Journal articles: 'Map Engine'

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Wang, Changhui, and Zhiyuan Liu. "Adaptive sliding mode observer for updating maps with an application to mass air flow sensors in diesel engines." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 39, no. 12 (June 10, 2016): 1885–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331216650021.

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A novel method for mass air flow (MAF) sensor bias compensation and error map (or look-up table) adaptation with model error correction is proposed. A key feature of the approach is its method of handling and storing operating-point-dependent MAF sensor errors due to installation and ageing in diesel engines; such errors lead to adverse impacts on emission performance. The model of the MAF sensor error depending on the engine operating point is represented as a two-dimensional (2D) map, which is described as a piecewise bilinear interpolation model in the form of a vector–vector dot product. The mean-value engine model of a diesel engine with additional model biases is analysed and employed to improve the estimation precision of the 2D map. Based on the combination of the 2D map regression model and diesel engine mean-value engine model with additional model biases, a linear parameter varying adaptive sliding mode observer is designed, which achieves the disturbance suppression for the nonlinear model errors, as well as the simultaneous estimation of the system state, linear model errors and map parameters. The convergence of the proposed algorithm is proven under the conditions of the persistent excitation and given inequalities. The observer is validated against simulation data from the engine software enDYNA provided by TESIS. The results demonstrate that the estimation precision of the MAF sensor error map can be improved using the proposed method.

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Hardie, C., H. Tait, S. Craig, J. G. Chase, B. W. Smith, and G. Harris. "Automated tuning of an engine management unit for an automotive engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095440700221600107.

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Modern automotive engines are digitally controlled using an engine management unit (EMU) that is typically manually programmed using an engine dynamometer to obtain desired levels of power, emissions and efficiency. Closed-loop control of an engine dynamometer and EMU, combined with an overall engine tuning algorithm, is used to automate the tuning of the engine map for a four-cylinder engine. The tuning algorithm determines the air-to-fuel ratio necessary for each region of engine speed and throttle position to obtain the desired performance, automatically moving to each operating region in the map. Preliminary automated tuning results produce power output curves comparable with those delivered using the original manufacturer tuned EMU. At lower engine speeds data filtering is required and results in power outputs slightly lower than the factory-tuned engine. At higher speeds small improvements in engine efficiency, for equivalent performance, can be found. The research presented clearly demonstrates that engine tuning to a very high standard, equivalent to original equipment manufacturer engine performance, can he successfully automated, saving time and adding consistency to the engine tuning process.

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E. Laxmi Lydia, Dr, and M. Srinivasa Rao. "Applying compression algorithms on hadoop cluster implementing through apache tez and hadoop mapreduce." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.26 (May 7, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.26.12539.

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The latest and famous subject all over the cloud research area is Big Data; its main appearances are volume, velocity and variety. The characteristics are difficult to manage through traditional software and their various available methodologies. To manage the data which is occurring from various domains of big data are handled through Hadoop, which is open framework software which is mainly developed to provide solutions. Handling of big data analytics is done through Hadoop Map Reduce framework and it is the key engine of hadoop cluster and it is extensively used in these days. It uses batch processing system.Apache developed an engine named "Tez", which supports interactive query system and it won't writes any temporary data into the Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS).The paper mainly focuses on performance juxtaposition of MapReduce and TeZ, performance of these two engines are examined through the compression of input files and map output files. To compare two engines we used Bzip compression algorithm for the input files and snappy for the map out files. Word Count and Terasort gauge are used on our experiments. For the Word Count gauge, the results shown that Tez engine has better execution time than Hadoop MapReduce engine for the both compressed and non-compressed data. It has reduced the execution time nearly 39% comparing to the execution time of the Hadoop MapReduce engine. Correspondingly for the terasort gauge, the Tez engine has higher execution time than Hadoop MapReduce engine.

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Pourdarbani, Razieh, and Ramin Aminfar. "Theoretical study to determine the proper injection system for upgrading fuel system of diesel engine om357 to common rail system." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 2594. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.17364.

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In this research, we tried to investigate all the fuel injection systems of diesel engines in order to select the most suitable fuel injection system for the OM357 diesel engine to achieve the highest efficiency, maximize output torque and reduce emissions and even reduce fuel consumption. The prevailing strategy for this study was to investigate the effect of injection pressure changes, injection timing and multi-stage injection. By comparing the engines equipped with common rail injection system, the proposed injector for engine OM357 is solenoid, due to the cost of this type of injector, MAP and controller (ECU). It is clear that this will not be possible only with the optimization of the injection system, and so other systems that influence engine performance such as the engine's respiratory system and combustion chamber shape, etc. should also be optimized.

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Thompson, G. J., C. M. Atkinson, N. N. Clark, T. W. Long, and E. Hanzevack. "Technical Note: Neural network modelling of the emissions and performance of a heavy-duty diesel engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 214, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095440700021400201.

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Internal combustion engines are being required to comply with increasingly stringent government exhaust emissions regulations. Compression ignition (CI) piston engines will continue to be used in cost-sensitive fuel applications such as in heavy-duty buses and trucks, power generation, locomotives and off-highway applications, and will find application in hybrid electric vehicles. Close control of combustion in these engines will be essential to achieve ever-increasing efficiency improvements while meeting increasingly stringent emissions standards. The engines of the future will require significantly more complex control than existing map-based control strategies, having many more degrees of freedom than those of today. Neural network (NN)-based engine modelling offers the potential for a multidimensional, adaptive, learning control system that does not require knowledge of the governing equations for engine performance or the combustion kinetics of emissions formation that a conventional map-based engine model requires. The application of a neural network to model the output torque and exhaust emissions from a modern heavy-duty diesel engine (Navistar T444E) is shown to be able to predict the continuous torque and exhaust emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine for the Federal heavy-duty engine transient test procedure (FTP) cycle and two random cycles to within 5 per cent of their measured values after only 100 min of transient dynamometer training. Applications of such a neural net model include emissions virtual sensing, on-board diagnostics (OBD) and engine control strategy optimization.

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Park, Young-Kug, and Jae-Woo Chung. "Development of Map-Based Engine Control Logic for DME Fuel." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 14, no. 7 (July 31, 2013): 3127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2013.14.7.3127.

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Zhang, Sheng Kai, Ren Yun Sun, Hao Ming Yan, and Ke Ren Wang. "Optimization Calibration of Engine Ignition Advance Angle Based on Engine Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 483 (December 2013): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.483.446.

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Based on the mean-value theorem of the engine, the mathematical models can be created for the four-stoke-cycle-CNG engine, style of YN30QNE. Furthermore, while the mean-value models set the basis for the external loading resistance model controller, the adjust-dimention-burning engine models give birth to the models, as well as the MAP figures, of the engines controlling of the advance angle of ignition. Finally what the tests show us are as follows. Firstly the advance angle of ignition does the same, as the rotating velocity increases, and on the condition of the same rotating velocity, the best suited advanced angle of ignition decreases reversely with the growing loading resistance of the engine. Secondly it not only brings us the rarely precise original MAP figures of the advance angle of ignition, but also shortens the development cycle. Lastly, in the process of the calibration, optimal functions are used to conduct the PID optimal designing for the external loading resistance controller, which makes the system converge faster, improves the efficiency of the calibration as well as optimizes the results of the calibration.

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Gettel, L. E., G. C. Perry, J. Boisvert, and P. J. O’Sullivan. "Dual Fuel Engine Control Systems for Transportation Applications." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 109, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240059.

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Microprocessor control systems have been developed for dual fuel diesel engines intended for transportation applications. Control system requirements for transportation engines are more demanding than for stationary engines, as the system must be able to cope with variable speed and load. Detailed fuel maps were determined for both normally aspirated and turbocharged diesel engines based on the criterion that the engine did not operate in the regimes where knock or incomplete combustion occurred. The control system was developed so that the engine would follow the detailed fuel map. The input variables to the control system are engine speed and load. Based on this, the system then controls the amount of natural gas and diesel fuel supplied to the engine. The performance of the system will be briefly summarized.

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Peng, Lei. "Key Technology in a Lightweight WPF-Based Electronic Map Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 678 (October 2014): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.678.70.

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This paper introduces key technology in design and development of a lightweight WPF-Based electronic map engine, systematically analyzes characteristics of WPF technology, designs the structure of electronic map engine components, elaborates on data organization and management, vector and raster spatial data indexing method, presents a electronic map engine specific for nautical map display style.

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10

Kong, Changduk, and Jayoung Ki. "Components Map Generation of Gas Turbine Engine Using Genetic Algorithms and Engine Performance Deck Data." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 129, no. 2 (July 24, 2006): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2436561.

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In order to estimate the gas turbine engine performance precisely, the component maps containing their own performance characteristics should be used. Because the components map is an engine manufacturer’s propriety obtained from many experimental tests with high cost, they are not provided to the customer generally. Some scaling methods for gas turbine component maps using experimental data or data partially given by engine manufacturers had been proposed in a previous study. Among them the map generation method using experimental data and genetic algorithms had showed the possibility of composing the component maps from some random test data. However not only does this method need more experimental data to obtain more realistic component maps but it also requires some more calculation time to treat the additional random test data by the component map generation program. Moreover some unnecessary test data may introduced to generate inaccuracy in component maps. The map generation method called the system identification method using partially given data from the engine manufacturer (Kong and Ki, 2003, ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 125, 958–979) can improve the traditional scaling methods by multiplying the scaling factors at design point to off-design point data of the original performance maps, but some reference map data at off-design points should be needed. In this study a component map generation method, which may identify the component map conversely from some calculation results of a performance deck provided by the engine manufacturer using the genetic algorithms, was newly proposed to overcome the previous difficulties. As a demonstration example for this study, the PW206C turbo shaft engine for the tilt rotor type smart unmanned aerial vehicle which has been developed by Korea Aerospace Research Institute was used. In order to verify the proposed method, steady-state performance analysis results using the newly generated component maps were compared with them performed by the Estimated Engine Performance Program deck provided by the engine manufacturer. The performance results using the identified maps were also compared with them using the traditional scaling method. In this investigation, it was found that the newly proposed map generation method would be more effective than the traditional scaling method and the methods explained above.

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11

Andoga, Rudolf, Ladislav Főző, Martin Schrötter, Marek Češkovič, Stanislav Szabo, Róbert Bréda, and Michal Schreiner. "Intelligent Thermal Imaging-Based Diagnostics of Turbojet Engines." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 2253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112253.

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There are only a few applications of infrared thermal imaging in aviation. In the area of turbojet engines, infrared imaging has been used to detect temperature field anomalies in order to identify structural defects in the materials of engine casings or other engine parts. In aviation applications, the evaluation of infrared images is usually performed manually by an expert. This paper deals with the design of an automatic intelligent system which evaluates the technical state and diagnoses a turbojet engine during its operation based on infrared thermal (IRT) images. A hybrid system interconnecting a self-organizing feature map and an expert system is designed for this purpose. A Kohonen neural network (the self-organizing feature map) is successfully applied to segment IRT images of a turbojet engine with high precision, and the expert system is then used to create diagnostic information from the segmented images. This paper represents a proof of concept of this hybrid system using data from a small iSTC-21v turbojet engine operating in laboratory conditions.

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Seedam, Atthapol, Piyanath Jaisuk, Piyoro Jirawattana, and Thana Radpukdee. "Engine Map and Optimal Operation Path Construction for an Engine-CVT Powertrain System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 564 (June 2014): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.564.42.

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Rising fuel costs increase the importance of CVT powertrains in the automotive industry. Their benefit is that they allow an engine to operate at any condition which motivates development of fuel economy mode control strategies. In this work, an engine map is multiplied by the efficiency of a hydrostatic continuously variable transmission (HCVT). Therefore, the map is pictured in a 3D Cartesian space which is functioned into 3 parameters of indicated engine torque, engine speed, and transmission ratio. Operation of the engine powertrain system can be set to support any required power and speed of the vehicle at the highest efficiency point. The study examines a 900 cc. gasoline engine connected to the HCVT. To generate the operating range of the engine, the engine speed and hydraulic pressure were controlled by an electronic throttle and pump swash plate variation, respectively. The operating range is 3.353 - 10.442 kW. This power corresponds to a vehicle ground speed of 43.065 61.488 km/hr through a gear ratio of 0.5-1.5. Consequently, the system efficiency map was created and then used to construct the best operating path according to the required driving cycle. The points on the path were selected by the concept of the highest overall efficiency in the 3D map. As a result, the optimal operation path was found by connecting each point which is directed to the best solution for vehicle operation.

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Höckerdal, Erik, Erik Frisk, and Lars Eriksson. "Model Based Engine Map Adaptation Using EKF." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 43, no. 7 (July 2010): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20100712-3-de-2013.00051.

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Huang, Kejia, Chenliang Wang, Shaohua Wang, Runying Liu, Guoxiong Chen, and Xianglong Li. "An Efficient, Platform-Independent Map Rendering Framework for Mobile Augmented Reality." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090593.

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With the extensive application of big spatial data and the emergence of spatial computing, augmented reality (AR) map rendering has attracted significant attention. A common issue in existing solutions is that AR-GIS systems rely on different platform-specific graphics libraries on different operating systems, and rendering implementations can vary across various platforms. This causes performance degradation and rendering styles that are not consistent across environments. However, high-performance rendering consistency across devices is critical in AR-GIS, especially for edge collaborative computing. In this paper, we present a high-performance, platform-independent AR-GIS rendering engine; the augmented reality universal graphics library (AUGL) engine. A unified cross-platform interface is proposed to preserve AR-GIS rendering style consistency across platforms. High-performance AR-GIS map symbol drawing models are defined and implemented based on a unified algorithm interface. We also develop a pre-caching strategy, optimized spatial-index querying, and a GPU-accelerated vector drawing algorithm that minimizes IO latency throughout the rendering process. Comparisons to existing AR-GIS visualization engines indicate that the performance of the AUGL engine is two times higher than that of the AR-GIS rendering engine on the Android, iOS, and Vuforia platforms. The drawing efficiency for vector polygons is improved significantly. The rendering performance is more than three times better than the average performances of existing Android and iOS systems.

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Zhao, Kai, and Tielong Shen. "Beta distribution-based knock probability map learning and spark timing control for SI engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 7 (January 5, 2021): 1902–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020983208.

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In gasoline engines, the spark timing is often advanced to increase fuel economy under certain heavy load engine operating conditions. As a compromise between the risk of knock and the power output, spark timing is regulated at the boundary where a low knock probability is tolerated. Due to the stochasticity of binary knock events, it is necessary to have a large number of engine cycles for probability estimations, which can slow down the response speed of a controller to operating condition changes. To speed up the spark timing regulation and to reduce the spark timing variance, in this article, a knock probability feedforward map learning method and a spark timing control method are proposed under a unified framework. A learning method that applies the beta distribution is the key contribution of this work. The beta distribution in the map learning part is used to describe knock probabilities with uncertainties and to determine the next engine operating condition for sampling and map learning. In the spark timing method, the beta distribution is applied in the conventional control method to adjust the control gains. The proposed methods are experimentally validated on a test bench equipped with a production Toyota 1.8 L, 4-cylinder SI engine.

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Boulouchos, Konstantinos, Peter Obrecht, and Marco Warth. "Models for engine-map-wide prediction of diesel engine combustion and emissions." MTZ worldwide 65, no. 11 (November 2004): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03227715.

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Li, Wang, Guan, Xie, Huang, Wen, and Zhou. "A High-performance Cross-platform Map Rendering Engine for Mobile Geographic Information System (GIS)." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8100427.

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With the diversification of terminal equipment and operating systems, higher requirements are placed on the rendering performance of maps. The traditional map rendering engine relies on the corresponding operating system graphics library, and there are problems such as the inability to cross the operating system, low rendering performance, and inconsistent rendering style. With the development of hardware, graphics processing unit (GPU) appears in various platforms. How to use GPU hardware to improve map rendering performance has become a critical challenge. In order to address the above problems, this study proposes a cross-platform and high-performance map rendering (Graphics Library engine, GL engine), which uses mask drawing technology and texture dictionary text rendering technology. It can be used on different hardware platforms and different operating systems based on the OpenGL graphics library. The high-performance map rendering engine maintains a consistent map rendering style on different platforms. The results of the benchmark experiments show that the performance of GL engine is 1.75 times and 1.54 times better than the general map rendering engine in the iOS system and in the Android system, respectively, and the rendering performance for vector tiles is 11.89 times and 9.52 times better than rendering in the Mapbox in the iOS system and in the Android system, respectively.

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Lu, An Sheng, Zi Hui Li, Hui Xiu Jin, Jia Yi Zhang, and Hang Wei. "Research of Distributed Search Engine Based on Hadoop (DSEH)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 2126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.2126.

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The study of distributed search engine based on Hadoop (referred to as DSEH) has put forward system structure of distributed web service search engine based on Map/Reduce, and made introduction to related modules. Built the whole system on Hadoop framework by Map/Reduce and analyzed the key technologies of distributed search engine.

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Shin, Hyunki, Donghyuk Jung, Manbae Han, Seungwoo Hong, and Donghee Han. "Minimization of Torque Deviation of Cylinder Deactivation Engine through 48V Mild-Hybrid Starter-Generator Control." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041432.

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Cylinder deactivation (CDA) is an effective technique to improve fuel economy in spark ignition (SI) engines. This technique enhances volumetric efficiency and reduces throttling loss. However, practical implementation is restricted due to torque fluctuations between individual cylinders that cause noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) issues. To ease torque deviation of the CDA, we propose an in-cylinder pressure based 48V mild-hybrid starter-generator (MHSG) control strategy. The target engine realizes CDA with a specialized engine configuration of separated intake manifolds to independently control the airflow into the cylinders. To handle the complexity of the combined CDA and mild-hybrid system, GT-POWER simulation environment was integrated with a SI turbulent combustion model and 48V MHSG model with actual part specifications. The combustion model is essential for in-cylinder pressure-based control; thus, it is calibrated with actual engine experimental data. The modeling results demonstrate the precise accuracy of the engine cylinder pressures and of quantities such as MAF, MAP, BMEP, and IMEP. The proposed control algorithm also showed remarkable control performance, achieved by instantaneous torque calculation and dynamic compensation, with a 99% maximum reduction rate of engine torque deviation under target CDA operations.

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Wu, Zhen Quan, and Bing Pan. "Research of Distributed Search Engine Based on Hadoop." Applied Mechanics and Materials 631-632 (September 2014): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.631-632.171.

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Combined with the Map/Reduce programming model, the Hadoop distributed file system, Lucene inverted file indexing technology and ICTCLAS Chinese word segmentation technology, we designed and implemented a distributed search engine system based on Hadoop. By testing of the system in the four-node Hadoop cluster environment, experimental results show that Hadoop platform can be used in search engines to improve system performance, reliability and scalability.

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Zhang, Zhi Peng, and Jian Zhen Zhang. "Drawing Engine Universal Performance Characteristics Map Method Based on MATLAB." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.361.

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The changing tendency of engine performances in its operational range can be directly showed in the engine universal performance characteristics map. Taking advantage of MATLAB mathematic operation, data from engine characteristic tests are processed and the method is simple and credible. The universal performance characteristics map is intuitionist and perspicuous, and is in good fit with data got in tests. It provides a reliable and efficient tool to research into engine performances and automotive drive and fuel economy benefits.

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Tran, Vinh Tuyet Thi. "Dynamic symbol for electronic map, network map and the ability to create dynamic symbol on the map with the online answering machine." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(3).10.

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In visualization map, innovation is always needed to make geographic data more accessible to everyone. As well as other sciences, it must be based on solid theory. Currently, some electronic maps and network maps have used dynamic symbols but to summarize this new form of map symbols in Vietnam, there are no specific documents. This article provides some descriptive and applied basis for forming dynamic symbols for electronics maps, network maps. Along with that, the article introduces the Wolfram Alpha online answering engine and the way to communicate with this artificial intelligence engine to create dynamic symbols on the map showing the development of the outbreak Covid -19. Initially, this result opened up the possibility of using a new tool for map makers.

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Tu, Huan, and Hui Chen. "Modeling of a Compressor's Performance Map by Fitting Function Methodology." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 1194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.1194.

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To build a precise compressor model is a critical issue in the modeling and simulation of a turbocharged diesel engine. This paper proposes an exponential function for compressor flow model and a polynomial function for efficiency model. A case study of a compressor map for TCA88 turbocharger is implemented to verify the proposed model. Fitting results show that the compressor model performs in accordance with the manufacture compressor map. The compressor model can be applied to mean value models of turbocharged engines for non-linear control and state estimation.

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Koff, B. L. "F100-PW-229 Higher Thrust in Same Frame Size." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240235.

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The F100-PW-229 fighter aircraft engine is a higher thrust derivative of the F100-PW-220 and in the same frame size. The engine was developed from the F100 Engine Model Derivative (EMD) Program and parallel IR&D efforts. The increased thrust was achieved by increasing the flow and pressure ratio of the two-spool compression system accompanied by an increase in turbine temperature. The increased length compression system was offset by an innovative design intermediate case and a reduced length combustor to maintain overall engine axial length. The –229 engine has a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.0 with a 20–30 percent performance increase over the –220 model across the flight map. Significant improvements in maintainability have been incorporated while retaining the proven durability and operability features of the –220 engine. The Government-industry partnership is working well, continually providing increased performance engines for our first-line fighters.

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Kong, Changduk, Seonghee Kho, and Jayoung Ki. "Component Map Generation of a Gas Turbine Using Genetic Algorithms." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2032431.

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In order to estimate the precise performance of the existing gas turbine engine, the component maps with more realistic performance characteristics are needed. Because the component maps are the engine manufacturer’s propriety obtained from very expensive experimental tests, they are not provided to the customers, generally. Therefore, because the engineers, who are working the performance simulation, have been mostly relying on component maps scaled from the similar existing maps, the accuracy of the performance analysis using the scaled maps may be relatively lower than that using the real component maps. Therefore, a component map generation method using experimental data and the genetic algorithms are newly proposed in this study. The engine test unit to be used for map generation has a free power turbine type small turboshaft engine. In order to generate the performance map for compressor of this engine, after obtaining engine performance data through experimental tests, and then the third order equations, which have relationships with the mass flow function, the pressure ratio, and the isentropic efficiency as to the engine rotational speed, were derived by using the genetic algorithms. A steady-state performance analysis was performed with the generated maps of the compressor by the commercial gas turbine performance analysis program GASTURB (Kurzke, 2001). In order to verify the proposed scheme, the experimental data for verification were compared with performance analysis results using traditional scaled component maps and performance analysis results using a generated compressor map by genetic algorithms (GAs). In comparison, it was found that the analysis results using the generated map by GAs were well agreed with experimental data. Therefore, it was confirmed that the component maps can be generated from the experimental data by using GAs and it may be considered that the more realistic component maps can be obtained if more various conditions and accurate sensors would be used.

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Riegler, Claus, Michael Bauer, and Joachim Kurzke. "Some Aspects of Modeling Compressor Behavior in Gas Turbine Performance Calculations." Journal of Turbomachinery 123, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1368123.

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Performance calculation procedures for gas turbine engines are usually based on the performance characteristics of the engine components, and especially the turbo components are of major interest. In this paper methods of modelling compressors in gas turbine performance calculations are discussed. The basic methodologies based on Mach number similarity are summarized briefly including some second order effects. Under extreme engine partload conditions, as for example subidle or windmilling, the operating points in the compressor map are located in a region which is usually not covered by rig tests. In addition the parameters usually used in compressor maps are no longer appropriate. For these operating conditions a method is presented to extrapolate compressor maps towards very low spool speed down to the locked rotor. Instead of the efficiency more appropriate parameters as for example specific work or specific torque are suggested. A compressor map prepared with the proposed methods is presented and discussed. As another relevant topic the performance modelling of fans for low bypass ratio turbofans is covered. Due to the flow splitter downstream of such a fan the core and bypass stream may be throttled independently during engine operation and bypass ratio becomes a third independent parameter in the map. Because testing a fan on the rig for various bypass ratios is a very costly task, a simplified method has been developed which accounts for the effects of bypass ratio.

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Roy, Badal Dev, and R. Saravanan. "Experimental Evaluation of Turbo-Matching Appropriateness of B60J67, B60J68, A58N70 and A58N72 Turbo-Chargers for a Commercial Vehicle Engine." International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, no. 11 (June 13, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i11.49.

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The Turbocharger is a charge booster for internal combustion engines to ensure best engine performance at all speeds and road conditions especially at the higher load. Random selection of turbocharger may lead to negative effects like surge and choke in the breathing of the engine. Appropriate selection or match of the turbocharger (Turbomatching) is a tedious task and expensive. But perfect match gives many distinguished advantages and it is a one time task per the engine kind. This study focuses to match the turbocharger to desired engine by simulation and on road test. The objective of work is to find the appropriateness of matching of turbochargers with trim 67 (B60J67), trim 68 (B60J68), trim 70 (A58N70) and trim 72 (A58N72) for the TATA 497 TCIC -BS III engine. In the road-test (data-logger method) the road routes like highway and slope up were considered for evaluation. The operating conditions with respect various speeds, routes and simulated outputs were compared with the help of compressor map.

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Hamann, Harry, Daniel Münning, Philip Gorzalka, Michael Zillmer, and Peter Eilts. "Efficiency scaling method of gasoline engines for different geometries and the application in hybrid vehicle simulation." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 7 (August 31, 2016): 732–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416667130.

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This work presents a scalable model of a naturally aspirated gasoline engine forecasting the effective efficiency map for varying cylinder displacements. Engine test bench measurements and a global nonlinear hybrid optimization method were used to calibrate the engine model. The validation showed a good prediction of engine efficiency by the scaling model with a mean error of 2% compared with the measurements. A pure scaling of the cylinder displacement led to overall small changes in the effective engine efficiency map. In addition to the development of a scalable engine model, a forward-looking hybrid vehicle simulation model was used in order to evaluate the impact of different engine cylinder displacements on fuel consumption. For this purpose, simulations for varying cylinder displacements were performed in a series–parallel hybrid drivetrain of an A-class vehicle in two driving cycles. The simulation results showed a small influence of different engine cylinder displacements on fuel consumption for the given configuration.

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Organ, A. J. "Stirling's air engine—a thermodynamic appreciation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 214, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 511–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406001523885.

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Stirling's original engine is remarkable for having been the first application of the thermal regenerator—and an instant technological success. While the patents and their intriguing history are the normal focus of study, this paper shifts attention to the insights afforded by reconstructing the thermodynamic personality of the engine itself. The kinematics of the drive mechanism are recovered, and volume variations determined as a function of crank angle. Recently developed thermodynamic tools are introduced and applied to the construction of the fluid particle trajectory map. The map forms the integration grid for calculation of the temperature response of the regenerator. The claim for 2 bhp from the original engine is explored. Potential is identified for an up-to-date version of Stirling's elegant concept in the form of cheap quiet power units of attractive specific output.

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Procházka, David. "On development of search engine for geodata." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 6 (2010): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058060389.

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Eﬀective management and sharing of geodata is one of the priorities of the European Union (INSPIRE activity) and companies all around the world. Many diﬀerent companies and organisations publish their geodata using web mapping services. This situation leads to a multiple publishing of similar or completely same geodata. On the other hand, there is frequently a problem how to determine an appropriate mapserver with the required data. This paper presents a geodata search engine which solves the problem how to access geodata more eﬀectively. Presented solution aggregates data from the diﬀerent mapservers and provides an interface according to the Open Geospatial Consortium Web Map Server speciﬁcation. This allows to use our solution in the standard GIS tools as common mapserver. Completely new feature is a request which allows to select map layers which fulﬁlls speciﬁed criteria. Selection could be given by keywords in a map layer description and by deﬁning a bounding box on Earth surface. Response is a list of appropriate layers sorted according to their relevance. Presented solution could be among other applications signiﬁcant source of information for many data mining techniques. It allows to interconnect processed data with their space-temporal context.

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Liao, Huan, Yue Dong Sun, and Ping Zhou. "Design and Research of Engine Electronic Fuel Injection Simulation Experimental Platform." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.184.

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To complete experimental platform for electronic fuel injection simulation, an electronic control system has been built. The system, which can control the fuel injection of engine precisely, connects the sensors, ECU, and the actuator device with buses. After testing the electronic fuel injection simulation experimental platform, we make the MAP with the data of experiment. The data is reliable, which can prove correctness of the control system, and the system can control the engines fuel injection.

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Laksono and Aditya. "Utilizing A Game Engine for Interactive 3D Topographic Data Visualization." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8080361.

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Developers have long used game engines for visualizing virtual worlds for players to explore. However, using real-world data in a game engine is always a challenging task, since most game engines have very little support for geospatial data. This paper presents our findings from exploring the Unity3D game engine for visualizing large-scale topographic data from mixed sources of terrestrial laser scanner models and topographic map data. Level of detail (LOD) 3 3D models of two buildings of the Universitas Gadjah Mada campus were obtained using a terrestrial laser scanner converted into the FBX format. Mapbox for Unity was used to provide georeferencing support for the 3D model. Unity3D also used road and place name layers via Mapbox for Unity based on OpenStreetMap (OSM) data. LOD1 buildings were modeled from topographic map data using Mapbox, and 3D models from the terrestrial laser scanner replaced two of these buildings. Building information and attributes, as well as visual appearances, were added to 3D features. The Unity3D game engine provides a rich set of libraries and assets for user interactions, and custom C# scripts were used to provide a bird’s-eye-view mode of 3D zoom, pan, and orbital display. In addition to basic 3D navigation tools, a first-person view of the scene was utilized to enable users to gain a walk-through experience while virtually inspecting the objects on the ground. For a fly-through experience, a drone view was offered to help users inspect objects from the air. The result was a multiplatform 3D visualization capable of displaying 3D models in LOD3, as well as providing user interfaces for exploring the scene using “on the ground” and “from the air” types of first person view interactions. Using the Unity3D game engine to visualize mixed sources of topographic data creates many opportunities to optimize large-scale topographic data use.

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Bagwe, Rishikesh Mahesh, Andy Byerly, Euzeli Cipriano dos Santos, and Ben-Miled. "Adaptive Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy for a Parallel HEV." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2019): 4472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234472.

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This paper proposes an Adaptive Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy (ARBS EMS) for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The aim of the strategy is to facilitate the aftermarket hybridization of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. ARBS can be deployed online to optimize fuel consumption without any detailed knowledge of the engine efficiency map of the vehicle or the entire duty cycle. The proposed strategy improves upon the established Preliminary Rule-Based Strategy (PRBS), which has been adopted in commercial vehicles, by dynamically adjusting the regions of operations of the engine and the motor. It prevents the engine from operating in highly inefficient regions while reducing the total equivalent fuel consumption of the vehicle. Using an HEV model developed in Simulink®, both the proposed ARBS and the established PRBS strategies are compared over an extended duty cycle consisting of both urban and highway segments. The results show that ARBS can achieve high MPGe with different thresholds for the boundary between the motor region and the engine region. In contrast, PRBS can achieve high MPGe only if this boundary is carefully established from the engine efficiency map. This difference between the two strategies makes the ARBS particularly suitable for aftermarket hybridization where full knowledge of the engine efficiency map may not be available.

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Ruan, Guan Qiang, Zheng Dong Zhang, and Qiang Wang. "Analysis for SCR Control System Based on ANN." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 1428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.1428.

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Design principle of SCR control system for modern diesel engine is based on MAP which is obtained from experiments. The data of urea injection is obtained from MAP, the many experiments with different revolutions and loads are necessary. MAP from experiments is not accurate, cannot be used for all the range exactly in case of engine running conditions. Therefore, it is very difficult to design PID controller based on MAP. Moreover, the robust performance can not be achieved. To overcome these problems, the control scheme based on artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed. This controller has good robust performance and rapid adjustment. From experiments, the system using this controller can achieve good performance.

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Pelucchi, Mauro, Giuseppe Psaila, and Maurizio Toccu. "Hadoop vs. Spark: Impact on Performance of the Hammer Query Engine for Open Data Corpora." Algorithms 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2018): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a11120209.

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The Hammer prototype is a query engine for corpora of Open Data that provides users with the concept of blind querying. Since data sets published on Open Data portals are heterogeneous, users wishing to find out interesting data sets are blind: queries cannot be fully specified, as in the case of databases. Consequently, the query engine is responsible for rewriting and adapting the blind query to the actual data sets, by exploiting lexical and semantic similarity. The effectiveness of this approach was discussed in our previous works. In this paper, we report our experience in developing the query engine. In fact, in the very first version of the prototype, we realized that the implementation of the retrieval technique was too slow, even though corpora contained only a few thousands of data sets. We decided to adopt the Map-Reduce paradigm, in order to parallelize the query engine and improve performances. We passed through several versions of the query engine, either based on the Hadoop framework or on the Spark framework. Hadoop and Spark are two very popular frameworks for writing and executing parallel algorithms based on the Map-Reduce paradigm. In this paper, we present our study about the impact of adopting the Map-Reduce approach and its two most famous frameworks to parallelize the Hammer query engine; we discuss various implementations of the query engine, either obtained without significantly rewriting the algorithm or obtained by completely rewriting the algorithm by exploiting high level abstractions provided by Spark. The experimental campaign we performed shows the benefits provided by each studied solution, with the perspective of moving toward Big Data in the future. The lessons we learned are collected and synthesized into behavioral guidelines for developers approaching the problem of parallelizing algorithms by means of Map-Reduce frameworks.

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Viji Amutha Mary, A., Konduru Sandeep Kumar, and Kesa Pavan Sri Sai. "An Automatic Approach to Extracting Geographic Information from Internet." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 3216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8164.

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An automatic approach to extract Geographic information especially represented by Points of Interest (POIs), is critical for identifying locations and provides the basis for various location-based services. Currently, geospatial data of POI are available through some open map services (e.g., Google Maps, OpenStreetMap, etc.). However, the data supporting these services are either collected through the expensive commercial purchasing and company investment or gathered by the volunteered contribution of high uncertainty. With the rapid geospatial data growing on the Web, we propose an automatic approach of extracting geographic information for building up POI resources based on the results obtained by the web search engines to mitigate the negative effect from the traditional means. According to the approach, we firstly put the types of POIs extracted from Google Maps and the street names obtained from OpenStreetMap into the Google search engine, and then retrieve the potential addresses of POIs through parsing the search results. Secondly, the Google search engine is employed again with the retrieved addresses of POIs to extract the potential place names. Finally, the Google search engine is employed for a third time with learning both the place names and the corresponding addresses to verify whether the place names are correct. The contributed output of the work is a place-name dataset. We respectively select 20 blocks in Chicago and Houston in U.S. to execute our approach for verifying the research contribution. In the experiments, we choose Google Map that is of high data quality as the reference and compare the results with those from OpenStreet Map and Wikimapia. The final results indicate that the proposed approach could effectively produce the place-name datasets on a par with Google Maps and outperform OpenStreet Map and Wikimapia.

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Hausberg, F., M. Plöchl, M. Rupp, P. Pfeffer, and S. Hecker. "Combination of map-based and adaptive feedforward control algorithms for active engine mounts." Journal of Vibration and Control 23, no. 19 (January 20, 2016): 3092–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546315626323.

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Active engine mounts significantly contribute to ensure the comfort in vehicles with emission-reducing engine technologies, e.g., cylinder-on-demand (COD), downsizing or turbochargers. To control active engine mounts, either adaptive or non-adaptive feedforward control is commonly employed. Since both approaches have previously been treated separately, this study proposes methods to connect them in terms of multiple-input-multiple-output Newton/FxLMS adaptive filters with self-trained, grid-based look-up tables. The look-up tables are incorporated as parameter-maps or parallel-maps, respectively. By combining the two feedforward control strategies, their inherent advantages, i.e., the adaptivity of adaptive filtering and the direct impact as well as the tracking behavior of map-based feedforward control, are utilized. The proposed control structures are illustrated by simulation and experimentally demonstrated in a vehicle with a V8-COD engine. While both methods significantly reduce the convergence time of the adaptive filter, the parallel implementation additionally improves the tracking behavior during fast engine run-ups.

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Bazala, Jiri, Guillaume Hébert, Oliver Fischer, Jürgen Nothbaum, Matthias Thewes, Tobias Voßhall, Peter Diehl, and Pavel Kučera. "Research and Development of Self-Contained Water Injection Systems." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 5392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105392.

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Reducing fuel consumption and thus CO2 emissions is one of the most urgent tasks of current research in the field of internal combustion engines. Water Injection has proven its benefits to increase power or optimize fuel consumption of passenger cars. This technology enables knock mitigation to either increase the engine power output or raise the compression ratio and efficiency while enabling λ = 1 operation in the complete engine map to meet future emission targets. Current systems have limited container capacity. It is necessary to refill the water tank regularly. This also means that we cannot get the benefits of an engine with a higher compression ratio. For this reason, the self-contained system was investigated. This article is a methodology for finding the right design of a self-contained water injection system, but also a vehicle test that proves the function.

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Mitchell, Charles E., and Daniel B. Olsen. "Formaldehyde Formation in Large Bore Natural Gas Engines Part 1: Formation Mechanisms." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 4 (December 29, 1999): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1290585.

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Recent testing of exhaust emissions from large bore natural gas engines has indicated that formaldehyde CH2O is present in amounts that are significant relative to hazardous air pollutant standards. In consequence, a detailed literature review has been carried out at Colorado State University to assess the current state of knowledge about formaldehyde formation mechanisms and evaluate its applicability to gas engines. In this paper the following topics from that review, which bear directly on formaldehyde formation in natural gas engines, are discussed: (1) post combustion equilibrium concentrations; (2) chemical kinetics; (3) flame propagation and structure; (4) partial oxidation possibilities; and (5) potential paths for engine out formaldehyde. Relevant data taken from the literature on equilibrium concentrations and in-flame temperatures and concentrations are presented in graphical form. A map of possible paths for engine out formaldehyde is used to summarize results of the review, and conclusions relative to formation and destruction mechanisms are presented. [S0742-4795(00)00904-2]

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40

Galindo, José, Roberto Navarro, Luis Miguel García-Cuevas, Daniel Tarí, Hadi Tartoussi, and Stephane Guilain. "A zonal approach for estimating pressure ratio at compressor extreme off-design conditions." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 4 (February 5, 2018): 393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418754899.

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Zero-dimensional/one-dimensional computational fluid dynamics codes are used to simulate the performance of complete internal combustion engines. In such codes, the operation of a turbocharger compressor is usually addressed employing its performance map. However, simulation of engine transients may drive the compressor to work at operating conditions outside the region provided by the manufacturer map. Therefore, a method is required to extrapolate the performance map to extended off-design conditions. This work examines several extrapolating methods at the different off-design regions, namely, low-pressure ratio zone, low-speed zone and high-speed zone. The accuracy of the methods is assessed with the aid of compressor extreme off-design measurements. In this way, the best method is selected for each region and the manufacturer map is used in design conditions, resulting in a zonal extrapolating approach aiming to preserve accuracy. The transitions between extrapolated zones are corrected, avoiding discontinuities and instabilities.

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41

Tamaki, Shunpei, Yoshihiro Sakayanagi, Kazuma Sekiguchi, Tatsuya Ibuki, Kohei Tahara, and Mitsuji Sampei. "On-line Feedforward Map Generation for Engine Ignition Timing Control." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 47, no. 3 (2014): 5691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20140824-6-za-1003.01886.

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42

McCullagh, Barry. "Real-time disparity map computation using the cell broadband engine." Journal of Real-Time Image Processing 7, no. 2 (February 23, 2010): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11554-010-0155-8.

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43

Stevens, S. P., P. J. Shayler, and T. H. Ma. "Experimental Data Processing Techniques to Map the Performance of a Spark Ignition Engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 209, no. 4 (October 1995): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_217_02.

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Mapping the performance of an internal combustion engine over a wide range of operating conditions is a common procedure during development. The generation and post-processing of the data are high-cost activities. Two approaches which offer advantages over parametric test plans have been investigated. A statistically designed matrix of tests has been employed to map engine stability and combustion performance parameters. This approach minimizes the number of tests required and post-processing techniques provide valuable insight to relationships which exist between variables. This is particularly useful and efficient when qualitative trends are of prime interest. When large data sets are necessarily acquired and quantitative relationships between variables are of particular concern, then data processing using neural networks is shown to be an effective approach. The use of this technique is illustrated by application to evaluate relationships between engine-out emissions and engine state variables.

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Gawande, S. H., L. G. Navale, M. R. Nandgaonkar, D. S. Butala, and S. Kunamalla. "Fault Detection of Inline Reciprocating Diesel Engine: A Mass and Gas-Torque Approach." Advances in Acoustics and Vibration 2012 (September 20, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/314706.

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Early fault detection and diagnosis for medium-speed diesel engines are important to ensure reliable operation throughout the course of their service. This work presents an investigation of the diesel engine combustion-related fault detection capability of crankshaft torsional vibrations. Proposed methodology state the way of early fault detection in the operating six-cylinder diesel engine. The model of six cylinders DI Diesel engine is developed appropriately. As per the earlier work by the same author the torsional vibration amplitudes are used to superimpose the mass and gas torque. Further mass and gas torque analysis is used to detect fault in the operating engine. The DFT of the measured crankshaft’s speed, under steady-state operating conditions at constant load shows significant variation of the amplitude of the lowest major harmonic order. This is valid both for uniform operating and faulty conditions and the lowest harmonic orders may be used to correlate its amplitude to the gas pressure torque and mass torque for a given engine. The amplitudes of the lowest harmonic orders (0.5, 1, and 1.5) of the gas pressure torque and mass torque are used to map the fault. A method capable to detect faulty cylinder of operating Kirloskar diesel engine of SL90 Engine-SL8800TA type is developed, based on the phases of the lowest three harmonic orders.

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Procházka, David, and Jana Procházková. "Moebius: An interface to web map services." Geoinformatics FCE CTU 3 (April 12, 2008): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/gi.3.4.

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Our article presents a concept of a geospatial search engine based on a Web Map Service (WMS) compliant virtual mapserver. This virtual mapserver is able to index mapservers based on the WMS standard and create an unified interface to all shared map layers. Our presented approach also allows to search the map layers within the virtual mapserver and process the results directly in GIS tools.

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Du, Jia Yi, Hai Ling Li, Deng Pan Zhang, and Yong Jia Lu. "Control Strategy and Realization of Dual Fuel Engine with Intake Premixed Methanol on Turbocharging Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.436.

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Based on Methanol and diesel special combustion mode, a control strategy of methanol/diesel dual fuel engine on turbocharged DI diesel engine was introduced according to different operation conditions. A method of judging engine load by measuring intake manifold pressure was put forward. Bicubic interpolation method was adopted to optimize the control MAP for ensuring the coincidence between look-up table data and actual conditions. The feasibility of the control strategy is verified by bench test. And the results of test show that the economic performance of this dual fuel engine got a considerable improvement.

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Geetha J., Uday Bhaskar N, and Chenna Reddy P. "An Analytical Approach for Optimizing the Performance of Hadoop Map Reduce Over RoCE." International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development 10, no. 2 (April 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijicthd.2018040101.

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Data intensive systems aim to efficiently process “big” data. Several data processing engines have evolved over past decade. These data processing engines are modeled around the MapReduce paradigm. This article explores Hadoop's MapReduce engine and propose techniques to obtain a higher level of optimization by borrowing concepts from the world of High Performance Computing. Consequently, power consumed and heat generated is lowered. This article designs a system with a pipelined dataflow in contrast to the existing unregulated “bursty” flow of network traffic, the ability to carry out both Map and Reduce tasks in parallel, and a system which incorporates modern high-performance computing concepts using Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA). To establish the claim of an increased performance measure of the proposed system, the authors provide an algorithm for RoCE enabled MapReduce and a mathematical derivation contrasting the runtime of vanilla Hadoop. This article proves mathematically, that the proposed system functions 1.67 times faster than the vanilla version of Hadoop.

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Leidlmair, Christian, Arno Weissnicht, Werner Federer, and Johannes Villinger. "On line engine oil consumption monitoring via the gaseous total sulfur signal SO2 in the raw exhaust of the engine utilizing the sensitive ion molecule reaction mass spectrometry." Combustion Engines 166, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2016-330.

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The dynamic monitoring of oil consumption in IC engines is approached with various techniques ranging from radioactive counting to detection of halogenated tracer compounds or polyaromatic hydrocarbon tracers, to monitoring unburned hydrocarbons as residues from engine oil. This article discusses the method of gaseous SO2 measurement in raw exhaust its benefits and limitations of todays status. Modern engines consume about 2 to 5 g/h of engine oil under low and medium load but consumption may go up to 130 g/h in negative load conditions. Particulate filters must be desulfated every 5000 km even when sulfur free fuel is in use. For the oil measurement in the raw exhaust all possible Sulfur compounds are converted to SO2 in a hot oxidizing atmosphere. Additional pure oxygen in the form of ozone is added to the oxidizer for very low lambda engine conditions and the conversion of sulfur on particulates into SO2. A sensitive mass spectrometer operating in an ion molecule ionization mode measures gaseous SO2 from concentrations of 0.02 ppm to 50 ppm in measurement cycles from 2 Hz to 0.2 Hz depending on if long term measurement or dynamic operation is chosen. Technical description of pressure reduction, gas transfer, oxidation efficiencies and lower detection levels of the instrumentation are given as well as data on a complete engine map and data on reproducibility of the SO2 method are presented.

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Zhang, Yahui, Xun Shen, Yuhu Wu, and Tielong Shen. "On-board knock probability map learning–based spark advance control for combustion engines." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 10 (July 4, 2019): 1073–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419858026.

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This article presents an on-board map learning–based spark advance control framework for combustion engines. The proposed control framework addresses the knock probabilistic constrained thermal efficiency optimization problem with three layers. First, in the upper layer, maps of knock event distribution and thermal efficiency are learned with manifold pressure and combustion phase as inputs. Second, the middle layer generates the knock probability constrained optimal combustion phase reference that is subsequently tracked by a hypothesis test-based feedback controller. Third, the lower layer employs a partial likelihood-based knock controller that retards the spark advance in case of the frequent knock events. The key contributions of this work are the three-layer control framework and the knock event distribution map learning in the upper layer. The knock event is supposed to obey binomial distribution, and the distribution is modeled by beta distribution and learned in the perspective of Bayesian learning. Moreover, the normalization algorithm is proposed for online feedfoward map update. The proposed map learning–based spark advance control framework is experimentally validated in a test bench equipped with a spark-ignition engine.

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Millo, Federico, Francesco Accurso, Alessandro Zanelli, and Luciano Rolando. "Numerical Investigation of 48 V Electrification Potential in Terms of Fuel Economy and Vehicle Performance for a Lambda-1 Gasoline Passenger Car." Energies 12, no. 15 (August 3, 2019): 2998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152998.

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Real Driving Emissions (RDE) regulations require the adoption of stoichiometric operation across the entire engine map for downsized turbocharged gasoline engines, which have been so far generally exploiting spark timing retard and mixture enrichment for knock mitigation. However, stoichiometric operation has a detrimental effect on engine and vehicle performances if no countermeasures are taken, such as alternative approaches for knock mitigation, as the exploitation of Miller cycle and/or powertrain electrification to improve vehicle acceleration performance. This research activity aims, therefore, to assess the potential of 48 V electrification and of the adoption of Miller cycle for a downsized and stoichiometric turbocharged gasoline engine. An integrated vehicle and powertrain model was developed for a reference passenger car, equipped with a EU5 gasoline turbocharged engine. Afterwards, two different 48 V electrified powertrain concepts, one featuring a Belt Starter Generator (BSG) mild-hybrid architecture, the other featuring, in addition to the BSG, a Miller cycle engine combined with an e-supercharger were developed and investigated. Vehicle performances were evaluated both in terms of elasticity maneuvers and of CO2 emissions for type approval and RDE driving cycles. Numerical simulations highlighted potential improvements up to 16% CO2 reduction on RDE driving cycle of a 48 V electrified vehicle featuring a high efficiency powertrain with respect to a EU5 engine and more than 10% of transient performance improvement.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Map Engine'

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