the Internet’s infrastructures) that Jonathan Zittrain notably called for in The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It. Governance and ControlAlthough the technical infrastructure of Wikipedia is built to support and perhaps encourage an equal distribution of power on the site, Wikipedia is not a land of “anything goes.” The popular press has covered recent efforts by the site to reduce vandalism through a layer of editorial review (Cohen), a tightening of control cited as a possible reason for the recent dip in the number of active editors (Edwards). A number of regulations are already in place that prevent the open editing of certain articles and pages, such as the site’s disclaimers and pages that have suffered large amounts of vandalism. Editing wars can also cause temporary restrictions to editing, and Ayers, Matthews, and Yates point out that these wars can happen anywhere, even to Burt Reynold’s page.Academic studies have begun to explore the governance and control that has developed in the Wikipedia community, generally highlighting how order is maintained not through particular actors, but through established procedures and norms. Konieczny tested whether Wikipedia’s evolution can be defined by Michels’ Iron Law of Oligopoly, which predicts that the everyday operations of any organisation cannot be run by a mass of members, and ultimately control falls into the hands of the few. Through exploring a particular WikiProject on information validation, he concludes:There are few indicators of an oligarchy having power on Wikipedia, and few trends of a change in this situation. The high level of empowerment of individual Wikipedia editors with regard to policy making, the ease of communication, and the high dedication to ideals of contributors succeed in making Wikipedia an atypical organization, quite resilient to the Iron Law. (189)Butler, Joyce, and Pike support this assertion, though they emphasise that instead of oligarchy, control becomes encapsulated in a wide variety of structures, policies, and procedures that guide involvement with the site. A virtual “bureaucracy” emerges, but one that should not be viewed with the negative connotation often associated with the term.Other work considers control on Wikipedia through the framework of commons governance, where “peer production depends on individual action that is self-selected and decentralized rather than hierarchically assigned. Individuals make their own choices with regard to resources managed as a commons” (Viegas, Wattenberg and McKeon). The need for quality standards and quality control largely dictate this commons governance, though interviewing Wikipedians with various levels of responsibility revealed that policies and procedures are only as good as those who maintain them. Forte, Larco, and Bruckman argue “the Wikipedia community has remained healthy in large part due to the continued presence of ‘old-timers’ who carry a set of social norms and organizational ideals with them into every WikiProject, committee, and local process in which they take part” (71). Thus governance on Wikipedia is a strong representation of a democratic ideal, where actors and policies are closely tied in their evolution. Transparency, Content, and BiasThe issue of transparency has proved to be a double-edged sword for Wikipedia and Wikipedians. The goal of a collective body of knowledge created by all—the “expert” and the “amateur”—can only be upheld if equal access to page creation and development is allotted to everyone, including those who prefer anonymity. And yet this very option for anonymity, or even worse, false identities, has been a sore subject for some in the Wikipedia community as well as a source of concern for some scholars (Santana and Wood). The case of a 24-year old college dropout who represented himself as a multiple Ph.D.-holding theology scholar and edited over 16,000 articles brought these issues into the public spotlight in 2007 (Doran; Elsworth). Wikipedia itself has set up standards for content that include expectations of a neutral point of view, verifiability of information, and the publishing of no original research, but Santana and Wood argue that self-policing of these policies is not adequate:The principle of managerial discretion requires that every actor act from a sense of duty to exercise moral autonomy and choice in responsible ways. When Wikipedia’s editors and administrators remain anonymous, this criterion is simply not met. It is assumed that everyone is behaving responsibly within the Wikipedia system, but there are no monitoring or control mechanisms to make sure that this is so, and there is ample evidence that it is not so. (141) At the theoretical level, some downplay these concerns of transparency and autonomy as logistical issues in lieu of the potential for information systems to support rational discourse and emancipatory forms of communication (Hansen, Berente, and Lyytinen), but others worry that the questionable “realities” created on Wikipedia will become truths once circulated to all areas of the Web (Langlois and Elmer). With the number of articles on the English-language version of Wikipedia reaching well into the millions, the task of mapping and assessing content has become a tremendous endeavour, one mostly taken on by information systems experts. Kittur, Chi, and Suh have used Wikipedia’s existing hierarchical categorisation structure to map change in the site’s content over the past few years. Their work revealed that in early 2008 “Culture and the arts” was the most dominant category of content on Wikipedia, representing nearly 30% of total content. People (15%) and geographical locations (14%) represent the next largest categories, while the natural and physical sciences showed the greatest increase in volume between 2006 and 2008 (+213%D, with “Culture and the arts” close behind at +210%D). This data may indicate that contributing to Wikipedia, and thus spreading knowledge, is growing amongst the academic community while maintaining its importance to the greater popular culture-minded community. Further work by Kittur and Kraut has explored the collaborative process of content creation, finding that too many editors on a particular page can reduce the quality of content, even when a project is well coordinated.Bias in Wikipedia content is a generally acknowledged and somewhat conflicted subject (Giles; Johnson; McHenry). The Wikipedia community has created numerous articles and pages within the site to define and discuss the problem. Citing a survey conducted by the University of Würzburg, Germany, the “Wikipedia:Systemic bias” page describes the average Wikipedian as:MaleTechnically inclinedFormally educatedAn English speakerWhiteAged 15-49From a majority Christian countryFrom a developed nationFrom the Northern HemisphereLikely a white-collar worker or studentBias in content is thought to be perpetuated by this demographic of contributor, and the “founder effect,” a concept from genetics, linking the original contributors to this same demographic has been used to explain the origins of certain biases. Wikipedia’s “About” page discusses the issue as well, in the context of the open platform’s strengths and weaknesses:in practice editing will be performed by a certain demographic (younger rather than older, male rather than female, rich enough to afford a computer rather than poor, etc.) and may, therefore, show some bias. Some topics may not be covered well, while others may be covered in great depth. No educated arguments against this inherent bias have been advanced.Royal and Kapila’s study of Wikipedia content tested some of these assertions, finding identifiable bias in both their purposive and random sampling. They conclude that bias favoring larger countries is positively correlated with the size of the country’s Internet population, and corporations with larger revenues work in much the same way, garnering more coverage on the site. The researchers remind us that Wikipedia is “more a socially produced document than a value-free information source” (Royal & Kapila).WikiProject: Countering Systemic BiasAs a coalition of current Wikipedia editors, the WikiProject: Countering Systemic Bias (WP:CSB) attempts to counter trends in content production and points of view deemed harmful to the democratic ideals of a valueless, open online encyclopedia. WP:CBS’s mission is not one of policing the site, but rather deepening it:Generally, this project concentrates upon remedying omissions (entire topics, or particular sub-topics in extant articles) rather than on either (1) protesting inappropriate inclusions, or (2) trying to remedy issues of how material is presented. Thus, the first question is "What haven't we covered yet?", rather than "how should we change the existing coverage?" (Wikipedia, “Countering”)The project lays out a number of content areas lacking adequate representation, geographically highlighting the dearth in coverage of Africa, Latin America, Asia, and parts of Eastern Europe. WP:CSB also includes a “members” page that editors can sign to show their support, along with space to voice their opinions on the problem of bias on Wikipedia (the quotations at the beginning of this paper are taken from this “members” page). At the time of this study, 329 editors had self-selected and self-identified as members of WP:CSB, and this group constitutes the population sample for the current study. To explore the extent to which WP:CSB addressed these self-identified areas for improvement, each editor’s last 50 edits were coded for their primary geographical country of interest, as well as the conceptual category of the page itself (“P” for person/people, “L” for location, “I” for idea/concept, “T” for object/thing, or “NA” for indeterminate). For example, edits to the Wikipedia page for a single person like Tony Abbott (Australian federal opposition leader) were coded “Australia, P”, while an edit for a group of people like the Manchester United football team would be coded “England, P”. Coding was based on information obtained from the header paragraphs of each article’s Wikipedia page. After coding was completed, corresponding information on each country’s associated continent was added to the dataset, based on the United Nations Statistics Division listing.A total of 15,616 edits were coded for the study. Nearly 32% (n = 4962) of these edits were on articles for persons or people (see Table 1 for complete coding results). From within this sub-sample of edits, a majority of the people (68.67%) represented are associated with North America and Europe (Figure A). If we break these statistics down further, nearly half of WP:CSB’s edits concerning people were associated with the United States (36.11%) and England (10.16%), with India (3.65%) and Australia (3.35%) following at a distance. These figures make sense for the English-language Wikipedia; over 95% of the population in the three Westernised countries speak English, and while India is still often regarded as a developing nation, its colonial British roots and the emergence of a market economy with large, technology-driven cities are logical explanations for its representation here (and some estimates make India the largest English-speaking nation by population on the globe today).Table A Coding Results Total Edits 15616 (I) Ideas 2881 18.45% (L) Location 2240 14.34% NA 333 2.13% (T) Thing 5200 33.30% (P) People 4962 31.78% People by Continent Africa 315 6.35% Asia 827 16.67% Australia 175 3.53% Europe 1411 28.44% NA 110 2.22% North America 1996 40.23% South America 128 2.58% The areas of the globe of main concern to WP:CSB proved to be much less represented by the coalition itself. Asia, far and away the most populous continent with more than 60% of the globe’s people (GeoHive), was represented in only 16.67% of edits. Africa (6.35%) and South America (2.58%) were equally underrepresented compared to both their real-world populations (15% and 9% of the globe’s population respectively) and the aforementioned dominance of the advanced Westernised areas. However, while these percentages may seem low, in aggregate they do meet the quota set on the WP:CSB Project Page calling for one out of every twenty edits to be “a subject that is systematically biased against the pages of your natural interests.” By this standard, the coalition is indeed making headway in adding content that strategically counterbalances the natural biases of Wikipedia’s average editor.Figure ASocial network analysis allows us to visualise multifaceted data in order to identify relationships between actors and content (Vego-Redondo; Watts). Similar to Davis’s well-known sociological study of Southern American socialites in the 1930s (Scott), our Wikipedia coalition can be conceptualised as individual actors united by common interests, and a network of relations can be constructed with software such as UCINET. A mapping algorithm that considers both the relationship between all sets of actors and each actor to the overall collective structure produces an image of our network. This initial network is bimodal, as both our Wikipedia editors and their edits (again, coded for country of interest) are displayed as nodes (Figure B). Edge-lines between nodes represents a relationship, and here that relationship is the act of editing a Wikipedia article. We see from our network that the “U.S.” and “England” hold central positions in the network, with a mass of editors crowding around them. A perimeter of nations is then held in place by their ties to editors through the U.S. and England, with a second layer of editors and poorly represented nations (Gabon, Laos, Uzbekistan, etc.) around the boundaries of the network.Figure BWe are reminded from this visualisation both of the centrality of the two Western powers even among WP:CSB editoss, and of the peripheral nature of most other nations in the world. But we also learn which editors in the project are contributing most to underrepresented areas, and which are less “tied” to the Western core. Here we see “Wizzy” and “Warofdreams” among the second layer of editors who act as a bridge between the core and the periphery; these are editors with interests in both the Western and marginalised nations. Located along the outer edge, “Gallador” and “Gerrit” have no direct ties to the U.S. or England, concentrating all of their edits on less represented areas of the globe. Identifying editors at these key positions in the network will help with future research, informing interview questions that will investigate their interests further, but more significantly, probing motives for participation and action within the coalition.Additionally, we can break the network down further to discover editors who appear to have similar interests in underrepresented areas. Figure C strips down the network to only editors and edits dealing with Africa and South America, the least represented continents. From this we can easily find three types of editors again: those who have singular interests in particular nations (the outermost layer of editors), those who have interests in a particular region (the second layer moving inward), and those who have interests in both of these underrepresented regions (the center layer in the figure). This last group of editors may prove to be the most crucial to understand, as they are carrying the full load of WP:CSB’s mission.Figure CThe End of Geography, or the Reclamation?In The Internet Galaxy, Manuel Castells writes that “the Internet Age has been hailed as the end of geography,” a bold suggestion, but one that has gained traction over the last 15 years as the excitement for the possibilities offered by information communication technologies has often overshadowed structural barriers to participation like the Digital Divide (207). Castells goes on to amend the “end of geography” thesis by showing how global information flows and regional Internet access rates, while creating a new “map” of the world in many ways, is still closely tied to power structures in the analog world. The Internet Age: “redefines distance but does not cancel geography” (207). The work of WikiProject: Countering Systemic Bias emphasises the importance of place and representation in the information environment that continues to be constructed in the online world. This study looked at only a small portion of this coalition’s efforts (~16,000 edits)—a snapshot of their labor frozen in time—which itself is only a minute portion of the information being dispatched through Wikipedia on a daily basis (~125,000 edits). Further analysis of WP:CSB’s work over time, as well as qualitative research into the identities, interests and motivations of this collective, is needed to understand more fully how information bias is understood and challenged in the Internet galaxy. The data here indicates this is a fight worth fighting for at least a growing few.ReferencesAlexa. “Top Sites.” Alexa.com, n.d. 10 Mar. 2010 ‹http://www.alexa.com/topsites>. Ayers, Phoebe, Charles Matthews, and Ben Yates. How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It. 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