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Journal articles on the topic 'Mapungubwe Site (South Africa)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Woodborne, Stephan, Marc Pienaar, and Sian Tiley-Nel. "Dating the Mapungubwe Hill Gold." Journal of African Archaeology 7, no. 1 (November 1, 2009): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/1612-1651-10122.

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This paper presents direct dating evidence for the manufacture of some of the gold artefacts from the Iron Age archaeological site of Mapungubwe Hill (South Africa). The results confirm that the artefacts are contemporaneous with the occupation of the site and are the product of a mature indigenous metalworking tradition. The Mapungubwe Hill gold artefacts were manufactured at a time when a substantial reorganisation of society led to the separation of royals and commoners and a change in the role of cattle as a form of wealth. These changes are clearly manifest in the use of gold. Whereas gold had previously been traded with the East coast, it became symbolic of power, wealth and status at Mapungubwe Hill.

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2

Leonard, Llewellyn, and Thema Lebogang. "Exploring the Impacts of Mining on Tourism Growth and Local Sustainability: The Case of Mapungubwe Heritage Site, Limpopo, South Africa." Sustainable Development 26, no. 3 (August 10, 2017): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sd.1695.

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3

Prinsloo, Linda C., and Philippe Colomban. "A Raman spectroscopic study of the Mapungubwe oblates: glass trade beads excavated at an Iron Age archaeological site in South Africa." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 39, no. 1 (2007): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1816.

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4

Prinsloo, Linda C., Nigel Wood, Maggi Loubser, Sabine M. C. Verryn, and Sian Tiley. "Re-dating of Chinese celadon shards excavated on Mapungubwe Hill, a 13th century Iron Age site in South Africa, using Raman spectroscopy, XRF and XRD." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 36, no. 8 (2005): 806–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1367.

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5

Tiley-Nel, Sian, and Hazel Botha. "The conservation of the Mapungubwe gold collection, South Africa." Journal of the Institute of Conservation 36, no. 1 (March 2013): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19455224.2013.792742.

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6

Steyn, Maryna. "A Reassessment of the Human Skeletons from K2 and Mapungubwe (South Africa)." South African Archaeological Bulletin 52, no. 165 (June 1997): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3888972.

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7

Sinthumule, Ndidzulafhi Innocent. "Resistance against Conservation at the South African Section of Greater Mapungubwe (Trans)frontier." Africa Spectrum 52, no. 2 (August 2017): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971705200203.

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The need to increase the amount of land under nature conservation at the national and global levels has gained attention over the past three decades. However, there are mixed reactions among stakeholders in South Africa regarding the establishment and expansion of cross-border nature conservation projects. Whereas conservationists and other white private landowners are in support of nature conservation projects, some white farmers are resistant to releasing land for conservation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate historical and contemporary reasons for farmers' resistance to conservation and to analyse the consequences arising from that resistance for the consolidation of the core area of South Africa's contribution to the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. The paper argues that consolidation of land to create such special areas is a social process shaped through local contestation over land, power, and belonging. The study draws on fieldwork material from the South African section of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area.

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8

Collinson, Wendy J., Dan M. Parker, Ric T. F. Bernard, Brian K. Reilly, and Harriet T. Davies-Mostert. "An Inventory of Vertebrate Roadkill in the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area, South Africa." African Journal of Wildlife Research 45, no. 3 (October 2015): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3957/056.045.0301.

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9

Chirikure, Shadreck, Mark Pollard, Munyaradzi Manyanga, and Foreman Bandama. "A Bayesian chronology for Great Zimbabwe: re-threading the sequence of a vandalised monument." Antiquity 87, no. 337 (September 1, 2013): 854–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00049516.

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Great Zimbabwe is one of the most iconic sites in southern Africa and indeed the world, but like so many famous monuments it has suffered from the attention of early excavators who have destroyed key categories of evidence. Chronology is crucial to understanding the development of the various elements of Great Zimbabwe and its relationship to other important regional centres such as Mapungubwe. A number of radiocarbon dates are available, however, and in this study they have been combined with the limited stratigraphic information and with datable imports to provide a Bayesian chronology of the site and its structures. Construction of the stone walls probably began at the end of the twelfth or beginning of the thirteenth century AD, reaching its peak in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, although occupation continued up to at least the sixteenth and probably into the seventeenth century AD. These results indicate that occupation at Great Zimbabwe must have overlapped with that at Mapungubwe, and argue for a polycentric model of sociopolitical complexity in this region of southern Africa during that crucial formative period.

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10

O'CONNOR, TIMOTHY G. "Transformation of riparian forest to woodland in Mapungubwe National Park, South Africa, between 1990 and 2007." Austral Ecology 35, no. 7 (October 28, 2010): 778–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02084.x.

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11

Tournié, Aurélie, Linda C. Prinsloo, and Philippe Colomban. "Raman classification of glass beads excavated on Mapungubwe hill and K2, two archaeological sites in South Africa." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 43, no. 4 (October 27, 2011): 532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.3069.

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12

Sinthumule, Ndidzulafhi Innocent. "Multiple-land use practices in transfrontier conservation areas: the case of Greater Mapungubwe straddling parts of Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 34, no. 34 (December 1, 2016): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2016-0038.

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Abstract Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) have recently emerged as the 21st century approach to managing protected areas in southern Africa. Unlike national parks and other protected areas that place emphasis only on the protection of plant and animal species within their borders, transfrontier conservation areas promote conservation beyond the borders of protected areas. Consequently, this mega-conservation initiative encourage multiple land-use practices with the purpose of improving rural livelihoods whilst promoting biodiversity conservation. Thus, land parcels under different forms of tenure are brought together into a common nature conservation project. This study argues that the integration of various land-use practices within one area benefits conservation goals at the expense of local communities and irrigation farmers. To substantiate this argument, the study draws on fieldwork material collected in the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area spanning parts of Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The study concludes that multiple-land use practices in transfrontier conservation areas is only promoted by wildlife managers to gain access to extra land.

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13

Avery, D. M. "Physical Environment and Site Choice in South Africa." Journal of Archaeological Science 22, no. 3 (May 1995): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1995.0036.

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14

Chamberlain, Lisa. "Creative Lawyering: Leveraging the Flexibility of Institutional Relationships to advance Social Justice--Two Case Studies from South Africa." Journal of Human Rights Practice 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huab011.

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Abstract While private sector legal work is characterised by attorney-client relationships of a relatively homogenous kind, social justice lawyering offers a myriad of different ways in which organisations can partner with each other. The social justice sector is infused with a diversity of different kinds of partners, but also great variety in the forms that those partnerships can take. This practice note discusses attempts to do this creatively in South Africa using the Mapungubwe Campaign and the mobilization of mining-affected communities around the Mining Charter as case studies, in order to draw out some principles to guide the establishment and maintenance of institutional partnerships. These principles include the need for a shared objective, the notion of ‘gaps not glory’, the importance of role clarity, having pre-existing relationships to draw on in times which call for urgent collaboration, and the need for dedicated training on the management of partner relationships within NGOs. Ultimately, if managed strategically, these kinds of institutional partnerships present an opportunity for human rights lawyers to leverage the flexibility of these institutional relationships in order to advance social justice.

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15

GIBBONS, JACQUELINE A. "Women Prisoners and South Africa." Prison Journal 78, no. 3 (September 1998): 330–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885598078003007.

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This article discusses the lives of women in prison in the new South Africa. It describes observations during site visits by the author to prisons in the Durban and Cape Town areas in the summer of 1995 and the spring of 1997. The article covers topics ranging from educational and employment opportunities to child care and maintenance of family ties, concluding that the ambitions of the country's new Constitution remain a far cry from the social and economic realities for the vast majority of its imprisoned women.

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16

Warner, Brian. "Astronomy in South Africa." Highlights of Astronomy 10 (1995): 674–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600012545.

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This note reviews those aspects of astronomy in South Africa that may be useful for the support of astronomical development on the rest of the African continent.Optical and infrared astronomy is largely consolidated at the Sutherland site of the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO), about 300 km from Cape Town. The administrative and technical headquarters of this institution occupy the buildings of the old Royal Observatory (founded in 1820) in Cape Town. In Cape Town there is a twin 18/24 inch (0.45/0.6m) refractor and an 18-inch (0.45m) photometric reflector still operational. At Sutherland the 74-inch (1.8m Radcliffe) reflector is equipped for spectroscopy, CCD imaging and IR photometry. Newtonian and coudé foci are available but rarely used. Also at Sutherland there are 40-inch, 30-inch and 20-inch telescopes (approx. 1m, 0.75m and 0.5m) used primarily for CCD imaging (40-inch), optical and infrared photometry (30-inch) and UVBRI standard photometry (20-inch). An automatic photoelectric telescope (30-inch aperture) is nearing completion. Observing conditions at Sutherland provide about 50% photometric time.

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17

Huffman, Thomas N., Gavin Whitelaw, John A. Tarduno, Michael K. Watkeys, and Stephan Woodborne. "The Rhino Early Iron Age site, Thabazimbi, South Africa." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 55, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 360–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2020.1792196.

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18

Kuhn, Brian F., Lars Werdelin, Adam Hartstone-Rose, Rodrigo S. Lacruz, and Lee R. Berger. "Carnivoran Remains from the Malapa Hominin Site, South Africa." PLoS ONE 6, no. 11 (November 3, 2011): e26940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026940.

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19

Louw, J. H. "A review of site-growth studies in South Africa." Southern African Forestry Journal 185, no. 1 (July 1999): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10295925.1999.9631228.

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20

Collinson, Wendy J., Daniel M. Parker, Ric T. F. Bernard, Brian K. Reilly, and Harriet T. Davies‐Mostert. "Factors influencing the spatial patterns of vertebrate roadkill in South Africa: The Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area as a case study." African Journal of Ecology 57, no. 4 (May 29, 2019): 552–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.12628.

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21

Louw, J. H., and M. C. Scholes. "Site index functions using site descriptors for Pinus patula plantations in South Africa." Forest Ecology and Management 225, no. 1-3 (April 2006): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.12.048.

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22

Wilmsen, Edwin N. "MYTHS, GENDER, BIRDS, BEADS: A READING OF IRON AGE HILL SITES IN INTERIOR SOUTHERN AFRICA." Africa 84, no. 3 (July 23, 2014): 398–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972014000370.

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ABSTRACTHomologous origin myths concerning the Tsodilo Hills in north-western Botswana, Polombwe hill at the southern tip of Lake Tanganyika in Zambia and Kaphiri-Ntiwa hill in northern Malawi are examined. Parallels are drawn between the myths, where, in the process of creation, a primal pair in undifferentiated space and time passes through a series of liminal states, thereby bringing structure to the landscape and legitimacy to society in Iron Age Central and Southern Africa. These myths narrate the instituting of social legitimacy in their respective societies based on a resolution of the inherent contradiction between the concepts of authority and power, lineage and land. The structure of rights to possession of land is examined, and the text considers the role of sumptuary goods such as glass beads and metonymic signifiers such as birds within this structure. This study examines the prominence of hilltops as the residence of paranormal power and its association with human authority, and relates this to the archaeological interpretation of the Iron Age site Nqoma (Tsodilo Hills); this is compared with Bosutswe (eastern Botswana), Mapungubwe (Shashe-Limpopo basin), and the Shona Mwari myth recorded by Frobenius as used by Huffman in his analysis of Great Zimbabwe.

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23

Piketh, S. J., P. Formenti, H. J. Annegarn, and P. D. Tyson. "Industrial aerosol characterisation at a remote site in South Africa." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 150, no. 1-4 (April 1999): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(98)00985-9.

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24

Kuman, Kathleen, and Ryan J. Gibbon. "The Rietputs 15 site and Early Acheulean in South Africa." Quaternary International 480 (June 2018): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.12.031.

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25

Rightmire, G. Philip, H. J. Deacon, Jeffrey H. Schwartz, and Ian Tattersall. "Human foot bones from Klasies River main site, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 50, no. 1 (January 2006): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.08.010.

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26

Parker, Daniel M., and Richard T. F. Bernard. "The use of acoustic detectors for assessing bat species richness and functional activity in a South African National Park." Mammalia 83, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2017-0055.

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Abstract Insectivorous bats are a difficult group of mammals to survey because they are small, nocturnal, fly and often roost in hard to reach places during the day. However, bats should not be neglected from biodiversity assessments because they play pivotal roles in pest regulation and as biological indicators. We used acoustic detectors to sample bat species richness at three sites within the Mapungubwe National Park (MNP), South Africa during the austral winter and summer of 2013. A minimum of 11 species from six families were recorded, with the clutter-edge foraging bats (Miniopteridae and Vespertilionidae) and open-air foraging bats (Molossidae), dominating. Bat activity was significantly higher in summer compared to winter and this is likely linked to higher prey availability and reduced thermoregulatory costs at this time. Our results represent the first assessment of bat species richness in the MNP and our data compare favourably with historical records for the region. In addition, we provide evidence for the presence of at least one undescribed species. We advocate the use of acoustic detectors for future bat surveys as long as comprehensive reference call library data are available.

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27

de Bruiyn, H., W. A. Van Der Westhuizen, G. J. Beukes, and T. Q. Meyer. "Corkite from Aggeneys, Bushmanland, South Africa." Mineralogical Magazine 54, no. 377 (December 1990): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1990.054.377.12.

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AbstractCorkite associated with plumbojarosite and goethite occurs in gossan and iron-formation at Black Mountain and Broken Hill, Aggeneys. Electron microprobe analyses indicate that there are two groups of corkite present in the area; one with high Cu and low (PO4)3− and the other with low Cu and high (PO and the other with low Cu and high (PO4)3− contents. This can be explained in terms of the general formula contents. This can be explained in terms of the general formula AB2(XO4)2(OH)6, where the incorporation of divalent ions in the B site is accompanied by the exchange of trivalent anions by divalent ones to retain charge balance. Complete solid-solution is inferred between (SO4)2−and (PO4)3− end members, indicating that the jarosite and beudantite groups form part of the same solid-solution series. The distribution of Zn in corkite also reflects the regional distribution of zinc grades in the area, becoming more zinc-rich from west to east. New X-ray diffraction parameters are also presented which update existing data.

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28

Van Rensburg, L., R. I. De Sousa Correia, J. Booysen, and M. Ginster. "Revegetation on a Coal Fine Ash Disposal Site in South Africa." Journal of Environmental Quality 27, no. 6 (November 1998): 1479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700060026x.

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29

Underwood, Peter G. "Mapping research in South Africa: The development of the Yenzal site." New Review of Information Networking 7, no. 1 (January 2001): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13614570109516978.

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30

Lloyd, J. W. "Phytosociology of the Vaalputs radioactive waste disposal site, Bushmanland, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 55, no. 3 (June 1989): 372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(16)31191-7.

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31

Schwarcz, Henry P., Rainer Grün, and Phillip V. Tobias. "ESR dating studies of the australopithecine site of Sterkfontein, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 26, no. 3 (March 1994): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1994.1010.

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32

Goldberg, Paul. "Micromorphology and site formation at Die Kelders Cave I, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 38, no. 1 (January 2000): 43–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1999.0350.

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33

Schwarcz, H. P., and W. J. Rink. "ESR dating of the Die Kelders Cave 1 Site, South Africa." Journal of Human Evolution 38, no. 1 (January 2000): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1999.0352.

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34

McKee, Jeffrey K., and Andre W. Keyser. "Craniodental remains ofPapio angusticeps from the haasgat cave site, South Africa." International Journal of Primatology 15, no. 6 (December 1994): 823–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02736070.

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35

Berger, Lee R., André W. Keyser, and Phillip V. Tobias. "Gladysvale: First early hominid site discovered in South Africa since 1948." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 92, no. 1 (September 1993): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330920109.

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36

Cloot, A. H. J., and A. J. H. Pieterse. "Modelling Phytoplankton in the Vaal River (South Africa)." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 10 (November 1, 1999): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0510.

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In this study a site-specific, multi-algal species mathematical model is developed to allow meaningful predictions of water quality of the Vaal River on a short and medium time-scale. The model takes into account the variability of six environmental variables, namely light, temperature, turbidity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon concentrations, that are all known to have a major effect on algal growth in the river.

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37

Katrak, Ketu H. "Jay Pather Reimagining Site-Specific Cartographies of Belonging." Dance Research Journal 50, no. 2 (August 2018): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0149767718000219.

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This essay examines Jay Pather's site-specific workCityscapes(2002) within a theoretical discussion of the conjuncture and disjuncture of space and race in South Africa. Jay Pather, a South African of Indian ancestry, an innovative choreographer and curator of site-specific works, creatively uses space to inspire social change by providing access and challenging exclusions—social, cultural, political—of black and colored South Africans during apartheid (1948–1994) and after. A progressive vision underlies his avant-garde work expressed via a hybrid choreographic palette of South African classical and popular dance styles, Indian classical dance, modern and contemporary dance. His choreography is performed across South Africa and the African continent as well as in Denmark, Mumbai, and New York City.

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38

Albaugh, Janine M., Peter J. Dye, and John S. King. "Eucalyptusand Water Use in South Africa." International Journal of Forestry Research 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/852540.

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TheEucalyptusgenus yields high rates of productivity and can be grown across a wide range of site types and climates for products such as pulp, fuelwood, or construction lumber. In addition, many eucalypts have the ability to coppice, making this genus an ideal candidate for use as a biofuel feedstock. However, the water use ofEucalyptusis a controversial issue, and the impacts of these fast-growing trees on water resources are well documented. Regardless, the demand for wood products and water continues to rise, providing a challenge to increase the productivity of forest plantations within water constraints. This is of particular relevance for water-limited countries such as South Africa which relies on exotic plantations to meet its timber needs. Research results from water use studies in South Africa are well documented and legislation restrictions limit further afforestation. This paper outlines techniques used to quantify the water use of eucalypt plantations and provides recommendations on where to focus future research efforts. Greater insights into the water use efficiency of clonal material are needed, as certain eucalypt clones show fast growth and low water use. To better understand water use efficiency, estimates should be combined with monitoring of stand canopy structure and measurements of physiological processes.

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39

Tomaselli, Keyan G. "Documentary and the Struggle for Realisms in South Africa." Media Information Australia 44, no. 1 (May 1987): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x8704400107.

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Language is a prime site of ideological struggle in South Africa. The state not only defines the hegemonic construct of reality, but it perpetuates and delineates the ethnic, racial, political, historical nd geographical content of what it calls ‘national-states' and racially segregated ‘communities' which fall outside the ‘homelands’.

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40

Zisadza-Gandiwa, P., J. M. Finch, S. Woodborne, and G. Hall. "Variability of stable-carbon isotopic pattern of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.): A natural palaeoclimatic proxy for the Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape, Limpopo province, South Africa." Quaternary International 404 (June 2016): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.146.

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41

CHANGWE, KUNDA, and KEVIN BALKWILL. "Floristics of the Dunbar Valley serpentinite site, Songimvelo Game Reserve, South Africa." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 143, no. 3 (November 2003): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00228.x.

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42

Garth Sampson, C. "Amphibians from the Acheulean site at Duinefontein 2 (Western Cape, South Africa)." Journal of Archaeological Science 30, no. 5 (May 2003): 547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-4403(02)00201-7.

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43

Esterhuyse, C. J. "Site Requirements of the Most Important Commercial Trees Planted in South Africa." South African Forestry Journal 133, no. 1 (June 1985): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00382167.1985.9629576.

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44

Kuman, Kathleen. "An Acheulean Factory Site with Prepared Core Technology near Taung, South Africa." South African Archaeological Bulletin 56, no. 173/174 (December 2001): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889024.

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45

Pithouse, Richard. "The Shack Settlement as a Site of Politics: Reflections from South Africa." Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy 3, no. 2 (August 2014): 179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277976014551490.

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46

O’Regan, Hannah J., and Colin G. Menter. "Carnivora from the Plio-Pleistocene hominin site of Drimolen, Gauteng, South Africa." Geobios 42, no. 3 (May 2009): 329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2009.03.001.

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47

Cole, Doug. "Heritage stone in Cape Town, South Africa." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 486, no. 1 (September 20, 2018): 305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp486.3.

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AbstractCape Town was founded in 1652 and many of its historical buildings are constructed of local natural stone. Malmesbury Group slate was exploited from 1666 and used to build Cape Town Castle, which is the oldest building in Cape Town. Two other local stones, Cape granite and Table Mountain sandstone were utilized for buildings from 1850. A medium-grained granite named Paarl Grey was exploited from an area adjacent to the town of Paarl, 50 km east of Cape Town, from 1890. This granite is the most extensively-used natural stone in Cape Town.The resource fields of natural stone near Cape Town, namely Malmesbury Group slate, Cape granite and Table Mountain sandstone, lie within the Table Mountain National Park and Robben Island World Heritage Site and can no longer be exploited, but similar resource fields occur outside Cape Town. Paarl Grey granite is still extracted at one quarry and, despite part of the resource field lying within the Paarl Mountain Nature Reserve, there are still sufficient quantities of stone available.From an international perspective, the heritage stones of Cape Town, South Africa, are best considered as having national significance.

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48

Taljaard, Susan, and Willem A. M. Botes. "Marine water quality management in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0118.

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In South Africa the ultimate goal in water quality management is to keep the water resources suitable for all “beneficial uses”. Beneficial uses provides a basis for the derivation of water quality guidelines, which, for South Africa, are defined in Water quality guidelines for the South African coastal zone (DWAF, 1991). The CSIR has developed a practical approach to marine water quality management, taking into account international trends and local experience, which can be applied to any coastal development with potential influence on water quality. The management plan is divided into three logical components, i.e. • site-specific statutory requirements and environmental objectives; • system design with specific reference to influences on water quality; and • monitoring programmes. Within this management approach water quality issues are addressed in a holistic manner, through focused procedures and clear identification of information requirements. This paper describes the procedures and information requirements within each component of the water quality management plan, with specific reference to marine disposal systems. Ideally, the management plan should be implemented from the feasibility and conceptual design phase of a development and the timing of the different procedures within the development process are therefore also highlighted. However, the logical lay-out of procedures allows for easy initiation (even to existing disposal system) at any stage of development.

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Jaars, K., J. P. Beukes, P. G. van Zyl, A. D. Venter, M. Josipovic, J. J. Pienaar, V. Vakkari, et al. "Ambient aromatic hydrocarbon measurements at Welgegund, South Africa." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 4 (February 17, 2014): 4189–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-4189-2014.

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Abstract. Aromatic hydrocarbons are associated with direct adverse human health effects and can have negative impacts on ecosystems due to their toxicity, as well as indirect negative effects through the formation of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol that affect human health, crop production and regional climate. Measurements were conducted at the Welgegund measurement station (South Africa) that is considered to be a regionally representative background site. However, the site is occasionally impacted by plumes from major anthropogenic source regions in the interior of South Africa, which include the western Bushveld Igneous Complex (e.g. platinum, base metal and ferrochrome smelters), the eastern Bushveld Igneous Complex (platinum and ferrochrome smelters), the Johannesburg–Pretoria metropolitan conurbation (>10 million people), the Vaal Triangle (e.g. petrochemical and pyrometallurgical industries), the Mpumalanga Highveld (e.g. coal-fired power plants and petrochemical industry) and also a region of anti-cyclonic recirculation of air mass over the interior of South Africa. The aromatic hydrocarbon measurements were conducted with an automated sampler on Tenax-TA and Carbopack-B adsorbent tubes with heated inlet for one year. Samples were collected twice a week for two hours during daytime and two hours during night-time. A thermal desorption unit, connected to a gas chromatograph and a mass selective detector was used for sample preparation and analysis. Results indicated that the monthly median total aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations ranged between 0.01 to 3.1 ppb. Benzene levels did not exceed local air quality standards. Toluene was the most abundant species, with an annual median concentration of 0.63 ppb. No statistically significant differences in the concentrations measured during daytime and night-time were found and no distinct seasonal patterns were observed. Air mass back trajectory analysis proved that the lack of seasonal cycles could be attributed to patterns determining the origin of the air masses sampled. Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were in general significantly higher in air masses that passed over anthropocentrically impacted regions. Interspecies correlations and ratios gave some indications of the possible sources for the different aromatic hydrocarbons in the source regions defined in the paper. The highest contribution of aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations to ozone formation potential was also observed in plumes passing over anthropocentrically impacted regions.

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Murszewski, Ashleigh, Giovanni Boschian, and Andy I. R. Herries. "Complexities of assessing palaeocave stratigraphy: reconstructing site formation of the ∼2.61 Ma Drimolen Makondo fossil site." PeerJ 8 (December 21, 2020): e10360. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10360.

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Palaeocave sites in South Africa are world renowned repositories for palaeontological and archaeological material, dating from the terminal Pliocene to the Early Pleistocene. Due to their antiquity, complex karstification history and multifaceted infilling phases, palaeocave sites are notoriously difficult to contextualise. Further to this, 19th century lime-mining and diverse excavation and sampling techniques, have complicated stratigraphic interpretations of fossil-bearing deposits within the region. Locating and assessing newly discovered, minimally disturbed palaeocave sites allow for contextual information to be gathered with greater confidence and can aid in constructing a more robust understanding of the South African fossil record. Here, we use Drimolen Makondo; a minimally lime-mined ∼2.61 Ma palaeontological site, to apply a series of in-depth stratigraphic and micromorphological studies. Contextual data presented within this study, testifies to a relatively rapid infill with greater fluvial activity when compared to adjacent deposits at the younger ∼2.04–1.95 Ma Drimolen Main Quarry. The quantity of articulated macromammalian remains, high density of micromammalian remains and pollen identified, also highlights Drimolen Makondo as a key site for ongoing palaeoenvironmental studies at the Pliocene to Pleistocene transition in South Africa.

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