Journal articles: 'Manufacturers of steam turbines'

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Hung, W. S. Y. "Carbon Monoxide Emissions From Gas Turbines as Influenced by Ambient Temperature and Turbine Load." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 115, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906747.

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The emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) from gas turbines are typically below 100 ppmvd at 15 percent O2 at design full-load operating conditions. The use of water/ steam to reduce NOx emissions from gas turbines results in an increase in CO emissions from gas turbines. This is particularly true when increased rates of water/ steam injection are used to meet stringent NOx limits. Regulations limiting CO emissions from stationary gas turbines were first initiated in the late 1980s by the Federal Republic of Germany and the state of New Jersey in the United States. Since these regulations are silent on ambient and load corrections, these CO limits could be the limiting factor in the current development of dry low-NOx combustion systems by gas turbine manufacturers. In addition, since manufacturers are usually quite specific regarding the conditions for CO guarantees, a conflict for the gas turbine user, who is responsible for the permit application, is readily apparent. This paper attempts to characterize the CO emissions from gas turbines as a function of ambient temperature and turbine load. An ambient temperature correction equation for CO emissions, based on previous work, is presented. The intent is to provide more extensive information on CO emissions such that better defined CO limits can be adopted. Ultimately, this should help the combustion design engineers in developing improved dry low-emissions combustion systems for the gas turbine industry.

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Petrushchenkov, V. A., and I. A. Korshakova. "Qualitative and quantitative analysis of small scale thermal energy in Russia." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 22, no. 5 (December 24, 2020): 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2020-22-5-52-70.

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THE PURPOSE. Perform a review of information sources on the state of small-capacity thermal power in Russia when the unit capacity of steam turbine, gas turbine and gas piston units is less than 25 MW. Evaluate the information sources of the authors of publications that provide statistics for small-scale energy facilities. Make an assessment of the state of small-scale energy in Russia based on a specific list of objects maintained by the authors over the past 25 years. Consider the manufacturers and characteristics of different types of aggregates, as well as the schemes for integrating aggregates into the thermal schemes of existing sources. METHODS. Statistical indicators of small-scale energy facilities presented in tabular form in Excel are determined based on the built-in functions of this program. RESULTS. The production and characteristics of modern units based on steam turbines are considered. Practical schemes for integrating counter-pressure steam turbo generators into the thermal schemes of existing heat sources are presented. Russian and foreign manufacturers and characteristics of electric units based on gas turbines and internal combustion engines operating on the Otto cycle are considered. Thermal diagrams of gas-turbine and gas-piston units producing both electric and thermal energy are given. A statistical analysis of the list of small-scale cogeneration and power plants of simple cycle compiled by the authors is performed. The number of stations of different types, their distribution by total capacity, regions, industries, and years of commissioning are determined. CONCLUSION. It is shown that gas-turbine and gas-piston installations with a total capacity of up to 80% play a decisive role in the structure of small thermal energy. Quantitative indicators - the total number of stations of small-scale power facilities is about 1500 units and the total electric capacity is more than 18 GW allow us to get an idea of the significant role of small-scale heat power in Russia. Quantitative indicators for solar and wind power plants in the country are also considered.

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Martinez-Frias, Joel, Salvador M. Aceves, J. Ray Smith, and Harry Brandt. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Zero-Atmospheric Emissions Power Plant." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1635399.

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This paper presents a theoretical thermodynamic analysis of a zero-atmospheric emissions power plant. In this power plant, methane is combusted with oxygen in a gas generator to produce the working fluid for the turbines. The combustion produces a gas mixture composed of steam and carbon dioxide. These gases drive multiple turbines to produce electricity. The turbine discharge gases pass to a condenser where water is captured. A stream of pure carbon dioxide then results that can be used for enhanced oil recovery or for sequestration. The analysis considers a complete power plant layout, including an air separation unit, compressors and intercoolers for oxygen and methane compression, a gas generator, three steam turbines, a reheater, two preheaters, a condenser, and a pumping system to pump the carbon dioxide to the pressure required for sequestration. This analysis is based on a 400 MW electric power generating plant that uses turbines that are currently under development by a U.S. turbine manufacturer. The high-pressure turbine operates at a temperature of 1089 K (1500°F) with uncooled blades, the intermediate-pressure turbine operates at 1478 K (2200°F) with cooled blades and the low-pressure turbine operates at 998 K (1336°F). The power plant has a net thermal efficiency of 46.5%. This efficiency is based on the lower heating value of methane, and includes the energy necessary for air separation and for carbon dioxide separation and sequestration.

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Latcovich, John, Evangelos Michalopoulos, and Bernie Selig. "Risk-based Analysis Tools." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-nov-3.

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American Society of Mechanical Engineering’s (ASME) risk-based inspection methodologies are being used to optimize and prioritize equipment overhaul and maintenance, and upgrade decisions. Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co. (HSB) collaborated with ASME in developing these guidelines, and it used the ASME methodologies to develop its risk-based decision tools for steam turbine generators. The ASME Risk-Based Inspection Guidelines define five primary steps in developing risk-based programs. These are system definition, qualitative risk assessment, system assessment ranking, inspection program development, and economic optimization. In order to differentiate between turbines and generators in several types of service, the team designed a questionnaire that requires the owner or operator to identify equipment design features, monitoring capabilities, past operating and failure history, as well as current operating experience, inspection, and maintenance practices. The STRAP program is presently in the beta-testing phase, where 30 different turbines representing eight different manufacturers and three different industries have been analyzed. Full implementation of the program is expected to occur in the fall of 1998.

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Chiesa, Paolo, and Ennio Macchi. "A Thermodynamic Analysis of Different Options to Break 60% Electric Efficiency in Combined Cycle Power Plants." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 770–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1771684.

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All major manufacturers of large size gas turbines are developing new techniques aimed at achieving net electric efficiency higher than 60% in combined cycle applications. An essential factor for this goal is the effective cooling of the hottest rows of the gas turbine. The present work investigates three different approaches to this problem: (i) the most conventional open-loop air cooling; (ii) the closed-loop steam cooling for vanes and rotor blades; (iii) the use of two independent closed-loop circuits: steam for stator vanes and air for rotor blades. Reference is made uniquely to large size, single shaft units and performance is estimated through an updated release of the thermodynamic code GS, developed at the Energy Department of Politecnico di Milano. A detailed presentation of the calculation method is given in the paper. Although many aspects (such as reliability, capital cost, environmental issues) which can affect gas turbine design were neglected, thermodynamic analysis showed that efficiency higher than 61% can be achieved in the frame of current, available technology.

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Pargaonkar, C. S., and Maneesh Batrani. "Expansion Joint Design, Manufacture and Testing for Large Capacity Steam Turbines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1539.

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The rapidly growing trend for higher capacity steam turbines with large steam flows demand the use of long lengths and large size pipes. Thermal expansions of up-to 50mm and pipe diameters up-to 2600mm are required to be dealt with calling for the use of Expansion Joints to control the stresses in both the pipes as well as the end equipment. The bellows in the Expansion Joints used for the steam turbine application are stretched to their limiting values of the stresses in order to make them as flexible as possible with the aim of limiting the pipe and end equipment operational stresses. Three fundamental types of loading are presented to provide insight into the way bellows convolutions are stressed during operation. The optimization of the bellows profile geometry is discussed briefly. A comparison of the resulsts obtainied by proven computational methods as well as by using international EJMA standard is made to highlight the safety built in the well established methods used.

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Walker, P. J., and J. A. Hesketh. "Design of low-reaction steam turbine blades." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 213, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406991522248.

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Optimizing the aerodynamic design of turbine blades is a compromise between a large number of issues. These can be grouped into three areas: (a) aerodynamic compromises; e.g. increasing the pitch—chord ratio improves profile loss but worsens secondary loss, (b) mechanical constraints; e.g. the pitch-chord ratio affects the strength of a profile, which for a given unsteady stress level determines the width and hence strongly influences the secondary loss, (c) costs; e.g. increasing the number of stages improves performance but also increases the cost of the turbine. It can also affect rotor stability and even the size of the turbine hall. Some of the issues are difficult to quantify and may vary from day to day. For example, the marginal manufacturing cost of a given design will depend on the load on particular machine tools. Therefore the approach of a manufacturer evolves from experience. However, many other issues can be addressed systematically to achieve near optimum designs. This paper explores the aerodynamic design of low-reaction steam turbine blades and describes the technical arguments that lead to design decisions. Where the decision depends on cost and mechanical constraints these are also explored. A typical low-reaction stage is shown schematically in Fig. 1. The paper will concentrate on the design of short and intermediate height blades typically used in HP and IP cylinders and in the early stages of LP cylinders. In practice, long blades typically used in the later stages of LP cylinders are fairly similar for both ‘reaction’ and ‘impulse’ design manufacturers.

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Ilin, E. T., S. P. Pechenkin, A. V. Svetushkov, and J. A. Kozlova. "Efficiency of two-stage heating of water on CHP plant with turbines of type T-250/300-240." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 12, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2019-12-3-213-219.

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During non-heating and transition period, most of cogeneration turbines operate with a lower heat extraction section actuated only due to a number of restrictions on the maximum and minimum pressure levels in the upper and lower heat extraction sections at operation of the turbine. For turbines of model T-250/300-240, the minimum permissible level of steam pressure in the upper heat extraction section, according to manufacturer data, is set to 0.06 MPa. During the non-heating and transition period, the supply water temperature is usually set in the range of 70–75°С. In order to maintain that temperature of supply water, the steam pressure in the upper heat extraction section should be below the minimum permissible level. As a result, the turbine operates with only the low-pressure heat extraction section actuated, which ensures operation without restrictions, but with a lower efficiency. The authors have introduced a set of measures, which enable to avoid those restrictions and implement two-stage heating of supply water. In this case, on connection of the upper heating extraction section, the pressure in the same is maintained at the minimum permissible level. Heat output characteristics are provided by having some of supply water delivered bypassing the group of network heaters. This operational mode enables to increase the turbine actual heat drop, to reduce the cooling steam flow into the low-pressure section and, accordingly, into the condenser, and to reduce temperature drops in network water heaters. Results of the research of operational modes for turbines of type T-250/300-240 in the non-heating and transition period with one and two-stage heating are provided. The economic efficiency of proposed operational modes was researched, which shows the effectiveness of those modes during non-heating and transition period. The limits of the efficiency of using these modes are determined.

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9

Szwedowicz, Jaroslaw. "30-Year Anniversary of Friction Damper Technolgy in Turbine Blades." Mechanical Engineering 132, no. 04 (April 1, 2010): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2010-apr-8.

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This article discusses the use of friction damper technology in turbine blades. In 1980, Jerry Griffin published an integrated approach for the underplatform friction damper design, utilizing centrifugal loading. The idea was to apply an individual metal piece, which is pressed by the centrifugal load against the platforms of vibrating turbine blades. The dissipation energy is then produced by friction sliding between the vibrating platforms and the pressed damper. Griffin’s findings have opened up friction damping technology, which is now commonly utilized by many Original Equipment Manufacturers in gas and steam turbines. Every year, new publications show the development of sophisticated interdisciplinary knowledge for predicting the nonlinear blade dynamic behavior in the most reliable manner. Friction dampers reduce resonance amplitudes several times with respect to that for sticking contact condition. But they only act efficiently in a narrow frequency range for the resonance of interest. Therefore, other technologies are continuously being developed, based for instance on piezomaterials, which can extend the allowable limits of High Cyclic Fatigue for the conventional blade alloys.

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10

Yamaltdinov, A. A., Yu A. Sakhnin, A. Yu Ryabchikov, S. Yu Evdokimov, and S. V. Sergach. "Modernization of exhaust hoods of low-pressure sections of steam turbines manufactured by the Ural Turbine Works." Thermal Engineering 61, no. 12 (November 5, 2014): 864–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s004060151412009x.

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11

Abdelfattah, S., and M. T. Schobeiri. "Experimental and numerical investigations of aerodynamic behavior of a three-stage high-pressure turbine at different operation conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 226, no. 6 (October 26, 2011): 1535–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211423725.

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Using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes-based numerical methods to simulate the flow field, efficiency and performance of high-pressure turbine components of multi-stage steam turbines result in substantial differences between the experimental and the numerical results pertaining to the individual flow quantities. These differences are integrally noticeable in terms of major discrepancies in aerodynamic losses, efficiency, and performance of the turbine. As a consequence, engine manufacturers are compelled to frequently calibrate their simulation package by performing a series of experiments before issuing efficiency and performance guaranty. The aim of this article is to investigate the cause of the aforementioned differences by utilizing a three-stage high-pressure research turbine with three-dimensional compound lean blades as the platform for experimental and numerical investigations. Experimental data were obtained using interstage aerodynamic measurements at three measurement stations, namely, downstream of the first rotor row, the second stator row, and the second rotor row. Detailed measurements were conducted using custom-designed five-hole probes traversed in both circumferential and radial directions. Aerodynamic measurements were carried out within a rotational speed range of 1800–2800 r/min. Numerical simulations were performed utilizing a commercially available computational fluid dynamics code. A detailed mesh of the three stages was created and used to simulate the corresponding operating conditions. The experimental and numerical results were compared following a critical discussion relative to differences mentioned above.

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Crombie, R. "High-integrity ferrous castings for steam turbines – aspects of their development and manufacture." Materials Science and Technology 1, no. 11 (November 1985): 986–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1985.1.11.986.

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Lucifredi, A., M. E. Poldi, P. Silvestri, and E. Foglino. "Computation Tool for Rotor's Life Consumption in Steam Turbines According to Industrial Specifications." Key Engineering Materials 293-294 (September 2005): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.293-294.269.

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Life consumption evaluation presently represents a high priority topic for Industry and University. In the specific work of this paper, we performed an analysis about the effects of thermal transients on life consumption of steam turbine rotors and an optimization of the thermal transient during runups. This kind of operation, more and more recurrent in power generation, produces a stress in the mechanical elements that could compromise their integrity. The work was developed in its larger part in the MGMV laboratory of the University of Genova, using the equipment (hardware and software) present in this structure, in cooperation with industry. The study moves from a classification of the damage mechanism and from a description of the most important manufacturing technologies of turbine rotors. Then, after a glance at the most important commercial software for estimating life consumption, a classification is given referring to the checks that Ansaldo, the industrial collaborator, performs during its service interventions. Finally, the paper reports the calculation module developed according to the specifications given by the industrial collaborator; the software was developed in Matlab and needs as input the characteristic constants of the rotor and the temperature measurements (with high precision transducers) at the inlet of the HP and IP sections of the turbine. This study confirms that thermal transients are very important to define the rotor’s residual life; the results could help the manufacturer, who designed the machines, and the operators, who run the power plant, to ensure a correct use of the installation, without unexpected failures that could create an economical damage connected with a missed production.

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Trukhanov, V. M., M. M. Sultanov, and M. P. Kukhtik. "Statistical method of estimation of stability of parameters of rotor blades of steam turbines of thermal power plants during manufacturing and testing." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 12, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2019-12-2-135-143.

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The paper is devoted to relevant issue of raising the quality and reliability of rotor blades of steam turbines. This is due to the fact that the number of failures of rotor blades exceeds 60% of all failures of steam turbines, which are in operation. The developed method of control of stability of parameters and reliability of rotor blades during their manufacturing and testing is proposed to introduce in addition to the existing method of quality control of rotor blades of steam turbines. The methods of quality control of rotor blades during the process of their manufacturing and testing according to existing normative documentation are described in detail. The form 1 “List of defects, malfunctions and failures, which have been revealed during manufacturing and testing” and form 2 “Inspection chart of stability of parameters” have been developed in addition to normative documentation. The calculation equations for estimation of stability of parameters of technological processes and reliability level have been presented. A technique for determination of extreme deviation of parameters and regulation boundaries according to preset tolerance has been developed. An example of stability control of natural oscillation frequency has been presented. The presented technique has been implemented at special purpose enterprises. An internal certificate is drawn up for each set of rotor blades at the manufacturing plant with a view to gather statistical information. This certificate is developed by the manufacturer. Information about the material certificate, the results of control, which has been carried out during the process of manufacturing and testing, with indication of deviations from the draft, the technical specifications during the testing, the description of technological process of thermal treatment of stocks etc. are noted down in the internal certificate.

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Valery, Stennikov, Penkovsky Andrey, and Postnikov Ivan. "Hybrid power source based on heat and wind power plants." MATEC Web of Conferences 212 (2018): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821202002.

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The technology of use of electric power of the wind power plants for direct replacement of fuel in the thermal cycles of the heat power plants is offered in the paper. The technology avoids solving the problems of ensuring the quality of electricity and the operational redundancy of the wind power in the power systems, as well as permits combining the achievements of traditional (gas turbine and steam and gas technologies, combined-cycle technologies and heating) and non-traditional renewable energy. The energy and environmental effects from the application of the proposed technology are shown, the technological advantages of the proposed schemes are considered, providing them with a wide scope of practical use both in local and in large power systems. The implementation and development of the proposed technology will allow extending and expanding business for manufacturers of steam turbine and gas turbine equipment, including the transition to the hydrogen power. The proposed technologies are protected by the patent.

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Sukhorukova, E. A., N. N. Trifonov, and S. P. Kolpakov. "Results of experimental studies of changes in the level and heating of the main condensate in mixing-type LPH." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 13, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2020-13-4-290-295.

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In the thermal circuits of domestic steam turbines, mixing-type low-pressure heaters (LPH) with free-flow jet water distribution and counter-flow of water and steam are widely used. The choice of the counterflow variant of the media movement ensures the most efficient heat transfer. However, the technical problem of ensuring reliable operation of LPH in the entire range of design loads of TPP and NPP power units is still relevant.During the commissioning and operation of mixing-type LPH in 800÷1200 MW turbines of TPP and NPP, the presence of metal knocks in the zone of the check valve, hydraulic shocks in the heating section were revealed. A priori, these phenomena indicated design flaws in LPH or manufacturing defects in their production. Research carried out by NPO CKTI specialists showed that periodic hydraulic shocks in the heating section and metal knocks occur as a result of uneven distribution around the circumference of the main condensate and steam supply. This leads to a breakdown of the check valve and the destruction of perforated plates and off-design heating of water in the volume of the annular LPH water chamber. To clarify the causes of the damage, develop recommendations for the reconstruction of the apparatus and further account for the design, two series of experimental studies were carried out on mixing-type heaters of 800 MW turbine units PNSV-2000-1 and PNSV-2000-2 manufactured at PJSC Krasny Kotelshchik. The purpose of the experimental studies was to determine the change in the water level in the water chamber and the heating of the main condensate in the elements of the heating compartment during normal operation of the power unit at loads of 400÷850 MW. Based on the results of the research, the method for calculating the mixing-type LPH has been refined, taking into account the revealed non-uniformity of water heating in the water chamber, recommendations for their reconstruction have been developed and implemented.

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Yamaltdinov, A. A., and A. Yu Ryabchikov. "Strength and Rigidity Calculation Technique for Exhaust Hoods of Steam Turbines Manufactured by “UTZ” Joint Stock Company." Procedia Engineering 150 (2016): 789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.113.

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Mikhailov, V. E., S. P. Kolpakov, and L. A. Khomenok. "Results of bench tests of hydraulic dynamometer of type CFT-9.0 manufactured by Fuchino Co Ltd." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 12, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2019-12-3-200-205.

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Topical issues of creating test benches for power drive units are considered. The results of testing a hydraulic dynamometer with the aim of clarifying its characteristics are presented. When creating test benches, it is important to choose the right power damping system with its accurate measurement. For these purposes hydraulic dynamometers (HD) are used. The domestic industry has not yet mass-produced them, experimental development is underway. In this regard, it seems appropriate to use imported diesel engines, for example, Japanese-made, of type CFT-9.0 manufactured by Fuchino Co Ltd. This equipment has a commercial preference over other foreign manufacturers. This article discusses the principle of HD operation, its design features, the identified shortcomings and ways to address them, the results of tests of the gas engine on a special bench of JSC «NPO CKTI».The tests carried out made it possible to verify the operability of the acquired HD, to determine the dependence of the HD power on the rotation frequency, the dependence of the cooling water flow rate on the HD power and the dependence of the HD power on the steam flow rate to the steam turbine drive.The results obtained indicate that the HD of type CFT-9.0 manufactured by «Fuchino Co Ltd» can be recommended as a hydrodynamic power absorber with its high-precision measurement in a wide range of rotation speed, modes and power consumption up to 8.5 MW.

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Shvetsov, V. L., and I. N. Babaev. "Specific features of the control systems of new-modification 310–330-MW steam turbines manufactured by PAO turboatom." Thermal Engineering 64, no. 7 (June 24, 2017): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040601517070084.

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20

Wagner, W., J. R. Cooper, A. Dittmann, J. Kijima, H. J. Kretzschmar, A. Kruse, R. Maresˇ, et al. "The IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 150–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.483186.

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In 1997, the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) adopted a new formulation for the thermodynamic properties of water and steam for industrial use. This new formulation, called IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS-IF97), replaces the previous industrial formulation, IFC-67, that had formed the basis for power-plant calculations and other applications in energy engineering since the late 1960’s. IAPWS-IF97 improves significantly both the accuracy and the speed of the calculation of the thermodynamic properties compared with IFC-67. The differences between IAPWS-IF97 and IFC-67 will require many users, particularly boiler and turbine manufacturers, to modify design and application codes. This paper summarizes the need and the requirements for such a new industrial formulation and gives the entire numerical information about the individual equations of IAPWS-IF97. Moreover, the scientific basis for the development of the equations is summarized and the achieved quality of IAPWS-IF97 is presented regarding the three criterions accuracy, consistency along region boundaries, and computation speed. For comparison, corresponding results for the previous standard IFC-67 are also presented. [S0742-4795(00)02201-8]

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Watson, Christopher J., Trevor A. Dean, Martin Strangwood, and Claire L. Davis. "Modelling High Integrity Steel Forgings for Turbine Applications in the Power Generation Industry." Advanced Materials Research 922 (May 2014): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.795.

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The continuous drive toward higher operating efficiency, greater reliability and longer life of steam turbines has introduced a need for higher integrity components to operate at higher temperatures and pressures. This poses several material and processing challenges to ensure that the components have metallurgical stability and the required mechanical properties in the high temperature environment. Modelling the open-die press forging process, used to manufacture steam turbine discs from cast ingots, is complex due to the variation of strain, strain rate and temperature within the ingot. These variations mean that recrystallisation and grain growth do not occur uniformly throughout the ingot. Severe plastic deformation is used to promote recrystallisation in order to refine the grain size and improve strength and toughness properties. A major part of the modelling described in this paper involves prediction and validation of strain, strain rate and temperature distributions during open-die forging. A sensitivity study has confirmed the requirement for accurate thermal and physical data such as Interfacial Heat Transfer Coefficient (IHTC), work-piece emissivity, specific heat and friction coefficient. In this paper experimental determination of these data for the grade of heat resistant steel being modelled, over process parameter ranges appropriate to open-die forging operations, is described. Incorporation of these data into a finite element-based model for strain variation within an ingot is reported with consideration and measurement of dead zone for thermo-mechanical simulation trials.

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Medovar, L., G. Polishko, G. Stovpchenko, V. Kostin, A. Tunik, and A. Sybir. "Electroslag refining with liquid metal for composite rotor manufacturing." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 2, no. 91 (June 1, 2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5489.

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Purpose: To develop novel ESR based process for composite ingot with shallow transition zone between layers in order to produce efficient heavy-weight rotors for steam turbines. Design/methodology/approach: The nowadays heavy-weight rotors for steam turbines for power plants are monoblock or two or more layer in length composite part facilitating operation in different zones withstanding various loads and working medium. However, the joining of various steel in composite rotors by welding has low productivity. The ESR now is recognised as the best available technology for the big-diameter and mass forgings for power generating machines, including rotor ones. The ESR affords the most favourable conditions of solidification resulting in homogenous low-segregation ingot with smooth surface and high-quality structure. The step ahead is the ESR for composite. Findings: The two-layer model ingot had produced from steel grades 12Cr13 and 35NiCrMoV12-5 were manufactured using the electroslag process with the liquid metal (ESR LM) in the CSM of 180 mm in diameter with ingot withdrawing. The transition zone in two-layer ingot had have the shallow shape and low depth with the even macrostructure without defects of the same type as both joined steels. The metal of the transition zone fully satisfies standard requirements for properties of both steel grades in the heat treated and as-cast conditions. Research limitations/implications: The ESR LM can provide both the monobloc heavy ingots with uniform structure and composites with low-stress connection between metal layers for heavyweight rotors and other critical products manufacturing.

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Bolter, J. R. "Sir Charles Parsons and Electrical Power Generation—a Turbine Designer's Perspective." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 208, no. 3 (August 1994): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1994_208_032_02.

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Sir Charles Parsons died some three years after the author was born. In this paper the author looks back at the pioneering work of Parsons in the field of power generation. It shows how he was able to increase output of the steam turbine generator from 7.5 kW in 1884 to 50000 kW in 1930 while increasing efficiency from 1.6 to 36 per cent, and relates these achievements to the current state of the art. Blading design, rotor construction and other aspects of turbine engineering are considered. The conclusion is that Parsons and his associates charted the course which manufacturers and utilities throughout the world have continued to follow, although increasingly sophisticated design and analytical methods have succeeded the intuitive approach of Parsons. His constant search for improved efficiency was and is highly relevant to today's concern for the environment. Finally, although it did not become a practical proposition in his lifetime, the paper reviews Parsons' vision of, and continuing interest in, the gas turbine, first mentioned in his 1884 patents.

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Campanari, S., P. Iora, P. Silva, and E. Macchi. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Integrated Molten Carbon Fuel Cell–Gas Turbine Cycles for Sub-MW and Multi-MW Scale Power Generation." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 3 (November 2, 2006): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2744051.

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This paper investigates the thermodynamic potential of the integration of molten carbon fuel cell (MCFC) technology with gas turbine systems for small-scale (sub-megawatt or sub-MW) as well as large-scale (multi-MW) hybrid cycles. Following the proposals of two important MCFC manufacturers, two plant layouts are discussed, the first based on a pressurized, externally reformed MCFC and a recuperated gas turbine cycle and the second based on an atmospheric MCFC, with internal reforming integrated within an externally fired gas turbine cycle. Different levels of components quality are considered, with an analysis of the effects of variable pressure ratios, different fuel mixture compositions (variable steam-to-carbon ratio) and turbine inlet temperature levels, together with potential advantages brought about by an intercooled compression process. The analysis shows interesting effects due to the peculiarity of the mutual interactions between gas turbine cycle and fuel cells, evidencing the importance of a careful thermodynamic optimization of such cycles. Results show the possibility to achieve a net electrical efficiency of about 57–58% for a small plant size (with a difference of 1.5–2 percentage points between the two layouts), with the potential to reach a 65% net electrical efficiency when integrated in advanced cycles featuring high-efficiency, large-scale equipment (multi-MW scale cycles).

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Sotelo-Mazón, O., J. Porcayo-Calderon, C. Cuevas-Arteaga, J. J. Ramos-Hernandez, J. A. Ascencio-Gutierrez, and L. Martinez-Gomez. "EIS Evaluation of Fe, Cr, and Ni in NaVO3at 700°C." Journal of Spectroscopy 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/949168.

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Due to the depletion of high-grade fuels and for economic reasons, use of residual fuel oil in energy generation systems is a common practice. Residual fuel oil contains sodium, vanadium, and sulphur as impurities, as well as NaCl contamination. Metallic dissolution caused by molten vanadates has been classically considered the main corrosion process involved in the degradation of alloys exposed to the combustion products of heavy fuel oils. Iron and nickel base alloys are the commercial alloys commonly used for the high temperature applications, for example, manufacture of components used in aggressive environments of gas turbines, steam boilers, and so forth. Therefore, because the main constituents of these materials are Fe, Cr, and Ni, where Cr is the element responsible for providing the corrosion resistance, in this study the electrochemical performance of Fe, Cr, and Ni in NaVO3at 700°C in static air for 100 hours was evaluated.

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Поликарпов, В. В. "The Imperial Russian Navy in the Epoch of Turbomachinery: On the history of the arms industry." Istoricheskii vestnik, no. 36(2021) (March 17, 2021): 10–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35549/hr.2021.2021.36.001.

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Восстановление надводного флота Российской империи в 1906–1917 гг. происходило в условиях революционных сдвигов в мировой кораблестроительной технике. Произошел переход от традиционных поршневых паровых машин в качестве главного двигателя к турбинным механизмам. Для самостоятельного изготовления судовых турбин машиностроительным заводам в империи не хватало мощного металлургического оборудования и технологического опыта. В условиях спешной подготовки к войне правительство пожертвовало традиционным официальным принципом — строить все у себя, из отечественных материалов, своими силами. Турбинные двигатели для всех классов кораблей царский флот получал из Германии, Англии, Швейцарии и США. В России же производство турбин в основном сводилось к механической обработке стальных заготовок, полученных от зарубежных поставщиков, и последующей сборки под руководством специалистов из авторитетных в данной области западных фирм. В историографии вопроса наблюдается систематическое противоречие: достоверное фактически описание кораблестроительной практики, как правило, опровергает обобщения, основанные на преувеличенных представлениях о достигнутом заводской техникой России научно-производственном уровне. The restoration of the Imperial Russian surface fleet in 1900–1917 took place during major technological shifts in world shipbuilding. It was the time of transition from traditional reciprocating steam engines to turbine mechanisms. The Empire’s machine-building plants lacked powerful metallurgical equipment and technological experience required for production of ship turbines. Within the circumstances of rapid war preparations, the government shifted from traditional principles of self-production, towards using international resources and powers. The Imperial Russian Navy was supplied by turbine engines for all classes of ships by Germany, England, Switzerland and the USA. Turbine engines in Russia were manufactured by processing steel templates provided by foreign suppliers. Further construction of the engines took place under the supervision of experienced western entities. A systematic contradiction in the historiography on this issue can be seen. The author reveals a verified factually based descriptions of the shipmanufacturing process, and disapproves past general conclusions, which were based on the exaggerated notions about the level of Russian scientific and technological development.

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Kirk, R. Gordon, and Zenglin Guo. "Expert System Source Identification of Excessive Vibration." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 9, no. 2 (2003): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1023621x03000071.

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The importance of vibration data in determining the condition of rotating machinery is well established in both the aircraft and the heavy equipment industries. Installation of noncontact displacement probes for shaft motion and either velocity or acceleration sensors for bearing cap or foundation motion is standard practice for equipment manufacturers. Automation of the diagnostic evaluation of certain simple faults can be easily implemented. The advances in computer languages in recent years have made it diffiucult to keep pace with the graphical capabilities available to the programmers. One major concern is the content of the knowledge base and the method of modifying the knowledge base or the procedure of evaluating the confidence of a given identified possible cause of a problem. This article addresses the application of one such expert system to a recent vibration problem on a 7-megawatt steam turbine–driven generator located at the power plant of Virginia Polytechnic Institute.

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Zagretdinov, I. Sh, V. V. Kucherov, Ya V. Zakharov, and I. I. Shabanov. "The Centenary of Teploelektroproekt Institute: from the Past to the Future." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 11, no. 4 (January 21, 2019): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2018-11-4-264-273.

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The article is devoted to the one-hundredth anniversary of Teploelektroproekt Institute, and presents areas of the institute’s current activities. Despite the difficult conditions, the financial and economic crisis, the Institute continues to be one of the leading design organizations in the field of developing projects of thermal power plants operating on organic fuels (coal, natural gas, fuel oil) with the installation of steam-turbine, steam-gas, gas turbine units and substations of various voltages, in terms of its production capacity, technical equipment, scope of work performed and scale of orders received. The technical policy of the Institute is orientated at the future, the key objective being ensuring a high scientific and technical level of projects, and technical and commercial proposals developed by the Institute. The Institute uses cutting edge technologies in the development of technical documentation; introduces advanced technical solutions throughout the project and conducts its uniform policy for the projects under development; provides consistently high quality of technical documentation on the basis of continuous improvement of its quality management system; improves methods of calculation/mathematical models and their implementation in the design process; ensures comprehensive and total accounting of the Customer’s requirements at preparation of technical and commercial offers, design of new and/or reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing power-generating facilities; maintains close relations with scientific and design organizations, manufacturers of equipment, products and materials for the purpose of introduction of available advanced scientific and technical achievements in project documentation. Standardized layouts of the main buildings are designed for pulverized coal-based generating units of ultra-supercritical steam conditions, for circulating fluidized bed boilers, flue gas denitrification and desulphurization plants, for combined cycle plants. Examples of the power plant designing are presented for industrial facilities utilizing nonconventional fuels. A short description is given about the institute’s references in the field of construction of combined cycle and cogeneration plants as well as pulverized coal-based plants.

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Elshazly, Engy, Nabil Eltayeb, Amr A. Abdel Fatah, and Tamer Ahmed El-Sayed. "Experimental and computational investigation of energy ball wind turbine aerodynamic performance." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 10 (October 2019): 168781401987954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019879546.

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Small-scale wind turbines with innovative design are introduced for small applications, providing clean renewable energy to rural homes, street lighting, and hybrid systems. Energy ball wind turbine, known as Venturi wind turbine, has untraditional blades’ shape and special aerodynamic behavior that creates a venturi effect on the air stream passing through its aspherical shape. This article represents an integration of computational fluid dynamics and wind tunnel experimentation to study the aerodynamic performance of a manufactured model of energy ball wind turbine. Physical models with different twist angles were fabricated and tested in a small wind test section. In these experiments, dynamic torque, angular velocity, and coefficient of performance values were measured at different speeds. The experimental power coefficient results were discussed showing the best-tested twist angle. Fluid flow simulation has been developed in ANSYS FLUENT software. The findings of these numerical simulations have provided pressure contour, velocity contour, and torque values which help to study the solidity effect on turbine’s power coefficient. Nevertheless, the velocity contours provided from the computational analysis ensure the Venturi effect of the energy ball wind turbine design.

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Korneev, A. E., A. A. Korneev, A. S. Gugenko, and E. M. Simich-Lafitskaya. "Study of the effect of the deformation martensite on the corrosion resistance of NPP equipment and pipelines made of austenitic steels." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 87, no. 3 (March 21, 2021): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2021-87-3-29-34.

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Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in nuclear and thermal power engineering due to their high mechanical, corrosion and technological properties. We present the results of studying the effect of deformation martensite on the corrosion resistance of chromium-nickel steels of the austenitic class. Samples of heat exchange tubes of steam generators, tube bends, plates (constituents of steam turbines), safety valves used in NPP equipment were studied. The tests were carried out using metallographic, X-ray diffraction, atomic emission and atomic absorption spectral analyses. Electron microscopy was used to determine the content of the ferrite phase. It is shown that irregular dark gray spots located along a line parallel to the sample axis contain iron oxides. The appearance of such defects observed only on the outer surface of the products is attributed to the technology of their manufacture. It is also shown that severe plastic deformation which occurs during production or operation leads to formation of the deformation martensite which is subject to corrosion at this the corrosion cracking is accompanied by stress. The absence of δ-ferrite in the metal of samples is also revealed. The deformation martensite formed during operation of the product at the point of contact with a harder material leads to appearance of a large number of microcracks, which develop according to the fatigue mechanism under cyclic loading. The results obtained can be used to assess the probability of the formation of deformation martensite in chromium-nickel austenitic steels.

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Hirano, Toshio, Zenglin Guo, and R. Gordon Kirk. "Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis for Rotating Machinery—Part II: Labyrinth Seal Analysis." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, no. 4 (September 20, 2005): 820–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1808426.

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Labyrinth seals are used in various kinds of turbo machines to reduce internal leakage flow. The working fluid, or the gas passing through the rotor shaft labyrinth seals, often generates driving force components that may increase the unstable vibration of the rotor. It is important to know the accurate rotordynamic force components for predicting the instability of the rotor-bearing-seal system. The major goals of this research were to calculate the rotordynamic force of a labyrinth seals utilizing a commercial CFD program and to further compare those results to an existing bulk flow computer program currently used by major US machinery manufacturers. The labyrinth seals of a steam turbine and a compressor eye seal are taken as objects of analysis. For each case, a 3D model with eccentric rotor was solved to obtain the rotordynamic force components. The leakage flow and rotor dynamics force predicted by CFX TASCFlow are compared with the results of the existing bulk flow analysis program DYNLAB. The results show that the bulk flow program gives a pessimistic prediction of the destabilizing forces for the conditions under investigation. Further research work will be required to fully understand the complex leakage flows in turbo machinery.

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Orrok, George A. "SMALL STEAM TURBINES." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 21, no. 3 (March 18, 2009): 810–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1909.tb03507.x.

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Saitoh, Eiji, and Seiji Utoh. "Transition of Marine Steam Turbines - Reheat Steam Turbines for Marine Propulsion." Journal of The Japan Institute of Marine Engineering 51, no. 5 (2016): 671–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.51.671.

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34

Arkadyev, B. A. "Cooling Of Steam Turbines." NTU "KhPI" Bulletin: Power and heat engineering processes and equipment, no. 15 (January 1, 2015): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-774x.2015.15.10.

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35

Larson, E. D., and R. H. Williams. "Steam-Injected Gas Turbines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 109, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240006.

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Among cogeneration and central station power generating technologies, gas turbine systems are attractive largely because of their low capital cost and simplicity. However, poor part-load efficiencies have restricted simple-cycle gas turbines largely to base-load cogeneration applications, while relatively low efficiencies for the production of power only have restricted gas turbines largely to peaking central station applications. Steam-injected gas turbines overcome cogeneration part-load problems by providing for steam in excess of process requirements to be injected into the combustor to raise electrical output and generating efficiency. For central station applications, proposed steam-injected gas turbines would achieve higher efficiencies at smaller capacities than any existing commercial technology, including combined cycles. Their high efficiency and expected low capital cost would make them highly competitive for baseload power generation. This paper provides an overview of steam-injection technology, including performance calculations and an assessment of the economic significance of the technology for cogeneration and central station applications.

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W. Muller, Ingenieur. "MELMS-PFENNINGER STEAM TURBINES." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 20, no. 4 (April 8, 2009): 955–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1908.tb04177.x.

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37

Darwish, M. A. "Cogeneration steam power desalting plants using steam turbines." International Journal of Exergy 1, no. 4 (2004): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijex.2004.005792.

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Crane, R. I. "Droplet deposition in steam turbines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 218, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406041474200.

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Research since the 1960s on the deposition of droplets from wet steam is reviewed, concentrating mainly on low-pressure turbines but also covering the limited work related to nuclear high-pressure turbines. The context is first set, outlining the motivation in terms of blade erosion and, to a lesser extent, wetness losses. Details of measurements in turbines and in simulated turbine flows are followed by descriptions of theoretical work on the main inertial and turbulent deposition mechanisms; possible additional contributory mechanisms are summarized. A major combined experimental and computational effort in the 1980s led to broad agreement between measured and calculated fog deposition fractions in low-pressure turbine final stages, attributed largely to the development of more accurate droplet size measurement and computational fluid dynamics techniques. An attempt has been made to correlate advances with the history of steam turbine development and to speculate on the future of deposition studies in the light of recent theoretical developments and trends in power generation.

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KIUPEL, N., and P. M. FRANK. "Fuzzy control of steam turbines†." International Journal of Systems Science 24, no. 10 (October 1993): 1905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207729308949602.

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40

Kiupel, N., P. M. Frank, and O. Bux. "Fuzzy control of steam turbines." Fuzzy Sets and Systems 63, no. 3 (May 1994): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0114(94)90218-6.

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Murmanskii, Ilia, Konstantin Aronson, Boris Murmansky, Andrei Sosnovskii, Vladimir Novosyolov, and Yuri Brodov. "Features of steam turbines diagnostics." E3S Web of Conferences 178 (2020): 01059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017801059.

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Enterprises of energy equipment and operational utilities set sights on diagnostic systems. This is necessary for state control and maintenance planning of steam turbines. It is useful for digitalization purposes too. So far, some mathematical systems are already used. Algorithms for flow part, heat expansion system, control system, vibration-based diagnostics and auxiliary equipment are already designed. We designed algorithms just in principle. Adapting them, for the PT-75/80-90 turbine we met with difficulties. Firstly, we should connect them to a single interface. Secondly, adaptation should include features of the equipment, its state (if not new), even operating conditions. Diagnostic signs for each turbine are the most important. We define them based on the operational data. When adapting the algorithms, we reconsider the signs list. We also estimate its coefficients of importance again. This requires experts to study designs, calculations, and modelling. We also analyzed a large amount of operation data at various power plants. To define the state we use tests. Adapting is based on the modes of a specific power station. Following this strategy, we adapt general algorithms for various turbines.

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NOMOTO, Hideo, Yoshikazu KUROKI, Masafumi FUKUDA, and Shinya FUJITSUKA. "Recent Development of Steam Turbines with High Steam Temperatures." JSME International Journal Series B 49, no. 2 (2006): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeb.49.218.

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Sedlov, A. S., A. E. Zaryankin, A. N. Rogalev, I. V. Garanin, S. K. Osipov, and E. Yu Grigoryev. "Two-tier low-pressure turbines for heavy duty steam turbines." Vestnik IGEU, no. 2 (2016): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2016.2.014-020.

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44

Valenti, Michael. "Turbines for Synthesis Gas." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 08 (August 1, 1998): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-aug-6.

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This article reviews on one of the most demanding applications for steam turbines, which are providing the extraction steam for the production of ammonia and methanol synthesis gas, or syngas. Dresser-Rand Energy Systems, Wellsville, NY, designed their Syngas Steam Turbine specifically to meet these requirements. Demand is expected to grow for both ammonia and methanol. Ammonia is the source for most of the nitrogen fertilizer produced globally. The capacity in 1996 was 117 million metric tons, up from 113 million metric tons five years earlier. Dresser-Rand approached the syngas project with more than 30 years’ experience as a leading supplier of compression equipment for ammonia plants. The first Syngas Steam Turbine, and its complete compression train including Dresser-Rand DATUM compressors, was shipped to a methanol plant operated by Qatar Fuel Additives Ltd. in the Mesaieed Industrial Area, Qatar. It is scheduled to begin operation by the middle of next year, producing 610,000 metric tons of methanol annually. Dresser-Rand engineers have also adapted their Syngas Turbine technology for different applications.

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45

McDyer, F. J. "Parameter Estimation for Reheat Steam Turbines." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 21, no. 11 (September 1988): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)53741-6.

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Tuzson, J. "Status of Steam-Injected Gas Turbines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906642.

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The injection of exhaust-heat-generated steam into gas turbines for power augmentation has been proven to provide exceptional flexibility of operation in cogeneration applications. The chronology of development of this technology is presented, including a list of available turbines. A description is then given of the design process for converting existing gas turbines to steam injection. Finally, the water purification issue, which is perceived by some as a barrier to cost-effective implementation of such installations, is addressed. It is shown that water purification cost is of the order of 5 percent of the fuel cost and is therefore not a decisive factor.

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Hesketh, J. A., and P. J. Walker. "Effects of Wetness in Steam Turbines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 219, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 1301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440605x32110.

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Courses in mechanical engineering usually introduce the theory of axial-flow turbo-machines in terms of simple velocity triangles representing the bulk flow of ideal compressible fluid through the blade passages. A distinctive practical difference, peculiar to steam turbines (ST), is the presence of liquid-water in the flow field. The steam wetness in such turbines is widely known to be doubly-damaging, leading to both loss of efficiency and to mechanical damage (erosion, etc.) of the machine components. Over recent decades, a whole new field of mechanical engineering science has evolved on the subject of wetness in steam turbines, and general practices have been established within the industry. This article reviews the general effects that are of major importance to the turbine designer/engineer, power plant operator, and especially to researchers in this field.

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Bondyra, Radosław, Krzysztof Dominiczak, and Jacek Matuszak. "Reverse engineering methodology as a way of steam turbine blades designing for Loviisa Nuclear Power." E3S Web of Conferences 137 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913701002.

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This article concerns a reverse engineering-based design process of last stage blade (LSB) for other original equipment manufacturer (oOEM). For Loviisa Power Plant (Finland) GE designed and delivered a set of oOEM LSBs to be fit into existing low pressure (LP) turbine module steam path. Although cost competitiveness is a one of major selection criterion for steam turbine spare parts components supplier, diversification of suppliers is also a strategic for power plant owner. Considered here is a process of reengineering of oOEM LSB and all relevant challenges related to this process especially management of geometry deviations between reverse-engineered and oOEM blade. In this article, there are a design steps described taken to qualify reverse-engineered design. Moreover, a manufacturing process of the LSB is shown.

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Rice, I. G. "Steam-Injected Gas Turbine Analysis: Steam Rates." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 117, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2814101.

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This paper presents an analysis of steam rates in steam-injected gas turbines (simple and reheat). In considering a gas turbine of this type, the steam-injection flow is separated from the main gas stream for analysis. Dalton’s and Avogadro’s laws of partial pressure and gas mixtures are applied. Results obtained provide for the accurate determination of heat input, gas expansion based on partial pressures, and heat-rejection steam-enthalpy points.

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Pan, Hong Gang, You Ning Xu, Dong Lai Yi, Jing Chao Sun, Peng Fei Du, and Chun Ming Zhang. "Analysis of Turbine Impeller Vibration Test Equipment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.395.

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The mode of the impeller of steam turbines vibration frequency is recorded by simulated experiment of the impellers vibration in the exciting method. And the main negative effects for the impeller of steam turbines vibration are analyzed through the simulated experiment, so the impellers vibration can be avoided through modulating the targeted elements. The accident during the steam turbines running caused by the impellers vibration can be decreased.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Manufacturers of steam turbines'

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