Relevant bibliographies by topics / Manufacturers of steam turbines

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Manufacturers of steam turbines'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Manufacturers of steam turbines"

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Hung, W. S. Y. "Carbon Monoxide Emissions From Gas Turbines as Influenced by Ambient Temperature and Turbine Load." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 115, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906747.

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The emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) from gas turbines are typically below 100 ppmvd at 15 percent O2 at design full-load operating conditions. The use of water/ steam to reduce NOx emissions from gas turbines results in an increase in CO emissions from gas turbines. This is particularly true when increased rates of water/ steam injection are used to meet stringent NOx limits. Regulations limiting CO emissions from stationary gas turbines were first initiated in the late 1980s by the Federal Republic of Germany and the state of New Jersey in the United States. Since these regulations are silent on ambient and load corrections, these CO limits could be the limiting factor in the current development of dry low-NOx combustion systems by gas turbine manufacturers. In addition, since manufacturers are usually quite specific regarding the conditions for CO guarantees, a conflict for the gas turbine user, who is responsible for the permit application, is readily apparent. This paper attempts to characterize the CO emissions from gas turbines as a function of ambient temperature and turbine load. An ambient temperature correction equation for CO emissions, based on previous work, is presented. The intent is to provide more extensive information on CO emissions such that better defined CO limits can be adopted. Ultimately, this should help the combustion design engineers in developing improved dry low-emissions combustion systems for the gas turbine industry.
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Petrushchenkov, V. A., and I. A. Korshakova. "Qualitative and quantitative analysis of small scale thermal energy in Russia." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 22, no. 5 (December 24, 2020): 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2020-22-5-52-70.

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THE PURPOSE. Perform a review of information sources on the state of small-capacity thermal power in Russia when the unit capacity of steam turbine, gas turbine and gas piston units is less than 25 MW. Evaluate the information sources of the authors of publications that provide statistics for small-scale energy facilities. Make an assessment of the state of small-scale energy in Russia based on a specific list of objects maintained by the authors over the past 25 years. Consider the manufacturers and characteristics of different types of aggregates, as well as the schemes for integrating aggregates into the thermal schemes of existing sources. METHODS. Statistical indicators of small-scale energy facilities presented in tabular form in Excel are determined based on the built-in functions of this program. RESULTS. The production and characteristics of modern units based on steam turbines are considered. Practical schemes for integrating counter-pressure steam turbo generators into the thermal schemes of existing heat sources are presented. Russian and foreign manufacturers and characteristics of electric units based on gas turbines and internal combustion engines operating on the Otto cycle are considered. Thermal diagrams of gas-turbine and gas-piston units producing both electric and thermal energy are given. A statistical analysis of the list of small-scale cogeneration and power plants of simple cycle compiled by the authors is performed. The number of stations of different types, their distribution by total capacity, regions, industries, and years of commissioning are determined. CONCLUSION. It is shown that gas-turbine and gas-piston installations with a total capacity of up to 80% play a decisive role in the structure of small thermal energy. Quantitative indicators - the total number of stations of small-scale power facilities is about 1500 units and the total electric capacity is more than 18 GW allow us to get an idea of the significant role of small-scale heat power in Russia. Quantitative indicators for solar and wind power plants in the country are also considered.
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Martinez-Frias, Joel, Salvador M. Aceves, J. Ray Smith, and Harry Brandt. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Zero-Atmospheric Emissions Power Plant." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1635399.

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This paper presents a theoretical thermodynamic analysis of a zero-atmospheric emissions power plant. In this power plant, methane is combusted with oxygen in a gas generator to produce the working fluid for the turbines. The combustion produces a gas mixture composed of steam and carbon dioxide. These gases drive multiple turbines to produce electricity. The turbine discharge gases pass to a condenser where water is captured. A stream of pure carbon dioxide then results that can be used for enhanced oil recovery or for sequestration. The analysis considers a complete power plant layout, including an air separation unit, compressors and intercoolers for oxygen and methane compression, a gas generator, three steam turbines, a reheater, two preheaters, a condenser, and a pumping system to pump the carbon dioxide to the pressure required for sequestration. This analysis is based on a 400 MW electric power generating plant that uses turbines that are currently under development by a U.S. turbine manufacturer. The high-pressure turbine operates at a temperature of 1089 K (1500°F) with uncooled blades, the intermediate-pressure turbine operates at 1478 K (2200°F) with cooled blades and the low-pressure turbine operates at 998 K (1336°F). The power plant has a net thermal efficiency of 46.5%. This efficiency is based on the lower heating value of methane, and includes the energy necessary for air separation and for carbon dioxide separation and sequestration.
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Latcovich, John, Evangelos Michalopoulos, and Bernie Selig. "Risk-based Analysis Tools." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-nov-3.

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American Society of Mechanical Engineering’s (ASME) risk-based inspection methodologies are being used to optimize and prioritize equipment overhaul and maintenance, and upgrade decisions. Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co. (HSB) collaborated with ASME in developing these guidelines, and it used the ASME methodologies to develop its risk-based decision tools for steam turbine generators. The ASME Risk-Based Inspection Guidelines define five primary steps in developing risk-based programs. These are system definition, qualitative risk assessment, system assessment ranking, inspection program development, and economic optimization. In order to differentiate between turbines and generators in several types of service, the team designed a questionnaire that requires the owner or operator to identify equipment design features, monitoring capabilities, past operating and failure history, as well as current operating experience, inspection, and maintenance practices. The STRAP program is presently in the beta-testing phase, where 30 different turbines representing eight different manufacturers and three different industries have been analyzed. Full implementation of the program is expected to occur in the fall of 1998.
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Chiesa, Paolo, and Ennio Macchi. "A Thermodynamic Analysis of Different Options to Break 60% Electric Efficiency in Combined Cycle Power Plants." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 770–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1771684.

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All major manufacturers of large size gas turbines are developing new techniques aimed at achieving net electric efficiency higher than 60% in combined cycle applications. An essential factor for this goal is the effective cooling of the hottest rows of the gas turbine. The present work investigates three different approaches to this problem: (i) the most conventional open-loop air cooling; (ii) the closed-loop steam cooling for vanes and rotor blades; (iii) the use of two independent closed-loop circuits: steam for stator vanes and air for rotor blades. Reference is made uniquely to large size, single shaft units and performance is estimated through an updated release of the thermodynamic code GS, developed at the Energy Department of Politecnico di Milano. A detailed presentation of the calculation method is given in the paper. Although many aspects (such as reliability, capital cost, environmental issues) which can affect gas turbine design were neglected, thermodynamic analysis showed that efficiency higher than 61% can be achieved in the frame of current, available technology.
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Pargaonkar, C. S., and Maneesh Batrani. "Expansion Joint Design, Manufacture and Testing for Large Capacity Steam Turbines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1539.

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The rapidly growing trend for higher capacity steam turbines with large steam flows demand the use of long lengths and large size pipes. Thermal expansions of up-to 50mm and pipe diameters up-to 2600mm are required to be dealt with calling for the use of Expansion Joints to control the stresses in both the pipes as well as the end equipment. The bellows in the Expansion Joints used for the steam turbine application are stretched to their limiting values of the stresses in order to make them as flexible as possible with the aim of limiting the pipe and end equipment operational stresses. Three fundamental types of loading are presented to provide insight into the way bellows convolutions are stressed during operation. The optimization of the bellows profile geometry is discussed briefly. A comparison of the resulsts obtainied by proven computational methods as well as by using international EJMA standard is made to highlight the safety built in the well established methods used.
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Walker, P. J., and J. A. Hesketh. "Design of low-reaction steam turbine blades." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 213, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406991522248.

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Optimizing the aerodynamic design of turbine blades is a compromise between a large number of issues. These can be grouped into three areas: (a) aerodynamic compromises; e.g. increasing the pitch—chord ratio improves profile loss but worsens secondary loss, (b) mechanical constraints; e.g. the pitch-chord ratio affects the strength of a profile, which for a given unsteady stress level determines the width and hence strongly influences the secondary loss, (c) costs; e.g. increasing the number of stages improves performance but also increases the cost of the turbine. It can also affect rotor stability and even the size of the turbine hall. Some of the issues are difficult to quantify and may vary from day to day. For example, the marginal manufacturing cost of a given design will depend on the load on particular machine tools. Therefore the approach of a manufacturer evolves from experience. However, many other issues can be addressed systematically to achieve near optimum designs. This paper explores the aerodynamic design of low-reaction steam turbine blades and describes the technical arguments that lead to design decisions. Where the decision depends on cost and mechanical constraints these are also explored. A typical low-reaction stage is shown schematically in Fig. 1. The paper will concentrate on the design of short and intermediate height blades typically used in HP and IP cylinders and in the early stages of LP cylinders. In practice, long blades typically used in the later stages of LP cylinders are fairly similar for both ‘reaction’ and ‘impulse’ design manufacturers.
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Ilin, E. T., S. P. Pechenkin, A. V. Svetushkov, and J. A. Kozlova. "Efficiency of two-stage heating of water on CHP plant with turbines of type T-250/300-240." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 12, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2019-12-3-213-219.

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During non-heating and transition period, most of cogeneration turbines operate with a lower heat extraction section actuated only due to a number of restrictions on the maximum and minimum pressure levels in the upper and lower heat extraction sections at operation of the turbine. For turbines of model T-250/300-240, the minimum permissible level of steam pressure in the upper heat extraction section, according to manufacturer data, is set to 0.06 MPa. During the non-heating and transition period, the supply water temperature is usually set in the range of 70–75°С. In order to maintain that temperature of supply water, the steam pressure in the upper heat extraction section should be below the minimum permissible level. As a result, the turbine operates with only the low-pressure heat extraction section actuated, which ensures operation without restrictions, but with a lower efficiency. The authors have introduced a set of measures, which enable to avoid those restrictions and implement two-stage heating of supply water. In this case, on connection of the upper heating extraction section, the pressure in the same is maintained at the minimum permissible level. Heat output characteristics are provided by having some of supply water delivered bypassing the group of network heaters. This operational mode enables to increase the turbine actual heat drop, to reduce the cooling steam flow into the low-pressure section and, accordingly, into the condenser, and to reduce temperature drops in network water heaters. Results of the research of operational modes for turbines of type T-250/300-240 in the non-heating and transition period with one and two-stage heating are provided. The economic efficiency of proposed operational modes was researched, which shows the effectiveness of those modes during non-heating and transition period. The limits of the efficiency of using these modes are determined.
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Szwedowicz, Jaroslaw. "30-Year Anniversary of Friction Damper Technolgy in Turbine Blades." Mechanical Engineering 132, no. 04 (April 1, 2010): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2010-apr-8.

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This article discusses the use of friction damper technology in turbine blades. In 1980, Jerry Griffin published an integrated approach for the underplatform friction damper design, utilizing centrifugal loading. The idea was to apply an individual metal piece, which is pressed by the centrifugal load against the platforms of vibrating turbine blades. The dissipation energy is then produced by friction sliding between the vibrating platforms and the pressed damper. Griffin’s findings have opened up friction damping technology, which is now commonly utilized by many Original Equipment Manufacturers in gas and steam turbines. Every year, new publications show the development of sophisticated interdisciplinary knowledge for predicting the nonlinear blade dynamic behavior in the most reliable manner. Friction dampers reduce resonance amplitudes several times with respect to that for sticking contact condition. But they only act efficiently in a narrow frequency range for the resonance of interest. Therefore, other technologies are continuously being developed, based for instance on piezomaterials, which can extend the allowable limits of High Cyclic Fatigue for the conventional blade alloys.
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Yamaltdinov, A. A., Yu A. Sakhnin, A. Yu Ryabchikov, S. Yu Evdokimov, and S. V. Sergach. "Modernization of exhaust hoods of low-pressure sections of steam turbines manufactured by the Ural Turbine Works." Thermal Engineering 61, no. 12 (November 5, 2014): 864–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s004060151412009x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Manufacturers of steam turbines"

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Klíma, Petr. "Parní turbina rychloběžná kondenzační." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231803.

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ith one controlled extraction and one uncontrolled extraction, calculation of the flow channel at all stage, design and calculation of the regulation valve and create connection diagram of steam turbine and air cooled condenser. At the beginning of this work is an overview of manufacturers of steam turbines and their unified products. Master thesis was developer with G-Team, a.s. as using calculations and the instructions given in the recommended literature with supporting CFD simulations to determine the loss coefficients and FEA simulations to determine the eigenfrequencies blades.
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Jahn, Ingo H. J. "Leaf seals for gas and steam turbines." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670066.

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Chaluvadi, Venkata Siva Prasad. "Blade-vortex interactions in high pressure steam turbines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621152.

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Aubry, James R. "Non-contacting shaft seals for gas and steam turbines." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:84b3dd8d-24e6-459a-8144-8dca191cef4b.

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Improvements upon current gas turbine sealing technology performance are essential for decreasing specific fuel consumption to meet stringent future efficiency targets. The clearances between rotating and static components of a gas turbine, which need to be sealed, vary over a flight cycle. Hence, a seal which can passively maintain an optimum clearance, whilst preventing contact between itself and the rotor, is extremely desirable. Various configurations of a Rolls Royce (RR) seal concept, the Large Axial Movement Face Seal (LAMFS), use static pressure forces to locate face seals. Prototypes were tested experimentally at the Osney Thermofluids Laboratory, Oxford. Firstly a proof-of concept rig (simulating a 2-D seal cross-section) manufactured by RR was re-commissioned. The simplest configuration using parallel seal faces induced an unstable seal housing behaviour. The author used this result, CFD, and analytical methods to improve the design and provide a self-centring ability. A fully annular test rig of this new seal concept was then manufactured to simulate a 3D engine representative seal. The full annulus eliminated leakage paths unavoidable in the simpler rig. A parametric program of experiments was designed to identify geometries and conditions which favoured best-practice design. The new seal design is in the process of being patented by Rolls Royce. A 'fluidic' seal was also investigated, showing very promising results. A test rig was manufactured so that a row of jets could be directed across a leakage cross-flow. An experimental program identified parameters which could achieve a combined lower leakage mass flow rate compared with the original leakage. Influence of jet spanwise spacing, injection angle, jet to mainstream pressure ratio, mainstream pressure difference and channel height were analysed. It is hoped this thesis can be used as a tool to further improve these seal concepts from the parametric trends which were identified experimentally.
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Zamri, Mohd Y. "An improved treatment of two-dimensional two-phase flows of steam by a Runge-Kutta method." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251270.

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Skillings, S. A. "An analysis of the condensation phenomena occurring in wet steam turbines." Thesis, Open University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380667.

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Yau, K. K. "Fog droplet deposition and movement of coarse water in steam turbines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384521.

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McFarland, Jacob Andrew. "Conceptual Design and Instrumentation Study for a 2-D, Linear, Wet Steam Turbine Cascade Facility." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36165.

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The design of last stage low pressure steam (LP) turbines has become increasingly complicated as turbine manufacturers have pushed for larger and more efficient turbines. The tip sections of these LP turbines encounter condensing wet steam at high velocities resulting in increased losses. These losses are difficult to predict with computational fluid dynamic models. To study these losses and improve the design of LP turbines a study was commissioned to determine the feasibility and cost of a steam cascade facility for measuring low pressure turbine blade tip section aerodynamic and thermodynamic performance.

This study focused on two objectives: 1) design a steam production facility capable of simulating actual LP turbine operating conditions, and 2) design an instrumentation system to measure blade performance in wet steam. The steam production facility was designed to allow the test section size to be selected later. A computer code was developed to model the facility cycle and provide equipment requirements. Equipment to meet these requirements, vendors to provide it, and costs were found for a range of test section sizes. A method to control the test section conditions was also developed.

To design the instrumentation system two methods of measuring blade losses through entropy generation were proposed. The first method uses existing total pressure probe techniques. The second method uses advanced particle imaging velocimetry techniques possibly for the first time in wet steam. A new method is then proposed to modify the two techniques to take measurements at non-equilibrium states. Finally accuracy issues are discussed and the challenges associated with achieving periodic flow in this facility are investigated.
Master of Science

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Többen, Dennis [Verfasser]. "Heat Transfer Mechanisms in Steam Turbines During Warm-Keeping Operation / Dennis Többen." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202168604/34.

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Guha, Abhijit. "The fluid mechanics of two-phase vapour-droplet flow with application to steam turbines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385423.

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Books on the topic "Manufacturers of steam turbines"

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Roy, G. J. Steam turbines and gearing. 2nd ed. London: Stanford Maritime, 1987.

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Joint Power Generation Conference (1988 Philadelphia, Pa.). Steam turbines in power generation. New York, N.Y. (345 E. 47th St., New York 10017): American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988.

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P, Singh Murari, and Bloch Heinz P. 1933-, eds. Steam turbines: Design, applications, and rerating. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009.

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Leĭzerovich, A. Sh. Large power steam turbines: Design and operation. Tulsa, Okla: PennWell Books, 1997.

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Steam and gas turbines for marine propulsion. 2nd ed. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press, 1987.

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Rogalëv, V. V. Sovershenstvovanie ėnergeticheskikh mashin: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Bri︠a︡nsk: BGTU, 2011.

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Steam turbines for modern fossil- fuel power plants. Lilburn, GA: Fairmont Press, 2007.

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Wet-steam turbines for nuclear power plants. Tulsa, Okla: PennWell Corp., 2005.

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M, Lucas George, ed. Blade design and analysis for steam turbines. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.

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Perez, Robert X., and David W. Lawhon. Operator's Guide to General Purpose Steam Turbines. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119294474.

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Book chapters on the topic "Manufacturers of steam turbines"

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Steltz, William G. "Steam Turbines." In Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, 844–85. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471777471.ch26.

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O’Kelly, Peter. "Steam Turbines." In Computer Simulation of Thermal Plant Operations, 361–97. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4256-1_14.

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Dick, Erik. "Steam Turbines." In Fundamentals of Turbomachines, 193–246. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9627-9_6.

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Busse, L., and H. Klepper. "Dampfturbinen / Steam turbines." In Dubbel — Taschenbuch für den Maschinenbau, 1173–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06776-5_139.

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Bloch, Heinz P., and Kenneth E. Bannister. "Lubricating Steam and Gas Turbines." In Practical Lubrication for Industrial Facilities, 363–78. 3rd edition. | Lilburn, GA : Fairmont Press, Inc., 2016.: River Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003151357-16.

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Kanki, H., C. Yasuda, S. Umemura, R. Itoh, C. Miyamoto, and T. Kawaguchi. "Vibration Diagnostic Expert System for Steam Turbines." In Diagnostics of Rotating Machines in Power Plants, 25–35. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2706-3_2.

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Holcomb, Gordon R., Paul D. Jablonski, and Ping Wang. "Cast Alloys for Advanced Ultra Supercritical Steam Turbines." In Superalloy 718 and Derivatives, 946–60. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118495223.ch72.

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Addo-Tenkorang, Richard, Petri Helo, and Jussi Kantola. "Engineer-To-Order Product Development." In Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science, 43–59. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0021-6.ch003.

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Industrial manufacturers' complex product-development activities have seen various advancement and improvement approaches over the past decades. In order to enable the implementation of efficient and effective product-development support processes in the quest of achieving shorter product development lead-times and higher return on investments (ROIs). Engineer-To-Order (ETO) product capacity projects, including large electric machine, huge centrifugal pumps, Diesel/Natural fuel power plant engines, steam turbine, boiler, ship, etc., have challenges concerning their long product-development lead-times. The challenges confronting these enterprises industrial Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are enormous with one of the major ones being the effective and efficient network or flow of technical communication among the main stakeholders for complex / new product-development. Moreover, with all the industrial manufacturing complex product-development process improvements, in terms of complex engineering design and delivery, there are still a lot more variances to be addressed on the ‘better, faster and cheaper' paradigm. Furthermore, attention is needed on efficient information exchange systems as well as effective operational communication in their complex product-development processes for a sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, this paper presents a proposed optimum conceptual information technology systems' architecture towards enhancing an industrial sustainable competitive advantage: By employing social network theory (SNT) analysis to advise on a strategic and effective communication network for industrial supply-chain (SC) sustainable competitive advantage.
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Sarkar, Dipak K. "Steam Turbines." In Thermal Power Plant, 189–237. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-801575-9.00006-8.

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"Steam Turbines." In Lubrication Fundamentals, 313–33. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420029239-15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Manufacturers of steam turbines"

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Kolp, D. A., S. R. Gagnon, and M. J. Rosenbluth. "Water Treatment and Moisture Separation in Steam-Injected Gas Turbines." In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-372.

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Steam injection has been employed in gas turbines for over twenty years. Initially the emphasis was on injection for small amounts of power augmentation and NOx reduction in the turbine exhaust gas. More recently it has been used for massive power increases (more than 50% on some gas turbines) and efficiency improvements (more than 20%). Equipment selection, operation and economics are essential ingredients in producing the high-purity steam required in a steam-injected gas turbine cycle. The most common means of producing steam for the steam-injection cycle is by means of a waste heat boiler operating in the turbine exhaust gas stream. Steam generated in this boiler may then be injected into the compressor discharge, combustor or turbine sections of the gas turbine to improve performance. Manufacturers require extremely high purity steam for injection into their gas turbines; less than 30 parts per billion (PPB) of some contaminants is not an unusual requirement. If this steam quality is not obtained, serious damage can occur, particularly in the turbine hot section. To meet these stringent steam quality requirements without excessive amounts of boiler blowdown, it is necessary to provide highly demineralized makeup water to the boiler, i.e. less than 1 PPM TDS (Total Dissolved Solids). Low silica concentrations are particularly important since silica can vaporize at higher boiler pressures, pass through the moisture separators and deposit on turbine components. The selection of equipment required to produce high quality makeup water from various grades of raw water is critical to the successful operation of the steam injection plant. Because the steam cannot be recovered effectively, it is necessary to install a large water treatment system to provide the quantities of makeup required for steam injection. Equally critical to the cycle is the type of drum moisture separation used in achieving manufacturers’ recommended steam quality. Just as the steam injection cycle has a dramatic impact on the economics of a gas turbine power plant, so too do the operation and selection of steam purification equipment influence the overall economics of the steam injection cycle.
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Lu¨ckemeyer, N., H. Almstedt, T. U. Kern, and H. Kirchner. "Mechanical Design of Highly Loaded Large Steam Turbines." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45703.

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There are no internationally recognized standards, such as the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code or European boiler and pipe codes, for the mechanical design of large steam turbine components in combined cycle power plants, steam power plants and nuclear power plants. One reason for this is that the mechanical design of steam turbines is very complex as the steam pressure is only one of many aspects which need to be taken into account. In more than one hundred years of steam turbine history the manufacturers have developed internal mechanical design philosophies based on both experience and research. As the design of steam turbines is pushed to its limits with greater lifetimes, efficiency improvements and higher operating flexibility requested by customers, the validity and accuracy of these design philosophies become more and more important. This paper describes an integral approach for the structural analysis of large steam turbines which combines external design codes, material tests, research on the material behavior in co-operation with universities and experience gained from the existing fleet to derive a substantiated design philosophy. The paper covers the main parameters that need to be taken into account such as pressure, rotational forces and thermal loads and displacements, and identifies the relevant failure mechanisms such as creep fatigue, ductile failure and creep fatigue crack growth. It describes the efforts taken to improve the accuracy for materials already used in power plants today and materials with possible future use such as advanced steels or nickel based alloys.
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Suzuki, T., T. Matsuura, A. Sakuma, H. Kodama, K. Takagi, and A. Curtis. "Recent Upgrading and Life Extension Technologies for Existing Steam Turbines." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50342.

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Electricity generation utilities are increasingly looking for cost-effective solutions to maximise the value of aging steam turbine generator plant assets. To this end, retrofits of steam turbines after many years of operation have been carried out for the purpose of life extension of units, performance improvements, capacity up-rating, availability improvement, and improved environmental compliance. Major steam turbine manufacturers have continued to push forward the development of advanced technologies to satisfy demand from utilities by provided retrofit design that optimise the above criteria. This paper describes the advanced technologies adopted in the recent retrofits, including advanced steam path design and new last stage blades of improved efficiency, improved reliability, and of simplified or no maintenance. Retrofit case-studies of capacity up-rating and life extension are introduced to illustrate how these technologies have been applied and what has been the gain.
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Hung, W. S. Y. "Carbon Monoxide Emissions From Gas Turbines as Influenced by Ambient Temperature and Turbine Load." In ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/92-gt-105.

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The emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) from gas turbines are typically below 100 ppmvd @ 15% O2 at design full-load operating conditions. The use of water/steam to reduce NOx emissions from gas turbines results in an increase in CO emissions from gas turbines. This is particularly true when increased rates of water/steam injection are used to meet stringent NOx limits. Regulations limiting CO emissions from stationary gas turbines were first initiated in the late 1980’s by the Federal Republic of Germany and the state of New Jersey in the United States. Since these regulations are silent on ambient and load corrections, these CO limits could be the limiting factor in the current development of dry low NOx combustion systems by gas turbine manufacturers. In addition, since manufacturers are usually quite specific regarding the conditions for CO guarantees, a conflict for the gas turbine user, who is responsible for the permit application, is readily apparent. This paper attempts to characterize the CO emissions from gas turbines as a function of ambient temperature and turbine load. An ambient temperature correction equation for CO emissions, based on previous work, is presented. The intent is to provide more extensive information on CO emissions such that better defined CO limits can be adopted. Ultimately, this should help the combustion design engineers in developing improved dry low emissions combustion systems for the gas turbine industry.
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Minami, Yoshihiro, Nobuhiro Osaki, Yuji Akaishi, and William Newsom. "MHI Approach to Upgrading Old Steam Turbines." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50340.

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As a result of high operation hours, older power plants have been subject to function and performance deterioration. As a result, there is an increased need to upgrade steam turbine units to improve performance and increase output. By studying the two performance enhancement upgrade projects listed below, you will be introduced to the design, manufacture and on-site installation work for the modification of a turbine generator. Also discussed is Mitsubishi’s method of harmonizing the new equipment/components with the existing non-OEM steam turbine. Both projects began in late 2003 and were successfully completed in early 2004 by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI). All delivery, installation and commissioning requirements were met and guaranteed performance was achieved for both units. • HP Turbine Component Upgrade – Pennsylvania, USA; • Modification of Turbine Casing – Korea.
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Quinkertz, Rainer, Thomas Thiemann, and Kai Gierse. "Validation of Advanced Steam Turbine Technology: A Case Study of an Ultra Super Critical Steam Turbine Power Plant." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45816.

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High efficiency and flexible operation continue to be the major requirements for power generation because of the benefits of reduced emissions and reduced fuel consumption, i.e. reduced operating costs. Ultra super critical (USC) steam parameters are the basis for state of the art technology of coal fired power plants with highest efficiency. An important part of the development process for advanced steam turbines is product validation. This step involves more than just providing evidence of customer guaranteed values (e.g. heat rate or electric output). It also involves proving that the design targets have been achieved and that the operational experience is fed back to designers to further develop the design criteria and enable the next step in the development of highly sophisticated products. What makes product validation for large size power plant steam turbines especially challenging is the fact that, due to the high costs of the required infrastructure, steam turbine manufacturers usually do not have a full scope / full scale testing facility. Therefore, good customer relations are the key to successful validation. This paper describes an extensive validation program for a modern state of the art ultra supercritical steam turbine performed at an operating 1000 MW steam power plant in China. Several measuring points in addition to the standard operating measurements were installed at one of the high pressure turbines to record the temperature distribution, e.g. to verify the functionality of the internal cooling system, which is an advanced design feature of the installed modern high pressure steam turbines. Predicted 3D temperature distributions are compared to the actual measurements in order to verify and evaluate the design rules and the design philosophy applied. Conclusions are drawn regarding the performance of modern 3D design tools applied in the current design process and an outlook is given on the future potential of modern USC turbines.
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Tanaka, Y., R. Magoshi, S. Nishimoto, M. Setoyama, R. Yamamoto, Y. Hirakawa, and K. Kawasaki. "Development of Advanced USC Technologies for 700°C Class High Temperature Steam Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69009.

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Global warming due to increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere and resource saving have been the focus of world attention in the past decades. Efforts to improve generating efficiency by increasing the turbine inlet steam temperature and pressure in large capacity fossil-fuel and combined-cycle power plants are being made together with efforts to improve the internal efficiency. Most of MHI’s modern steam turbines, including the combined cycle plants, have a 600°C class USC inlet steam conditions. 700°C class Advanced USC (A-USC) technology is one of the remarkable technologies being developed to reduce CO2 emissions, and one, which was chosen by Japan’s ‘Cool Earth - Innovative Energy Technology Program’, which was launched in 2008 to contribute to substantial reductions in CO2 emissions. Major Japanese manufacturers of boilers and turbines joined forces with research institutes to bring the project to reality. This paper illustrates the features and benefits of A-USC technologies for MHI’s 700°C class high temperature steam turbines, including cycle design, conceptual design (structure and alloy), and the development of candidate materials.
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Reed, Douglas D. "Determining Steam Turbine Inspection Intervals." In ASME 2010 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2010-27305.

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Steam turbine maintenance intervals have been extended from the Original Equipment Manufacturers’ (OEM) recommended intervals over the last 20 years. Inspections in which the casing is completely opened have been pushed to 10 years or longer on units with OEM recommended intervals of 5 to 6 years. This has been made possible because of additional data monitoring and in place inspection techniques which allow the internal condition of the unit to be assessed without opening the casing. Risk-based computer modeling and analysis techniques have allowed us to predict safe extended component inspection intervals using fracture mechanics. This paper gives a systematic approach to determining the condition of a steam turbine based on past history and current measured parameters. It provides a discussion of the effects of changes to components and how to determine and rank risk factors. Also discussed are results of inspections of machines which have been opened after extended intervals.
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Yadav, J. P., and Onkar Singh. "Thermodynamic Study of Influence of Steam Injection in Combustion Chamber of Simple Gas/Steam Combined Cycle." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59181.

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Steam injection is seen as one of the popular ways for power augmentation by number of turbine manufacturers and number of steam injected turbines such as Allison 501-K, GE LM 2500, and LM5000 are already in use. This paper presents the thermodynamic study of influence of steam injection in combustion chamber of topping cycle in a simple gas / steam combined cycle power plants upon the efficiency and specific work out put of topping cycle, bottoming cycle and combined cycle. The simple gas / steam combined cycle power plant configuration considered for the study has topping cycle gas turbine with film cooled stages employing air / steam as coolants and single pressure steam generation in the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). Air for cooling has been bled out from compressor depending upon the requirement and the steam requirement as coolant is met from the steam generated in heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). Thermodynamic analysis of the simple combined cycle configuration considered has been completed with the variation in various parameters such as cycle pressure ratio, type of coolant used for gas turbine stages, mass fraction of the steam being injected in combustion chamber of topping cycle. Results obtained have been plotted suitably for the critical evaluation of influence of one parameter upon the other.
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Segawa, Kiyoshi, Yoshio Shikano, and Tsuyoshi Takano. "A High Performance Optimized Reaction Blade for High Pressure Steam Turbines." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52110.

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A higher efficiency gain is necessary for steam turbine plants to reduce their fuel consumption rate and lessen their environmental disruption factor. Power plant manufacturers have continued to make an effort to raise steam turbine internal efficiency by developing new technologies. High pressure (HP) steam turbines should have increased efficiency owing to relatively shorter blade height compared with other turbine sections (intermediate and low pressure turbines). In order to increase efficiency, it is important to improve the steam path determined by design parameters such as degree of reaction, number of stages and rotor diameter and to develop a high performance blade applied to it. The advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique is a useful design tool, and has come to be applied generally to evaluate energy loss. A new rotating blade has been developed for small and mid-class steam turbines with a shorter blade height. The robust design method, based on the statistical theory for design of experiments, is used for the blade root profile design. It is combined with the inverse method and 2-D turbulent blade-to-blade flow analysis to evaluate the aerodynamic performance. The blade configuration is expressed by four control factors, which are turning angle, leading edge radius, pitch-chord ratio and maximum blade loading location. Linear cascade experiments are also carried out due to verify the blade performance under the optimized conditions obtained by the robust design. Consequently, the blade section has a blunt-nose, flat incidence characteristics and low energy loss, compared with the conventional one and the optimized conditions given by the robust design are aerodynamically reasonable. Finally, air turbine model tests and 3-D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes analyses are performed to investigate the detailed flow pattern and stage performance of the new optimized reaction blade. An experimental investigation is still important to evaluate the performance in the real turbine stage structure, while the numerical analysis method is used based on the implicit TVD scheme with the modified k-ε turbulence model. It is found that the new optimized reaction blade has greatly improved stage efficiency of about 1.5% at the design point including the effect of leakage flow (3% improvement in stage efficiency excluding leakage flow) and realized an increase of pitch-chord ratio by about 35%. Consequently, the new optimized reaction blade is considered effective to raise the internal efficiency of the high-pressure steam turbine with improved steam path.
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Reports on the topic "Manufacturers of steam turbines"

1

Purgert, Robert, John Shingledecker, Deepak Saha, Mani Thangirala, George Booras, John Powers, Colin Riley, and Howard Hendrix. Materials for advanced ultrasupercritical steam turbines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1243058.

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Thomas Logan. High Efficiency Steam Turbines with Ultra Long Buckets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/877399.

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Douglas Arrell. Next Generation Engineered Materials for Ultra Supercritical Steam Turbines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/896682.

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Pacheco, James Edward, Thorsten Wolf, and Nishant Muley. Incorporating supercritical steam turbines into molten-salt power tower plants :. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1088078.

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Linker, K. Analysis of steam injected gas turbines for solar thermal applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6962487.

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Purgert, Robert, Jeffrey Phillips, Howard Hendrix, John Shingledecker, and James Tanzosh. Materials for Advanced Ultra-supercritical (A-USC) Steam Turbines – A-USC Component Demonstration. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1332274.

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Niezgoda, Stephen, Pengyang Zhao, and Yunzhi Wang. ICME for Creep of Ni-Base Superalloys in Advanced Ultra-Supercritical Steam Turbines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1601245.

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