Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maputo (Mozambique)'

En nous appuyant sur la sociolinguistique urbaine nous avons analysé l'écrit informel à Maputo (transports et commerces) et son appropriation orale. La description analytique de ce corpus (analyse de la forme, analyse de la réception de ces formes et du contenu) nous a permis de dégager les tendances qui en découlent. En effet, l'écrit informel neutralise les frontières géographiques et administratives et opèrent une déstructuration de l'espace. Les transports et les commerces informels sont un réservoir du patrimoine linguistique du pays et révèlent un fonctionnement social. L'écrit informel ne cherche pas à remplacer l'oral, au contraire il cherche à le consolider (on écrit comme on parle). Tout compte fait, la parole ou l'écrit vernaculaire y compris en portugais témoigne du pouvoir conquis par le peuple qui a su s'imposer et s'exposer dans l'espace urbain aussi bien au centre ville qu'en périphérie. L'écrit informel occupe une place symbolique, puisqu'il valorise le patrimoine linguistique du pays, la mémoire collective et la tradition. Précisons enfin que Maputo est une ville plurilingue (portugais, langues africaines et anglais). Ce plurilinguisme est visible et lisible dans le décor scriptural informel de la ville
We have analysedthe informal written word in Maputo (transport and shops) using the urban socio-linguistic approach. Through analytical description of this corpus, analysis of form, analysis of reception of these forms and their contents, we were able to draw certain conclusions. Notably, that the informal written word neutralises geographical and administrative boundaries and modifies the structure of space. Transport and informal commerce are wealth to draw on for the linguistic heritage of a country, and are a revelation of a function in society. The informal written word is not out to replace the spoken word, on the contrary it reinforces it rone writes as one speaks. In any case, the vernacular when written or spoken, even in Portuguese, is witness to the power of the people who have been able to impose and expose themselves in the urban area, as much in the centre of town as in the suburbs. The informal written word occupies a symbolic place as it highlights the linguistic heritage if the country and its' collective memory and traditions. Let us point out that Maputo is a multilingual city (Portuguese, African languages and English). This multilingual ism is visible and legible in the informal scriptural decor of the city

Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012.
One of the greatest problems Mozambique is currently facing is the increased involvement of sectors in producing large amounts of solid waste on a daily basis. These sectors are involved in activities that take place in homes, industry, mining, agriculture and commerce. As a result, this problem needs to be treated efficiently by the Municipality of Maputo. Solid waste produced each day in Maputo is not only an aesthetic problem but poses a threat to citizens' health and it damages the environment. With the production of large amounts of waste each day, the Municipality of Maputo is faced with an ineffective solid waste management system. This ineffectiveness is due to a number of reasons, which include lack of resources, inadequate or no staff training, poor management of solid waste by both the municipal and the government, inappropriate laws to regulate solid waste collection, poor control of such laws in terms of removal and disposal of the waste, using past colonial methods for dealing with solid waste and poor community involvement, The problem not only affects the Municipality of Maputo but it also affects both citizens and the environment. Ineffective solid waste management is linked to poor management, lack of resources, poor staff training, and unskilled public officials. The city gets dirtier as the amount of waste increases day by day, due to the fact that citizens living in rural areas have immigrated to the city looking for work after the civil war, which took place between 1977 and 1994. Emerging from a severely damaged war-torn economy, Mozambique is still in the process of reconstituting many of its public institutions. Communities, local government, industry, commerce, civil society, academics and religious organisations can no longer turn a blind eye to poor solid waste management. Instead, they need to join to fight against poor management of solid waste. The current situation demonstrates that too few individuals, non-profit organisations and private companies are involved in solid waste management activities. Effective solid waste management can only be effective if it engages all producers of waste and captures the policy strategies, planning and challenges of sustainable development.

Thesis (MScConsEcol)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Mopane woodlands are some of the most economically and ecologically important vegetation types of southern Africa, providing an array of services and products for sustaining livelihood of local communities in dry and low lying areas. Although Mopane woodlands, like other African savannas, have received attention in the last decades, few studies were carried out using an integrated approach that combines socio-economic and environmental considerations. The aim of this study was to document the impact of harvesting woody resources in order to recommend ways of meeting ecological and economic objectives for sustainable use of communal resources in a rural community in the Mahel area, Mozambique. This was achieved by looking at the pattern of species composition, resource availability and dynamics of the woody vegetation and how the woodland is used. The study found that woodland resources in the area have a promising potential. Local communities who also recognised the crucial importance of these resources for their livelihood corroborated this. Thus, conservation measures are needed because the current unsustainable utilisation of the resources may lead to degradation of the woodland resource base. The species richness and diversity of the vegetation appeared to be influenced by a number of ecological and anthropogenic factors, but soil characteristics are the most important determinant of distribution and composition of the Mopane and Acacia woodlands in Mahel. The harsh environmental conditions on hard clay soils lead to dominance of over 80% of the Mahel area by Colophospermum mopane. There was evidence of high variation of species richness per plot at a distance from the villages. On the other hand species diversity near the villages was higher because of human activities. Colophospermum mopane formed mono-specific stands far from the villages. One of the most important aspects of the study is the invaluable contribution of baseline information for long-term studies for biodiversity assessment and monitoring of vegetation changes caused by impact of harvesting in the Mopane woodland. The availability of woody resources in the Mahel area was higher in Mopane woodland (937 stems ha-I) than in Acacia woodland (271 stems ha -1). The population structure of most tree species was shown to be stable in Mopane woodland. Therefore, sustainable harvesting in the woodland for firewood, construction material and poles, other than charcoal production could be encouraged. The preference across use types and species depended mostly on availability of resources in the woodland. Colophospermum mopane was the species with highest multiple use, including for firewood, charcoal, construction material, fencing poles and edible caterpillars. Local people perceived that crop production was a more important source of benefits for their livelihoods than cattle farming, woodland use and cash income. Application of strategic management planning is crucial in the Mahel area. This will require a suitable zoning scheme for appropriate use of the woodland resources and conservation of the vegetation as a guarantee for sustainable development of the local communities.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mopanie bosveld is een van die mees ekonomies en ekologies belangrike plantegroei tipes en voorsien 'n reeks dienste en produkte wat bydrae tot die lewensonderhoud van plaaslike gemeenskappe in die droeë en laagliggende dele van Suider Afrika. Alhoewel Mopanie bosveld, soos ook ander savanna tipes in Afrika, in die afgelope dekades aandag geniet het, is daar 'n tekort aan studies wat sosio-ekonomiese, sowel as omgewingsaspekte, integreer en aanspreek. Die doel van die studie was om die impak van oes en benutting van houtagtige hulpbronne te dokumenteer en sodoende aanbevelings te maak aangaande die ekologiese en ekonomiese aspekte van die volhoudbare benutting van gemeenskaplike hulpbronne in die Mahel gebied, Mosambiek. Dit is gedoen deur ondersoek in te stel na die patroon van spesie samestelling, die beskikbaarheid en gebruik van bosveld hulpbronne en die dinamiese prosesse van die houtagtige plantegroei. In die studie is gevind dat daar belowende potensiaal in die gebruik van die houtagtige hulpbronne in die studiegebied, opgesluit is. Die bevinding is bevestig deur die plaaslike gemeenskappe wat die belangrikheid van die hulpbronne in hul lewensonderhoud herken. In die lig van die huidige onvolhoudbare verbruik van die hulpbron, is maatreëls vir die bewaring hiervan nodig om moontlike oorbenutting van houtagtige hulpbronne te voorkom. Dit wil voorkom asof die spesierykheid en diversiteit deur 'n aantal antropogeniese faktore beinvloed word, maar grondeienskappe is die belangrikste faktor wat die verspreiding en samestelling van Mopanie en Akasia bosveld in die Mahel, bepaal. Die ongunstige omgewingstoestande op harde, klei grond, lei daartoe dat tot 80 % van die Mahel gedomineer word deur Colosphospermum mopane. Daar was verder aanduidings van hoër spesierykheid per plot soos daar van plaaslike nedersettings wegbeweeg word. Daar was egter 'n hoër spesiediversiteit nader aan nedersettings, as gevolg van menslike aktiwiteite. Daar was 'n tendens vir Colosphospermum mopane om mono-spesifieke opstande met groter afstand van nedersettings te vorm. Een van die mees belangrike aspekte van die studie is die bydrae wat dit lewer tot grondbeginsels vir langtermyn studies, wat fokus op die impak van menslike gebruik van Mopanie bosveld op die biodiversiteit en plantegroeisamestelling van die hulpbron. Die beskikbaarheid van houtagtige hulpbronne was hoër in die Mahel Mopanie bosveld (937 stamme ha-I) as in Akasia bosveld (271 stamme ha-I). Daar is gevind dat die populasiestruktuur, sowel as regenerasie van die populasie, stabiel is in Mopanie bosveld. Derhalwe kan benutting van die bosveld vir vuurmaakhout (uitsluitende charcoal) en boumateriaal aangemoedig word. Die voorkeur van sekere spesies en aanwending vir sekere gebruike het meestal afgehang van die beskikbaarheid van die verkillende hulpbronne in die bosveld. Colosphospermum mopane is die spesie wat die meeste aangewend is vir gebruik vir onder andere, vuurmaakhout, charcoal, boumateriaal, heining pale en die voorsiening van eetbare ruspus. Daar is verder bevind dat die plaaslike inwoners gewasproduksie as 'n belangriker ondersteuningsfaktor vir lewensonderhoud sien as lewendehawe produksie, bosveld benutting en kontant inkomste. Die toepassing van strategiese bestuursbeplanning is van kardinale belang in die Mahel. Dit sluit die ontwikkeling van 'n sonerings skema in, om die toepaslike gebruik van bosveld hulpbronne en die bewaring van die plantegroei te verseker vir die toekomstige volhoudbare gebruik van die hulpbron deur plaaslike gemeenskappe.

Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 74-78).
Cooperation projects rooted in cultural ties, such as South-South cooperation, are contemporarily receiving unprecedented attention from the international development community. This focus on specific types of partnerships points to an increasing concern that who a development actor partners with matters. One reason behind the comparative advantage of South-South cooperation is that countries from the global South have similar social and cultural situations. Yet when and how culture practically matters to development has not been thoroughly explored within urban planning. This thesis examines whether, when, and how cultural affinities matter for the successful design, management, and implementation of urban planning projects in the global South with international partnerships. By exploring the experiences of urban professionals working on collaborative projects in Maputo, Mozambique, this thesis argues that broadly speaking, culture does matter for cooperation and urban development, but whether cultural affinities and differences matter or not for a project largely depends on the project's context. Simply speaking, national culture does not always matter. Consideration of culture beyond the national level to a subcultural level, such as employment and organization-type, often specifies when, how, and how much cultural affinities matter with cross-cultural urban planning cooperation projects. Ultimately, culture is a factor that needs to be more explicitly explored at a nuanced level and included in the design and management of collaborative urban planning projects. Further, culture should be a topic of conversation in promoting reflective practice and the goal of learning in development, such that cross-cultural exchange can be more enabling for urban development.
by Laura Andreae Martin.
M.C.P.

Mestrado em Ciências do Mar e das Zonas Costeiras
Maputo Bay is a tidally-energetic embayment in Mozambique, influenced by strong rainfall and associated river runoff during the wet season. Previous investigations have suggested the arrestment of the freshwater plume related to high mixing during spring tide, eroding stratification and preventing an efficient exchange with the shelf due to the hampering of density currents. It was suggested that, with decreasing mixing towards neap tide, the bay would re-stratify, releasing the estuarine plume. The objective of this dissertation was to find out whether and under which conditions this arrestment of the estuarine plume occurs in Maputo Bay. A 3-dimensional hydrodynamic model was applied to the bay, improving a previously published model through vertical and temporal refinement and recalibration. It is shown that now the model reproduces more accurately the semidiurnal and fortnightly stratification-mixing cycles occurring during the wet season. However, the model still predicts salinities lower than those found in observations. Uncertainties increase towards the mouth of the Maputo River, for which only modelled river flow data was available to force the bay dynamics, indicating this input as a possible source of the underestimation of salinity. The effect of varying river discharges, varying timings of discharge as well as varying discharge ratios on flushing times was investigated through a set of experiments of varying Maputo and Incomati river flows as well as timings of discharge during the spring-neap cycle. The results suggest that when no discharge or a small discharge is introduced, flushing times are smallest during spring tide, when barotropic forcing is strong. Largest flushing times are found approximately 40 hours before neap tide, when tidal forcing is relatively weak. Flushing times for model runs with larger discharge were smaller due to the addition of flushing from river water. Here, flushing times were especially small during neap tide, when the decreased tidal mixing lead to stratification through which a classical estuarine circulation could develop, leading to an efficient bay-shelf exchange. Maximum flushing times for high-discharge runs during wet season were found for spring tide. Shelf-bay exchange was most efficient when the discharge of the Maputo River was larger than the discharge of the Incomati River, due to its location opposite the bay opening, thus influencing a larger area before leaving the bay. Timing of the discharge of the freshwater had only small effects, influencing the amount of mixing induced on the freshwater when first entering the bay. It is concluded that the estuarine plume of Maputo Bay is in fact arrested during spring tide due to the large mixing inhibiting density currents and is released when mixing decreases, inducing stratification and baroclinic circulation. The potential energy stored in the bay is larger for a larger discharge of the Maputo River.
A Baía de Maputo, em Moçambique, é uma baía com marés energéticas, influenciada pelo escoamento dos rios associado a forte precipitação durante a estação húmida. Investigações anteriores têm sugerido que o aprisionamento da pluma de água doce está relacionado com a elevada mistura durante a maré viva, que por sua vez provoca a erosão da estratificação e impede a troca eficiente com a plataforma continental, dificultando o estabelecimento de correntes de densidade. Foi sugerido que com a diminuição da mistura durante a maré morta a baía seria re-estratificada, libertando a pluma estuarina. O objetivo desta dissertação foi averiguar se, e em que condições, este aprisionamento da pluma estuarina ocorre na baía de Maputo. Foi aplicado um modelo hidrodinâmico 3-d para a baía, resultante do melhoramento de um modelo publicado anteriormente, através do refinamento vertical e temporal e recalibração. É demonstrado que agora o modelo reproduz com mais precisão os ciclos de estratificação/mistura semidiurnas e quinzenais que ocorrem durante a estação chuvosa. No entanto, o modelo ainda prevê salinidades inferiores as encontradas em observações. As incertezas aumentam próximo da foz do Rio Maputo, para o qual existem apenas dados de modelos de bacia para forçar o modelo, indicando esta entrada como uma possível causa da subestimação da salinidade. Foi definido um conjunto de experiências de diferentes descargas dos Rios Maputo e Incomati, sendo estes introduzidos no modelo em fárias fases do ciclo da maré. Foi investigado o efeito da variação da duração das descargas fluviais e da proporção do Maputo e do Incomati nos tempos de renovação da água na baía. Os resultados sugerem que quando há uma pequena descarga dos rios, os tempos de renovação são menores durante a maré viva, quando o forçamento barotrópico é forte. Os maiores tempos de renovação encontram-se cerca de 40 horas antes da maré morta. Os tempos de renovação para as corridas com maior descarga são menores devido à adição de descargas de água do rio. Neste caso, os tempos de renovação foram especialmente pequenos durante a maré morta, quando a diminuição da mistura pela maré induz estratificação, criando condições para o desenvolvimento da circulação estuarina clássica, e escoando a baía eficiente. Tempos máximos de renovação para corridas de alta descarga durante a estação chuvosa foram encontrados em condições mistas de maré viva. O intercâmbio entre a baía e a plataforma continental foi mais eficiente para uma maior proporção do Rio Maputo em relação ao Rio Incomati. Este padrão justifica-se pela maior distância da foz do Rio Maputo à entrada da baía. A variação do momento da descarga de água doce em relação à fase da maré tem efeitos pouco significativos (ou pouco relevantes), determinando apenas o grau de mistura que influencia a água doce nas primeiras horas a seguir da descarga. Concluiu-se que existe um aprisionamento da pluma estuarina da Baía de Maputo. Este aprisionamento ocorre durante a elevada mistura de maré viva. A energia potencial armazenada na baía é maior para uma descarga maior do Rio Maputo.

Cette thèse interroge les liens entre déplacements forcés et citadinités à partir de l’étude des déplacés de guerre d’origine rurale, venus se réfugier à Maputo à la fin des années 1980. La déterritorialisation et la mobilité forcée constituent des expériences centrales pour comprendre les modes d’ancrage en ville des deslocados. Le caractère coercitif du déplacement vers Maputo explique que les autorités et la majorité des déplacés aient initialement envisagé leur présence en ville comme un état provisoire. La ville est avant tout le lieu du refuge et de la présence éphémère, avant de devenir celui de l’installation durable, le lieu du « chez-soi ». La citadinisation des deslocados est le résultat d’un processus dialectique faisant interagir les politiques des pouvoirs publics, le contexte urbain, social et familial et leurs pratiques individuelles. Si l’exceptionnalité de la situation légitime dans un premier temps leur présence, elle la rend souvent plus « illégitime » que celle des autres migrants une fois le conflit achevé. Vingt ans après leur arrivée, le maintien en ville des anciens déplacés ne saurait être interprété de façon univoque ; pour certains, il témoigne de territorialisations positives, de leur insertion économique et résidentielle, de leur sentiment d’appartenance à Maputo ; pour d’autres, il renvoie au contraire à un impossible retour, dans le passé et dans leur « terre d’origine » et donc à leur immobilité forcée, plutôt qu’à leur citadinité
This thesis deals with the relationships between forced displacements and “citadinités”. It is based on the study of war refugees of rural origin, who sought refuge in Maputo in late 1980. Deterritorialization, displacements and forced mobility are crucial to understand the way deslocados take root in cities. As the original displacement to Maputo was forced, public authorities and the majority of the displaced people initially considered their presence in the city as temporary. The city was primarily a place of refuge and ephemeral presence. It then became a place of permanent settlement, a “home place”. The deslocados arrived in a city facing a crisis. Their “citadinisation” is the result of a dialectical process where the government policies, the urban, social and family contexts and their individual practices interact. Although their exceptional situations first legitimated the deslocados presence, the latter became less legitimate compared to the other migrants settling when the conflict was over. We cannot interpret unambiguously the ongoing presence of former displaced people twenty years after their arrival. For some, it reflects positive territorializations: their economic and residential integration, their sense of belonging to Maputo. Conversely, it refers, for others, to the impossible coming back to their pasts and their "homelands" and thus their enforced immobility, rather than their “citadinité”

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur la justice et l’injustice spatiales à Maputo, analysées au prisme du traitement public et de l’expérience citadine des inégalités d’accès aux services urbains (eau potable, déchets ménagers). L’absence d’expression des sentiments d’injustice des citadins dans des registres de l’action collective a amené l’auteur à diriger ses travaux sur la production de l’action publique associée au référentiel du développement, ainsi que le rapport des citadins au politique. Le politique fut approché sous l’angle des structures de pouvoir municipales et des pratiques de contrôle politique qui y prévalaient. Une attention particulière fut consacrée aux dispositifs publics dont pouvaient s’emparer les acteurs non politiques, dont les citadins, permettant l’expression et le débat publics. Cette approche du politique mit en lumière la permanence de pratiques de pouvoir autoritaires, construites sous le régime de l’Etat-Parti
This thesis is about justice and spatial justice in Maputo, with an analysis on policies making and the people’s own experiences of the inequality to access public services (improved drinkable water, waste management). The people’s lack of expression concerning their feelings of injustice in collective mobilization, led the author to aim her work toward the making of policies regarding development and also the relationship between people and politic. The political angle of this work was study within the frame of local power and the political control exercised there. There’s a focus on how people can solve public matters. This focus shows authoritarians practices inherited from a former single party system

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The present article is a research study aimed at providing an accurate picture of the problem of HIV and Aids-related stigma and discrimination within a company, by identifying the possible factors that help fuelling it, and describing the relationships among them. On the basis of these findings, I propose initiatives that may help to overcome the main barriers for stigma mitigation within the company, and provide suggestions for inclusion in the company’s HIV and Aids policy of strategies and positions that may thwart stigma among the workforce.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om ‘n akkurate beskrywing te gee van stigma en diskriminasie wat romdon MIV/Vigs bestaan. Die studie is in ‘n maatskappy in Maputo, Mosambiek, uitgevoer. Moontlike faktore wat hierdie stigma en diskriminasie aanwakker is gegee en ook die verhouding tussen die faktore. Voorstelle word gegee om stigma binne die maatskappy te verminder en ook om dit by die maatskappy se MIV/Vigs beleid in te sluit.

Maputo City has a very high population density and sources of domestic energy such as electricity, gas or even kerosene are not yet available for the majority of the population. Demand for wood products is high both in the rural and urban areas for consumption and generation of income. Coupled with agricultural expansion, this raises concerns over the sustainability of use of natural forest resources. Nevertheless, the government has limited financial and human resources to establish plantations which can satisfy the increases in wood demand, especially in the urban areas. The 1991 Reforestation policy attempted to overcome this by adopting as strategy the involvement of the users, especially the rural community, in the replacement of exploited forest resources. However, reported failure in implementation of this strategy has suggested that there is need to elaborate a decision support tool, which would encapsulate the multidisciplinary nature of the problem, at both farm and regional levels. The underlying hypothesis of this research is, therefore, that despite data scarcity and/or unreliability, it is possible to develop a planning framework applying a relatively sophisticated planning tool such as Mathematical Programming. The aim of the thesis is to perform an ex-ante analysis of the impact of the strategy, stressing a bottom-up and integrated planning procedure and including decision makers at the two levels. Both single and multiobjective mathematical programming methods are applied, preceded by the use of Geographical Information Systems in the analysis of the spatial distribution of resources. The results show that by integrating agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry activities and constraints in the farm planning framework, it is possible to assess the individual potential responses to reforestation alternatives. Furthermore, conflicts among national goals are assessed using aggregation techniques. This provides policy makers with information on the opportunity cost that may be associated with changes in government priorities.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-87).
This paper attempts to understand perceptions of fertility and sexuality in relation to HIV/Aids prevention in Mafalala barrio, Maputo, Mozambique. The work explores ways in which people create or re-create meanings for fertility in order to fulfil kinship expectations. The notion of individual choice highlighted in the condom campaigns is contrasted with people's ideas about 'protection'. This suggests that socio-cultural factors should be taken into account when developing HIV/Aids prevention programs. The study concludes with a discussion of some lessons for the HIV/Aids educational programs in Mafalala and other areas similar to the barrio.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa hur sjuksköterskor beskriver de kommunikations- och informationsstrategier som används för att främja unga kvinnors reproduktiva hälsa på landsbygden i Maputo provins. Bakgrund: För att kunna erbjuda god hälso- och sjukvård till kvinnor på landsbygden är det av stor vikt att kunna nå ut genom kommunikation och information. Mozambique är ett av de länder i Afrika med störst mödradödlighet. Den höga siffran av dödsfall grundar sig delvis i bristen på självbestämmande hos kvinnor, avstånd till sjukhus och bristen på ekonomiskt stöd för transport samt medicinska kostnader. Det förstärks av fattigdom, ung ålder, ojämlikhet samt avsaknad av ekonomiska rättigheter till att fatta egna beslut. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sju olika sjuksköterskor på fyra olika sjukhus i Maputo provinsen. Den insamlade data blev transkriberad, kodad och sedan analyserad. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys tillämpades. Resultat: Två huvudkategorier framkom från den insamlade data. Den första huvudkategorin berörde vilka verktyg sjuksköterskorna använde sig av för att nå ut på landsbygden med information och kommunikation och den andra huvudkategorin som uppkom handlade om utmaningarna som sjuksköterskorna i studien ställdes inför angående kommunikation och information. De två kategorierna hade tre underkategorier vardera. I resultatet påvisades att sjuksköterskorna var tvungna att tillhandahålla information på modersmål och använda sig av anpassade kommunikationsverktyg, vilket i sin tur skulle underlätta sjuksköterskans arbete.  Konklusion: Olika strategier och verktyg identifierades av sjuksköterskorna i syfte att främja unga kvinnors reproduktiva hälsa. Sjuksköterskorna påpekade vikten av att ge information på patientens modersmål, för att nå ut till alla på landsbygden.
Aim: The aim of this MFS study is to illuminate how nurses describe the communication and information strategies used in order to promote young women's reproductive health in rural settings, Maputo province. Background: To be able to provide good healthcare to women in rural areas it is crucial for the nurses to reach out with communication and information. Mozambique has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in Africa. The high number of deaths is partly due to a lack of self-determination among women, a long distance to reach health care centers and lack of economic support for transportation and medical costs. This is intensified by poverty, young age, inequality, and less economic rights of making own decisions. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted on a sample of seven nurses at four different hospitals in Maputo province. The collected data was transcribed, coded and analyzed by a qualitative content analysis. Results: From the data, two main categories emerged, which focus on specific tools to give information to reach out in rural areas and the challenges that the nurses face regarding information and communication. It was shown in the result that the nurses had to provide individualized information in mother tongue and provide more aid in communication, which in turn would ease the nurse’s work. Conclusion: Different strategies and tools were identified among the nurses to promote young women's reproductive health. The nurses pointed out the importance of providing information in mother tongue to reach out in rural areas.

S'appuyant sur une approche historique, cette thèse interroge le processus de formation et de transformation de la capitale du Mozambique, et pour ce faire analyse les liens qui se sont noués, au cours des XIXème et XXème siècles, entre changements économiques, transformations institutionnelles et évolutions des formes urbaines. Située en position excentrée par rapport au reste du Mozambique, et proche de l'Union Sud-Africaine, Lourenço Marques passe successivement du statut de factorerie, à celui de bourg, puis de ville portuaire. La création, au cours du XIXème siècle, des axes de liaison, routier puis ferroviaire, avec le Natal fait de Lourenço Marques le débouché maritime des produits miniers d'Afrique du Sud et explique le développement économique de la ville. Pendant toute la période de sa formation, ce sont les plans d'urbanisme, élaborés par des ingénieurs militaires puis des architectes venus de Lisbonne, qui encadrent les extensions de la ville devenue capitale de la Province du Mozambique. Comme de nombreuses villes coloniales, Lourenço Marques devient le terrain d'expérimentation de méthodes de planification (tracés viaires, lotissement, zonage), élaborées dans différents pays européens, dont le Portugal. Pendant toute la période coloniale, ingénieurs et architectes portugais réussissent tant bien que mal à maîtriser la croissance de la ville européenne, restreignant l'accès des « africains » à cette dernière. La création à proximité du centre-ville d'un quartier « indigène » témoigne d'une volonté de séparation raciale de la part des colonisateurs. L'accession en 1975 du Mozambique à l'indépendance se traduit par l'exode des portugais et l'ouverture des portes de la ville aux africains. Cette décision soudaine produit une sorte d'appel d'air pour la population des campagnes et amorce un processus de croissance démographique rapide de Lourenço Marques devenue Maputo. Multipliant les plans d'urbanisme (qui ne sont jamais approuvés), les autorités du Mozambique indépendant rencontrent de plus en plus de difficultés à maîtriser un processus de développement qui se traduit notamment par de nombreux quartiers informels (lotissements, bidonvilles) et peinent à développer les activités économiques garantissant des emplois stables aux nouveaux habitants
This thesis is based on a historical approach. It addresses the process whereby the capital city of Mozambique was shaped and transformed, and analyses the links that appeared during the 19th and 20th centuries between economic change, institutional transformations and the evolution of urban morphology. The location of Lourenço Marques is peripheral in Mozambique. The city is close to the Union of South Africa, and was originally a trading outpost. It later became a feitoria, small town, then a coastal city. The creation of road and, later, of rail networks with the Transvaal in the 19th century meant that Lourenço Marques became the maritime gateway for South African mining products, which explains the city's economic development. During the period in which the city was shaped, its extensions were managed through plans drawn up by engineers and army officials, and, later, by architects who came from Lisbon. It is at this point in time that the city became the capital of the Province of Mozambique. Like many other colonial cities, Lourenço Marques was subject to a wide range of planning experiments (street patterns, subdivisions, zoning) designed in various European countries, including Portugal. During the entire colonial period, Portuguese engineers and architects somehow managed to contain the growth of this European town, by restricting African people's access to it. The fact that a quarter was created near the city centre for the “indigenous population” reflects the fact that colonizers wanted racial separation. When Mozambique became independent in 1975, the Portuguese exodus took place and the city was opened up to African people. This sudden decision generated mass immigration from the countryside and initiated the rapid demographic growth of Lourenço Marques, whose name then became Maputo. The authorities of Mozambique came up with many town planning documents (which were never approved), and found it increasingly difficult to manage the development process – many informal quarters appeared (subdivisions and shanty towns) – and to generate economic activities that would give permanent jobs to the new population

Includes bibliographic references (leaves 178-197).
Tourism is one of the mainstays of the Mozambican economy but has potentially negative impacts on local communities. This study assessed the extent to which coastal communities in Mozambique are benefiting, or losing, from various tourism initiatives. Data was collected using qualitative and quantitative methods in three case study sites: two cases in Inhambane province (Tofo and Barra) and one in Maputo province (Gala), all representing marginalized coastal communities engaged in tourism.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-123).
This minor dissertation investigates the lives and businesses of informal artists and vendors in Maputo, Mozambique. The research points to a swell in numbers of artisans in Maputo over the past dozen years. Tourism has developed in Mozambique; expanding the clientele for Maputo's informal artisans. The increase of artisans has had a few negative effects including a drop in prices due to competition and a compromise in artistic quality. The seven interviewees explain the reality of the informal art business as one of subsistence.

Assignment (MFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The ongoing environmental destruction that results from the continuous use of the woodland resources for economic purposes has caused extensive changes in the original vegetation of Goba area of southern Mozambique. Developing alternative sources of income for communities can reduce their dependence on the production of charcoal, building materials and wood carvings. The lack of infrastructure and remoteness of these localities from the markets make alternatives economically unfeasible and thus unsustainable for rural development. Ineffective policy planning that does not address the problem in a holistic way causes the dilemma of local people in remote areas. The challenge at Goba is to develop alternative livelihoods that are economically, socially and ecologically sustainable. Nature-based tourism has been identified as such an alternative to realize this goal. However, this development requires incentives for sustainable resource use, which can be created either by expanding the benefits accruing from the efficient use of the resource or by changing the distribution of the benefits and cost in favor of the users. In many cases, local communities have developed tourism initiatives in ecologically fragile, remote areas, without sound planning based on detailed ecological and socio-economic information. Uncontrolled flows of tourists in unplanned tourist destinations degrade these areas. These destinations lose their aesthetic appeal; tourism flow decreases and consequently new attractions are opened. This study is of a land use planning nature and follows a combination of existing framework tools. The primary aim of this study was to develop simple guidelines for nature-based tourism that contribute to the conservation and management of the rural woodland areas as well as to the improved socio-economic welfare of rural communities in the Goba area. The study used baseline information for planning, focusing on the tourism market and on the ecological and socia-economical aspects of the siudy area. Two strategies were used to obtain the information, namely market research and attraction resources analysis. The market research in the southern part of Mozambique shows that: International tourist flows are at present from Southern African countries mostly South Africa (more than 50%), North America, Europe and Australia or Asia. Mozambique is perceived mainly as a sunny beach destination for vacations and weekends though most of the tourists were engaged in multi-destination itineraries that included safari, wildernesses, bird watching, touring and curiosity. There was no evidence from any tourist that nature tourism was the reason to visit Mozambique, but many of them said that they would visit ecotourism and nature tourism destinations if available. The average daily expenditure per tourist was found to be US$47. Tourists from long-haul distances had higher disposable expenditures and stayed longer in both attraction assets and in the country. Sixty nine per cent (69%) of surveyed tourists were over 50 years of age and they were mostly males (57%). The results show clearly that many issues must be taken into consideration where the development of ecotourism and nature-based tourism, especially in rural areas, is concerned. Such considerations should include (i) careful planning of the destinations based on the local developmental policy; (ii) developing saleable tourist products and packages and (iii), promotional strategies to expand the market to capture tourists with high average daily expenditure. The rural communities can then have a chance to develop nature-based tourism that uses outstanding natural resources. The resources analysis study results revealed that: The rugged topographic, climatic conditions of Goba water catchment area and the distance from settlements have naturally preserved local forest resources from human utilization. The area has well conserved and differentiated natural scenic landscape. These scenic landscapes have recreational values as well as environmental contrast, scientific discovery potential and retention of vanishing biological species. To preserve or improve the management of these landscapes, it is essential to consider recreation use in relation to all other potential values. Few existing landscapes showed a relative ability to absorb impacts produced by facility development with a minimum negative effect on the visual and ecological quality of the landscape. The majority of the landscapes have some potential for primitive and sensitive recreational spectrum. All these results are consistent with results from similar studies on watershed and water catchment ecology. Given the constraints on the environmental settings of the Goba landscapes, it is recommended that the basic and logic framework development should attract tourists interested in the more primitive portion of the recreational spectrum and should have fewer facilities of small-scale building. These facilities should be rustic in character with less service and more emphasis on self-reliance. Improved management of the Goba ecosystem is needed to maintain the ecological functions of the catchment and local culture and rurality. In conclusion, this study suggests that, if on these remote fragile ecosystems local communities can protect and market attractive quality-of-life-amenities, maintain a relatively low cost of living, and offer serviceable links to global telecommunication infrastructures in order to attract tourists and retirees, these communities can survive and may even thrive as local economies. An incentive planning method and sustained extension outreach effort in rural development, which focuses on nourishing local action at the grassroots level, will complement such a policy strategy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Omvattende verandering van die natuurlike plantegroei in die Goba area van suiderlike Mosambiek is teweeg gebring deur die deurlopende bentting van die omgewing deur die misbruik van die natuurlike hulpbronne vir ekonomiese wins. Die ontwikkeling van alternatiewe inkomstebronne vir plaaslike gemeenskap kan hul afhanklikheid van hout vir die produksie van houtskool, boumateriaal en houtsneewerk verminder. Die gebrek aan infrastruktuur en die groot afstande na markte maak die verkoop van die houtprodukte in stedelike gebiede onprakties en dus nie 'n volhoubare oplossing vir landelike ontwikkeling nie. Oneffektiewe beleidsbeplanning wat die probleem nie holisites benader nie veroorsaak 'n dilemma vir inwoners in afgeleë gebiede. Die uitdaging in Goba is om alternatiewe bronne van inkomste te ontwikkel wat ekonomies, sosiaal en ekologies volhoubaar is. Natuurgebaseerde toerisme is geïdentifiseer as 'n moontlike alternatief wat aan die doel kan beantwoord. Die ontwikkeling van eko-toerisme sal egter net slaag indien die plaaslike bevolking genoegsaam aangemoedig word om die natuurlike hulpbronne op 'n volhoubare basis te benut. Dit kan gedoen word óf deur winste terug te ploeg in die omgewing en so die toerisme basis te vergroot óf deur winsdeling op 'n gebruikersgunstige voordele- en kostebasis te behartig. In baie gevalle het plaaslike gemeenskappe toerisme inisiatiewe in sensitiewe, afgeleë gebiede ontwikkel, sonder deeglike beplanning wat op uitgebreide ekologiese en sosio-ekonomiese inligting berus. Die onbeheerde toeriste aanloop na onbeplande areas lei tot die stelselmatige vernietiging daarvan. Hierdie bestemmings verloor hul estetiese waarde en het tot gevolg dat toeriste ander ongerepte areas gaan soek. Hierdie studie handeloor die beplanning van grondgebruik en volg 'n kombinasie van bestaande raamwerk prosedure. Die primêre doel van hierdie ondersoek is om eenvoudige riglyne vir natuurgebaseede eko-toerisme te ontwikkel wat 'n bydra kan lewer tot die bewaring en bestuur van die natuurlike wonde en wat die sosioekonomiese welvaart van die plaaslike bevolking van Goba sal bevorder. Die studie maak gebruik van basiese inligting vir beplanning, en fokus op die toeristemark sowel as op die ekologiese en sosioekonomiese aspekte van die studie-area. Die twee strategieë wat gevolg is om inligting in te win is marknavorsing en die analise van toeriste-attraksie hulpbronne. Marknavorsing in die suide van Mosambiek toon dat die meerderheid internasionale besoekers aan Mosambiek afkomstig is van lande in Suidelike Afrika (Suid-Afrika alleen 50%), en daarna uit Noord- Amerika, Europa and Australië/Asië. Mosambiek word hoofsaaklik as 'n sonnige strandoord-bestemming vir vakansies en naweke beskou, hoewel die meeste toeriste 'n multi-bestemming reisplan volg wat safaris, ornitologie, reis en besoeke aan besienswaardighede insluit. Daar is geen bewys gevind dat enige toeris Mosambiek besoek het met eko-toerisme as doel nie, maar baie sou belangstelom dit te doen indien ekoen natuurgebaseerde toeriste-betemmings beskikbaar was. Die gemiddelde daaglikse uitgawe per toeris was US$47. Toeriste wat groot afstande moes aflê om hul bestemming te bereik het meer beskikbare fondse en bly langer, beide in die land en by verskillende attraksies. Van die toeriste by wie die opname gemaak is 69% ouer as 50 jaar en die meerderheid (57%) was mans. Die resultate toon dat daar talle faktore is om in ag te neem by die ontwikkeling van 'n landelike area vir natuurgebaseede en eko-toerisme. Daar moet aandag gegee word aan (i) deeglike beplanning van die bestemming gebaseer op die plaaslike ontwikkelingsbeleid; (ii) die ontwikkeling van verkoopbare toeriste produkte en pakkette;en (iii), promosie strategieë om die mark uit te brei om toeriste wat meer spandeer te lok. Die landelike gemeenskappe word sodoende die geleentheid gebied om hul besondere natuurlike hulpbronne te ontwikkel vir natuurgebaseerde toerisme. Die hulpbron-analise toon dat die afgeleë en bergagtige topografie en die klimaatsomstandighede van Goba se wateropvangsgebied as natuurlike beskerming vir inheense woude teen die benutting deur die plaaslike bevolking gedien het. Die area is goed bewaar met skouspelagtige natuurtonele. Die skouspelagtige landskap beskik oor rekreasiewaarde sowel as omgewingskontras, potensiaal vir wetenskaplike ontdekkings en vir bewaring van seldsame fauna en flora. Om hierdie landskap te bewaar of die bestuur daarvan te verbeter, moet gebruik vir rekreasie in verhouding tot die ander potensiële waardes beskou word. Daar is beperkte areas wat die vermoë besit om ontwikkeling te absorbeer en waar die verbouing van fasiliteite slegs 'n minimale negatiewe effek op die visuele en ekologiese kwaliteit sal hê. Die potensiaal bestaan egter vir alle areas om op 'n beperkte skaalontwikkel te word vir die primitiewe en sensitiewe sektor van die rekreasie spektrum. Die resultate van die vavorsing stem ooreen met soortgelyke studies van waterskeiding- en wateropvangsgebied-ekologie en ontwikkeling. Vir die gegewe omgewingsbeperkings van Goba word dit aanbeveel dat ontwikkeling op 'n basiese vlak geskied om daadie proporsie van die toeriste te lok wat in die sogenaamde wildernis-ervaring belangstel. Geboue en beperkte fasiliteite moet slegs op klein skaal opgerig word. Die fasiliteite moet by die omgewing inpas en die klem moet op selfvoorsiening eerder as op dienstelewering val. Die bestuur van die Goba ekosisteem moet egter verbeter om die ekologiese funksie en die plaaslike kultuur en landelikeid te behou. Die bevinding van die studie is dat indien ver-afgeleë en sensitiewe ekosisteme deur die plaaslike bevolking bestuur en beskerm word, dit tot ekonomiese welvaart van die landelike gebiede kan lei. Hierdie areas moet bestuur word sodat die landelike karakter as toeriste aantreklikheid behou word, dat die lewenskoste relatief laag bly en dat verbindings met die buitewêreld op telekommunikasie vlak ingestel word. Beplanning moet op 'n aansporingsbasis gegrond wees met uitreikingsprogramme met landelike ontwikkeling as doel. Aanmoediging van plaaslike aksie op grondvlak behoort so 'n beleidstrategie te versterk.

There is a large indigence for more maternity homes in Mozambique. Pregnant women often have to walk long distances to get assistance giving birth. The conditions are hard to improve because of the shortage of educated staff. The maternity home and education center is a combined program for women in Maputo, Mozambique. The purpose for this is – apart from improving opportunities and help for pregnant women – to create a connection between education and practice so that the pupils can do their practice at the maternity home before working out in the country. The two instances are therefore closely integrated with each other. We want to develop a program that is also long-term giving, a kind of pay-forward-effect. The supposed consequence of the pay-forward effect is for graduated women to spread the knowledge to less educated midwifes in the countryside and at a long term improve health care for women.
Det finns ett stort behov av fler mödravårdscentraler i Mocambique. Gravida kvinnor går oftast långa sträckor för att få hjälp att föda. Förhållandena är svåra att förbättra i avsaknad av utbildad personal. Mödravårdscentralen och barnmorskeutbildningen är ett kombinerat program för kvinnor i Maputo, Mocambique. Målet med vårt projekt är att hjälpa gravida kvinnor och att skapa ett utbyte mellan utbildning och praktik. Därför är programmen tätt integrerade med varandra. Programmet ska skapa insikt om graviditet, födsel, sexualitet, en slags ”pay-forward effect”. Verkningarna av ”pay-forward” är att utbildade kvinnor ska sprida kunskap till mindre utbildade barnmorskor på landsbygden och på lång sikt bidra till en bättre sjukvård för kvinnor.

The world’s energy consumption has been increasing dramatically in recent years. Economic and population growth are said to be the main drivers of this phenomenon. This change is held responsible for the increase in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, the reduced energy security and the negative socio-economic implications, especially in developing countries. From a sectorial perspective, buildings are part of the large energy consumers, especially the residential sector. It is in this view that measures to reduce this sector’s energy demand has been largely recommended. One of these measures is promoting the deployment of energy efficient buildings combined with the use of energy efficient appliances. The aim of this study was to assess the economic feasibility associated with sustainable buildings with emphasis on the energy efficiency component. The study concentrated on residential buildings in Maputo, the capital city of Mozambique. The rationale behind the study lies in the need to uncover the main variables involved in the economic feasibility of adopting energy efficient practices within the building sector to help final users, policy makers and other interested groups to better understand and handle energy efficiency matters. A case study research design was used to achieve the main objective of this investigation. In this regard, a survey of households and interviews were conducted to establish the energy consumption pattern in Mozambique and its associated costs. The survey was conducted in the Kampfumo Municipality District of Maputo, and the interviews were conducted with civil engineering companies, electronic engineering, architects and building cost estimators. The questionnaires were answered by 233 households. Findings from the survey were used to perform a comparative analysis of the life cycle cost (LCC) of the buildings of the surveyed households with that of the proposed energy efficient designs, which incorporates buildings energy efficient elements and energy efficient appliances.

In sub-Saharan Africa, poverty and its consequences hit orphan and vulnerable children (OVC) the hardest. As the once protective safety net dissipates, many OVC are forced to live in overcrowded and understaffed orphanages. In the attempt to meet survival needs, psychological health is pushed into the background. The aim of this study is to increase the understanding of psychological well-being among institutionalized OVC in Maputo, Mozambique. Qualitative interviews (N=12) and field observations in orphanages (N=6) were analyzed through the hierarchy of needs model. Institutionalized OVC were found living under poor general care with few opportunities for ludic, educational, and social growth. Also among the finding were neglect and abuse, attachment difficulties and traumatic stress symptoms. Nonetheless, this study opposes the disuse of orphanages and suggests interventions to improve the children’s psychological well-being.

Brucella canis causes canine brucellosis in dogs inducing mainly contagious abortion. Diagnosis of B. canis is based on bacterial isolation that is timeconsuming and inconsistent; serological tests (more than one test) that is ambiguous and lacks specificity; and PCR that may lack sensitivity as bacteraemia may not be constant. Since bacteraemia of B. canis develops 7-30 days after infection, often resulting in a sustained bacteraemia, PCR was investigated for the detection of B. canis in whole blood of dogs. The PCR sensitivity was validated to detect 3.8 fg Brucella DNA mixed with dog DNA as well as 1 x 102 cfu/ml B. canis in dog blood (mock infection) using primers (ITS66 and ITS279) that amplifies the 16S-23S ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer (ITS) region. The PCR assay for the detection of B. canis in whole blood samples was compared with bacterial isolation, serological tests, which include the rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT), 2-mercaptoethanol RSAT (2ME-RSAT) and imunochromatographic assay (ICA). These techniques were used to test 56 dog samples obtained from the Michangulene and Mafavuca villages at the municipality of Changalane, in District of Namaacha in Maputo, Mozambique for B. canis. No B. canis was isolated from dog blood using the classical microbiology isolation and PCR. A sample was only presumed positive if both the 2ME-RSAT and ICA tested positive. None of the samples in this study tested positive using this criterion for serological testing. Results of this study indicated that B. canis was not present in the 56 dogs sampled in the Maputo region of Mozambique using bacteriology, PCR and serological tests (RSAT, 2ME-RSAT and ICA). Due to the discrepancy between serological tests we cannot conclude that B. canis is not present in the Maputo region of Mozambique. In future the accuracy of the serological tests, bacteriology and PCR assay should be assessed using experimentally infected B. canis dogs over a period followed by a surveillance study in Mozambique that includes urine, semen and blood samples collected from dogs.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
Unrestricted

Background: Surgical site infections are commonly occuring within healthcare, especially in Africa. Good hygiene is the most effective way in which to reduce and prevent infection, compliance however is often low or insufficient. Aim: The Aim of the study was to observe intraoperative compliance to basic hand hygiene in the operating theatre, the secondary aim was to investigate the surgical teams views on patient safety by using a survey on patient safety culture. Method: The design is a quantitative observational study. Through participant observation information was gathered on compliance to basic intraoperative hygiene routines in operating theatres in Mozambique. Operating personnel were then asked to complete a survey on patient safety culture. Result: None of the work elements were performed in complete compliance to WHO’s guidelines at all times. The operating theatre personnel’s views on Patient Safety Culture showed the highest percentage of positive responses was the dimensions “Teamwork Within Hospital Units” and “Organisational Learning- Continous improvement”. The dimensions with the least positive response was “Nonpunitive Response To Error” and “Staffing”. When comparing compliance to basic hygiene and the results of the patient safety culture survey a medium relation was found, where the staff who gave the most positive response to the survey also complied better to the WHO’s hygiene guidelines. Conclusions: Compliance to basic hygiene during the intraoperative phase in the operating theatre in Mozambique, Maputo was often insufficient. There was a medium strong relation between the staffs views on patient safety and their compliance to basic hygiene. This implies that working with the staff’s attitudes concerning patient safety could improve hygiene compliance resulting in reduced number of surgical site infections.

Many children are vulnerable in Mozambique, one of the poorest countries in the world. The ones considered most vulnerable, so called orphans and vulnerable children (OVC), often live in particularly vulnerable situations that often cause creating psychological distress and traumas. Most of them live in kinship care, but many are supported and cared for by organisations working in several fields, providing, for example, basic needs care, education, psychosocial support and reintegration to their families and communities. The aim of this qualitative study has been to investigate and describe organisational resources, approaches and methods to implement and conduct care and psychological treatment for vulnerable children in Maputo, Mozambique. The study has also aimed to explore how the various interventions correspond to existing models of care and need interventions, and to discuss possible improvements of elements according to theory. Twenty staff members at eight organisations were interviewed with a semi-structured interview guide. The results describe the various organisations’ work directed towards the heterogeneously vulnerable group of children. Views regarding work as well as recommendations are given from the separate organisations and from describing theoretical models and literature. Recommendations can be summarised as requests for e.g. increased co-operation with authorities and donor organisations,  as well as for growth of internal organisational structures. Scarce financial resources are often regarded as the main obstacle affecting the magnitude and impact of the organisations’ work. Other noted recommendations included the need to provide for a higher ratio of teachers and caretakers with psycho-social and special needs knowledge, and an increased presence of psychologists and support staff at the different organisations, in order to give adequate support to the children. A literature recommendation emphasised further monitoring and evaluation of programs to increase the knowledge of interventions for vulnerable children.
Många barn lever i utsatthet i Mozambique, som är ett av de fattigaste länderna i världen. De mest sårbara, föräldralösa och utsatta barnen (OVC), lever ofta i särskilt utsatta situationer som ofta orsakar psykologisk ohälsa och traumatiska upplevelser. De flesta av dessa barn tas omhand inom familjen men många tas omhand och får stöd genom organisationer, som inom olika fält arbetar för att täcka barnens grundbehov, utbildning, psykosocialt stöd och för att återintegrera dem i sina familjer och in i samhället igen. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie har varit att undersöka och beskriva organisationers resurser, förhållningssätt, och metoder för att implementera och bedriva vård och psykologisk behandling för utsatta barn i Maputo, Mozambique. Den har även syftat till att utforska hur de olika interventionerna motsvarar existerande teoretiska modeller kring omvårdnad och metoder för att täcka behov samt att diskutera möjliga förbättringar av faktorer genom teoretiska perspektiv. Tjugo anställda vid åtta organisationer intervjuades med en semi-strukturerad intervjuguide. Resultatet beskriver de olika organisationernas arbete gentemot denna heterogena grupp av utsatta barn. Synsätt kring arbetet och även rekommendationer beskrivs utifrån de separata organisationerna och även utifrån teoretiska modeller och litteratur. Rekommendationer kan sammanfattas som en efterfrågan för att t ex. förstärka organisationernas samarbete med myndigheter och med bidragsgivande organisationer, samt även inom de separata organisationerna. Begränsade finansiella resurser ansågs ofta vara det största hindret och som påverkade arbetets magnitud och påverkan.  Andra rekommendationer är att t ex. öka andelen lärare och vårdgivare med psykosocialt och specialpedagogisk kunskap samt en fler psykologer för att stödja personal inom organisationerna, i deras dagliga arbete i att ge adekvat stöd till barnen de arbetar med. Litteraturen betonade även rekommendationer kring uppföljning och utvärdering av program, för att öka kunskapen kring interventioner för utsatta barn.

Development researchers have long held a belief that developed states use their power to provide Aid or other forms of external assistance such as private philanthropy, assistance of Non-Governmental Organisations, and other private financing to underdeveloped, or developing, nations to achieve global economic and political stability. Development scholars (including geographers) have largely attributed this to a sense of responsibility. Many have assumed this assistance to travel in one direction, i.e. from Global North to Global South, thus overlooking the modalities of care and hospitality among individuals within countries of the Global South. In this thesis, I posit that looking at everyday modes of assistance at the community level would challenge scholars to re-think the ways in which place matters in development. Analysing qualitative data gathered through interviews and focus groups in two neighbourhoods in Maputo, Mozambique, this study is ultimately an investigation of proximity. I argue that the closeness of people in these complex community relationships matters in three ways: (i) the everyday practices of assistance in these communities are modes of resistance to an oppressive state; (ii) forms of assistance serve as expressions of local (as opposed to national) identity; and (iii) religious institutions play a significant role in fostering public discourse, rather than motivating assistance itself. In speaking more specifically about how proximity matters, this study contributes uniquely to the growing realisation that development must come from within.

There is a large indigence for more maternity homes in Mozambique. Pregnant women often have to walk long distances to get assistance giving birth. The conditions are hard to improve because of the shortage of educated staff. The maternity home and education center is a combined program for women in Maputo, Mozambique. The purpose for this is – apart from improving opportunities and help for pregnant women – to create a connection between education and practice so that the pupils can do their practice at the maternity home before working out in the country. The two instances are therefore closely integrated with each other. We want to develop a program that is also long-term giving, a kind of pay-forward effect. The supposed consequence of the pay-forward effect is for graduated women to spread the knowledge to less educated midwifes in the countryside and at a long term improve health care for women.
Det finns ett stort behov av fler mödravårdscentraler i Mocambique. Gravida kvinnor går oftast långa sträckor för att få hjälp att föda. Förhållandena är svåra att förbättra i avsaknad av utbildad personal. Mödravårdscentralen och barnmorskeutbildningen är ett kombinerat program för kvinnor i Maputo, Mocambique. Målet med vårt projekt är att hjälpa gravida kvinnor och att skapa ett utbyte mellan utbildning och praktik. Därför är programmen tätt integrerade med varandra. Programmet ska skapa insikt om graviditet, födsel, sexualitet, en slags ”pay-forward effect”. Verkningarna av ”pay-forward” är att utbildade kvinnor ska sprida kunskap till mindre utbildade barnmorskor på landsbygden och på lång sikt bidra till en bättre sjukvård för kvinnor.

The Maputo Corridor is the most significant development project undertaken by the South African government since 1994. The Corridor is an extremely complex project, bringing together a variety of actors from South Africa, Mozambique, and beyond. The project includes the rehabilitation and upgrading of major transport and communications infrastructure between Witbank and Maputo, institutional reform to expedite border-crossing, and incentives for labour-intensive investment in the areas adjacent to the Corridor. The Maputo Corridor is also the first build-operate- transfer highway in the region. The Maputo Corridor is a valid and fascinating subject for political inquiry because it provides insight into the new South African government's priorities and ideological stance. Research on the Corridor also contributes to our understanding of political power structures in the region. The primary goal of this dissertation was to come to an understanding of why and how the Maputo Corridor developed. Research was designed to test popular hypotheses from the South African media. These hypotheses were (1) that the Corridor was designed to isolate Gauteng from potential transport-based blackmail by the IFP and (2) that the Corridor was sponsored and directed by the leaders of Mpumalanga Province. This dissertation is composed of four main sections. First, the historical context of the Corridor starting in the 19th century is investigated. Repetitive historical themes with relevance for the present are identified. Second, the leaders and managers of the corridor project are pinpointed. Third, strategic motivations for the corridor in the current political environment are studied. The fourth part consists of an investigation of the means used to implement the Corridor. Several sources of information were used. These sources included indepth interviews with the Corridor's stakeholders, primary documentation, and secondary published sources.

Cette recherche montre que la gestion du temps scolaire par les enseignants peut être un dispositif important pour l'amélioration de la qualité de l'enseignement, à condition que cette gestion du temps soit adaptée aux besoins d'apprentissage des élèves, ce qui fait plaider pour une gestion souple du temps scolaire par les enseignants. Vu que l'ancien curriculum de l'enseignement primaire au Mozambique était considéré comme un des facteurs limitant la gestion du temps en fonction de la réalité de la classe, cette recherche atteste que la simple réforme du curriculum ne suffit pas pour qu'on puisse avoir des innovations chez les enseignants. En fait, à partir de l'analyse des propositions de ce nouveau curriculum, nous constatons la définition d'une politique éducative qui insiste sur la nécessité de construction d'une école de réussite où le redoublement à l'intérieur des cycles pluriannuels est déconseillé, ainsi que d'une école de qualité d'enseignement, promotrice d'un enseignement relevant et centré sur l'apprenant, faisant appel à un compromis de gestion de l’hétérogénéité des élèves et de la scolarisation de tous les enfants du pays. Toutefois, à partir de ces innovations, l’entreprise consistant à vérifier la transformation des pratiques des enseignants, nous a fait démontrer que ces enseignants ont besoin d’être mobilisés, ce qui requiert, en principe, l’appropriation de cette réforme par les enseignants comme condition de sa mise en place de façon efficace. Ainsi, l’analyse des pratiques des enseignants dans la mise en oeuvre du nouveau curriculum nous a permis de mettre en lumière l’état actuel de l’appropriation de cette réforme par les enseignants, les conditions qui y contribuent, de façon à envisager une autre façon d’accompagnement et de pilotage de la réforme plus efficace, tenant en compte du contexte d’exercice professionnel des enseignants : leur formation pour le métier et pour la mise en oeuvre de la réforme, la disponibilité des ressources d’enseignement et de ceux qui pourraient servir de référentiels pour la traduction de la réforme, les acteurs d’accompagnement de la réforme, le temps et l’espace pour la réalisation de cet accompagnement, dont les enseignants ont besoin, etc
The management of time in school by teachers can be an important mechanism for the improvement of the quality of teaching in order to adapt the pupils learning need, which forces us to support that the maintains us flexible management of school-time by teachers. Because that the past primary educational system in Mozambique was considered as one of limitative factors for the management due for the reality performance of the classroom, this research proves that the simple reform of the curriculum is not the enough condition to have the innovations in the teachers. In fact, from the analysis of a new curriculum statement, we discovered a definition of an educative politics on which the reinforce the need of school the construction new school of the success, where the failure of pupils is not- advised within pluri-annual cycle. Yet for school of an educational quality, that promotes for relevant education and centralized on the pupils, complaining for the commitment of dissimilarity administration of the pupil and schoolarity for all children of the country. However, from these innovations, assessment of the teachers` skills shows, us that they need to be mobilized, which requires an appropriation for this reform as condition for its implementation in effective way. Thus, the practice analysis of teachers for new curriculum implementation allowed us to clarify the current condition of the appropriation for this reform by the teachers, the condition in which contributes. In order to consider another effective improvement of attendance and the reform leading, considering the context of the professional teachers, implementation and the availability means of the teaching and those which should be used as references reform explanation, the accompaniment performers of the reform, the space and the time for the fulfilment of this reform which the teachers need, etc

The primary objective of this study was to determine the species composition of ticks that infest domestic animals in Maputo Province and their geographic distributions. To this end a total of 145 cattle, 129 goats, 132 dogs and 63 drag­samples of the vegetation were examined at 30 localities distributed throughout the province, at each of which the geographic coordinates were recorded and later plotted. A total of 15187 ixodid ticks belonging to 15 species were recovered. These were Amblyomma hebraeum, Haemaphysalis elliptica, Haemaphysalis sp., Hyalomma rufipes, Ixodes cavipalpus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus kochi, Rhipicephalus longus, Rhipicephalus pravus group, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus simus, Rhipicephalus tricuspis and Rhipicephalus turanicus. R. (B.) microplus and A. hebraeum were most abundant on cattle, while H. elliptica was most abundant on dogs. H. elliptica, I. cavipalpus, R. longus and R. turanicus can now be added to the lists of ixodid tick species previously published for Mozambique. The geographic distributions of nine of the 15 tick species were mapped, and A. hebraeum, H. elliptica and R. evertsi evertsi were present throughout the province. No indigenous Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus were recovered, whereas the introduced Asian tick, R. (B.) microplus was present in all districts. It would seem that R. (B.) decoloratus has been completely displaced by R. (B.) microplus in Maputo Province. Although R. appendiculatus was recovered at 24 of the 30 localities, it was present at only two of the seven localities in the south of the province. R. sanguineus was present on dogs in the districts of Boane, Naamacha and Manhiça, where the collections were made at the dog owners’ homes. R. simus was present at 27 localities and R. turanicus was collected in the districts of Magude, Boane, Namaacha and Matutuine, in the north, centre and south of the province. Future surveys in Mozambique should focus on determining the extent to which R. (B.) microplus has displaced R. (B.) decoloratus. A further objective of the study was to compare the prevalence of the five major tick species, namely A. hebraeum, R. (B.) microplus, R. appendiculatus, R. evertsi evertsi and R. simus on cattle and goats. It was possible to do this at 21 of the sampling sites, at each of which five cattle and five goats had been examined. These five ticks infested both cattle and goats, but the goats harboured larger numbers of immature ticks and fewer adults of some species, while large numbers of both adult and immature ticks were recovered from cattle. Furthermore, more cattle than goats at more localities were infested with adult ticks of each of the five species. Consideration should be given to including goats in future tick control programmes applied to cattle on the same properties. A total of ten ixodid tick species were recovered from dogs in Maputo Province. Of these H. elliptica, R. sanguineus, R. simus and R. turanicus can be considered major parasites of dogs, while large numbers of immature A. hebraeum and smaller numbers of immature R. appendiculatus infested these animals opportunistically.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
unrestricted

Masters of Public Health - see Magister Public Health
Background: There is evidence that nurses are leaving their profession to seek better working environments and high salaried professions worldwide. This increases the scarcity of skilled nurses in health systems. In Mozambique, nursing staff is increasingly pursuing education out of nursing, which means that they intent to leave the nursing career. Aim: To find out why so many nurses are pursuing education out of nursing: Objectives, to explore: (1) nurses’ experiences of working at the Maputo Central Hospital; (2) the links between nurses’ future education outside of nursing and their job satisfaction; (3) the links between nurses’ future education, their job satisfaction and their intention to leave the profession, and (4) nurses’ and key informants’ opinions on which factors would improve nurse retention at MCH. Study Design: Exploratory qualitative Study. Methods: Focus Group Discussion with nurses and in-depth interviews with key informants, in order to explore perceptions regarding factors influencing nurses’ to pursue education out of nursing. Analysis: The content of focus group discussion and all interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded and analyzed by identifying recurring themes. Ethics: The author was aware that this study would raise sensitive topics in nurses’ lives, and he took great care to be alert and responsive to ethical issues which might arise. Thus, all nurses and key informants participated in the study voluntarily. They were provided with a letter explaining the research purpose, requesting their participation and assuring them of confidentiality and anonymity, and they were asked to sign a consent form which was explained to them in detail. The study was presented to, and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of the Western Cape. Results: Study results revealed job dis-satisfaction and its essential components as the main factors influencing nurse’s intention to quit their profession. Further, the issue of nursing image and status were found to be most important factors contributing to nurses’ future education in other courses rather than nursing. Conclusions: Findings from this research are relatively consistent with previous studies in terms of identifying common factors that influence nurses’ decisions to quit nursing and pursue other professions, and also worrying as nursing is immersed in deep trouble because many nurses are quitting, and the current prevailing nurse image and status is not attractive for replacements, what will impact negatively on health care delivery. Relevance of study: It is expected that this study will contribute to the implementation of appropriate measures to improve nurses’ working experience at the Maputo Central Hospital, meantime, encouraging their retention.
World Health Organization

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo descrever o léxico da Língua Portuguesa falada por universitários de Maputo, Moçambique. Sob um viés sincrônico, o método de coleta de dados agrega pressupostos teóricos da Geolinguística e da Sociolinguística variacionista, cujo produto é um Questionário Semântico-Lexical QSL, de modelo onomasiológico, dividido por campos semânticos. As bases teóricas da Geolinguística são fornecidas por Brandão (1991), e as da Sociolinguística são embasadas em Tarallo (2004). O aparato cultural e histórico de Maputo é delimitado pelas considerações de Firmino (2006), Gonçalves (1995), e Mondlane (1995). O público alvo para aplicação do inquérito é constituído de sujeitos que estejam cursando ou tenham concluído o ensino superior, identificados como público universitário, com, no mínimo, 10 anos de vida escolar, divididos equitativamente em homens e mulheres de três faixas etárias (18 a 29 anos; 30 a 44 anos; 45 anos ou mais). A partir desta pesquisa será possível identificar peculiaridades intrínsecas ao processo de formação do léxico dos universitários de Maputo, contribuindo, assim, para a descrição e estudo do português falado em Moçambique.
This dissertation aims to describe the lexicon of Portuguese spoken by university students in Maputo, Mozambique. Under a synchronic bias, the method of data collection combines theoretical principles of Geolinguistics and variational Sociolinguistics, whose product is a Lexical-Semantic Questionnaire - QSL, onomasiological model, divided by semantic fields. The theoretical basis of Geolinguistics are provided by Brandão (1991), and of Sociolinguistics are based on Tarallo (2004). The cultural and historic apparatus of Maputo is delimited by considerations of Firmin (2006), Gill (1995), and Mondlane (1995). The target audience for the survey consists of persons who are completing or have completed higher education, identified as a university students, with at least 10 years of school life, divided equally in men and women, in three age groups (18 to 29 years, 30 to 44 years, 45 years or older). From this research can be identified peculiarities inherent to the formation of the lexicon of students in Maputo, thus contributing to the study and description of the Portuguese spoken in Mozambique.

Based on two surveys, the thesis focuses on the prevalence of filarial parasites of domestic carnivores in Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces in South Africa and Maputo province of Mozambique. This is complemented by diagnostic results of routine examinations for filarial infections of dogs and cats from South Africa obtained between 1994 and 2008. Blood samples were collected and initially screened by membrane filtration for microfilariae. Other techniques employed were acid phosphatase staining for the identification of microfilariae and a commercial enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for the detection of heartworm antigen. Combined with a critical literature review on filariosis of domestic carnivores in Africa, which is updated by diagnostic results obtained from animals in Africa between 1992 and 2008, the topic is addressed for the first time ever from a continental perspective. In the South African provinces and Maputo province of Mozambique 196 of 1 379 dogs (14.21 %) were found positive for microfilariae. The species identified were Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, Acanthocheilonema reconditum and Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides. The endemic status of D. immitis was confirmed in 2 out of 313 dogs from Maputo province but not in the South African provinces. Infection with D. repens was found in 70 dogs (5.08 %). The highest prevalence rate was recorded in KwaZulu-Natal with 12.47 % (52/417), followed by Maputo Province with 3.83 % (12/313) and Mpumalanga with 1.5 % (5/333). Routine examinations have also confirmed autochthonous infections with D. repens in Gauteng and North West provinces. Acanthocheilonema reconditum was the species with the highest overall prevalence of 8.85 % (122/1 379). The highest prevalence rate was recorded in Mpumalanga with 29.13 % (97/333) followed by Maputo province with 6.39 % (20/313) and KwaZulu-Natal with 1.2 % (5/417). Routine examinations have also confirmed autochthonous infections in Gauteng, North West and Western Cape provinces. Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides was the species with the lowest overall prevalence of 0.07 % (1/1 379) and was only recorded in 1 dog from Maputo Province. In KwaZulu-Natal 9 of 82 cats (10.98 %) were found positive for microfilariae, with D. repens as the only species involved.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
unrestricted

Los fármacos antimaláricos tienen capacidad ototóxica debido a las lesiones que pueden producir en la cóclea y/o en el vestíbulo. La lesión coclear se manifiesta frecuentemente por un cuadro de hipoacusia neurosensorial, que afecta inicialmente a las frecuencias altas; otros síntomas que aparecen con menor frecuencia son los zumbidos. La hipoacusia neurosensorial puede ser reversible o irreversible y se clasifica en diferentes grados: ligera, moderada, severa y profunda.
La utilización en Mozambique de fármacos antimalaricos es obligatoria ya que es un país de malaria endémica. La incidencia de malaria es elevada, representando el 48% de todas las consultas externas de los servicios sanitarios del país, y afectando al 90,3% de la población que habita las zonas periféricas de la ciudad de Maputo.
Los tratamientos antimaláricos utilizados en Mozambique se adaptan al Protocolo de Lucha Contra la Malaria establecido por el Ministerio de Salud en el año 2002 y a las indicaciones de la OMS. Sin embargo, sólo los pacientes que acuden a los centros sanitarios del país tienen control del tratamiento, mientras que otros pacientes pueden adquirir y automedicarse con fármacos que están disponibles en centros no sanitarios. En estos casos, no existe confirmación de laboratorio de la enfermedad ni control de las dosis, de la duración ni de posibles factores de riesgo de ototoxicidad (insuficiencia renal, insuficiencia hepática, infecciones crónicas, predisposición familiar y genética, tratamiento previo o simultáneo con otras drogas ototóxicas, patología coclear previa etc.).
El estudio se realizó en 725 pacientes ingresados en el Hospital Central de Maputo (Mozambique) con un episodio de malaria severa, que fueron tratados con los fármacos antimaláricos establecidos en el Protocolo Nacional de Lucha contra la Malaria. 12 de estos pacientes fueron niños cuyas madres habían sido tratadas con fármacos antimaláricos durante el embarazo. Aunque a todos los pacientes se les programó una visita de control, sólo 96 de ellos acudieron a la misma. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó mediante el programa SPSS (versión 11.5).
De los resultados obtenidos destacamos que el 78% de los pacientes presentaron una hipoacusia neurosensorial, siendo irreversible en el 7,6%. El grado de hipoacusia fue ligero en 47,9%, moderado en 33,8%, severo en 14,4% y profundo en 3,9%. La incidencia de hipoacusia y el grado de la misma fue mayor en los pacientes de sexo femenino y en los grupos de mayor edad.
Los fármacos antimaláricos utilizados por los pacientes fueron la Quinina asociada a Fansidar® (37,7%), la Quinina (33,8%), la Artemisina asociada a Fansidar® (7,9 %), la Quinina asociada a Artemisina (6,6%), la Artemisina asociada a Fansidar® y a Quinina (5,4%), la Artemisina (2,6%), el Fansidar® (2,1%) y la Cloroquina sola o asociada a otros fármacos antimalaricos (4%).
La mayor incidencia de hipoacusias la determinaron los tratamientos que incluían la Quinina mientras que los mayores grados, y las hipoacusias irreversibles, se relacionaron con el tratamiento con Cloroquina.
En 251 pacientes (34,6%) se manifestaron además otros síntomas de ototoxicidad, como zumbidos, vértigos, nauseas y vómitos. Los síntomas asociados aparecieron más frecuentemente en los pacientes de los grupos de mayor edad.
En 324 de los pacientes estudiados (44,7%) se observaron una serie de enfermedades asociadas, siendo la más frecuentes la anemia (20,7%), la trombocitopenia (17,7%) y las alteraciones del comportamiento (4,4%). Estas enfermedades asociadas fueron más frecuentes en los grupos de menor edad. Destacamos la relación positiva encontrada entre estas enfermedades y la presencia de hipoacusia, así cómo un menor grado de hipoacusia en los pacientes que manifestaron un cuadro de anemia.
El estudio concluye que los fármacos antimaláricos utilizados actualmente en Mozambique tienen una alta incidencia de ototoxicidad, siendo necesaria su revisión.
Antimalarials may cause ototoxicity due to the injuries that they may inflict upon the cochlea and/or the vestibule. Cochlear injuries frequently reveal sensoryneural hearing-loss, which initially takes place in the higher frequencies; feeling of fullness, roaring or ringing in the ears are less frequent symptoms that may also occur. Sensoryneural hearing-loss can be reversible or irreversible, and it presents a gradation at different levels: low, moderate, severe and profound.
The use of antimalarial drugs in Mozambique is compulsory, since the incidence of endemic malaria is very high; it represents 48% of the total external consultations in the health services of the country, and affects 90.3% of the population living in the peripheral area of Maputo.
The antimalarial treatment used in Mozambique adapts to the National Protocol of Prevention and Treatment of Malaria, as established by the Department of Health and the WHO in 2002. However, only those patients attending the health unities of the country stay in control to receive the appropriate treatment, while other patients may obtain antimalarials for self-treatment since there is medication available at those unities. In this case, no control is being exerted by the laboratories: no control of the dosage taken, nor of the duration or even of the possible ototoxic risks derived from it (namely, renal and hepatic insufficiency, chronic infections, genetic predisposition, previous or simultaneous treatment with other ototoxical drugs, previous cochlear pathology, etc.).
This study was performed on 725 patients diagnosed with severe malaria and who had been taken into the Central Hospital of Maputo and treated with the antimalarials determined by the Protocol of Prevention and Treatment of Malaria. Twelve of these patients were children whose mothers had been medicated during pregnancy. A second control was programmed for all the patients, yet only 96 of them attended the meeting. The statistical analysis of the data was carried out with the SPSS program (version 11.5).
The results showed that 78% of the patients were diagnosed with sensoryneural hearing-loss, which turned out to be irreversible in 7.6% of them. The level of hearing-loss was low in 47.9% of the cases, moderated in 33.8%, severe in 14.4% and profound in 3.9% of the cases. The incidence and level of hearing-loss was higher in female and elderly patients.
The antimalarial drugs used for the treatment of these patients were as follows: Quinine associated with Fansidar® (37.7%), Quinine (33.8%), Artemisine associated with Fansidar® (7.9%), Quinine associated with Artemisine (6.6%), Artemisine associated with Quinine and Fansidar® (5.4%), Artemisine (2.6%), Fansidar® (2.1%) and Chloroquine (either associated with other antimalarials or not, 4%).
The highest incidence of hearing-loss was caused by the treatment which included Quinine, while treatment with Chloroquine was associated to the most severe cases as well as the irreversible ones.
In 251 patients (34.6%), other ototoxic symptoms were detected, such as the feeling of 'fullness' and ringing in the ear, vertigo, nausea and vomiting. The associated symptoms were more frequently in older patients.
In 324 patients (44.7%,) a series of associated illnesses were observed, the most frequent being anaemia (20.7%), thrombocytopenia (17.7%) and major behaviour alterations (4.4%). These illnesses were also mostly frequent in the eldest patients. A positive connection between these illnesses and the presence of hearing-loss should be highlighted, as well as the lower level of hearing-loss in patients diagnosed with anaemia.
The study concludes that the antimalarial drugs utilised nowadays in Mozambique are responsible of a high occurrence of ototoxicity, and that a close revision of their use is consequently necessary.

A cárie dentária é um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública dentro das patologias bucais ao nível mundial. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a prevalência de cárie e de fluorose dentária em adolescentes das regiões urbana e suburbana do município de Maputo e identificar a sua associação com placa bacteriana, estado nutricional, frequência do consumo de açúcar e concentração de flúor na água de abastecimento. A amostragem das escolas foi feita por conglomerados, composta por cinco escolas públicas urbanas e cinco suburbanas, tendo com unidades amostrais 601 adolescentes com 12 anos de idade, selecionados aleatoriamente. Os exames foram realizados por um examinador calibrado, sob condições padronizadas, usando índice CPOD, índice de fluorose, PHP e IMC. Foi aplicado um questionário para registrar o consumo de açúcar e foi realizada a análise da água de abastecimento. A análise bivariada foi utilizada para verificar diferenças de CPOD, fluorose, placa bacteriana, estado nutricional, frequência do consumo do açúcar e concentração de flúor na água de abastecimento público entre as regiões urbanas e suburbanas. A Correlação de Pearson foi aplicada para verificar associação entre CPOD e PHP. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. O CPOD encontrado foi 0,99 (± 1,65). As crianças em escolas urbanas apresentaram menor prevalência de cárie dentária (CPOD = 0,84 ± 1,49) em relação às crianças em escolas suburbanas (CPOD = 1,14 ± 1.80) (p = 0,03). Apenas 8,15% apresentaram graus de fluorose entre muito leve a moderada. A maioria das crianças apresentaram higiene bucal deficiente. Os casos de desnutrição foram mais encontrados nas escolas suburbanas (n = 109; 36,22%) do que nas escolas urbanas (n = 66; 22,00%), (p <0,00). A frequência de consumo do açúcar foi maior entre os escolares urbanos em comparação com suburbanos (p <0,00). O nível de flúor na água de consumo nas escolas urbanas foi de 0,4 ppm F, superior ao nível de flúor nas escolas suburbanas, que foi de 0,2 ppm F. Os resultados demosntraram que a cárie dentária não deve ser considerada um grande problema de saúde pública em Maputo. As áreas urbanas e suburbanas apresentaram distribuição desigual na prevalência de cárie, estado nutricional e nível de flúor na água de abastecimento, evidenciando a necessidade de intervenção no grupo de maior de risco.
Dental caries is the one of the largest public health problem in oral health worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis in children from urban and suburban area of the Maputos city and identify its association with dental plaque, nutritional status, frequency of consumption of sugar and the concentration of fluoride in the water supply. Sampling of schools was made by conglomerates, composed by five urban public schools and five suburban, with 601 adolescents 12 years of age, selected randomly. Clinical examinations were performed under standardized conditions by a calibrated examiner using DMFT index, index of fluorosis, PHP, BMI. It was applied a questionnaire about consumption of sugar and was made analysis of water supply. Bivariate analysis was used to verify differences in DMFT, fluorosis, dental plaque, nutritional status, frequency of consumption of sugar and concentration of fluoride in the public water supply between the urban and suburban areas. The Pearson\'s correlation was applied to verify correlation between DMFT and PHP. The level of significance was set at 5%. The mean DMFT was 0.99 (± 1.65). Children in urban schools had lower prevalence of dental caries (DMFT = 0.84 ± 1.49) in comparison with children in suburban schools with high prevalence (DMFT = 1.14 ± 1.80) (p = 0.03). Only 8.15% had very mild to moderate fluorosis score. Most of children presented poor oral hygiene. Cases of malnutrition were found in most suburban schools (n = 109; 36.22%) than in urban schools (n = 66; 22.00%) (p=0.03). The frequency of sugar consumption was higher among urban children compared to suburban schools (p <0.00). The level of fluoride in water consumption in urban schools was 0.4 ppm F, above the level of fluoride in suburban schools, which was 0.2 ppm F. The results showed that dental caries should not be considered a public health problem in Maputo. The urban and suburban areas presented inequity distribution in the prevalence of dental caries, nutritional status and level of fluoride in water supply, highlighting the need for intervention in the highest risk.

Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-66).
The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of a school-based malaria education intervention and its effectiveness in the changing knowledge and practices related to malaria at randomly selected schools in Maputo Province.

A presente pesquisa investiga os principais movimentos diplomáticos e econômicos que ocorreram nas relações internacionais entre Brasil e Moçambique nos últimos 30 anos. Objetiva-se compreender aqui o que causou as fortes oscilações em tais relações neste período, nomeadamente o seu aprofundamento no último decênio, quando foram alcançados não só ganhos quantitativos, mas também ganhos qualitativos, a partir de uma intensa cooperação internacional. Para tanto, faz-se uso de três instrumentos de análise, quais sejam: acordos de cooperação, fluxos comerciais e visitas presidenciais. A partir dos métodos histórico-descritivo e dedutivo, constrói-se o argumento do presente trabalho. As suas seções abordam o interesse nacional, a formação política e econômica de Moçambique, o histórico das relações entre Brasil e Moçambique, os fluxos comercias dos países-membros da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP) e a cooperação bilateral entre Brasília e Maputo, sobretudo para o setor agrícola. Trabalha-se, por fim, com a hipótese de que o Brasil passou, a partir dos anos 2000, a adotar uma postura mais crítica para com a globalização, promovendo, assim, relações horizontais não apenas em termos de trocas comerciais, como também em termos de transferência de tecnologia. Brasília ambiciona tanto o fortalecimento da sua economia nacional quanto a ampliação da sua zona de influência, tendo em vista um maior protagonismo internacional.
This study investigates the key diplomatic and economic movements that occurred in international relations between Brazil and Mozambique in the last 30 years. The objective is to understand what caused the strong oscillations that characterized relations during this period, and in particular the development that took place over the last decade, when not only quantitative but also qualitative gains were achieved, as a result of intense international co-operation. This question will be explored through three analytical tools, namely co-operation agreements, trade flows and presidential visits. The argument of the paper is built on the historical-descriptive and deductive methods. Its sections address national interest, the political and economic formation of Mozambique, the history of relations between Brazil and Mozambique, trade flows of the member countries of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) and bilateral co-operation between Brasília and Maputo, especially in the agricultural sector. In conclusion, the work supports the hypothesis that from the 2000s, Brazil has adopted a more critical attitude towards globalization, thereby promoting horizontal relationships not only in terms of trade but also in terms of technology transfer. Brasília aims to both strengthen its economy and enlarge its sphere of influence, thereby forging a greater international role for itself.

Doutoramento em Sociologia Económica e das Organizações
Este estudo procura refletir sobre as dinâmicas da governação dos transportes públicos na região metropolitana de Maputo com base na análise de um dos provedores - a Empresa Municipal de Transportes Rodoviários de Maputo - e do ponto de vista dos seus stakeholders (utentes e colaboradores). Procura-se determinar o grau de satisfação desses stakeholders com o serviço e identificar os indicadores que julgam importantes para a melhoria da qualidade do serviço. Adotamos o método misto para combinar as fontes de dados qualitativas (entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação direta e análise documental) e quantitativas (inquéritos aos utentes e colaboradores). A opção metodológica pela realização de um estudo de caso permitiu produzir um conhecimento mais aprofundado que poderá servir de base para uma compreensão do funcionamento das Empresas Públicas e da sua capacidade para fornecer serviços que satisfaçam o interesse público. Os resultados desta investigação, com base na EMTPM, EP, mostram que o quadro institucional e legal das Empresas Públicas e os seus mecanismos de controlo e supervisão pelo poder público, agravados pelo imperativo do cumprimento do papel social e político das empresas – que muitas vezes é superior aos requisitos de profissionalização e rendibilidade das EP‘s - limitam a sua competitividade, inovação e desenvolvimento. Estas condicionantes resultam na escolha de outros modelos de desenvolvimento do sector por parte do Estado, nomeadamente as parcerias público-privadas com operadores da concorrência no setor privado – as cooperativas de transportadores. Por outro lado, decorrente da fragilidade da EMTPM, EP, de um modo geral, os utentes estão insatisfeitos com os serviços desta empresa nos seguintes indicadores: cumprimento de horários, tempos de viagem e quantidade de autocarros em circulação (confiança); limpeza dos autocarros (conforto); respeito pela lotação (segurança); estrutura dos autocarros (escadas de acesso) inadequada para pessoas com mobilidade reduzida (acessibilidade); cortesia da tripulação, facilidade de apresentação de reclamações e, capacidade do motorista e cobrador resolver problemas (comunicação).
This study is concerned with the dynamics of governance of public transports in the metropolitan area of Maputo. It is based on the case of one of the public transport providers in the city, the Maputo Municipal Public Transport Company and on the analysis of its stakeholders (passengers and employees) perception about its functioning. It seeks to their level of satisfaction with the service and to identify indicators that may be used for the improvement of the service quality. In the study, we adopted a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative (semi-structured interviews, direct observation and document analysis) and quantitative data (surveys to users and employees). By opting for the development of the case study about Maputo Municipal Public Transport Company, we were able to capture in-depth knowledge that can serve as a basis for a wide understanding of the operation of state-owned enterprises and their capacity to provide public services that meet citizen‘s needs. The results of this research, considering the case of the EMTPM, EP, show that the institutional and legal framework of state-owned enterprises and the control and oversight mechanisms by the government exacerbate the imperative of fulfilling a social and political role. This imperative exceeds the professionalization and profitability requirements for any state-owned enterprise, and it has been constraining the competitiveness of public companies in what regards innovation and development. This ultimately results in the State's option for another development model to overcome the current public transport problems - the public-private partnerships with competitors from the private sector. Due to this weakness of EMTPM, EP, in general, passengers are dissatisfied with the services of this company in the following indicators: compliance with schedules, travel times and number of buses in operation (reliability); bus cleaning (comfort); respect for bus capacity (safety); bus structure (access stairs) not suitable for people with low/mobility (accessibility), and courtesy of crew, ease of filing complaints, and ability of the driver and / or collector to solve problems (communication).
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The number of female secondary school students in Mozambique is very low. Different reasons are stated for this, but mainly that the students’ parents believe that education is better suited for boys than girls. Furthermore, the students who do attend education might face a low quality of education, lack of proper hygiene facilities, and run the risk of being sexually abused by teachers at school. This study took place at two schools in Maputo and the aim of this study was to find out how students in Maputo regard their secondary education and what factors they believe can affect their education. The main focus was on the female students, since they are the ones most likely having trouble with attending education. However, some data were collected from male students in order to make a limited comparison. Furthermore, some teachers and officials have also been interviewed and thus given their views on the issues. Most of the students’ future plans were to get into university in order to get a good job with a high salary. However, some wanted to get a job directly after secondary education. Regarding their present education, the use of alcohol and drugs in school, money, and the teachers’ handling of marks were brought up as problems. The students gave examples of how their fellow students drink and do drugs within the school area, but also on how they work with campaigns and meetings in order to prevent and stop it. The issue of money was mostly connected to the possibility and difficulty of entering university. These difficulties were also connected to the low number of places available at each course at the university and the students’ inability to pay the high fees. In the race for entering university, it was important to have good marks. However, the handling of marks was not always done in a professional way by the teachers. The students gave examples of how teachers demand money or sexual favours in exchange for good marks, and they were aware of the consequences of offering such sexual favours and provided many solutions to get rid of the problem. One solution was to avoid dressing ‘sexy’, while others were to start campaigns, meetings or groups where these issues are discussed. The teachers’ view was that Mozambican education faces many difficulties, such as too many students, lack of properly built schools, lack of material and the students’ lack of motivation. The teachers acknowledged that there is a problem of teachers abusing female students sexually, or selling marks to students, and emphasised that teachers have to follow the ethics of their profession. Much information on female education in Mozambique was provided by the ONP, the Ministry of Education and the Board of Education in the City of Maputo, where it was discovered that the number of female students in the city of Maputo is actually equal to the number of male student, despite the disparity in the country. Some of the teachers as well as the officials claimed that the issue of sexual abuse is most common in the countryside. However, the students’ awareness and experiences of the problem imply that it exists in Maputo as well, and that the students have the possibility to do something about it. Furthermore, it is evident through campaigns and work done by organisations and authorities that it is considered a problem which has to be stopped. Moreover, concerning all the issues the students find problematic, most of them show awareness and strength and will to change things for the better. Hence, when working for improving education and especially regarding the issues brought up by the students, it is important to listen to the students’ ideas and let them participate.

Orientador: Archimedes Perez Filho
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: A região em estudo compreende as sub-bacias dos rios Changalane e Mazimunhama, afluentes do rio Tembe, situadas na província de Maputo, zona Sul de Moçambique. Esta região é reconhecida pelas autoridades administrativas nacionais e provinciais como estando sob pressão de uso agropecuário, desmatamento devido à exploração desenfreada das florestas, queimadas, pecuária extensiva de bovinos e caprinos. Estes fatos estão trazendo e acentuando problemas sócio-ambientais, nomeadamente, insegurança alimentar, baixa produtividade das culturas, erosão e assoreamento dos cursos de água. A avaliação e determinação da capacidade do uso das terras numa bacia hidrográfica são de vital importância para o planejamento e uso racional do solo e outros recursos da terra, dado que o uso inadequado e sem observância da sua capacidade do suporte tem provocado sua degradação. A partir de avaliações dos elementos do meio físico e das atividades desenvolvidas na região compreendidas entre as bacias de Chanagalane e Mazimunhama, com destaque para as de agropecuárias, fez-se uma avaliação das terras, pelo sistema de capacidade de uso, conjugado com as classes de manejo do sistema de aptidão agrícola das terras, a fim de atender ao planejamento e conservação dos recursos da terra e minimizar os problemas ambientais decorrentes do seu uso inadequado. Os dados foram gerados e integrados no SIG Arcinfo/Arcgis 9.2. Os planos de informação para entrada e cruzamento no SIG foram a carta de solos, cartas topográficas (Classes de declives) e uso das terras. Este último componente foi obtido por processamento digital de imagens ASTER. As análises permitiram concluir que a unidades de solos Bv (Basaltos vermelhos) de textura francoargilo- arenoso que ocorrem em declive plano (0-3%) cobrem a maior parte área de estudo com 172.8 km2 (30.1%); este solo foi avaliado como classe IIIs-p/f no sistema de capacidade de uso e 2ab(c) no sistema de avaliação para a aptidão agrícola, mostrando que é um solo adequado para o cultivo de culturas anuais e até perenes, porém têm problemas ligados a profundidade efetiva dos solos e à baixa fertilidade. Por causa da limitante profundidade não é recomendável o uso de mecanização pesada. A segunda unidade de solos que ocupa uma área considerável da área em estudo é a dos solos coluvionares (C) com 154.9 Km2 (26.9%) que ocorrem em relevo suave ondulado a ondulado e estão inclusos na subclasse IVs-sl/so. Estes solos são limitados pela salinidade e sodicidade e risco de inundação.
Abstract: The study area consists of the sub-basins of the Changalane and Mazimunhama rivers, tributaries of the Tembe river, situated in the Maputo province of Southern Mozambique. The region is recognized by the national and provincial authorities as being under pressure from: agricultural use, deforestation due to uncontrolled exploitation of forests, forest fires and the farming of cattle and goats. These factors are creating and exacerbating social and environmental problems, in particular: food insecurity, low crop yields, erosion and siltation of water courses. The evaluation and determination of land use capacity in a hydrographic basin is of vital importance to the planning and rational use of soil and other terrestrial resources given that misuse and disregard of this capacity lead to degradation. From an evaluation of the physical environment and the activities undertaken in the Chanagalane and Mazimunhama basin regions, especially those concerning argiculture, an assessment was made of the land use capability by combining the concepts of system management and agricultural fitness. The purpose of this evaluation was to address the issues of land-use planning and conservation in particular by minimizing the environmental problems arising from misuse. The data were generated and integrated using GIS Arcinfo/Arcgis 9.2. The information layers used included maps of both soil and topography (slope classes) as well a land use map. The latter component was obtained by the digital processing of ASTER images. The analysis showed that the Bv (Basaltos vermelhos) soil units, with a loam-clay-sandy texture, occur on the plains (slope; 0-3%) and cover most of the study area (172.8 km2, 30.1%). This soil was rated as Class IIIs-p/f when evaluated using the land-use capability system 2ab(c), indicating that it is adequate for the cultivation of annual and even perennial crops. However there exist problems regarding the depth of the soil and its low fertility, because of this limited depth it is not recommended to use heavy mechanization. The second soil unit, which occupies a considerable portion of the study area (154.9 km2, 26.9%), consists of the coluvionares soils (C). They occur in regions with mildly to considerably undulating relief and are included in the subclass IVs-sl/so. These soils are limited by their salinity, sodicity and flood risk.
Mestrado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Mestre em Geografia

Orientadores: Luis Otávio Zanatta Sarian, Aarão Mendes Pinto Neto
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Introdução: As condições econômicas e sociais encontradas na maior parte da África sub-Saariana são refletidas na qualidade da assistência à saúde. A melhora das condições de assistência ambulatorial e médico-hospitalar, neste contexto, envolve a capacitação do capital humano, isto é, treinamento e formação de profissionais, e alocação de recursos para insumos e infraestrutura. Dadas às limitações econômicas e técnicas do continente, essas ações costumam ser viabilizadas por ações cooperativas entre governos e instituições locais e estrangeiras. No Hospital Central de Maputo (HCM), em cooperação com o Ministério da Saúde de Moçambique (MSM), a Unicamp desenvolveu um projeto de pesquisa visando à identificação de necessidades de infraestrutura hospitalar e capacitação profissional com vistas a melhorar as taxas de infecção hospitalar e a qualidade à assistência em geral. Objetivo: 1) avaliar as ações executadas desde 2008 pelo MSM, junto com outros organismos multinacionais, na Enfermaria de Cirurgia (EC) do HCM, com vistas à humanização e correção de deficiências primárias de infraestrutura e capacitação profissional; e 2) avaliar fatores relacionados às taxas de infecção hospitalar em pacientes internados na EC e elaborar um plano de controle de infecção hospitalar aplicável e exequível segundo as condições locais. Métodos: Na primeira parte do estudo (referente ao objetivo 1), relatamos o processo de melhorias implementadas na EC a partir da aplicação de um Instrumento de Avaliação de Desempenho (IAD), desenvolvido em colaboração com o MSM, cujas funções eram determinar as necessidades de recursos humanos, organização em serviço, segurança do paciente e satisfação da equipe profissional. O IAD também determinava 83 metas, relacionadas aqueles aspectos mencionados. Este instrumento foi inicialmente utilizado em 2009, e a partir dos resultados obtidos foram delineadas e implantadas intervenções voltadas à correção das limitações do serviço. A partir de então, o IAD permaneceu em uso contínuo pelos profissionais da EC e os resultados obtidos subsequentemente são relatados e comentados nesta tese. A segunda parte do estudo (referente ao objetivo 2) trata das duas primeiras de três fases de um estudo de intervenção, desenhado para 1) determinar a taxa de infecção hospitalar (IH) e suas características na Enfermaria de Cirurgia; 2) propor um plano de controle de IH (PCIH) baseado nos achados de 1). A fase 3, que visa a implantação do PCIH e a avaliação de seus resultados, será realizada posteriormente. Resultados: Em janeiro de 2009, na primeira aplicação do IAD, 49% das metas preconizadas já eram atingidas pela EC; após ações baseadas nos resultados da primeira aplicação do IAD, em junho e setembro de 2009, 88% e 90% das metas haviam sido atingidas, respectivamente. Foram detectadas melhoras substanciais nas práticas de enfermagem, níveis de satisfação de pacientes e estudantes, higienização do ambiente hospitalar e organização do serviço. Em 2011, teve início a segunda parte do estudo, referente à infecção hospitalar na EC. A taxa de IH foi estabelecida em 16.6% e esteve associada ao maior tempo de internação dos pacientes e à menor utilização de artigos hospitalares críticos (agulhas, sondas, bisturis, entre outros). Foi desenvolvido um plano de controle de infecção hospitalar que aborda a melhoria do treinamento de profissionais médicos e não médicos para os fatores associados à IH. Conclusões: A intervenção baseada na elaboração e aplicação o IAD permitiu a melhoria de indicadores de qualidade e satisfação em uma Enfermaria de Cirurgia de um hospital moçambicano, e a taxa de infecção na Enfermaria de Cirurgia do HCM pode ser reduzida com intervenções voltadas a redução do tempo de hospitalização e maior investimento em artigos hospitalares críticos
Abstract: Introduction: The economic and social conditions found in most of sub- Saharan Africa are reflected in the quality of health care. The improvement of the conditions of outpatient care and healthcare in this context involves the training of human capital, ie, education and training of professionals, and resource allocation to inputs and infrastructure. Given the economic and technical limitations of the continent, these actions are often made possible by cooperative actions between governments, local and foreign intuitions. In Maputo Central Hospital (HCM), in cooperation with the Ministry of Health of Mozambique (MSM), Unicamp developed a research project aimed at identifying basic needs of hospital infrastructure and professional training in order to decrease hospital infection rates and quality of care in general. Objective: 1) to evaluate actions taken since 2008 by the MSM, along with other international organizations in surgery ward (EC) HCM, to improve humanization and correction of deficiencies related to infrastructure and job training, and 2) to evaluate essential aspects related to hospital infection rates in patients hospitalized at EC and develop a plan for hospital infection control applicable and enforceable according to local conditions. Methods: In the first part of the study (for the purpose of 1), we report the improvement process implemented in EC from the application of a Performance Assessment (PA), developed in collaboration with the MSM, whose duties were to determine the needs of human resources, service organization, patient safety and satisfaction of professional staff. The PA also determined 83 goals, related to those aspects. This instrument was first used in 2009, and from the results obtained was outlined and implemented interventions that aimed at correcting the limitations of the service. Since then, the PA remained in continuous use by professional EC and results are reported and discussed in this thesis. The second part of the study (related to objective 2) addresses the first two of three phases of an intervention study designed to 1) investigate the rate of nosocomial infection (NI) and their characteristics in MS, 2) propose a control plan IH (HICP) based on the findings of 1) Phase 3, which aims to set the HICP and the evaluation of its results, will be held later. Results: In January 2009, the first application of the IAD, 49% of the recommended goals were already stricken ECII; following actions based on the results of the first application of the IAD in June and September 2009, 88% and 90% of the targets had been reached, respectively. We detected substantial improvements in nursing practice, levels of satisfaction of patients and students, hygienic cleaning and service organization. In 2011 began the second part of the study, referring to nosocomial infection in EC. The rate of NI was established in 16.6% and was associated with longer hospital patients staying and less use of hospital critical items (needles, probes, scalpels, etc.). A plan was developed for hospital infection control that addresses the improvement of the training of medical professionals and decrease of nonmedical factors associated with IH. Conclusions: The intervention based on development and implementation PA allowed the improvement of quality indicators and satisfaction in a general ward of a hospital Mozambique, and the rate of infection in the General Infirmary HCM, can be reduced with interventions aimed at reducing the time hospitalization and greater investment in hospital critical articles
Doutorado
Oncologia Ginecológica e Mamária
Doutora em Ciências da Saúde

Many NGOs have tried to implement cooperation projects in water services in Africa. A percentage of them has been successful when it comes to sustainability but a significant proportion has failed . Discovering and analyzing the conditions that make the sustainability of development cooperation projects has been the ultimate goal of our research. A first objective was to determine the limitations that development projects in water services face in the process of sustainable urbanization. In a subsequent step we have tried to study whether the acceptance of private water connections meets the demand generated by the target population. Moreover, the comparison of the evolution of cooperation projects in the four case studies allowed us to determine whether the interaction of stakeholders ensures the inclusion of all actors and the optimal response to the needs of the final beneficiaries. We have employed various methodological instruments. First we have addressed four case studies where focus groups and interviews with key informants have been conducted in the qualitative analysis. It has also been supplemented by the quantitative study from developed questionnaires to the target population. For data processing three software tools have been used EPANET, SPSS and ArcGIS. Among the final conclusions we highlight the need to focus on continuous support for cooperation projects in water services for a period not less than ten years. The second final conclusion indicates that all projects studied required a strengthening of the structures responsible for decision making. In our case studies institutional sustainability has proven to be the weakest dimension. The third final conclusion is the need to sacrifice the sense of ownership of the systems implemented in the community for longer than the time period of implementation. The case study in Idjwi shows that the interventions where there has been more participation from the external organization, resulting in a reduction in the sense of ownership, show better rates of progress towards sustainability. The fourth final conclusion is the need to offer alternatives to the population to have access to improved services. The data show that residents of the case study in Maputo could not access the services offered for a domestic connection due to the economic conditions attached to such service. The fifth final conclusion establishes the need to incorporate the specific needs of the vulnerable population in the overall approach. In the case study of Wukro public standpipes have been reduced although they served part of the population infected with HIV who have fewer economic resources and higher water needs . The sixth final conclusion would be the creation of a methodology to address the sustainability of cooperation projects in water services. A template is provided which can be used by the implementing agencies, both NGOs as funding agencies, in order to assess the sustainability of projects. This tool includes indicators grouped into five areas: economic, technical, health-environment, social and institutional . The evaluation of these indicators will both analyze long -term outcomes of an implementation and guide the formulation of the objectives of the implementation in the design stage.
Nombroses *ONGDs han intentat implementar projectes de cooperació en serveis d'aigua a Àfrica. D'ells un percentatge ha estat reeixit a l'hora d'aconseguir la sostenibilitat però una proporció important no ho ha aconseguit. Descobrir i analitzar les condicions que marquen la sostenibilitat dels projectes de cooperació i desenvolupament ha constituït la finalitat última de la nostra recerca. Un primer objectiu ha estat determinar les limitacions en el procés d'urbanització sostenible a les quals s'enfronten els projectes de desenvolupament en serveis d'aigua. En un pas posterior hem tractat d'estudiar si l'acceptació de connexions domiciliàries a la xarxa de proveïment cobreix la demanda generada per la població beneficiària. A més la comparativa de l'evolució dels projectes de cooperació en els quatre casos d'estudi ens ha permès esbrinar si l'articulació dels actors implicats garanteix la inclusió de tots els agents i l'òptima resposta a les necessitats dels beneficiaris finals. S'han emprat diversos instruments de metodològics. En primer lloc s'han abordat quatre casos d'estudi on s'han dut a terme grups focals i entrevistes a informadors clau dins de l'anàlisi qualitativa. A més s'ha complementat amb l'estudi quantitatiu procedent dels qüestionaris desenvolupats entre la població beneficiària. Per al processament de dades s'ha comptat amb tres eines informàtiques *EpaNET, *SPSS i *ArcGIS.Entre les conclusions finals destaquem la necessitat d'enfocar els projectes de cooperació en serveis d'aigua sota el prisma de la necessitat d'acompanyament per part de les agències *implementadores per un termini no inferior a deu anys. La segona conclusió final indica que els projectes estudiats requerien tots ells un enfortiment de les estructures encarregades de la presa de decisions. La dimensió classificada com a sostenibilitat institucional ha resultat en els nostres casos d'estudi ha demostrat ser la més feble. La tercera conclusió final és la necessitat de sacrificar el sentiment d'apropiació dels sistemes implementats entre la comunitat durant un període superior als terminis d'implementació. El cas d'estudi en *Idjwi demostra que en un període de deu anys les intervencions on hi ha hagut major intervencionisme, resultant en una reducció del sentiment d'apropiació, mostren millors índexs d'avanç cap a la sostenibilitat. La quarta conclusió final tracta sobre l'oferta d'alternatives a la població per poder accedir als serveis millorats en els projectes de cooperació. Les dades demostren que els residents del cas d'estudi de Maputo no podien accedir als serveis oferts per realitzar una connexió domèstica a causa de les condicions econòmiques associades a tal servei. La cinquena conclusió final estableix la necessitat d'incorporar els requeriments específics de la població vulnerable dins de l'enfocament global. En el cas d'estudi de *Wukro s'han reduït els punts de subministrament per mitjà de fonts públiques que servia a la part de la població infectada amb el virus del VIH i que tenint menys recursos econòmics presenta necessitats d'aigua majors. La sisena conclusió final seria la conformació d'una metodologia per abordar la sostenibilitat dels projectes de cooperació en serveis d'aigua. S'aporta un format de treball a manera de plantilla que pot ser utilitzat per les agències *implementadoras, tant *ONGDs com a agències finançadores, en l'avaluació de la sostenibilitat dels projectes. Aquesta eina dissenya indicadors agrupats en cinc àrees: sostenibilitat econòmica, tècnica, salut-ambienti, social i institucional. L'avaluació d'aquests indicadors servirà tant per analitzar a llarg termini els resultats d'una implementació com per guiar els objectius de la formulació d'aquesta implementació en l'etapa de disseny.

A dissertação compreendeu dois estudos sobre jovens dos 16 aos 25 anos em situação de reclusão em Maputo, Moçambique. O Estudo 1 foi documental e descreveu as características biossociodemográficas dos jovens. O Estudo 2 integrou seis participantes e investigou as motivações do comportamento infractor e as perspectivas após o cumprimento da pena. No Estudo 1 foram analisadas informações de 172 “Certidões de Sentença e Liquidação da Pena” arquivadas entre 2009 a 2011 em três penitenciárias. Usou-se o delineamento quantitativo, com base em estatísticas descritivas e testes estatísticos. Constatou-se que maior parte dos jovens era do sexo masculino. Os jovens praticaram em grande escala crimes contra a propriedade, com destaque para os homens. A prevalência de mulheres verificou-se nos crimes contra a integridade física e a saúde das pessoas. Registou-se um aumento do número de jovens condenados à medida que se progredia nas faixas etárias. Parte significativa dos jovens cumpriu penas correccionais, era condenada pela primeira vez, não tinha ocupação ou trabalhava no sector informal, e provinha dos bairros suburbanos da cidade de Maputo. O Estudo 2 foi qualitativo e analisou o conteúdo das entrevistas de seis jovens reclusos. Destes, quatro eram do sexo masculino e duas do sexo feminino. Os resultados indicaram que o cometimento dos crimes esteve relacionado à satisfação de necessidades básicas de sobrevivência no contexto das limitações socioeconómicas e afectivas vividas no momento. Os jovens mostraram interesse em reintegrarem-se à sociedade e desenvolverem projectos pessoais. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de implementação de programas estruturados de acompanhamento psicossocial no período posterior ao cumprimento da pena.
The dissertation consisted of two studies on youth 16 to 25 years in reclusion situation in Maputo, Mozambique.The Study 1 was documentary and described the biosociodemographic characteristics of these youth. In the Study 2 participated six youth and it was investigated the reasons for their delinquent behavior and their prospects after serving the sentence. In the Study 1 were analyzed information from 172 "Certificates of Award and Liquidation of Penalty" filed between 2009 to 2011 in three prisons. It was utilized the quantitative design, based on descriptive statistics and statistical tests. It was found that most youth were male. The crimes against property were committed in large scale, especially by male. The prevalence of women was found in crimes against physical integrity and health of people. It was observed that the number of youth offenders increased as they progressed in the age. Furthermore, significant proportion of youth fulfilled correctional sentences, were convicted for the first time, had no occupation or worked in the informal sector, and came from the suburban neighborhoods of Maputo. The Study 2 was qualitative and analyzed the content of the interviews of six incarcerated youth. Of these, four were male and two female. The results indicated that the committing of the crimes was related to meeting basic survival needs in the context of socioeconomic and emotional limitations experienced in the moment . The youths showed an interest in reintegrate into society and to develop personal projects. These results suggest the need for implementation of structured psychosocial programs for those people after release from prison.