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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maori and Pakeha'
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1
Simon, Judith A. "The place of schooling in Maori-Pakeha relations." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2328.
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Recognizing the continual restructuring of Pakeha-Maori relations as dominance and subordination, this thesis sets out to gain an understanding, through a critique of ideology, of the place of schooling in the securing and maintenance of those relations. Theoretically, it draws mainly upon the concept of ideology as interpreted by Jorge Larrain but also upon Gramsci's concept of hegemony, the notion of social amnesia as presented by Jacoby and the concept of resistance as developed by Giroux. It also examines the historical development of the concepts of 'race' and 'culture' which are employed ideologically to rationalize educational policies concerning the Maori. Tracing the progression of policies and practices in Maori education from the 1830s to the present day, the research shows the schooling of the Maori to have contributed significantly to the securing of Pakeha economic and political dominance in the nineteenth century and to the maintenance of that dominance through much of the twentieth century. Of particular significance has been the control of Maori access to knowledge. With Maori resistance playing a considerable part in the shaping of these policies and practices, the school is recognized as one of the sites of Maori-Pakeha struggle. Widespread underachievement of Maori within education - revealed in 1960 by the Hunn Report - is recognized as an outcome of these processes. Taking account of policies in recent years directed at improving Maori educational achievement, the thesis examines fieldwork research conducted within Auckland primary and secondary schools, in order to understand the extent to which current policies and practices of schools contribute towards overcoming the asymmetry in social relations. Focussing upon teacher perceptions of Maori children and their needs, the way schools sort and classify their pupils, provisions for a Maori dimension in schooling, including 'taha Maori', and the place of history in social studies programmes, the research finds that the struggle still continues, with tensions surrounding the efforts of the minority of teachers and other educationists working within the education system towards Maori interests. While a significant number of teachers, particularly in primary schools seem concerned to implement the 'taha Maori' policy and other aspects of 'multicultural education', these efforts are not matched by a concern to address the problem of Maori educational under-achievement, with teachers either explaining away the problem or accepting it as a quasi-natural state of affairs. Over all the research shows that schools in general continue, in a variety of ways, to control and limit Maori access to knowledge-power and thereby help to maintain the asymmetry in Maori-Pakeha relations. Maori children who do succeed within the education system are seen to do so primarily because they and their families have learned to deal with the system. The multicultural policies of education as presented by the Department of Education are recognized as ideological responses to Maori resistance and challenges, creating an appearance of change and of commitment to Maori interests while, in essence, functioning to maintain the asymmetry in social relations.Whole document restricted, but available by request, use the feedback form to request access.
2
Doig, Suzanne Mary. "Customary Maori Freshwater Fishing Rights: an exploration of Maori evidence and Pakeha interpretations." Thesis, University of Canterbury. History, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1784.
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This thesis explores the customary freshwater fishing rights of the New Zealand Maori
through detailed examination of Maori evidence as to the nature and extent of these rights, and of
Pakeha interpretations based upon both observation and upon Maori evidence. Most of the
recorded evidence from Maori who exercised customary fishing rights in the nineteenth century
was given in Pakeha institutions, notably the Native Land Court. The legal, political and
intellectual context in which Maori gave their evidence is important for an understanding of
Pakeha interpretations constructed from Maori evidence, and for the analysis of this evidence.
In the first part of the thesis, modern reinterpretations of customary Maori rights (based
on both traditional Maori knowledge and recent research) are examined for an understanding of
Maori concepts of their freshwater fishing rights. The development of successive Pakeha
interpretations of Maori customary rights from the beginnings of Pakeha settlement is then traced
and contextualized. Particular attention is paid to the Native Land Court minutes, the most
comprehensive source for Maori statements on fishing rights. The impact of the Court on the
way Maori gave evidence and on Pakeha interpretations of Maori tenure and rights, the Court's
legislative framework and key methodological issues are analysed.
The second part of the thesis comprises four local case studies, which use Court
evidence given by Maori to analyse in depth the nature and extent of freshwater fishing rights.
Wairarapa Moana provides examples of both a large seasonal eel fishery, and a smaller-scale
fishery in the fringing swamps. Lake Taupo is an example of a large lake fishery with a range of
species, while the Whanganui River had a large and varied river fishery. The themes explored
include the derivation oftitIe and rights, the scale of fishing rights, relationships between land and
fisheries, and issues of property rights, management and control.
3
Colquhoun, D. (David James), and n/a. "What is Maori patient-centered medicine for Pakeha general practitioners?" University of Otago. Dunedin School of Medicine, 2003. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070508.144541.
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This research was designed to see whether the clinical method espoused by Moira Stewart et al in the book "Patient-Centered: Transforming The Clinical Method" is appropriate for Pakeha general practitioners to use in clinical consultations with Maori patients.
This thesis uses qualitative methodology. One of my supervisors and I selected from the kuia (old women) and kaumatua (old men) of Hauraki those whom I would approach to be involved. Nearly all responded in the affirmative.
The kuia and kaumatua talked about their tikanga, about the basis of tikanga, about the spirituality of their Maori worldview. They talked about the need to maintain their tikanga, about qualities that they respect. They described different roles within Maoridom, especially those of the kuia, whaea (mothers) and Tohunga (experts). They refer to a GP as a Tohunga because of the GP�s special expertise. The GP is able to use his or her special expertise to heal Maori patients, but needs to be able to get through barriers to do so. They are also clear that Maori and Pakeha live in two different worlds which can merge in some circumstances.
I came to two conclusions. The first is that the elements of Patient-Centered Medicine are relevant to the consultation of a Pakeha GP and Maori patient, and provides a framework that is productive. The second conclusion is that there is a better framework for working with Maori patients, within which Patient-Centered Medicine can be practiced more effectively. Maori already have a framework (tikanga) in which they function, and if in their settings, especially the marae, he or she is welcomed and has a place in their world; tikanga accommodates the GP as a Tohunga and Maori respond to him or her as such.
In summary, a Pakeha GP who has some knowledge of tikanga or Maori culture and who has a basic knowledge of the Maori language of tikanga of Maori culture and who has a basic knowledge of the Maori language can work very well for his or her Maori patients by working within the framework of Tikanga Maori and by being patient-centered in consultation.
4
Kaustrater, Maria Elisabeth. "Maori and Pakeha : the quest for identity in Aotearoa/New Zealand." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248006.
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David-Ives, Corinne. "L'élaboration de l’identité nationale en Nouvelle-Zélande : la dualité Maori/Pakeha." Le Havre, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LEHA0004.
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Ce travail de recherche porte sur la manière dont le discours politique a structuré l'identité nationale en Nouvelle-Zélande. Depuis la fondation de la colonie par traité en 1840 entre la Couronne britannique et les Maoris, le discours des élites au pouvoir a reflété la dualité constitutive de cette identité. Le Traité de Waitangi a en effet reconnu la présence et les droits du peuple autochtone maori et a cherché à jeter les bases d'une cohabitation harmonieuse entre Maoris et colons d'ascendance britannique (Pakehas). L'élément autochtone a donc été inclus dans l'identité nationale telle qu'elle a pu commencer à émerger vers la fin du XIXème siècle. Ce travail analyse les différentes politiques de gestion de la diversité menées par l'Etat, de « l'amalgamation » des premiers temps à l'assimilation, puis de l'intégration des années 1960 au biculturalisme des années 1980-2000. La question des « relations entre les races » est ainsi apparue comme un élément essentiel du discours identitaire et a été instrumentalisée par les gouvernements successifs afin de projeter une image flatteuse de la Nouvelle-Zélande. La politique de réconciliation initiée dans les années 1980 fit un retour nécessaire sur les abus de la colonisation et aboutit à une reformulation de l'identité nationale plus équilibrée entre Maoris et Pakehas descendants des colons. Le biculturalisme officiel est toutefois remis en cause depuis le début des années 2000 par un discours multiculturaliste fondé sur la diversité ethnoculturelle nouvelle de la nation amenée par l'ouverture du pays à l'immigration non-britannique depuis la fin des années 1980This research focuses on the way political discourse has structured national identity in New Zealand. From the moment the colony was founded by treaty between the British Crown and Maori in 1840, the discourse of the élites in government has reflected the constitutive duality of the New Zealand identity. The Treaty of Waitangi recognised the presence and the rights of the indigenous people and tried to establish a basis for a harmonious cohabitation between Maori and British settlers, soon to be known as Pakehas. The indigenous element was therefore included in the national identity as it started to emerge towards the end of the nineteenth century. This work analyses the various policies of management of diversity conducted by government: from early « amalgamation » to assimilation, then from integration in the 1960s to biculturalism in the 1980s to 2000. The issue of « race relations » has thus appeared as an essential element of the discourse of identity and has been used by successive governments to project a flattering image of New Zealand. The policy of reconciliation initiated in the 1980s resulted in a necessary introspection into the abuses of colonisation and in a more balanced reformulation of national identity. Official biculturalism has nevertheless been questioned since the early 2000s by a multicultural discourse founded on the new ethnocultural diversity of the nation brought about by the opening of the country to non-British immigration since the late 1980s
6
Holmes, Kelly, and n/a. "Stereotypes of Maori : influence of speaker accent and appearance." University of Otago. Department of Psychology, 2000. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070620.094023.
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Research has consistently shown that there are anumber of negative stereotypes held by Pakeha towards Maori. However, some of these studies have been flawed by low participant identification rates of Maori. Furthermore, none of these studies have examined the role of accent and appearance on evaluations when both pieces of information are presented together. The present study sought to address these limitations and to verify the current stereotypes associated with Maori. A videotape of eight speakers reading an identical short story was shown to one hundred and sixty-four high school students. Participants were assigned to one of two conditions. In the auditory presentation participants heard but did not see the speakers. In the visual presentation participants heard and saw the speakers. Of the eight speakers, half looked Pakeha and half looked Maori. Furthermore half spoke with a Maori English accent and half spoke with a Pakeha English accent. Results showed that use of Maori English speakers led to higher Maori identification rates by participants in the auditory presentation. Furthermore, for status variables and Maori in particular, accent appeared to amplify the evaluative effects of appearance. It was also found that the longstanding negative stereotypes of Maori still exist. Finally, though not the focus of the present study, it was found that overall younger and older high school students had similar evaluations of Maori and Pakeha. The implications of these results, particularly to the educational, employment and law enforcement sectors of society are discussed.
7
Rochford, Tim, and tim rochford@otago ac nz. "Te korero wai : Maori and Pakeha views on water despoliation and health." University of Otago. Wellington School of Medicine & Health Sciences, 2004. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070502.145537.
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Having reviewed an example of environmental degradation (the effect of gold mining related activities on the acquatic ecosystems in Te Tai Poutini) from varying Maori and Pakeha perspectives I have developed a framework to find combine these perspectives into a working analytical tool kit.
The tool kit is intended to better define the problems to ensure that they take into account the widely differing views of Maori and Pakeha and is able to promote solutions that will be appropriate and safe for both Maori and Pakeha.
I have sought to collect and present a comprehensive analysis of both perspectives. I have focussed more heavily however on the Maori paradigms as they are less well reported in the literature on environmental health and less influence on the way we seek to protect people from the negative effects of environmental degradation.
This is despite the fact that as Maori are more likely to be exposed to environmental damage in that they are on average poorer and therefore have less choice about where they may live and are more likely to eat foods taken directly from the environment.
I will also show that the damage to the Arahura is far more than physical and will show the concern of kaumatua and their psychological anguish they have felt over the damage to this most tapu river.
For this reason I have chosen to present this thesis, in the form of a powhiri model. This model allows me to present different aspects of the problem from a Maori perspective including the views of kaumatua as well as recorded traditions.
I have then followed these sections with a response from a Pakeha perspective. This includes reviewing the different underlying world, view as well as some attempt to review the damage in Pakeha terms by reviewing the literature and undertaking some tests to establish procedures for a more comprehensive testing of the enviroment that surrounds the Arahura.
The thesis will conclude with a section summarising both strands of information and attempt to develop a framework for a health tool kit - he kete hauora. This kete will utilise Whare Tapa Wha as a way of placing the information in a context that can be presented in a reasonably coherent form.
Finally I will make a number of recommendations that I called a place mat - he whariki. These recommendations are presented in a framework from Te Tiriti o Waitangi. This reflects the primacy of the Treaty when considering the ways in which Maori are to be protected by the Crown.
These recommendations seek to respond to the principle barriers that are currently preventing local Maori from achieving a full sense of well being but, if implemented, these recommendations will ensure the protection of the health of all peoples of Te Tai Poutini.
8
Ngamanu, Robert Errol. "Body Image Attitudes amongst Māori and Pakeha Females." The University of Waikato, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2459.
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Research has shown that body image plays a principle role in predicting the occurrence and extent of eating disordered symptomatology. The term 'body image' has multiple definitions but is most commonly used to refer to self-perceptions of body weight and shape. Evidence shows that Western socio-cultural beliefs encourage females to strive for an extremely thin, unrealistically small figure. The difficulties obtaining this thin-ideal have lead to the development of body image dissatisfaction (BID). Because the thin-ideal is a Western construct, BID was thought to effect only Western, White women, however, research shows that body image concerns and consequently eating pathology are appearing in non-Western, ethnic minority groups where they were once unknown. This has been attributed to increasing contact between ethnic minority groups and Western cultural mores. This would suggest that the degree of attachment a minority individual feels towards their ethnic identity is likely to moderate the development of BID and thus eating concerns. This thesis compared levels of body image dissatisfaction amongst ethnic groups in New Zealand, focussing particularly on Māori and Pakeha. No differences were found to exist amongst these groups with regards to body image dissatisfaction and eating pathology regardless of ethnic attachment. The information found has consequences for clinicians working with clients of Māori extraction and those researching body image dissatisfaction in New Zealand.
9
Bentley, Trevor William. "Images of Pakeha-Māori: A Study of the Representation of Pakeha-Māori by Historians of New Zealand From Arthur Thomson (1859) to James Belich (1996)." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2559.
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This thesis investigates how Pakeha-Māori have been represented in New Zealand non-fiction writing during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The chronological and textual boundaries range from Arthur Thomson's seminal history The Story of New Zealand (1859) to James Belich's Making Peoples (1996). It examines the discursive inventions and reinventions of Pakeha-Māori from the stereotypical images of the Victorian era to modern times when the contact zone has become a subject of critical investigation and a sign of changing intellectual dynamics in New Zealand and elsewhere. This thesis is about the history of attitudes to culture-crossers in New Zealand, the use of the term 'Pakeha-Māori', and the images that underlie the thinking of Britons and Pakeha about them. It explores the motives and backgrounds of specific authors and the ways in which they frame New Zealand history. It elucidates the ambiguous and contradictory perspectives of Pakeha-Māori in the literature and analyses its impact on changing public perceptions about them. The study critiques the literature with emphasis on theoretically informed research, historical analysis, and literary insights. Discussion is confined to published texts, with the aim of exploring the multiplicity of Pakeha-Māori images and the processes that gave rise to them. This study is essentially an investigation into how and why historians and other scholars try to draw boundaries between cultures in order to create a satisfactory metanarrative or myth of the 'settlement' of New Zealand and thus to forge a sense of New Zealandness. The cultural and racial categories of 'Māori' and 'Pakeha' are very unstable, however, and a consideration of the 'in-between' or 'culture-crossing' category of 'Pakeha-Māori' can reveal the way in which 'Māori' and 'Pakeha' and a sense of New Zealand and New Zealanders have been constructed. More particularly, consideration of representations of those culture-crossers or race-crossers called Pakeha-Māori can reveal the hopes and fears of Pakeha writers regarding Pakeha, Māori and New Zealand and how Pakeha-Māori have frequently been a barometer or litmus test of public perceptions of relations between Māori and Pakeha in different historical periods.
10
Szakay, Anita. "Identifying Maori English and Pakeha English from Suprasegmental Cues: A Study Based on Speech Resynthesis." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Classics and Linguistics, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/975.
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This thesis investigates the suprasegmental properties of Maori English and Pakeha English, the two main ethnolects of New Zealand English. Firstly, in a Production Experiment the speech of 36 New Zealenders is acoustically analysed. Using the Pairwise Variability Index (PVI) to measure syllabic rhythm, the study reveals that the two ethnic varieties display differing rhythmic patterns, with Maori English being significantly more syllable-timed than Pakeha English. It is also shown that, overall, Maori speakers use a higher percentage of High Rising Terminals than Pakeha speakers. The results relating to pitch suggest that Maori English pitch is becoming higher over time, with young Maori speakers producing a significantly higher mean pitch than young Pakeha speakers. Secondly, a Perception Experiment using 107 listeners is carried out to investigate the role of suprasegmental information in the identification of Maori English and Pakeha English. The ability of listeners to identify the two dialects based on prosodic cues only is tested in seven different speech conditions. The various conditions aim to isolate the precise suprasegmental features participants may use to identify speaker ethnicity. The results reveal that listeners are aware of the differing rhythmic properties of Maori English and Pakeha English, and are capable of tuning into the rhythmic characteristics of a speaker to use it as a cue in dialect identification, with some level of accuracy. The perceptual relevance of other prosodic cues is also discussed and the results indicate that, based on certain stereotypes, Maori English speech is assumed to be low-pitched, monotonous, hesitant and slow in pace. It is also shown that listeners who have had greater exposure to Maori English perform significantly better in a dialect identification task than those who are not integrated into Maori social networks, proving that the linguistic experience of the listener is a key indicator of his or her performance in ethnic dialect identification.
11
Te, Wiata Joy. "A local Aotearoa New Zealand investigation of the contribution of Māori cultural knowledges to Pakeha identity and counselling practices." The University of Waikato, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2329.
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This project investigates the experiences of a small group of social service practitioners as they consider the question of what it means to be Pakeha in Aotearoa New Zealand in 2004. Specifically this study considers the contribution of Māori cultural knowledges to Pakeha identity. It also explores whether therapeutic practices that participants have available, are relevant to their current claims of Pakeha identity. This study highlights the complexity of experience and multiple stories that inform constructions of identity. In approaching the topic I was aware that many important stories of people's lived experience are not often told. People are often silenced due to the difficulty of 'telling'. In this exploration, space was created for the telling of stories, which are often not easily told: stories of struggle and pain; stories of compassionate witnessing; stories of rule-breaking; stories of stepping into territory beyond binaries and stories of richness and delight. Knowledges have been produced that indicate the need for carefully crafted space for often very difficult identity conversations to occur and for voices to be heard. Further, the study has produced knowledges for scaffolding for respectful and honouring conversations . The stories of this project indicate that the conversations required, have their foundation through engagement with the value of fairness. Findings also indicate that forums, where mutual contribution to identity for both Māori and Pakeha can be acknowledged, are a critical to establishing ongoing honourable relationships between Pakeha and Māori New Zealanders. Throughout this project participants acknowledge and honour the rich contribution of Māori knowledges and language to their Pakeha identity.
12
Huygens, Ingrid Louise Maria. "Processes of Pakeha change in response to the Treaty of Waitangi." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2589.
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The sense of crisis that marks our times may be seen as a crisis for dominant groups whose once-secure hegemony is being challenged by marginalised others. It is in theorising the reply from the dominant group to the voices of the oppressed that existing Western conceptions of social change fall silent. The dominant Pakeha group in Aotearoa New Zealand has used discourses of benign colonisation and harmonious race relations to resist 165 years of communication from indigenous Māori about their oppression and a dishonoured treaty for settlement. My research documents the appearance of the Treaty of Waitangi into the Pakeha consciousness, and the now 30 year-long response by a Pakeha antiracism movement to educate their own cultural group about its agreements. Targeting government, community and social services organisations, activist educators used Freire's (1975) approach of conscientising dialogue to present a more critical view of colonisation, and to encourage participants to consider the complicity of their organisations in ongoing structural and cultural racism. Based on my membership of local and national networks of activist educators, I was able to organise and facilitate data gathering from three sources to investigate processes of Pakeha change in: (i) unpublished material describing the antiracism and Treaty movement's historical theorising and strategies over 30 years, (ii) a country-wide process of co-theorising among contemporary Treaty educator groups about their work and perceived influence, and (iii) a collection of organisational accounts of Treaty-focused change. The collected records confirmed that a coherent anti-colonial discourse, which I have termed 'Pakeha honouring the Treaty', was in use to construct institutional and constitutional changes in non-government organisations. My interpretation of key elements in a local theory of transforming action included emotional responses to counter-cultural information, collective work for cultural and institutional change and practising a mutually agreed relationship with Māori. I concluded that these emotional, collective and relationship processes in dominant group change were crucial in helping to construct the new conceptual resources of 'affirming Māori authority' and 'striving towards a right relationship with Māori'. These counter-colonial constructions allowed Pakeha a non-resistant and facilitative response to Māori challenge, and enabled a dialogue with Māori about decolonisation. By examining in one research programme the genealogy and interdependencies of a new discourse, my research contributes to theorising about the production of new, counter-hegemonic discourses, and confirms the crucial part played by social movements in developing new, liberatory constructions of the social order. My research calls for further theory-building on (i) emotional and spiritual aspects of transformational learning, (ii) processes involved in consciously-undertaken cultural change by dominant/coloniser groups, and (iii) practising of mutually agreed relationships with indigenous peoples by dominant/coloniser groups. My research has implications for theorising how coloniser and dominant groups generally may participate in liberatory social change and decolonisation work, and the part played by the Western states in the global struggles by indigenous people for recognition of their world-views and aspirations. It remains to be seen whether counter-colonial discourses and organisational changes aimed at 'honouring the Treaty' with indigenous peoples will be sufficiently widely adopted to help transform Western dominating cultures and colonial projects. In the meantime, acknowledging and documenting these counter-colonial discourses and their constructions opens up increasing possibilities for constructing, from a history of colonisation, a different future.
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Dennison, John Sebastian, and n/a. "Load-bearing structures : Pakeha identity and the cross-cultural poetry of James K. Baxter and Glenn Colquhoun." University of Otago. Department of English, 2003. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070507.113327.
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Pakeha identity has long been problematic, caught in a straddling stance between European co-ordinates of origin, and life in Aotearoa. This has been particularly evident over the last three decades: with the rise of tino rangatiratanga, Pakeha identity has undergone something of a crisis. Group identity, especially in such periods of crisis, requires �narratives� that re-imagine being and belonging. Poetry by Pakeha both displays the problem with identity at the cross cultural threshold between Maori and Pakeha, asking � what happens when Pakeha engage cross-culturally with te ao Maori, appropriating te reo Maori and drawing on Maoritanga, to re-vision and reconfigure identity? And how does such an approach shape the imagining of Pakeha identity?�
I study, in parallel, the cross-cultural poetry of James K. Baxter and Glen Colquhoun in relation to these questions. Borrowing a conceptual metaphor from Colin McCahon, I examine these cross-cultural poems in detail as �load-bearing structures�. I pay particular attention to the way in which, in purpose, design and materials, they function to re-imagine Pakeha identity in reciprocal relationship with te ao Maori. Aware of the problems of culture-crossing, at the outset I establish a historical and interpretive framework for the poetry. Furthermore, I discuss the question of appropriation, arguing for an ethical distinction between appropriation and misappropriation based on a cross-cultural relationship of faithful and reciprocal engagement.
I conclude that Baxter and Colquhoun are singular and radical in their reconfiguration of Pakeha identity. Baxter embraces te ao Maori in a direct challenge to Pakeha nationalism, prescribing the necessary corrective of the tuakana-teina dynamic to Pakeha identity and its relationship with te ao Maori. Writing after the Maori renaissance, Glenn Colquhoun irreverently opens up a further reconfiguration of cross-cultural relationship, pushing both Maori and Pakeha beyond a cultural dichotomy towards a mutually defining complementarity. Both place themselves on the cultural threshold of language, embracing the tensions of the cross-cultural scenario. The result is cross-cultural poetry, load-bearing structures that manifest the tension and ambivalence of the settler culture�s straddling identity, enacting what it is to be Pakeha.
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Bell, Avril. "Relating Maori and pakeha : the politics of indigenous and settler identities : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." Massey University. School of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/267.
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Settler colonisation produced particular colonial subjects: indigene and settler. The specificity of the relationship between these subjects lies in the act of settlement; an act of colonial violence by which the settler physically and symbolically displaces the indigene, but never totally. While indigenes may be physically displaced from their territories, they continue to occupy a marginal location within the settler nation-state. Symbolically, as settlers set out to distinguish themselves from the metropolitan 'motherlands', indigenous cultures become a rich, 'native' source of cultural authenticity to ground settler nationalisms. The result is a complex of conflictual and ambivalent relations between settler and indigene.This thesis investigates the ongoing impact of this colonial relation on the contemporary identities and relations of Maori (indigene) and Pakeha (settlers) in Aotearoa New Zealand. It centres on the operation of discursive strategies used by both Maori and Pakeha in constructing their identities and the relationship between them. I analyse 'found' texts - non-fiction books, media and academic texts - to identify discourse 'at work', as New Zealanders make and reflect on their identity claims. This investigation has two aims. Firstly, I map the terrain of discursive strategies that bear the traces of colonial domination and resistance. Secondly, I seek to explore the possibilities for replacing colonial relations with non-dominating forms of relationship between Maori and Pakeha.The thesis is in two parts. Part I focuses on theories of identity, centring on essentialism and hybridity. I argue that both modes of theorising bear the traces of colonial relations and neither offers the means to 'escape' colonial relations. Part II focuses on theories of intersubjectivity, bringing relationality to the fore. I argue that epistemological relations (including identity relations) always involve a degree of violence and exclusion and that, consequently, these necessary relations must be held in tension with an awareness of the ethical dimension of intersubjective engagement. Utilising the ethics of Emmanuel Lévinas, I argue that a combination of an ethical orientation towards the other and a 'disappointed' orientation towards politics and epistemology, offers the means to developing non-dominating relations with the cultural other.
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Hughes, Miles Maurice. "Birthright-Matamuatanga." AUT University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/921.
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Set on a farm on the Kaipara Harbour of Northland, New Zealand, this novel traces the lives of a family over a six year period near the end of the twentieth century. Themes include: Scottish and Croatian-Dalmatian immigration, Māori spiritual and cultural values, the weaving and assimilation of diverse cultures into a vibrant new culture, the economics of farming on marginal lands, father-son relationships, sibling rivalry, marijuana cultivation and the disparities between urban and rural lifestyles and expectations. The plotline follows the frustrations and subsequent actions of the eldest son as he seeks a future, which he realises is dependent on his acquiring the family farm. His impulsive behaviour leads to the climax of the story and puts himself and other members of the family in jeopardy and risks the family losing the farm altogether.
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Kunowski, Myra Antoinette. "Teaching About the Treaty of Waitangi: Examining the Nature of Teacher Knowledge and Classroom Practice." Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367740.
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Knowledge and understanding of the Treaty of Waitangi, as the founding document of the nation and as a living document today, is seen as crucial for the capacity of New Zealanders to accommodate cultural differences and to handle the challenges of the future. It is also outlined in the national social studies curriculum, Social Studies in the New Zealand Curriculum (Ministry of Education, 1997), as an essential area of learning for students in New Zealand schools. For these reasons, this study examines the nature of social studies teachers' subject matter knowledge for teaching about the Treaty of Waitangi, how it has been interpreted over time and how it is applied in New Zealand in the present day. Informed by Shulman's (1987) categorisation of a knowledge base for teaching, this study builds on a growing literature on the important role of pedagogical content knowledge. Four social studies teachers participated in the study which focuses on years 9 and 10, where the majority of New Zealand secondary school students acquire their knowledge of New Zealand's history. Using a collective case study design, multi-method triangulation is adopted for tapping into and representing the teachers' conceptual and practical knowledge. Methods include a semi-structured interview, a concept mapping exercise, a lesson planning activity, and a video-stimulated recall interview of a classroom lesson. The latter is a key data gathering method and is confirmed as a very valuable technique for gaining insight into the implicit theories and beliefs of teachers, and the relationship between their beliefs and actions.
The study demonstrates that discipline knowledge of history is an important ingredient in social studies teachers' knowledge and understanding of the Treaty of Waitangi and its implementation in New Zealand since 1840. Discipline knowledge informed their pedagogical content knowledge, which is central to effectively teaching this essential area of learning about New Zealand in the secondary school classroom. The teachers with this knowledge were able to place events in the context of time and comprehend historical ideas. In addition, they applied their understanding of historical inquiry and the historical relationships of cause and effect and continuity and change, to their teaching. These teachers also more readily accessed recent historical scholarship in New Zealand's history, and thus were aware of historical interpretations and the different perspectives from which Maori-Pakeha issues in the past and present can be examined. In accord with research in the United States and Britain, the evidence in this study indicates that the presence or absence of pedagogical content knowledge significantly affects the learning opportunities that teachers provide for their students. The findings suggest that there are both beginning and experienced social studies teachers who have limited historical knowledge for teaching the Treaty of Waitangi topic area. The teachers who lacked mastery of topic content were unable to easily use stories or examples to illustrate and clearly explain ideas and events. In attempting to simplify topic material, content was sometimes misrepresented and superficial responses were given to students' more challenging questions. Teaching also incorporated some information errors. It was these teachers who also regarded the area of learning as contentious. Concerned to avoid dissension in the classroom, and wary of adverse parental and community opinion, they were reluctant to engage in class discussion on Maori and Pakeha matters that have been controversial, or that are subject to current national debate. Three areas are highlighted where teachers considered help and direction would enhance their teaching. Firstly, more specific curriculum guidelines, in relation to achievement objectives for teachers and desired learning outcomes for students, could be provided in the Treaty of Waitangi topic area. Secondly, classroom implementation would be advanced by assistance for teachers in assimilating current historical interpretations of New Zealand's history and in developing the appropriate subject matter knowledge for teaching. Thirdly, training in critical inquiry skills would provide teachers with the expertise to handle contentious questions in the classroom and ensure they are better prepared to teach students to think critically and participate in society as informed and responsible citizens.Thesis (Professional Doctorate)
Doctor of Education (EdD)
School of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning
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Ream, Rebecca. "Capturing the Kiwi Spirit: An exploration into the link between national identity, land and spirituality from Māori and Pākehā perspectives." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Social and Political Sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2742.
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People telling stories of national identity, land and spirituality contribute to the local formation of the nation. I explore this view of nationhood in Aotearoa/New Zealand from Māori and Pākehā perspectives. Theorising this exploration, I form my own national identity concept for guiding analysis, that of locally narrated roots. Locally narrated roots is, essentially, a way of looking at national identity through the everyday narration of land, spirituality and history/ancestry by individuals. Supporting the production of this term is Smith’s (2003) theory of revised ethno-symbolism, which links religion, nationalism, land and history/ancestry, and Thompson’s (2001) grounded, everyday approach summed up as local production of national identity. Research methods draw upon Thompson’s people-focussed approach in conjunction with a narrative approach inspired by life story and Kaupapa Māori Research practices, which informed the conducting of twelve semi-structured interviews. From these interviews, six Māori and six Pākehā stories of history, ancestry, spirituality, land and identity were generated. These narratives revealed that colonial settler society, romanticism and whakapapa (genealogy) are central to this research and vital for further exploration on national identity. I close with the suggestion that participants’ stories enact a process of locally authenticating one’s national identity. I also suggest this local authentication is a secular spirituality, an idea that combines both patent secularism and spirituality, and is expressed through land, history and ancestry in Aotearoa/New Zealand.
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Menon, Sanjiv. "Interface impressions typographical impressions of early contact between Maori and Pakeha : this exegesis is submitted to Auckland University of Technology for the degree of Bachelor of Art & Design (Honours), October 2008 /." Abstract. Full exegesis, 2008.
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Exegesis (BA--Art and Design) -- AUT University, 2008.Disk contains images of artwork. Includes bibliographical references. Also held in print (xvi, 19 leaves : ill. ; 25 cm + 1 CD-ROM (4/3/4 in.)) in City Campus Theses Collection (T 686.224 MEN)
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Tang, Qing. "Acceptability of alternative treatments for problematic gambling." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5300.
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Background & objective
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Motivational Interviewing (MI) have been the treatment of choice for problem or pathological gambling in the field in Western countries, and their efficacy has been supported by a considerable empirical research. Alternative treatments are little known; and such treatments for minority ethnic populations have been scarce. This study adopted Kazdin‘s procedures for assessing the acceptability of treatments (Kazdin, 1980a, 1980b, 1981) to test alternative treatments of problem or pathological gambling as a part of the broadening of treatment choices. This thesis presented 2009 survey results from counselling service providers in New Zealand on the acceptability of alternative treatments to problem or pathological gambling. The thesis, therefore, reports the responses of counsellors to counselling vignette case examples, not the views of actual clients viewing counselling.
Methods
The survey pack was distributed to counselling service providers in New Zealand. The survey included descriptions of sixteen vignettes of case examples of counselling treatments. Categories of clients in the vignette case examples included two genders (male, female) and three ethnicities (Pakeha, Maori, and Asian). Four counselling treatment conditions were selected from Solution-Focused Brief Counselling (SFBC), SFBC+Multicultural Counselling (SFBC+MC), Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT), and Motivational Interviewing (MI). CBT and MI were only administered to Pakeha clients for the purpose of comparison of the alternatives.
Two measurements were used. The first a modified Problem Gambling Treatment Evaluation Inventory (TEI) was used to measure the acceptability levels of the alternative treatments for problem or pathological gambling. The Cross-Cultural Counselling Inventory-Revised (CCCI-R) was used for measuring the perceived cross-cultural competency of counsellors depicted in the vignette case examples.
Findings
Counsellors‘ ratings of the vignette case examples revealed the following findings:
Measurement 1: Problem Gambling Treatment Evaluation Inventory (TEI). Overall, 1) The survey results of TEI questionnaires showed significant main effects across the four treatment conditions and the three client ethnicities, and there was no difference according to client genders. 1.1) SFBC+MC and SFBC were slightly more acceptable than CBT, and much more acceptable than MI. 1.2) The TEI scores for Pakeha clients were much higher than for Maori clients, and the scores for the Asian clients were in between. 2) There was a significant interaction effect between the four treatments and the three client ethnicities. 2.1) For Maori clients: SFBC+MC was much more acceptable than SFBC; for Pakeha clients: SFBC+MC was the most acceptable, closely followed by SFBC, CBT, then MI; and for Asian clients: SFBC was more acceptable than SFBC+MC. 2.2) SFBC+MC was most acceptable to Maori clients across all treatments and ethnic groups. 2.3) The variation in acceptability ratings for SFBC was larger than for SFBC+MC in Maori and Asian clients, and less variable in Pakeha. 2.4) Maori clients had the largest mean variation between SFBC and SFBC+MC, and Pakeha clients had the smallest mean variation.
Measurement 2: Cross-Cultural Counselling Inventory-Revised (CCCI-R). The survey results of the CCCI-R showed significant main effects across the four treatment conditions and the three ethnicities. 1) The counsellors depicted in the vignette case examples under the SFBC+MC treatment condition were rated with the highest mean competence score and least variability across all the treatments and the ethnicities, the MI treatment condition were rated with the lowest mean score, CBT and SFBC were in between. 2) The counsellors described in the vignette case examples were rated more culturally competent with Pakeha clients and Maori clients than with Asian clients in the vignette case examples, the rating levels for both Pakeha and Maori were similar. 3) The Maori client in the vignette case examples had the largest mean gap between SFBC and SFBC+MC, and Pakeha client in the vignette case examples had the smallest mean gap.
Clinical implications
The tests of the acceptability of alternative treatment for problem or pathological gambling could provide useful information about 1) whether the above alternatives would be recommended or selected by the counselling service providers in their clinical practice, 2) which treatment would be more/less preferred by which ethnic group, 3) whether it would work or be worth the efforts to introduce or promote the above alternatives to the counselling service providers, 4) what needs to be explored for increasing levels of the acceptability of alternative treatment to problem or pathological gambling, 5) adding training in the techniques to counsellors training programme and curricula.
The limitation of this study was discussed and future research was suggested.
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Williams, Paul Harvey. "New Zealand's identity complex : a critique of cultural practices at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa /." Connect to thesis, 2003. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/1542.
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This dissertation critically analyses New Zealand’s National Museum Te Papa Tongarewa. Since it opened in 1998, Te Papa, arguably the world’s foremost exponent of the ‘new museology’, has been popularly and critically supported for its innovations in the areas of popular accessibility, bicultural history, and Maori-government management arrangements. As the first in-depth study of Te Papa, I examine and problematise these claims to exceptionality. In producing an analysis that locates the museum within cultural, political, economic and museological contexts, I examine how the museum’s particular institutional program develop, and point to limitations in its policy and practice.
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Malcolm-Buchanan, Vincent Alan. "Fragmentation and Restoration: Generational Legacies of 21st Century Māori." The University of Waikato, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2797.
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The content of this thesis is premised on a reflexive examination of some historical juxtapositions culminating in critical aspects of being Māori in the twenty first century and how such aspects have informed contemporary indigenous identity. That is, the continuing acknowledgement and exponential public recognition of critical concepts which inextricably link indigenous and civic identity. The theoretical sources for this research are, in the main, derived from anthropological and religious studies, particularly on the significance of mythologies and oral histories, as well as from the oral theorising of elders in Aotearoa New Zealand. A very significant contribution from one such elder, a senior Māori woman academic, has been included in the form of the transcript of an interview. She herself had collected the views of a number of elders on myth, creating a rare and valuable resource. In the interview she married her reflections on these with her own experiences and her cogent analyses. From the outset, it was necessary to be discerning so as to ensure the thesis workload was manageable and realistic. For this reason the selected critical aspects that have been used to frame this research are (1) a developing Western validation (that is, acknowledgement and respect) of Māori, Māori culture and their mythology; (2) oral history (genealogy) and traditions that have remained constant despite the influences of modernity; and (3) notions of fluidity, negotiation and pragmatism regarding kinship legacies and cultural heritage. The thesis is comprised of six chapters starting from a subjective narrative leading through increasingly objective discourses that culminate in a conclusion which supports a belief that modern Māori require a balancing of critical aspects of cultural heritage, with a broad understanding of the world of the 'other', in order to realise and develop their contemporary indigenous identity. Ultimately, indigenous ideologies, practices and knowledge recorded and examined in the world of academia today, become potential resources for tomorrow. The intention of this research is to aggregate and discuss intrinsic aspects of the Māori past as well as developing aspects of the present, in order to better understand the significance of the future, and to add to the growing corpus of indigenous worldviews.
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Peters, Murray Hamaka. "The confiscation of Pare Hauraki: The impact of Te Ao Pākehā on the Iwi of Pare Hauraki Māori; on the whenua of Pare Hauraki 1835-1997 and The Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2366.
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Kia mau ki te rangatiratanga o te Iwi o Hauraki Just as the whakataukī explains Hold fast to the power and authority of the Hauraki tribes the focus of this study is to examine and evaluate the impact of Te Ao Pākehā on Pare Hauraki lands and Tīkapa Moana under the mana of Pare Hauraki Māori and Pare Hauraki tikanga. The iwi of Pare Hauraki have land claims through the, (Wai 100) and the Hauraki Māori Trust Board, before the Waitangi Tribunal highlighting whenua issues and their impact on Pare Hauraki iwi. Also relevant is the foreshore and seabed issue which is documented leading on to the infamous Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004, (for Māori anyway), sparking widespread opposition by Māori throughout the country, and other supportive non-Māori groups because of the issue concerning Māori kaitiiakitanga and guardianship roles. This investigation will commence by outlining the histories of discovery and settlement of Pare Hauraki, the concept of mana-whenua/mana-moana as it applies to Pare Hauraki Māori and our tikanga, and then to subsequent issues leading to land alienation of the early 19th to late 20th cenutries and then to the foreshore issue of the early 21st Century. This research will include information showing that before 1840 to Te Tiriti o Waitangi and thereafter that Pākehā and various Crown agents, through legislation claimed the rights to the lands, waterways and oceanic areas under the kaitiakitanga of my tupuna of Pare Hauraki. Tupuna and other iwi members have expressed their disgust seeing the mana of their traditional lands, waterways, oceanic areas and kaitiaki roles slipping away from them through these activities. Therefore, this thesis is a response to those issues and the impact on (a), Māori as a people, and our tikanga Māori and (b), Pare Hauraki Māori as the kaitiaki/guardians of the Pare Hauraki rohe/territory in accordance with tikanga Māori, and the significance of the responsibilities which arise out of the Māori concepts of kaitiakitanga, manaakitanga and rangatiratanga.
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Williams, Jim, and jim williams@otago ac nz. "E pakihi hakinga a kai : an examination of pre-contact resource management practice in Southern Te Wai Pounamu." University of Otago. Te Tumu - School of Maori, Pacific and Indigenous Studies, 2004. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070501.151631.
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Life was difficult in Te Wai Pounamu before European contact. Food collecting had to return more calories than were expended in the efforts of acquisition. Areas where food was available were conserved as well as enhanced and were exploited seasonally in such a way as to optimise each season's take. It is suggested that the absence of kumera cultivations south of the Opihi river, prior to the introduction of the potato towards the end of the 18th Century, was clearly reflected in Maori life-style and social structure. Hapu were resource based rather than regional, and the resources of various hapu might be intermingled over a wide area or indeed, in some cases, shared (see: Anderson, 1980). The "orthodox" view (Anderson, 1980, etc.) is one of "Hunters and Gatherers" who exploit available resources. I argue that the resources were, in fact, managed with a view to sustainable and optimal harvests in the future. I shall apply Harris' (1987:75) optimal foraging theory in an endeavour to show that there are signs of the quality of life as a result of a low per capita human energy input into food production. This is principally evidenced by the foods eaten just for pleasure (kai rehia) and the time available for optional activities.
Accordingly, kai and the practices to control them differed from the often better documented food resources of more Northern parts of Te Wai Pounamu and Aotearoa. Nevertheless, the absence of horticulture in the south and the concomitant peripatetic life-style did not result in a lack of stewardship of resources. Based substantially on the analysis of a series of mahika kai lists, collected from elders early in the contact period, and details of traditional practices that have been handed down, this thesis argues that by 1780, when Captain Cook introduced European goods, southern Kai Tahu had in place effective procedures and practices for the sustainable use of renewable resources.
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McCreanor, Tim. "Pakeha discourses of Maori/Pakeha relations." 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2391.
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This thesis uses a discourse analytic approach to the language used by Pakeha in talk about Maori in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The research begins with an assay of a large body of public submissions and, using the finding of common themes and patterns of ideas, images and usages running though the data, proceeds to examine texts arising from other contexts in order to comment on the generality of the original results. It is suggested that the commonalities described amount to an ideological and linguistic resource base for the construction of a powerful "standard story" of Maori/Pakeha relations, which underpins and legitimates the oppressive status quo. Further extensions of the investigation examine changes in the discourse in the contemporary setting and pursue origins of the themes in historical texts arising from the period of contact between Maori and Pakeha prior to the colonisation of the country.
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Ngamanu, Robert E. "Body image attitudes amongst Maori and pakeha females /." 2006. http://adt.waikato.ac.nz/public/adt-uow20060914.180906/index.html.
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Bentley, Trevor. "Images of Pakeha-Maori a study of the representation of Pakeha-Maori by historians of New Zealand from Arthur Thomson (1859) to James Belich (1996) /." 2007. http://adt.waikato.ac.nz/public/adt-uow20070917.121833/index.html.
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Huygens, Ingrid. "Processes of Pakeha change in response to the Treaty of Waitangi." 2007. http://adt.waikato.ac.nz/public/adt-uow20080815.151820/index.html.
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Te, Wiata Joy E. "A local Aotearoa New Zealand investigation of the contribution of Maori cultural knowledges to Pakeha identiy and couselling practices." 2006. http://adt.waikato.ac.nz./public/adt-uow20060726.094605.
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Mitcalfe, Margaret Ann. "Understandings of being Pakeha : exploring the perspectives of six Pakeha who have studied in Maori cultural learning contexts : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management, Communication Management, at Massey University, Turitea Campus, Aotearoa-New Zealand." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/885.
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This research studies Pakeha who have engaged with Maori cultural learning contexts. Within a social constructionist theoretical framework, and with a combination of the critical and communicative approaches to cultural identity, the research explores the meaning these Pakeha bring to being Pakeha. Discourse analysis tools of interpretative repertoires and linguistic resources are used to analyse data from semi-structured interviews with six Paheha participants. Participants have experienced Maori cultural learning contexts before or during the research, through learning te reo, tikanga Maori and about nga ao o nga iwi Maori. The research found that, largely, meanings participants brought to being Pakeha were in contrast to stereotypical notions of what it means to be Pakeha. Participants demonstrated that for them being Pakeha meant being connected to nga ao o nga iwi Maori; being aware of Pakeha privilege; mediating and negotiating being Pakeha with dominant notions of Pakehaness; valuing the history of Aotearoa-New Zealand, along with valuing te reo me ona tikanga. Furthermore, the research also found that the consistently postcolonial identity participants brought to being Pakeha shifted according to context, troubling the meanings of Pakeha also.
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Wood, Gregory. "Revisiting James Cowan : a reassessment of The New Zealand Wars (1922-23) : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Philosophy in English at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1635.
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Author has removed photographs from digital version of thesis due to copyright restrictions.Widely differing perceptions of the early twentieth century New Zealand writer James Cowan have led to confusion over how he should be best remembered – as a journalist, an historian, or a combination of both. Most of the previous scholarly assessments of Cowan have focused on his greatest achievement, The New Zealand Wars (1922-23), and not sought further connections with his other works to reveal the existence of a coherent historiography. This thesis fleshes out Cowan’s historiography by including and reviewing three other books in his oeuvre, two written immediately before the release of The New Zealand Wars (The Maoris of New Zealand and The Adventures of Kimble Bent), and one shortly afterwards (The Maoris in the Great War). All four books contributed in their own unique way to an early goal of Cowan’s to write a history of Maori-Pakeha interaction and reconciliation following the turmoil of the New Zealand Wars of the nineteenth century. They also reveal a progressive attempt by Cowan to write history of a suitable standard to ultimately earn him the dual status of firstly, ‘oral historian’ and secondly, ‘public historian’, that is, ‘an historian writing outside academia’. The terms did not exist in Cowan’s era, so his research methods must be considered advanced for the time. My subsequent review of Cowan’s major work The New Zealand Wars shows that his writing transcended journalism in its creation, and has led to this reassessment of Cowan as a much more significant writer for his era than has been accorded to him so far.
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Barton, Pipi. "'A kind of ritual Pakeha tikanga'-- Maori experiences of hospitalisation : a case study : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Nursing at Massey University (Albany), New Zealand." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1104.
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Minimal literature exists relating to the experiences of Maori within the New Zealand public hospital system. Maori are highly represented in morbidity and mortality statistics and are high users of the secondary health care system. A Case Study methodology with a Maori centred approach was used to describe Maori experiences of hospitalisation. Multiple sources of evidence were gathered, including participant interviews, statistical data from the New Zealand Health Information Service, and international literature relating to indigenous experiences of hospitalisation. Eleven people (nine female and two males) identifying as Maori, of various iwi (tribal) affiliations and from a range of regions, participated in the interviews. All participants had either been admitted, or cared for by a family member who had been admitted to a medical or surgical ward in a public hospital anywhere in New Zealand within the last 15 years. Participants were aged between 20 to 75 years. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and then thematically analysed. A retrospective interrupted time series design was used to examine length of stay for Maori patients receiving treatment in the secondary medical and surgical setting, from 1989-2004. The data included the records of all medical and surgical discharges for Maori and non-Maori from the New Zealand public hospitals. Medical and surgical admissions were screened to include those over the age of 17 years and who had a length of stay greater than 1 day and less than 90 days. From the analysis of all the data three key interpretations emerged: 1. Maori are marginalised within the mainstream health system. 2. Maori believe that the hospital environment is not conducive to healing. 3. Maori experiences in hospital contribute to their decision to leave as soon as possible. The recommendations include the integration of more culturally acceptable and appropriate interventions within secondary and tertiary health services, and a review of the effectiveness of cultural safety education in practice and inclusion/revision of the cultural competence for all health care workers.