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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maraging Steels'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 September 2023

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1

El-Mahallawi, I. S. E. D. "Maraging steels for cast tooling." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375352.

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2

Sha, W. "Atom probe studies of phase transformations in maraging steels." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302899.

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3

Pan, Xin. "Development of lean maraging steels for ultra high strength applications." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20511/.

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Lean maraging steels were designed for several application sectors by providing very high strength and ductility, with the addition of relatively cheaper elements like manganese. In this work, the microstructural and mechanical properties of four niobium-containing (0.035 wt. %) and vanadium-containing (0.02 wt. %) Fe-7Mn-2Ni-1Ti-1Mo-0.03C (in wt. %) with different content of aluminium (1~2 wt. %) aged at different temperatures between 420 °C and 570 °C were investigated. As-quenched Fe-7Mn alloys exhibited a good combination of high strength (~700 MPa of 0.2 proof strength, ~ 850 MPa of UTS) and ductility (~ 10 % tensile elongation). The as-quenched microstructure consisted of lath martensite and a small amount (~ 0.3 vol. %) of micronsized (Ti, Mo, Nb/V)C carbides. The aging process significantly strengthened/hardened the Fe-7Mn alloys which is due to the formation of nano-sized Nix(Ti, Mn, Al) precipitates. Nix(Ti, Mn, Al) precipitates exhibit a very high number density (52.9×1014/m2 in the peak-aged state of Alloy 2, aged at 500 °C for 24 h) and fine size (average diameter was 17.4 ± 4.2 nm after aged at 500 °C for 168 h). The Vickers hardness increased with aging time in the under-aged stage which was due to the precipitate growth and the alloy was strengthened by Orowan bypassing mechanism. The hardness decreased with aging time after the peak hardness as the precipitate coarsened. There were two types of the crystal structure observed for Nix(Ti, Mn, Al) precipitates: The L21-Ni2(Ti, Mn, Al) phase (lattice parameter, a = 0.5863 ~ 0.5895 nm, which is co-planar with martensite matrix, with only 1.72 % of lattice misfit. And the L12-Ni3(Ti, Mn, Al) structure ( a = 0.3598 ~ 0.3613 nm). A short time-aging resulted in a yield strength above 1 GPa but led to embrittlement of Fe-7Mn alloys, which was believed to be due to the segregation of Mn to the grain boundaries. Both carbides and nano-precipitates formed along grain boundaries were likely to reduce the cohesion across the boundary plane, as well as resulted in stress-strain incompatibilities. However, the prolonged aging resulted in the formation of reverted austenite (RA) in the over-aged stage, which led to the recovery of ductility when aged at 570 °C as the austenite reversion removed the Mn solute from the grain boundaries. Reverted austenite exhibited lath-like shape with the length between 50 and 2000 nm. Both the size and volume fraction of RA increased with the increasing aging time and aging temperature. RA was formed with the diffusion-controlled mechanism, and it was observed exhibiting a Kurdjumov-Sachs (K-S) orientation relationship with the neighbouring aged martensite grains with an enrichment of Mn and Ni. Higher content of Al addition resulted in ~ 25 vol. % of δ-ferrite in the as-quenched microstructure, which was stable during aging. 2 wt. % of Al also resulted in higher volume fraction of nano-precipitates and increased the dissolution temperature of precipitates, however, it delayed the peak-aging time and austenite reversion. Nb-containing alloys exhibited relatively finer size of prior austenite grains and (Ti, Mo, V)C carbides, larger size and higher number density of Ni(Ti, Mn, Al) precipitates, but slightly lower austenite fraction, compared to V-containing alloys. Based on the results, it is suggested that Alloy 3 aged at 570 °C for 2~6 h gives the optimized mechanical properties.
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4

VICTOR, OLAVO B. dos S. "Contribuicao ao estudo da cinetica do envelhecimento de acos 'maraging'." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1990. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10230.

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IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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5

Qian, Feng. "Microstructural evolution of Mn-based maraging steels and their influences on mechanical properties." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9459/.

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A set of Mn-based maraging TRIP steels was designed by Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH (MPIE) for light weight and safe automotive applications. According to their research, these Mn-based maraging TRIP steels exhibited a simultaneous increase in both strength and ductility upon aging. They attributed this surprising effect to the combination of precipitation strengthening mechanism and TRIP effect of reverted/retained austenite. This thesis carried out a further study on this type of steels with minor modification of chemical composition (7-12 wt.% Mn, with additional ~ 1 wt.% Al). The unknown precipitates were characterized as L21-ordered Ni2TiAl intermetallic phase for the first time. This type of precipitates is not only coherent but also coplanar with the martensite matrix. Their special orientation relationship together with the small lattice misfit (1.24%) led to the precipitates remaining coherent with the martensite matrix even after a long-term aging for 10080 min. Analyses on precipitate size revealed that the coarsening rate constants follows the diffusion-controlled coarsening kinetics form r ̅^3~Kt predicted by LSW theory, but the experimental precipitate size distributions (PSDs) is much broader than the theoretical PSD function. In addition, a core/shell structure was observed within the precipitates, but the exact structure of this structure is still not clear. The formation of reverted austenite nanolayers initiated at the onset of aging by a diffusionless shear mechanism since the critical Mn concentration for austenite reversion at the interface is very low. The accumulated Mn segregation at grain boundaries in the following aging led to the austenite nanolayers that grew to lath-like reverted austenite, which means the lateral growth of austenite was supported by the diffusion of Mn. Due to the low diffusion rate of Mn and the thermodynamic resistance to coalescence, the growth rate of lath-like reverted austenite is slow and thus the austenite maintained in the range 70-200 nm for a long time. The segregation of Ti and Mo on grain boundaries in the initial aging stage resulted in the Mn concentration of austenite nanolayers being far from that indicated by the equilibrium Fe-Mn phase diagram. The segregation of Ti and Mo gradually vanished with the enrichment of Mn during the succeeding aging process. The TEM-EDS analyses revealed the Mn concentration of lath-like austenite was at the level of ~24 at.% which is higher than that of retained austenite (8-12 at.%) reported in conventional Mn-based TRIP or Q&P steels. Nanoindentation testing revealed that the high stability of reverted austenite in Mn-based maraging steels was mainly attributed to the high Mn concentration of austenite. The nano-size of reverted austenite was also considered to be responsible for the high stability. Severe embrittlement occurred in samples aged at lower temperatures or for short times. Increasing aging temperatures and duration can significantly improve the embrittlement phenomena. An ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1120 MPa with total elongation (TE) of 18.4% was obtained in the 12% Mn alloy by aging at 500 °C for 5760 min. It was demonstrated that the dense precipitates contributed to the increase in yield strength whereas the work hardening of reverted austenite contributed to the enhanced strength and ductility after yielding. The TRIP effect of reverted austenite reported by Raabe et al. does not occur to any significant amount owing to the high stability of reverted austenite in Mn-based maraging steels.
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6

Santos, Luis Paulo MourÃo dos. "AvaliaÃÃo da fragilizaÃÃo por hidrogÃnio no aÃo maraging 300." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12599.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior
Os aÃos maraging sÃo ligas de ultra-alta resistÃncia com vasta aplicaÃÃo na engenharia, desde vasos de alta pressÃo de operaÃÃo em processos crÃticos, componentes aeronÃuticos, aplicaÃÃes militares atà equipamentos esportivos. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar os efeitos da fragilizaÃÃo por hidrogÃnio no aÃo maraging 18% Ni da classe 300, nas condiÃÃes solubilizada e envelhecida. As amostras foram solubilizadas a 1093 Â10K por 3,6 ks, seguido de um resfriamento ao ar e envelhecidas a 753 e 843 Â10K por 10,8 ks, respectivamente e resfriadas ao ar. Foi realizada uma caracterizaÃÃo microestrutural por difraÃÃo de raios-X, correntes parasitas, medidas de dureza Rockwell e microscopia eletrÃnica e Ãptica. Para avaliar os efeitos do ingresso de hidrogÃnio nas propriedades mecÃnicas do aÃo maraging 18% Ni da classe 300 foram realizados ensaios de traÃÃo com baixa taxa de deformaÃÃo (BTD). A taxa de deformaÃÃo aplicada foi 1,0 x 10-6 s-1. Os ensaios foram realizados ao ar (meio inerte) e em soluÃÃo de 3,5% NaCl sob o potencial catÃdico de -1,2 VECS. Foi observada uma reduÃÃo de 11,06 para 3,89% no alongamento e de 61,28 para 10% na reduÃÃo de Ãrea para as amostras solubilizadas. As amostras envelhecidas a 753 Â10K por 10.8 ks apresentaram maior reduÃÃo nessas propriedades. Nesta condiÃÃo a reduÃÃo observada foi de 1929,26 MPa para amostras ensaiadas ao ar para 447,64 MPa para amostras ensaiadas em soluÃÃo de 3,5% NaCl sob potencial catÃdico no limite de resistÃncia e de 7,30 para 1,62 % no alongamento. As amostras envelhecidas a 843 Â10K, as quais apresentaram de cerca de 10% de austenita sofreram fragilizaÃÃo similar as amostras envelhecidas a 753 Â10K. Trincas secundÃrias perpendiculares a carga aplicada foram observadas nas amostras solubilizadas e ensaiadas em soluÃÃo de 3,5% NaCl sob potencial catÃdico. Os resultados indicam que a presenÃa de precipitados e de austenita revertida impedem a propagaÃÃo de trincas secundÃrias na seÃÃo longitudinal nas condiÃÃes envelhecidas. A anÃlise da superfÃcie de fratura revelou caracterÃstica de uma fratura dÃctil nas amostras ensaiadas ao ar com dimples de diferentes tamanhos e profundidades, enquanto que nas amostras ensaiadas em soluÃÃo de 3,5% NaCl sob potencial catÃdico foram observadas trincas induzidas pelo hidrogÃnio e microcavidades e regiÃes de quase-clivagem para todas as condiÃÃes estudadas.
Maraging steels are ultra high strength alloys widely used in engineering applications from high pressure vessels operating in critical processes, aircraft components, military applications to sports equipment. This work assessed the effects of hydrogen embrittlement in 18% Ni maraging grade 300 steel in the solution annealed and aged conditions. Samples were solution annealed at 1093 Â10K for 3.6 ks, followed by air cooling and aging at 753 and 843 Â10K for 10.8 ks, respectively, and cooled by air. The microstructure was characterized by X-ray diffraction, eddy current, hardness measurement and optical and electron microscopy. To assess the effects of hydrogen ingress on the mechanical properties of 18% Ni maraging grade 300 steel, slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were performed. A strain rate of 1.0x10-6 s-1 was applied. The tests were carried out in air (middle inert) and the samples immersed in the electrolyte at a simultaneous potential of -1.2 VSEC. The results showed the reduction elongation from 11.06 to 3.89% and from 61,28 to 10% in reduction of area for samples in the solution annealed condition. The greatest reductions were observed in the samples aged at 753 Â10K for 10.8 ks. In this condition the reduction from 1929.26 MPa in air tests to 447.64 MPa in ultimate tensile strength and from 7.30 to 1.62% in elongation under cathodic polarization in the 3,5% NaCl solution was observed. The samples aged at 843 Â10K for 10.8 ks, where about 10% of reverted austenite was identified, showed evidence of hydrogen embrittlement as seen in the samples treated at different conditions. Secondary cracks, perpendicular to the loading direction at the longitudinal surface of the solution annealed fractured samples immersed in 3,5% NaCl solution under cathodic potential were seen. The results evidence that the precipitates and reverted austenite difficult secondary crack propagation in longitudinal section on aged samples. Scanning electron examination showed a change in fractografic features from ductile dimples to quasi-cleavage and microvoid modes when comparing samples without (air tested) and with hydrogen ingress.
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7

PADIAL, ARMANDO G. F. "Transformacoes de fase e propriedades mecanicas de um aco maraging sem cobalto." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1994. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10381.

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IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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8

Johansson, Kenny. "Process and microstructure development of a LPBF produced maraging steel." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för maskin- och materialteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-79004.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) has the possibility of producing complex-shaped components which can not be produced by conventional manufacturing methods. This gives the opportunity for designers to freely think outside the design spectra which is otherwise limited by conventional manufacturing methods. AM of metal has rapidly been developed for the last three decades, and they now are reaching industrial acceptance levels, metal feedstock for use in AM is also rapidly growing. AM of metals is especially of interest for the tooling industry. The design freedom which AM offers the tooling manufacturer can design complex cooling channels within moulds, which could reduce cycle time and enhance the quality of components produced with the moulds. Maraging steels have been proven to both be able to be processed with AM but also have comparable performance to traditionally carbon-based used tool steels. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) is one of the most promising AM systems today, by using powder as a feedstock it can produce high-resolution parts without needing to process them after they have been produced. However, there is a need to better understand processing within the LPBF system. This master thesis is aimed to process a newly developed maraging steel from Uddeholm, and conduct process parameter experiment and study their correlation to be able to produce samples with as few defects possible. It is crucial to conform to a good methodology for how to find those correlations and see how they influence the printed material. LPBF process has a multi-complex variable system, and by narrowing down the complexity by focus on the most influencing parameters as has been proven by many researchers. Even with a reduced focus, it is still a multi-variable problem. In this study a methodology of finding process parameters relations, a Design Of Experiment software was used, namely, MODDE. By screening of process parameter ranges, within the software, a statistical evaluation of operational process window can be found with fewer conducted experiment. Development of process parameter can traditionally be time-consuming and result in an unnecessary large number of experiments to find the operational window. The experiment showed that laser power and point distance had the most influencing effect on relative density, followed by exposure time and hatch distance. The experiment was firstly conducted with a layer thickness of 50 µm, the achieved relative density resulted in over 99.8 percent. However, a large lack of fusion defects was observed inside the specimens. Even though a high relative density was measured, a pore analysis has to be conducted to fully understand the size and shape of defects since they can have a severe impact on mechanical properties. It was believed that the layer thickness was too high and that the defects could be reduced by printing a set with same process parameters but with a lower layer thickness of 40 µm instead. The reduction of layer thickness did result in a significant decrease of the defects observed. However, future work after this thesis must be continued to further optimize and to increase the solidity of printed material to reach closer to its conventional produced relatives
Additiv tillverkning har möjligheten att producera komplext konstruerade komponenter som inte kan produceras med konventionella tillverkningsmetoder. Detta ger konstruktörer möjligheten att fritt tänka utanför designspektra som annars begränsas av konventionella tillverkningsmetoder. Additiv tillverkning av metall har snabbt utvecklats under de senaste tre decennierna och har nu nått industriella acceptansnivåer. Metallråvara för användning i additiv tillverkning växer snabbt. Additiv tillverkning av metaller är särskilt intressant för verktygsindustrin, designfriheten som additiv tillverkning kan erbjuda verktygstillverkaren för att kunna utforma komplexa kylkanaler inuti formar. Det kan således reducera cykeltiden och förbättra kvaliteten på komponenter som produceras med formarna. Maråldringsststål har visat sig att både kunna processas i additiv tillverkning och har jämförbara egenskaper med traditionellt kolbaserade verktygsstål. Pulverbäddsystemet är ett av de mest lovande systemen idag, genom att använda pulver som råmaterial kan systemet producera komponenter med hög noggranhet utan att behöva bearbeta dem efter att processen är klar. Det finns emellertid ett behov av att bättre förstå själva processen inom pulverbädds teknologin. Den här masteruppsatsen syftar till att additivt tillverka ett nyutvecklat maråldringsstål från Uddeholm. Samt att genomföra processparameterexperiment och studera deras korrelation för att kunna producera prover med så få defekter som möjligt. Det är avgörande att hitta en metod för hur man hittar korrelationerna och se hur de påverkar det tillverkade materialet. Pulverbäddsystemet har ett multikomplext variabelsystem. För att minska komplexiteten kan fokus läggas på de mest inflytelserika processparametrarna, vilket har bevisats av många forskare. Även med ett reducerat fokus är det fortfarande ett flervariabelsproblem. I denna studie användes en metod för att hitta relationer mellan processparametrar och en Design Of Experiment-programvara, nämligen MODDE. Genom screening av processparametrar, inom programvaran, kan en statistisk utvärdering av operativt processfönster hittas med färre genomförda experiment. Utvecklingen av processparametrar kan traditionellt vara tidskrävande och resultera i ett onödigt stort antal experiment för att hitta det operativa fönstret av processparametrar. Experimentet visade att lasereffekt och punktavstånd påverkande den relativa densiteten mest, följt av exponeringstiden och spåravståndet. Experimentet genomfördes först med en lagertjocklek av 50 mikrometer, lagertjockleken resulterade i en relativ densitet på över 99,8 procent. Emellertid observerades stora fusionsdefekter inuti proverna. Även om en hög relativ densitet mättes, måste en poranalys genomföras för att fullt ut förstå storleken och formen på defekter eftersom de kan ha en avgörande inverkan på mekaniska egenskaperna. Det misstänktes att lagertjockleken var för hög och att defekterna kunde minskas genom att tillverka en ytterligare uppsättning av samma processparametrar men med en lägre lagertjocklek på 40 mikrometer istället. Minskningen av lagertjockleken resulterade i en signifikant minskning av de observerade defekterna. Framgent efter den här avhandlingen måste dock arbetet fortsätta att ytterligare optimera och öka soliditeten i det additivt tillverkade materialet. Det för att uppnå bättre prover och komma ännu närmre det konventionellt tillverkade materialets egenskaper.
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Gentil, Johannes Axel. "Surface Modification of Superaustenitic and Maraging Stainless Steels by Low-Temperature Gas-Phase Carburization." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1228456491.

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Kottman, Michael Andrew. "Additive Manufacturing of Maraging 250 Steels for the Rejuvenation and Repurposing of Die Casting Tooling." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1416854466.

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11

Cerra, Flórez Mauro Andrés. "Synthesis and characterization of oxides produced by high temperature corrosion on grade 300 and 350 maraging steels." Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672760.

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The aging heat treatments in maraging steels are fundamental to achieving their excellent mechanical properties and, in some applications using oxidation surface treatments lead to induce a superficial layer formed by iron spinel which in some cases it can be protective. In this research, an exhaustive study of the characterization and mechanical properties of the grade 300 and 350 maraging steels was performed. Trying to produce a spinel-like oxide film on these steels during the aging heat treatment at 485 ºC, a novel procedure with particular conditions based in different steps combining time,temperature, atmosphere and leakage were developed. Four applications of the procedure were made using Air, O2, CO2 or N2 in the first steps, and using similar conditions of steam, helium and N2 atmospheres in the rest of the procedure. Afterwards, the layer produced in all the procedures was microstructural and mechanically characterized by means of advanced characterization techniques at the micro- and submicrometric length scale in order to highlight information related to the generated oxide layers. Differences between the oxides produced in all the conditions were found, such as roughness, thickness, and the quantity of the superficial heterogeneities (ridges, valleys, cracks, porosity and peeling), but the most important results area related to the chemical composition and the adherence of the oxides. The results of the procedure using air and O2 atmospheres showed (in both steels) a non-homogeneous mix oxide formed by magnetite (Fe3O4), nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4), cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), MoO3, TiO2 and a particularly important quantify of hematite (a-Fe2O3). The oxide produced using CO2 atmosphere was formed by TiO2, MoO3, hematite and the spinel CoFe2O4 being the latter one the majority compound. And using the N2 atmosphere it was found that the oxide thickness (in both steels) was made up of the spinel’s Fe3O4 and CoFe2O4 (with amounts was close to ~ 85%), MoO3, TiO2 and no Hematite was found.
Los tratamientos térmicos de envejecimiento en aceros martens íticos son fundamentales para alcanzar sus excelentes propiedades mecánicas y, en algunas aplicaciones mediante tratamientos superficiales por oxidacón, se induce la producción de una capa superficial de oxido formada por la espinela de hierro y que en algunos casos puede ser protectora. En esta investigación se realizó un estudio exhaustivo de la caracterización y de las propiedades mecánicas de los aceros maraging 300 y 350. Intentando producir una película de óxido tipo espinela en estos aceros durante el tratamiento térmico de envejecimiento a 490ºC, se estableció un nuevo procedimiento con condiciones específicas, basado en diferentes etapas donde se combinan tiempo, temperatura, atm ósfera y flujo. Se realizaron cuatro aplicaciones del procedimiento utilizando aire sintético, O2, CO2 o N2 en las primeras etapas, y se utilizaron condiciones similares con vapor, helio y N2 en el resto del procedimiento. Posteriormente, los óxidos producidos fueron caracterizados microestructural y mecánicamente mediante técnicas avanzadas de caracterización en la escala de longitud micro y submicrom étrica con el fin de obtener informaciones relacionadas con los óxidos producidos, fueron encontrados resultados de grande interés. Se encontraron diferencias entre los óxidos producidos en las cuatro condiciones, tales como rugosidad, espesor y cantidad de heterogeneidades superficiales (crestas, valles, grietas, porosidad y descamaci ón), sin embargo, los resultados más importantes están relacionados con la composición química y la adherencia de los óxidos. Los resultados de los procedimientos usando las atmosferas con aire sintético y O2 mostraron (en ambos aceros) una mezcla de óxido no homogéneo formado por los espinelios: magnetita (Fe3O4), ferrita de níquel (NiFe2O4) y la ferrita de cobalto (CoFe2O4), pero también por MoO3, TiO2 y una cantidad particularmente importante de hematita (a-Fe2O3). El óxido producido en la atmósfera de CO2 está compuesto de TiO2, MoO3, hematita y en mayor cantidad, la espinela CoFe2O4. Y utilizando la atmósfera de N2, se encontró que el espesor del óxido (en ambos aceros) estaba compuesto por las espinelas Fe3O4 y CoFe2O4 (con cantidades cercanas a ~ 85%), MoO3, TiO2 y no se encontró hematita.
Os tratamentos térmicos de envelhecimento em aços maraging são fundamentais para o alcance de suas excelentes propriedades mecânicas e, em algumas aplicações usando tratamentos superficiais por oxidação, se induz à produção de uma camada superficial formada por espinélio de ferro que em alguns casos pode ser protetora. Nesta pesquisa, foi feito um estudo exaustivo da caracterização e propriedades mecânicas dos aços maraging 300 e 350. Tentando produzir um filme de óxido tipo espinélio sobre esses aços durante o tratamento térmico de envelhecimento a 490ºC, foi desenvolvido um novo procedimento com condições especificas, baseado em diferentes etapas onde é combinado tempo, temperatura, atmosfera e vazão. Quatro aplicações do procedimento foram feitas usando Ar sintético, O2, CO2 ou N2 nas primeiras etapas, e se utilizaram similares condições com vapor de água, hélio e N2 no restante do procedimento. Posteriormente, a camada produzida em todos os procedimentos foi caracterizada microestrutural e mecanicamente por meio de técnicas avançadas de caracterização na escala de comprimento micro e sub-micrométrica a fim de destacar informações relacionadas aos óxidos produzidos e resultados notavelmente interessantes foram encontrados. Foram encontradas diferenças entre os óxidos produzidos nas quatro condições, tais como a rugosidade, espessura e quantidade de heterogeneidades superficiais (cristas, vales, fissuras, porosidade e descamação). Porém, os resultados mais importantes estão relacionados à composição química e à aderência dos óxidos. Os resultados do procedimento usando atmosferas de ar sintético e O2 mostraram (em ambos os aços) uma mistura de óxido não homogênea formada pelos espinelios: magnetita (Fe3O4), ferrita de níquel (NiFe2O4), ferrita de cobalto (CoFe2O4), mas também por MoO3, TiO2 e uma quantidade particularmente importante de hematita (α-Fe2O3). O óxido produzido na atmosfera de CO2 é composto por TiO2, MoO3, hematita e o espinélio CoFe2O4 sendo este o composto majoritário. E usando a atmosfera de N2, verificou-se que a espessura do óxido (em ambos os aços) foi composta pelos espinelios Fe3O4 e CoFe2O4 (com quantidades próximas a ~ 85%), MoO3, TiO2 e nenhuma hematita foi encontrada.
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12

Carvalho, Leandro Gomes de. "Estudo dilatométrico das transformações de fase em aços maraging M300 e M350." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-26032012-112344/.

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Os aços maraging são aços de baixo teor de carbono com estrutura martensítica (CCC), que são endurecidos pela precipitação de fases intermetálicas. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar as transformações de fases desses aços: precipitação, reversão da martensita para a austenita e transformação martensítica. Nesse trabalho, foram caracterizadas uma corrida de aço maraging da série 300 e três corridas da série 350, usando diversas técnicas complementares: microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura com análise dispersiva de energia, microdurômetro, difração de raios-X, ferritoscópio e dilatometria. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as corridas com maiores teores de cobalto e titânio apresentaram maiores valores de microdureza nos estados solubilizado e envelhecido. Por outro lado, medidas dilatométricas mostraram que há uma influência significativa tanto da composição química, quanto da taxa de aquecimento nas reações de precipitação e reversão da martensita para a austenita. No entanto, a transformação martensítica mostrou-se dependente apenas da taxa de aquecimento.
Maraging steels are steels with a low carbon martensitic structure (BCC), which are hardened by precipitation of intermetallic phases. The aim of this work is to study the phase transformations of these steels: precipitation, martensite to austenite reversion and martensitic transformation. In this study, one cast of 300 grade and three casts of 350 grade were characterized using several complementary techniques: optical microscopy, scanning el ectron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis, microhardness, X-ray diffraction, ferritoscope and dilatometry. The results showed that the casts with higher concentrations of cobalt and titanium showed higher microhardness in the solution annealed and aged states. On the other hand, dilatometry measurements showed that there is a significant influence of both the chemical composition and the heating rate on the reactions of precipitation and reversion of martensite to austenite. However, the martensitic transformation was dependent solely on the heating rate.
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13

PADIAL, ARMANDO G. F. "Caracterizacao microestrutural do aco maraging de grau 400 de resistencia mecanica ultra-elevada." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2002. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10998.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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14

Vikhareva, Anna. "Tribological characterisation of additively manufactured hot forming steels." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-80588.

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Over the last decade, the application of ultra-high strength steel as safety components and structural reinforcements in automobile applications has increased due to their favourable high-strength-to-weight ratio. The complex shaped components are widely produced using hot stamping. However, this process encounters problems such as galling and increased wear of the tools due to harsh operating conditions associated to the elevated temperatures. Moreover, quenching is a critical step that affects the hot formed components. Slow cooling rates results in inhomogeneous mechanical properties and increased cycle time. Therefore, fast and homogeneous quenching of the formed components in combination with reduction of wear rates during hot forming are important targets to ensure the quality and efficiency of the process. The use of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies opens up potential solutions for novel tooling concepts. The manufacturing of complex shape cooling channels and integration of high-performance alloys at the surface could benefit the tribological performance in the forming operation. However, the research into high temperature tribological behaviour of AM materials in hot forming applications is very limited. The aim of this work is to study the tribological performance of additively manufactured materials. Two steels were used – a maraging steel and modified H13 tool steel. The hot work tool steel H13 is commonly applied for dies in metal forming processes. In this thesis it was used to study additive manufacturing as the processing route instead of conventional casting. The choice of a maraging steel is motivated by a possible application of high-performance alloys as a top layer on dies. The materials were post-machined and studied in milled, ground and shot-blasted conditions. The different post-machining operations were applied to study the effect of surface finish on the tribological behaviour and also to evaluate different methods of post-machining an AM surface. As fabricated dies are usually manufactured with milled surface. During its use, the dies undergo refurbishment after certain number of cycles and the surface condition is changed to a ground surface. These surface finishes are commonly tested for hot forming applications. The shot blasted operation was chosen as alternative surface finish. The process allows to prepare large sized tools easily and the surface has beneficial compressive stresses. The tribological behaviour of AM steels was studied using a hot strip drawing tribometer during sliding against a conventional Al-Si coated 22MnB5 steel. The workpiece temperature during the tests was 600 and 700°C. The results of the tribological performance of AM materials were compared to conventionally cast tool steel QRO90.The results have shown that the friction behaviour of both maraging and H13 steels at 600°C was stable and similar whereas at 700°C the COF was more unstable and resulted in an earlier failure of the tests due to increased material transfer of Al-Si coating from the workpiece surface.The main wear mechanisms for AM materials were galling and abrasion at both temperatures. Abrasion is more severe for the AM steels in comparison to cast tool steel QRO90. The galling formation on milled and ground surfaces showed similar behaviour to cast steel and it increased with higher workpiece temperatures. The shot-blasted surfaces showed less build-up of transferred material on the surface but folding of asperities and entrapment of Al-Si particles within surface defects generated during shot-blasting.
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15

MAXIMO, HENRY W. P. "Avaliação de propriedades mecânicas e microestruturais de juntas de aços maraging soldadas por meio dos processos laser e feixe de elétrons." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2014. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23827.

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Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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16

Carvalho, Leandro Gomes de. "Um estudo cinético da precipitação de compostos intermetálicos e da reversão da martensita em aços maraging 300 e 350." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-08122016-082802/.

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O objetivo dessa tese é contribuir para o entendimento da precipitação de compostos intermetálicos e da reversão da martensita por meio de modelos cinéticos, tanto em experimentos isotérmicos no aço maraging 350 (350B) como em estudos não-isotérmicos nos aços maraging 300 (300A), maraging 350 (350C). Além da cinética das transformações de fase, foram estudadas também as mudanças da microestrutura e dos mecanismos de endurecimento decorrentes de tratamentos térmicos de envelhecimento para o aço maraging 350B. Para estas finalidades, foram usadas diversas técnicas complementares de caracterização microestrutural, como microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) com espectroscopia por dispersão de energia de raios X (EDS), microdureza Vickers, difração de raios X (DRX) e ferritoscopia. Já a calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) foi usada para estudar a precipitação de compostos intermetálicos e reversão da martensita em experimentos não-isotérmicos. Os resultados dos experimentos não-isotérmicos de DSC com os aços maraging 300 e 350 evidenciaram que a precipitação ocorre em duas etapas. A primeira relacionada à difusão de soluto no volume com energia de ativação próxima da difusão do níquel e molibdênio na ferrita, enquanto a segunda acontece por meio da difusão de soluto ao longo das discordâncias com energia de ativação menor que a difusão do níquel e do molibdênio na ferrita. Observou-se também que a reversão da martensita pode ocorrer em duas etapas. A primeira etapa foi associada à difusão de soluto, enquanto a segunda foi relacionada ao mecanismo de cisalhamento. Já as observações microestruturais, por meio de microscopia óptica e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, evidenciaram que a austenita revertida formou-se nas regiões de interface, como os contornos de grão, contornos de pacote e contornos de ripas da estrutura martensítica para temperaturas a partir de 520 °C, enquanto a austenita revertida encontrada no interior das ripas da martensita formou-se a partir de 560 °C. O estudo da cinética de precipitação e do comportamento da curva de envelhecimento em um aço maraging 350 (350B), para tratamentos isotérmicos entre 440 e 600 °C, mostrou que as medidas de microdureza podem ser muito úteis para estudos dessa natureza nesses aços. A análise cinética da precipitação, realizada por meio do ajuste dos dados experimentais aos modelos JMAK e Austin-Rickett, mostrou que eles se ajustam bem a esses modelos com coeficiente de correlação próximo de 1. Entretanto, a interpretação dos valores de n, obtidos pela equação Austin-Rickett, mostrou que eles têm maior concordância com as mudanças microestruturais observadas nos aços maraging, em estudos anteriores, se comparados com aqueles estimados por meio da equação JMAK. A interpretação das constantes n, usando a equação Austin-Rickett, permitiu estabelecer diversas etapas para a precipitação. Na primeira ocorre a precipitação nas discordâncias para 440 °C, seguida pelo crescimento de cilindros longos e finitos em comparação com a distância de separação deles para 480 °C e, por fim, o crescimento de precipitados partindo de dimensões pequenas com taxa de nucleação zero para 520 e 560 °C. Já o estudo do comportamento da curva de envelhecimento para diversos tempos entre 440 e 600 °C em aço maraging 350 (350B) mostrou que esse aço apresenta uma etapa de endurecimento e outra de amolecimento. Essa etapa de endurecimento, comumente atribuída à formação de fases intermetálicas coerentes e semicoerentes, pode subdividir-se em dois estágios para as temperaturas de envelhecimento de 440 e 480 ºC ou apresentar um único estágio para 520 e 560 ºC. Já a etapa de amolecimento é associada não somente ao mecanismo clássico de superenvelhecimento em que a queda na resistência mecânica ocorre em virtude da perda de coerência e do engrossamento de precipitados, mas também como consequência da formação de austenita revertida a partir da martensita, especialmente, para temperaturas entre 520 e 600 ºC.
The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of precipitation of intermetallic compounds and reversion of martensite through kinetic models, as in isothermal experiments in maraging 350 steel (350B) as in non-isothermal studies in maraging steels 300 (300A) maraging 350 (350C). In addition to kinetics of phase transformation, they were also investigated both the changes of the microstructure and the mechanisms of hardening due to aging heat treatments for the maraging steel 350B. For these purposes, we used several complementary techniques for microstructural characterization, such as optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Vickers hardness, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and feritscope, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the precipitation of intermetallic compounds and reversion of martensite in non-isothermal experiments. The results of the non-isothermal DSC experiments with the maraging steel 300 and 350 showed that precipitation occurs in two steps. First stage related to the diffusion of solute in bulk with activation energy next to nickel diffusion and molybdenum in the ferrite, while second stage occurs through the solute diffusion along dislocations with lower activation energy than the diffusion of nickel and molybdenum in ferrite. It was also observed that the reversion of the martensite can occur in two steps. First stage was associated with the solute diffusion, while the second stage is related to the shear mechanism. Microstructural observations by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that austenite reverted was formed in the interface regions, such as grain boundaries, packet boundaries and lath boundaries of martensitic structure for temperatures from the 520 °C, while the reverted austenite found within the martensite laths formed from 560 °C. Study of the kinetics of precipitation and aging hardening behavior in a 350 maraging steel (350B), by isothermal treatments between 440 and 600 °C, showed that the microhardness measurements can be very useful for such studies in these steels. Kinetics of precipitation analysis was carried out by adjusting the experimental data to JMAK and Austin-Rickett models. It showed that they fit well to these models with a correlation coefficient close to 1. However, the interpretation of the n values, obtained by Austin-Rickett equation, they have showed higher agreement with the observed microstructural changes in the maraging steel, in previous studies, when compared with those estimated by JMAK equation. The interpretation of the constants, using the Austin-Rickett equation, revealed several steps to precipitation. In the first precipitates on dislocations for 440 °C followed by growth of long and finite cylinders in comparison with the distance their separation for 480 °C and, finally, the growth of precipitates starting from small dimensions with nucleation rate zero for 520 and 560 °C. Study of aging hardening behavior curve for various times between 440 and 600 °C in maraging steel 350 (350B) showed that the steel has a hardening step and another softening. This step of hardening, commonly attributed to the formation of intermetallic phases coherent and semicoerentes, it can be divided into two stages to the aging temperatures of 440 and 480 °C or present a single stage 520 and 560 °C. Since the softening stage is associated not only to classic overaging mechanism in which a drop in mechanical strength occurs due to loss of coherence and precipitate coarsening, but also as a consequence of austenite formation reverted from the martensite especially to temperatures between 520 and 600 °C.
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17

Thorpe, Adam. "The Sintering of maraging steel with phosphorous additions /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17533.pdf.

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18

Rivalta, Francesco. "Effect of the scanning strategy on the SLM produced 18Ni300 maraging steel." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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The aim of the thesis has been to investigate the effect of the scanning strategy and the main process parameters on the final parts produced through Selective Laser Melting. Selective laser melting (SLM) is the most common Powder Bed Fusion technology and it uses high energy laser to selectively melt pre-deposited powders. The printed material is the 18Ni300 maraging steel, a low-carbon ultra-high strength steel whose properties derive from the presence of nickel-based intermetallic compounds. Thanks to their good weldability and the resistance to quench cracking, the maraging steels are good candidate materials to be produced through the SLM process. Interestingly, the microstructure of the SLM produced parts is completely different from the one of the traditionally produced ones, depending not just on the material but also on the values of the process parameters used to print. So, it is necessary to study in-depth the characteristics of the printed parts. Four prints have been carried out, keeping constant the volumetric energy density, the laser power and the layer thickness. The scan speed, the hatch spacing, the rotation between adjacent layers and the scan strategy have been changed. In particular, the “stripes”, the “chessboard” and the “hexagonal” strategies have been considered. It has been found out that the hexagonal strategy always led to the biggest external diameter, to the lowest density and almost always to the highest roughness of the final parts. All these negative results were probably related to the longer time elapsing between the scan of two adjacent tracks compared to the other two strategies. The results of the nano-hardness tests are not clearly showing which strategy performs better, probably because a too small portion of specimen has been considered for those tests. Moreover, ANOVA analysis has been performed and it confirmed the primary importance of the scan strategy as process parameter.
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19

Raboin, Peter J. "The mechanical behavior of maraging steel under extreme electromechanical and thermal conditions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37167.

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20

Riofano, Rosamel Melita Muñoz. "Efeito das variáveis de nitretação por plasma na resistência à abrasão de um aço \"maraging\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 1997. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-16092016-113006/.

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Visando-se a avaliação do desempenho de um sistema de nitretação por plasma que se construiu bem como a determinação da influência das variáveis do processo sobre o desempenho das camadas nitretadas ionicamente, foram nitretadas amostras do aço \"maraging\" com a seguinte composição: Fe - 18Ni - 4.2Mo - 12.3Co - 1.7Ti - 0.15Al - 0.03C. Foram variadas as seguintes condições de processo: tempo, temperatura, freqüência do pulso e condição de tratamento térmico prévio. Foram realizadas análises metalográficas, difração de raios-X, microdureza e ensaios de abrasão do tipo \"pino-sobre-disco\" para caracterização das camadas obtidas. O equipamento de nitretação apresentou excelente desempenho no tratamento das amostras utilizadas e o aço \"maraging\", excelente resposta ao tratamento de nitretação. O tempo de tratamento de 3 horas produziu as camadas mais resistentes à abrasão. Os tratamentos com corrente contínua produziram resistências à abrasão superiores às obtidas com corrente pulsada. As amostras nitretadas após o envelhecimento apresentaram resistências superiores às envelhecidas simultaneamente com a nitretação.
Pursuing the evaluation and performance of a nitration system via plasma for us constructed, as well as the determination of the influence of variables of the process on the performance of ionically nitrated layers, it was nitrated maraging steel samples with the next compositions: Fe -18Ni - 4,2Mo - 12,3Co - 1,7Ti - 0,15AI- 0,03C. The following processing conditions were modified: time, temperature, pulse frequency end previous thermal treatment condition. Metallografic analyses, X-ray diffraction, microhardness and pin-on-dick type abrasion test were practised on samples for characterization of their layers. The nitration equipment had excellent performance in the treatment of samples used while the \"maraging\" steel showed excellent answer to the nitration treatment. A treatment time of three hours produced the more resistant layers to abrasion. The treatments with continuous current produced abrasion resistance higher than in treatment with pulsed current post-aged nitrated samples showed higher resistances than those aged during the nitration.
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21

Camarinha, Maria Gabriela Galvão. "Avaliação do comportamento em fadiga do aço maraging 300 submetido a processo de soldagem a laser." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97134/tde-24072014-154227/.

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Os aços maraging pertencem a uma classe de aços de ultra-alta-resistência que diferem da maioria dos aços pelo mecanismo de endurecimento. Enquanto nos aços convencionais o endurecimento é obtido por transformação martensítica, nos aços maraging o aumento das propriedades mecânicas é obtido pela precipitação de compostos intermetálicos em uma matriz martensítica de baixo teor de carbono, em temperaturas da ordem de 480°C. Para o presente trabalho, empregou-se um aço maraging 300 na forma de barras cilíndricas com diâmetro de 8mm e comprimento de 120mm, cedido na condição solubilizada pelo Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial (DCTA). Os corpos-de-prova foram soldados em cheio empregando-se um laser a fibra de 2kW e um dispositivo especialmente desenvolvido para solda orbital. As condições de envelhecimento foram inicialmente estudadas e a melhor combinação de resistência mecânica e ductilidade foi obtidas na condição de para 460°C por 3 horas, que foi então adotada para a caracterização do comportamento em fadiga. Os ensaios de fadiga foram realizados em uma máquina de flexão rotativa (R = -1), em níveis de tensão correspondentes à faixa de vida de 104 a 107 ciclos. Os corpos-de-prova soldados a laser foram submetidos a três condições de tratamento pós-soldagem: a) envelhecimento, b) solubilização + envelhecimento e c) homogeneização + solubilização + envelhecimento. Os resultados permitiram avaliar e comparar o efeito da solda a laser, seguida por tratamentos térmicos pós-soldagem, no comportamento em fadiga do aço maraging 300. Os tratamentos pós-soldagem não resultaram em diferença significativa na vida em fadiga do aço maraging 300, o fator determinante para a duração da vida em fadiga foi a quantidade de poros presente na superfície de fratura.
The maraging steels belong to a class of ultra-high-resistance steels that differ from most of steel for the hardening mechanism. While the conventional steel is obtained by hardening for martensitic transformation in maraging steel the increase of mechanical properties is obtained by the precipitation of intermetallic phases in a martensitic matrix of low carbon, at temperatures about 480°C. For the present study, we used a maraging 300 steel in form of cylindrical bars with a diameter of 8mm and length of 120mm, received as solution treated by the Department of Aerospace Science and Technology (DCTA). The test specimens were welded using a 2 kW fibre laser coupled to a special lathe in order to obtain an orbital weld line. The ageing contitions of the steel were initially investigated using base material samples. The best combination of hardness, tensile strength and ductility were achieved for 460°C for 3 hours , which was then chosen for the fatigue characterization..The fatigue tests were conducted in a rotating bending machine (R = -1). The stress levels were found for fatigue lives in the range of 104 to 107 cycles. The laser welded test pieces underwent three distinct post-weld heat treatments: a) ageing , b) solution + ageing and b) homogenization + solution + ageing .The results allowed assessing and comparing the effect of laser beam welding, followed by post-weld heat treatments, on the fatigue behavior of the maraging 300 steel. The post-weld heat treatments no results in significant difference in fatigue life of maraging 300 steel , the determinant factor for fatigue life was the amount of pores present in the fracture surface.
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22

Seymour, Andrew Richard Ian. "Optimisation of the fracture toughness of a novel ultra-high strength maraging steel." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8718/.

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This thesis details work that was carried out to optimise the fracture toughness and thermal stability of a new maraging steel called F1E. This steel was designed to precipitate Laves phase to improve the creep properties, and it was initially found that this was detrimental to toughness properties, and that further precipitation occurred during extended time at desired operating temperatures, embrittling the alloy. Initial work focussed on development of a heat treatment to stabilise the Laves phase, using a slow cool to the service temperature to fully precipitate the equilibrium volume fraction of Laves phase at this temperature without nucleating fresh particles, as it was believed that it was fresh particles forming during service which led to the loss of ductility after thermal exposure. This heat treatment process successfully stabilised the properties. Modifications were then made to the composition in an attempt to improve the ductility and toughness without losing strength or creep performance. Two changes were made - an increase in the nickel content, as increasing the concentration of nickel in the matrix of maraging steels has been shown to improve toughness; and a decrease in molybdenum and tungsten content to reduce the Laves phase volume fraction by 25%. These changes, along with further optimisations of the heat treatment used and refinement of the prior austenite grain size, were successful in improving the fracture toughness of F1E (or RR9922 as the modified composition is known) by a factor of 2, from 23 MPa m\(^0\)\(^.\)\(^5\) to 46.9 MPa m\(^0\)\(^.\)\(^5\).
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23

Vandi, Daniele. "Studio del comportamento a fatica di provini in Maraging steel realizzati tramite Additive Manufacturing." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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Nel presente lavoro di tesi verrà studiato ed analizzato, tramite prove effettuate in laboratorio, il comportamento a fatica di 3 set di provini metallici in Maraging steel, realizzati mediante le più moderne tecnologie di Additive Manufacturing. Tale recente tecnologia, pioniera nell'ambito della produzione manifatturiera di prototipi e pezzi, ha iniziato sin dagli inizi del suo sviluppo a mostrare le sue numerose potenzialità, e solo negli ultimi anni ha dimostrato di poter essere applicata con successo anche a componenti meccanici e parti funzionali. Ciononostante, data la modernità della tecnologia, sono richieste ulteriori ricerche ed analisi per determinare il comportamento meccanico di pezzi prodotti con tali tecnologie, in quanto la loro resistenza, statica e soprattutto a fatica, è influenzata dalla peculiarità del processo tecnologico stesso, che tende a generare forte anisotropia nelle leghe metalliche prodotte. Nella prima parte verranno discussi i fondamenti generali della meccanica per i materiali metallici, in particolare il comportamento dei materiali sottoposti a storie di carico variabile; nella seconda parte verrà presentato uno stato dell'arte dei vari processi di Additive Manufacturing; nella terza parte, verrà studiato il comportamento a fatica, ad alto numero di cicli, dei suddetti provini sottoposti da un macchinario a flessione rotante a vari livelli di carico; nella quarta parte, tramite uso di tecniche statistiche, verrà presentata un'elaborazione dei risultati ottenuti in laboratorio, in particolare per ricavare la curva S-N e il limite di fatica del materiale; infine verrà presentata l'osservazione al microscopio delle superfici di frattura dei provini, per indagare la propagazione della rottura e così risalire alle possibili cause iniziatrici della rottura stessa.
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24

Lucci, Lisa. "Valutazione della resistenza a fatica di provini in Maraging Steel realizzati in Additive Manufacturing." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19826/.

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Questo elaborato ha lo scopo di testare a fatica una serie di provini realizzati con tecniche di Additive Manufacturing e sviluppati per avere strutture tolleranti ai danni a fatica. Queste strutture sono caratterizzate dall’essere delle “Impossible Design”, cioè non possono essere create tramite le tecniche di manifattura tradizionale. Ci si focalizzerà su delle prove a flessione rotante in cui il provino di forma tradizionale viene sostituito da un tubo cavo avente lo stesso peso del provino tradizionale, con una geometria interna gerarchica. In questo modo, quando dalla superficie o dal punto più stressato del provino si origina una cricca, si può fermare o rallentare la sua propagazione attraverso un meccanismo estrinseco.
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25

Descotes, Vincent. "Précipitation des inclusions de nitrure de titane (TiN) dans un acier maraging au cours de sa refusion à l'arc électrique sous vide (VAR)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0262/document.

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Le titane contenu dans un acier maraging se combine avec l'azote résiduel pour former des inclusions de nitrure de titane (TiN), néfastes du point de vue des propriétés en fatigue de l'alliage. La compréhension de leur origine doit permettre de trouver les moyens de réduire leur taille. Des expériences de Sieverts ont été réalisées pour étudier d'un point de vue thermodynamique et cinétique les réactions de dénitruration de l'alliage et de précipitation des TiN. Au regard de ces expériences et des données thermodynamiques disponibles dans la littérature et compte-tenu des teneurs en azote résiduel, la formation des TiN est supposée avoir lieu lors de la solidification sous l’effet de la ségrégation interdendritique. Un certain nombre d'inclusions de TiN sont associées à un germe de type oxyde ou sulfure. L'observation au MET d'une de ces inclusions mixte révèle l'existence d’une relation d'orientation entre le nitrure TiN, un sulfure CaS et un spinelle MgAl2O4, ce qui suggère une croissance par épitaxie du TiN sur ces deux germes. L’étude a été complétée par des calculs ab initio d’énergies de surface et d’énergies d’adsorption. Ces travaux appuient l'hypothèse d'une germination hétérogène des nitrures de titane sur des particules préexistantes et stables dans l'acier liquide. Un modèle numérique de précipitation couplée à la ségrégation interdendritique a été développé puis intégré au logiciel SOLAR simulant la solidification du lingot VAR. Ces calculs quantifient l'influence déterminante sur la taille des plus grands nitrures de la teneur initiale en azote, de la densité de germes, et du temps local de solidification
The titanium contained in maraging steels combines itself with residual Nitrogen to form Titanium nitride precipitates (TiN), which are detrimental to fatigue properties. Understanding their formation may give some ways to reduce their sizes. A Sieverts apparatus was used to study denitriding reactions and precipitation reactions from a thermodynamic and kinetic point of view. According to these experiments, to thermodynamical data from literature, and to the Nitrogen content in the steel, the TiN inclusions are supposed to form during the solidification of the steel thanks to interdendritic segregation. A certain number of the TiN inclusions are found under SEM observations to be located next to another oxide or sulfur particle. A TEM observation reveals the existence of an orientation relationship between a nitride, a sulfur CaS and a spinel MgAl2O4. It suggests an epitaxial growth of the TiN on these two germs. This study was completed with ab initio calculations of surface energies and adsorption energies. This work supports the hypothesis of a heterogeneous nucleation of the Titanium nitrides on preexisting, stable particles in the liquid steel. A numerical model of the precipitation coupled to the interdendritic segregation of solutes is developed and introduced in the SOLAR software modelling the VAR ingot solidification. It evaluates the determinant influence of the initial Nitrogen mass fraction, germ number density and local solidification time on the TiN sizes
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26

Jeanmaire, Guillaume. "Précipitation des nitrures d’aluminium (AlN) dans un acier maraging à très faible teneur en azote : influence de la déformation plastique à chaud." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0162/document.

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Les aciers maraging classiques doivent leurs propriétés mécaniques à une composition chimique contrôlée et à des traitements thermiques adaptés, conduisant à des microstructures de martensite revenue et de précipitation de phases durcissantes (carbures et intermétalliques). Les performances de ce type d’aciers, en constante amélioration, ont donné naissance, au cours de la dernière décade, à une nouvelle nuance, le ML340TM, répondant à des applications spécifiques dans le domaine de l’aéronautique. Bien que la composition chimique soit strictement contrôlée en imposant, entre autres, une très faible teneur d’azote, des nitrures d’aluminium (AlN), de quelques dizaines de microns, peuvent précipiter. La précipitation de ces nitrures peut être à l’origine de la formation de microfissures, dommageables aux propriétés de fatigue. L’amélioration de ces propriétés de fatigue passe incontestablement par une réduction drastique de la taille de ces nitrures. Au cours de cette étude, il est apparu que les paramètres thermiques et thermomécaniques pouvaient avoir une influence sur les grandeurs microstructurales des nitrures d’aluminium : fraction massique, densité surfacique, distributions en taille et spatiale. Cette tâche a été possible grâce à la mise en place d’une méthode automatisée couplant l’analyse d’images à celle de la composition chimique. Cette méthode originale permet ainsi de discriminer, par la taille et par la chimie, les nitrures d’aluminium des autres particules (inclusion, carbures, etc.). Le rôle de certains paramètres du traitement thermique (vitesse de refroidissement, temps et température de maintien isotherme, trempe étagée, trempe intermédiaire) sur les grandeurs microstructurales des nitrures d’aluminium a été clairement identifié. Par ailleurs, l’effet d’une déformation plastique à chaud, dans le domaine austénitique, sur les grandeurs microstructurales des nitrures d’aluminium précipités, a aussi été mis en exergue. In fine, nous avons, dans cette étude, mis en évidence que l’obtention d’une précipitation submicronique de nitrures d’aluminium passe par une conjugaison maîtrisée des différents paramètres des traitements thermiques et thermomécaniques
The mechanical properties of the conventional maraging steels are controlled by the choice of chemical composition and appropriate heat treatment parameters; the latter leading to martensitic microstructure and precipitation hardening phases (carbides and intermetallics). In the last decade, this steel family, that mechanical properties are in steady progress, has enabled the development of a new grade of steel, namely: the ML340TM. The performance of the ML340TM is scheduled to meet applications in the aeronautic domain. Despite a strictly controlled chemical composition, requiring very low nitrogen content, aluminium nitride (AlN) can precipitate with particle size up to few tens of microns. The precipitation of these nitrides could be at the origin of micro-cracks formation, which is responsible of the fatigue properties degradation. Improvement of the fatigue property is undoubtedly related to a drastic reduction of the nitrides size. During this study, it was found that the parameters of thermal and thermo-mechanical treatments might have an influence on microstructural features of aluminium nitrides: mass fraction, surface density, size and spatial distribution. This task was made possible thanks to the introduction of an automated method coupling the image analysis to the chemical composition. This unusual method allows discriminating, by size and by chemistry, aluminium nitrides from the other particles (carbides inclusion, etc.). The role of some of the heat treatment parameters (cooling rate, time and isothermal holding temperature, intermediate and direct quenching) on the microstructural features of aluminium nitrides has been clearly identified. Furthermore, hot plastic deformation, in the austenitic range, has a highlighted effect on the microstructure features of the aluminium nitrides. Ultimately, in this study, we have revealed that getting a submicron aluminium nitride precipitation is subjected to a controlled combination of thermal and thermo-mechanical parameters
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27

Le, Nué Charline. "Étude de la relation microstructure/ténacité d'aciers maraging inoxydables." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EMAC0003.

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L'acier maraging inoxydable MLX17, développé et élaboré par Aubert & Duval, est une nuance candidate pour des applications dans le domaine de l’aéronautique. Cette nuance possède un fort potentiel en termes de résistance mécanique qui dépasse celle des autres nuances inoxydables. Cependant, elle s’avère sensible à la vitesse de refroidissement après revenu, qui influence directement la ténacité. La recherche des origines scientifiques de la dégradation de la ténacité lorsque la vitesse de refroidissement après revenu diminue (refroidissement à l'air par rapport à un refroidissement à l'eau) constitue l’objectif majeur de cette thèse. Un suivi des modifications microstructurales de la nuance, selon différentes conditions de revenu a été réalisé. Une démarche intégrant différentes échelles d'observation (de l’échelle macroscopique jusqu'à l'échelle atomique) s’est imposée au vu de la complexité de la microstructure. Parallèlement, l’étude des propriétés mécaniques en traction et en résistance à la propagation brutale de fissure a été menée afin de s’attacher en permanence à corréler le comportement mécanique à l’évolution microstructurale observée pour les différentes conditions de revenu. Les analyses par dilatométrie et par sonde atomique tomographique ont permis de mettre en évidence la formation d’un complément de précipitation, à l'origine de la dégradation de la ténacité. Pour permettre une meilleure maîtrise du complément de précipitation et le rendre moins fragilisant, une modification des conditions de revenu a été proposée. Cette alternative a permis d'obtenir une amélioration du compromis résistance/ténacité
The stainless maraging steel MLX17, produced and developed by Aubert & Duval, is a candidate for applications in the field of the aeronautics. This steel possesses a high potential in term of mechanical resistance that exceeds that of the other stainless steels. However, the fracture toughness of this grade proves to be sensitive to the cooling rate after aging, resulting of a dispersal of this property. The research of the scientific origins of the degradation of the fracture toughness by a decrease of the cooling rate (air cooling in comparison to water cooling) is the main objective of this thesis. The microstructure was observed for several aging conditions. An approach using various scales (from micrometric to atomic scale) was necessary because of the complexity of the microstructure. In parallel, the study of tensile mechanical properties and resistance to propagation of cracks was led. The aim was to correlate the mechanical behavior to the microstructural evolution observed for the aging conditions investigated. Microstructural analyses by dilatometry and atomic tomography probe have shown the formation of a complementary precipitation of the hardening phase, responsible of the fracture toughness deterioration. In order to have a better control of this additional precipitation and to make it less fragile, a modification of the aging conditions was proposed. This alternative enabled an improvement of the trade-offs between the high strength and the fracture toughness
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28

Fanton, Leonardo [UNESP]. "Estudo do comportamento mecânico e microestrutural de um aço maraging após soldagem a laser e tratamentos térmicos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94466.

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Maraging steels are iron-nickel alloys having an unusual high combination of strength and toughness. These alloys have high contents of cobalt and molybdenum in a martensitic structure that is very ductile in the annealed condition. Upon reheating at about 480ºC, they undergo age hardening and produce high yield strength, usually between 1700 and 2700 MPa. In this work, the welding process was carried out using a 2 kW fiber laser without metal addition and using argon as the shielding gas. Welded specimens for tensile tests were prepared and divided in four groups with different thermal treatments: homogenized, solutionized and aged, homogenized and aged, solutionized and aged and just aged. The chemical and microstructural analyses, as well as tensile tests, were performed in order to evaluate microstructural and mechanical properties in each heat treatment condition. The micrograph images show that fusion zones exhibit a cellular-dendritic morphology. It is possible to observe two distinct regions on the heat affected zone (HAZ). After post-weld aging treatment, the fusion zone showed relatively lower values of hardness (450HV), when compared to heat-affected zones and base material (≈500HV), due to segregation in the fusion zone, which increases the tendency of austenite formation during ageing. The solution annealed and aged group presented the highest yield strength values (≈1890 MPa). Homogenisation treatment showed to be effective on redistributing solute content in the fusion zone, but it has generated grain size growth and oxidation of material surface, decreasing yield strength to 1300 MPa. Fractography analysis... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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29

Fanton, Leonardo. "Estudo do comportamento mecânico e microestrutural de um aço maraging após soldagem a laser e tratamentos térmicos /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94466.

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Orientador: Antonio Jorge Abdalla
Coorientador: Milton Sergio Fernandes Lima
Banca: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira
Banca: Rudimar Riva
Resumo:Os aços maraging são ligas ferro-níquel que possuem uma excelente combinação de resistência e tenacidade. Esses aços possuem altos teores de cobalto e molibdênio em uma estrutura martensítica que é muito dúctil na condição solubilizada. Aquecendo esses aços a cerca de 480ºC, eles endurecem por precipitação de compostos intermetálicos e atingem altos limites de escoamento, geralmente entre 1700 e 2700 MPa. Neste trabalho, o processo de soldagem foi realizado com um laser a fibra de 2kW, sem metal de adição e utilizando gás argônio para proteção. Corpos de prova para ensaios de tração foram confeccionados e divididos em quatro grupos com diferentes tratamentos térmicos: homogeneizado, solubilizado e envelhecido, homogeneizado e envelhecido, solubilizado e envelhecido e por último somente envelhecido. Análises químicas e microestruturais, assim como ensaios de tração, foram realizados como método de avaliação das propriedades microestruturais e mecânicas em cada condição de tratamento térmico. As micrografias obtidas mostram que a zona fundida apresenta estrutura celular/dendrítica. Após o envelhecimento, a zona fundida apresentou dureza inferior (≈450 HV) em relação às zonas termicamente afetadas e ao material base (≈500 HV), devido à segregação de solutos na zona fundida, facilitando a formação de austenita revertida durante o envelhecimento. A condição solubilizada e envelhecida mostrou os valores mais altos de limite de escoamento (≈1890 MPa). O tratamento de homogeneização é capaz de reduzir os níveis de segregação na zona fundida, mas gerou aumento do tamanho de grão e oxidação superficial do material, diminuindo o limite de escoamento para cerca de 1300 MPa. As análises da superfície... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Maraging steels are iron-nickel alloys having an unusual high combination of strength and toughness. These alloys have high contents of cobalt and molybdenum in a martensitic structure that is very ductile in the annealed condition. Upon reheating at about 480ºC, they undergo age hardening and produce high yield strength, usually between 1700 and 2700 MPa. In this work, the welding process was carried out using a 2 kW fiber laser without metal addition and using argon as the shielding gas. Welded specimens for tensile tests were prepared and divided in four groups with different thermal treatments: homogenized, solutionized and aged, homogenized and aged, solutionized and aged and just aged. The chemical and microstructural analyses, as well as tensile tests, were performed in order to evaluate microstructural and mechanical properties in each heat treatment condition. The micrograph images show that fusion zones exhibit a cellular-dendritic morphology. It is possible to observe two distinct regions on the heat affected zone (HAZ). After post-weld aging treatment, the fusion zone showed relatively lower values of hardness (450HV), when compared to heat-affected zones and base material (≈500HV), due to segregation in the fusion zone, which increases the tendency of austenite formation during ageing. The solution annealed and aged group presented the highest yield strength values (≈1890 MPa). Homogenisation treatment showed to be effective on redistributing solute content in the fusion zone, but it has generated grain size growth and oxidation of material surface, decreasing yield strength to 1300 MPa. Fractography analysis... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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30

Silva, Deivid Ferreira da [UNESP]. "Estudo das propriedades mecânicas em união de aços dissimilares soldadas pelo processo a plasma e a laser." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157244.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar e comparar a resistência mecânica da união de aços dissimilares, o aço Maraging 300 com o aço 300M-ESR pelos processos de soldagens autógenas a Plasma (Plasma Arc Welding – PAW) e a Laser (Laser Beam Welding – LBW). As juntas foram submetidas à avaliação da resistência mecânica através de ensaios de tração e de dureza Vickers (HV) no cordão de solda e zona termicamente afetada. Foram também realizadas análises químicas e metalográficas das juntas soldadas, correlacionando a microestrutura com as propriedades observadas. Em ambos os processos foram aplicados tratamentos térmicos antes e após as soldagens, com o objetivo de endurecer os materiais e procurando aproximar a dureza de ambos os aços e da zona fundida (ZF) e zona termicamente afetada pelo calor (ZTA). Foram realizados vários testes com tempos e temperaturas para se definir quais eram os melhores tratamentos térmicos adotados para a equalização das propriedades mecânicas. Os tratamentos térmicos aplicados após a solda mostraram-se convenientes para o nivelamento dos valores das durezas, somente exibindo poucas perdas nas ZTAs dos aços Maraging. Com a aplicação destes tratamentos também foi possível notar uma equalização nas resistências à tração, em torno de 1300 MPa e aumentos consideráveis das mesmas, comparado com a mesma condição sem tratamento. As soldas mostraram-se eficientes para a união das chapas, porém, em algumas situações da soldagem a Laser, apresentou pequenas falhas, presença de poros, nos cordões das soldas, com isso contribuindo para a diminuição do limite da resistência à tração.
The objective of this work is to evaluate and compare the mechanical strength of welded joints made of the dissimilar steels such as Maraging 300 steel with 300M-ESR steel by the autogenous Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) and Laser welding process (LBW). The joints were submitted to the mechanical strength evaluation by tensile test and hardness Vickers (HV) at the weld bead and thermally affected zone. Chemical analysis and metallographic analysis of the welded joints were also performed, correlating the microstructure observed with the properties. In both processes, heat treatments were applied before and after welding, with the objective of at harden the materials and seeking to approximate the hardness of both steels and the fusion zone and heat affected zone. Several tests were carried using different times and temperatures to determine which ones were the best heat treatments to be adopted aiming the equalization of mechanical properties. The heat treatments applied after welding proved to be convenient for the leveling of the hardness values, only showing few losses in the HAZs of the Maraging steels. Applying of these treatments, it was also possible to note the equalization of tensile strengths, around 1300 MPa and considerable increases of the same, compared to the same condition without treatment. The welds showed to be efficient for the joining of the plates, however, in some situations the Laser welding presented small flaws, such as presence of pores, in the weld beads, causing to the reduction of the tensile strength limit.
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31

Capelli, Alessandro. "Effetto della posizione in camera sulla resistenza a fatica dell'acciaio Maraging MS1 prodotto tramite DMLS." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17419/.

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La tecnologia Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) è una delle più promettenti tra tutti i processi che possono essere raggruppati sotto la definizione di Additive Manufacturing, permettendo la realizzazione di componenti anche molto complessi in breve tempo, a partire da un disegno CAD 3D. In questo studio sono stati realizzati dei provini in acciaio Maraging MS1, fornito dall’azienda EOS sotto forma di polvere, i quali sono stati suddivisi in tre serie in base alla loro posizione nella camera di produzione rispetto al flusso di gas inerte che vi scorre all’interno. I provini sono stati sottoposti ad una precisa serie di trattamenti termici e meccanici, quindi testati a fatica in una macchina per flessione rotante secondo una precisa metodologia sperimentale. I dati raccolti sono stati processati con il metodo Dixon e la norma internazionale ISO 12107 per ricavare il limite di fatica e le relative bande di confidenza. Utilizzando l’ANOVA, si è poi eseguita una comparazione dei dati sperimentali ottenuti con i tre set, non evidenziando significative differenze. L’analisi frattografica delle superfici di frattura ha permesso infine di analizzare più a fondo l’origine e la propagazione delle cricche e stabilire le cause più frequenti che hanno originato la rottura.
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32

Maximo, Henry Wilson Pohling. "Avaliação de propriedades mecânicas e microestruturais de juntas de aços maraging soldadas por meio dos processos laser e feixe de elétrons." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-27052015-090049/.

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Neste trabalho estudou-se as propriedades obtidas em juntas soldadas pelo processo de soldagem a laser do tipo estado sólido de onda contínua guiado por fibra, e os resultados foram comparados com juntas soldadas pelo processo feixe de elétrons. O material utilizado foi o aço maraging 350 - ASTM A 538 Grade C. As soldas realizadas com o processo feixe de elétrons possuem um procedimento de soldagem aprovado. A junta selecionada para a elaboração do trabalho foi do tipo sobreposta com material de base de espessuras diferentes, respectivamente iguais a 1,00 e 0,78 mm. As juntas soldadas foram avaliadas por: ensaio de cisalhamento, dureza Vickers e caracterização microestrutural das diversas regiões das juntas soldadas. Foram realizadas análises por microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura usando espectrometria de energia dispersiva (MEV/EDS). Foi realizado o teste de hipótese como técnica para a análise dos dados provenientes dos ensaios experimentais. Nas juntas soldadas com ambos processos não foi verificada a presença de descontinuidades, poros e depressões na superfície do cordão. Os resultados indicam que as condições usadas em ambos os processos de soldagem foram satisfatórias e possibilitaram a soldagem do aço maraging 350 atendendo aos requisitos necessários.
In this work, the welds made by a continuous wave diode pumped solid state laser guided by fiber were studied and the results were compared with welded joints of electron beam welding. The material used was maraging 350 steel ASTM A 538 Grade C. The welding process performed with electron beam welding has a approved welding procedure. The joint chosen for the preparation of the work was the lap joint type with different thicknesses base material respectively equal to 1,00 and 0,78 mm. The welded joints were evaluated by mechanical tests like shear test, Vickers hardness and microstructural characterization of the various regions of the welded joints. Analyzes were performed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy using energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS). The hypothesis test technique was done for the analysis of data from experimental tests. For both welding process was not detected in the welded joints the presence of discontinuities, pores and depressions on the weld fillet surface. The results indicate that the conditions used for both welding process were satisfactory and allowed the welding of maraging 350 steel meeting necessary requirements.
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33

Åkerlund, Elin, Rebecka Havo, Åberg Jakob Jonsson, Patrik Österberg, and Mikael Fredriksson. "High Performance Steel for Percussive Drilling." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323387.

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Atlas Copco Secoroc AB are searching after new bulk materials for drill heads that are used in percussive drilling in order to improve their strength and durability. The aim of this project is to assist Atlas Copco in this search and provide them with further information regarding material properties, alloying elements, suppliers, etc. A literary study was carried out in order to identify materials that had UTS and KIC more than or equal to 1700 MPa and 70 MPa*m1/2, respectively. Materials that fulfilled these criteria were T250 grade maraging steel, Cobalt free maraging steel, High cobalt maraging steel, 300 grade maraging steel, AerMet 100, AF1410, S53, M54, 300M, 4340M and PremoMet. These were categorized into maraging steels, high alloy secondary hardened steels, and low alloy steels, and were then further researched.  The material with the highest combination of UTS and KIC was M54 followed by AerMet 100; while AF1410 had the highest KIC but a low UTS, and PremoMet had the highest UTS but a low KIC. Maraging steels and HASH steels have a similar price range, while low alloy steels are much cheaper.
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34

Åkerlund, Elin, Åberg Jakob Jonsson, Patrik Österberg, Rebecka Havo, and Mikael Fredriksson. "High Performance Steel for Percussive Drilling." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323808.

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Atlas Copco Secoroc AB are searching after new bulk materials for drill heads that are used in percussive drilling in order to improve their strength and durability. The aim of this project is to assist Atlas Copco in this search and provide them with further information regarding material properties, alloying elements, suppliers, etc. A literary study was carried out in order to identify materials that had UTS and KIC more than or equal to 1700 MPa and 70 MPa*m^1/2, respectively. Materials that fulfilled these criteria were T250 grade maraging steel, Cobalt free maraging steel, High cobalt maraging steel, 300 grade maraging steel, AerMet 100, AF1410, S53, M54, 300M, 4340M and PremoMet. These were categorized into maraging steels, high alloy secondary hardened steels, and low alloy steels, and were then further researched. The material with the highest combination of UTS and KIC was M54 followed by AerMet 100; while AF1410 had the highest KIC but a low UTS, and PremoMet had the highest UTS but a low KIC. Maraging steels and HASH steels have a similar price range, while low alloy steels are much cheaper.
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35

Magnani, Alessandro. "Effetto del trattamento termico e della lavorazione meccanica sulla resistenza a fatica dell’acciaio Maraging Steel MS1 accresciuto tramite DMLS." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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Le nuove tecnologie di additive manufacturing consentono l'accrescimento di provini di geometria complessa mediante la fusione di polveri di leghe metalliche. La seguente trattazione intende focalizzarsi sull'incidenza dei fattori "lavorazione" e "trattamento termico" sulla vita a fatica di componenti in acciaio maraging, ottenuti mediante tecnica DMLS. In particolare, una volta classificate le serie, sono state costruite le curve S-N mediante prove di flessione rotante. I risultati sono poi stati elaborati per trovare il limite di fatica, le bande di confidenza e sono state valutate, mediante metodo ANOVA, le incidenze dei fattori sulla vita a fatica. Grazie alle analisi al microscopio, infine, è stato possibile individuare la propagazione del danno lungo le superfici di frattura dei provini.
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Sakai, Paulo Roberto [UNESP]. "Caracterização de juntas soldadas em PAW e GTAW de chapas finas em aço maraging 300 submetidas a vários reparos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132887.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar mecanica e metalograficamente, juntas soldadas de chapas finas em aço Maraging 300, submetidas a até três reparos, usadas na fabricação de envelopes motores foguete a propelente sólido desenvolvidos no Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço (IAE) em atendimento às necessidades de sua gama de lançadores. O envelope motor atua como elemento estrutural e também possui a função primária de suportar a pressão de trabalho durante a queima do propelente. Atualmente, o envelope motor é fabricado em aço 300M-ESR e o IAE tomou a decisão de substituí-lo pelo aço Maraging 300. Em função dos processos existentes no Instituto, neste trabalho utilizaram-se os processos de soldagem Plasma Arc Welding - PAW com a técnica keyhole e Gas Tungsten Arc Welding - GTAW, ambos em passe único, com metal de adição. Antes de serem submetidas aos ensaios, as juntas passaram por inspeção não destrutiva de acordo com os critérios da norma AWS D17.1. Os reparos foram feitos de forma manual e processo GTAW. Amostras da junta soldada e reparadas foram submetidas a ensaios de tração, dureza Vickers (HV) por microindentações, análises químicas, análises metalográficas e fractográficas. Corpos de prova dos cordões adjacentes aos reparos também foram avaliados. Os resultados mostram que após a solda e reparos e o tratamento térmico de solubilização e envelhecimento, a zona fundida e a região da linha de fusão da solda apresentam uma dureza abaixo das outras regiões afetadas termicamente. Para as condições da solda sem reparo e reparadas, o processo PAW apresentou um valor menor de dureza em todas estas regiões com relação ao processo GTAW. As análises da superfície dos corpos de prova soldados rompidos indicam o predomínio de um processo de ruptura iniciado próximo à linha de fusão da solda e que se propaga em direção ao interior do cordão. A natureza da fratura mostrou o domínio da formação de alvéolos (dimples). Os corpos de prova soldados GTAW apresentaram uma resistência mecânica mais alta do que os do processo PAW. Igualmente, os corpos de prova soldados PAW obtidos dos cordões das regiões adjacentes aos reparos tiveram valores de resistência inferiores. Embora os valores de resistência mecânica das juntas soldadas submetidas a até três reparos no mesmo ponto tenham apresentado grande variabilidade, não há indicativo de diminuição da resistência com relação a junta sem reparo.
This work aims at mechanic and metallographic characterization of Maraging 300 welded joints sheets, submitted to up to three repairs, used for the fabrication of solid propellant rocket motors at the Institute of Aeronautics and Space – IAE as to comply with its range of launchers. The rocket motor is a structural part and also has the primary function of supporting the nominal pressure during the propellant burning. At present, the rocket motor is fabricated in 300M-ESR steel and IAE has decided to replace such a steel for the Maraging 300 one. Due to IAE’s existing processes, Plasma Arc Welding – PAW with the keyhole technique and the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding – GTAW have been used, both single-pass welding with filler. Before they have been submitted to the tests, the joints went through non-destructive inspection according to AWS D17.1 Standard. Manual repairs and GTAW process have been made. Samples of the welded and repaired joints were submitted to tensile testing, Vickers hardness, chemical analysis, fractrographic and metallographic analysis. Body tests of the beads adjacent to the repairs have also been assessed. Results show that after welding, repairs and solubilization and aging heating treatment, the melted zone as well as the weld joins lines zone present hardness below other heat affected zones. As for the conditions of the non-repaired and repaired welds, the PAW process has demonstrated lower hardness values in all zones in what regards the GTAW process. The welded and fractured body tests surfaces analysis indicate the predominance of a fracture process started next to the weld joins lines which goes towards the bead interior. The nature of the fracture has shown the predominance of dimples. The GTAW welded body tests presented higher mechanical strength than that of the PAW process. Similarly, the PAW welded body tests obtained from the beads of the zones adjacent to repairs presented lower strength values. Although the mechanical strength values of the welded joints submitted to up to three repairs in the same point have shown great variability, there is no indication of strength decrease regarding the non-repaired joint.
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37

Bigazzi, Elena. "Effetto dello spessore di sovrametallo rimosso nella lavorazione meccanica sulla resistenza a fatica dell’acciaio Maraging Steel MS1 accresciuto tramite DMLS." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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La tecnologia DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering), che fa parte delle tecnologie di additive manufacturing, consente di realizzare, strato dopo strato, oggetti di geometrie anche molto complesse a partire da polveri di leghe metalliche e dal disegno CAD 3D. In questo studio sono state analizzate tre serie di provini fabbricate dalla macchina per DMLS EOSINT M280, prodotta in Germania e installata nel laboratorio “3D Impulse” della Facoltà di Ingegneria Meccanica di Kraljevo, Serbia. Le serie di provini inviate dalla Serbia sono realizzate in acciaio maraging (EOS Maraging Steel MS1), un particolare acciaio ad alte prestazioni meccaniche utilizzato in campo navale e aeronautico. A ognuna di queste serie è stata asportata, dopo il processo DMLS, una differente quantità di sovrametallo per tornitura. I provini sono stati testati a fatica in una macchina per flessione rotante (ITALSIGMA 2 TM 831) seguendo una precisa metodologia sperimentale. Dopodichè, i dati ottenuti sono stati analizzati statisticamente col metodo Dixon e con la normativa ISO 12107 al fine di stimare il limite di fatica e le bande di confidenza delle curve S-N ottenute sperimentalmente. In secondo luogo sono state analizzate al microscopio le superfici di rottura dei provini per identificare i più frequenti difetti potenzialmente responsabili del cedimento. Infine, allo scopo di confrontare i dati sperimentali, è stata svolta l’analisi della varianza (ANOVA) prendendo in considerazione due ulteriori serie con dati di letteratura. Con l’ANOVA è stata decretata l’influenza o meno del fattore sovrametallo asportato sulla resistenza a fatica.
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38

Selg, Holger Verfasser], and Eric J. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Mittemeijer. "Nitriding of Fe-Mo alloys and maraging steel : structure, morphology and kinetics of nitride precipitation / Holger Selg. Betreuer: E.J. Mittemeijer." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1032899468/34.

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39

Lombardo, Sandro [UNESP]. "Caracterização mecânica e microestrutural de juntas soldadas a laser em aços maraging com posterior tratamento térmico e termoquímico de superfície a plasma." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132905.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os aços Maraging são aços de ultra-alta-resistência, tem composição à base de ferro ligado com cerca de 18% de níquel, com limite de esoamento entre 1.400 a 2.500 MPa. Possuem propriedades superiores, tais como a alta ductilidade, boa soldabilidade, tratamento térmico simples sem deformações, boa usinabilidade, alta resistência e resistência ao desgaste. A sua boa tenacidade permiti que suporte tensões repetidas de fadiga por maior tempo, comparado com outros aços de alta resistência. Para o presente trabalho, a partir de diversos testes de solda a laser, aplicação de tratamentos térmicos e tratamento superficial de nitretação a plasma, foram estudadas as propriedades mecânicas através de ensaios de tração, fadiga, impacto, dureza e rugosidade. Foram também analisadas, com auxílio do Microscópio Óptico, as características microstuturais da zona de fusão (ZF), zona térmica afetada (ZTA) pelo calor da solda e camada nitretada. Com o auxílio de um Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV) analisou-se o mecanismo da fratura e foram realizadas análises por E.D.S. (Energia Dispersiva de Raios X). Foram realizados vários teste com tempos e temperaturas para se definir a melhor condição de envelhecimento, obteve-se a temperatura de 480°C por 3 horas como satisfatoria. A solda a laser mostrou-se eficaz para a união das chapas, com perda de resistência inferior a 10%, quando comparada com a resistência do aço maraging sem solda. As análises da superfície fraturada mostram que a ruptura dos corpos de prova soldados ocorrereu na região da zona fundida, e possui natureza dúctil, com a formação de dimples, para todas as condições de tratamento térmico, o processo de soldagem e nitretação a plasma não alteraram o tipo de fratura típica dos aços maraging. A vida em fadiga não foi prejudicada pela nitretação, porém, foi observado uma redução da vida em fadiga do material soldado comparado com o material sem solda. Os resultados indicam, que o tratamento térmico de envelhecimento elevou as propriedades mecânicas do aço maraging tanto do material soldado como do nitretetado a plasma, com valores de resistência de aproximadamente 2.000 MPa e alongamento em torno de 8%.
Maraging Steels are ultra-high-strength, that have their composition based on iron alloyed with approximately 18% Nickel, with yield strength between 1.400 to 2.400 MPa. They have superior properties, such as high ductility, good weldability, simple heat treatment without deformation, good machinability, high strength and wear resistance. Their hardness and resistance allow them to supports repeated stress of longer fatigue in comparison with other high strength steels. The maraging steel has a significant cost advantage due to the good workability, predictable and uniform retraction during heat treatment, making this steel be promising. For this work, from various laser welding tests, heat treatment and surface treatment of plasma nitriding, The mechanical properties were studied by means of testing: traction; fatigue; impact; hardness; and roughness. We also analyze, with the aid of optical microscope, the microstructural characteristics of the fusion zone (FZ), the heat affected zone (HAZ) due the welding and by nitrided layer. With the aid of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and EDS (Energy Dispersive Scanning), we analyzed the fractured mechanisms. Several tests were carried out with times and temperatures to determine the best aging condition and the chosen temperature was 480°C for 3 hours. The application of laser welding seems to be effective for joining the plates with loss in the yield strength or tensile strength less than 10%, compared with the strength of maraging steel without welding. The analyses of the fractured surface showed that the rupture of the welded samples occurred in the fused zone region and has ductile nature, with formation of dimples for all heat treatment conditions. The welding and plasma nitriding process have not modified the type of typical fracture of the maraging steel. The life in fatigue was not affected by nitrided, however, they observed a reduction in fatigue life of welded material, compared with no soldering material. The results showed that aging heat treatments increased the mechanical properties of maraging steel both welded and plasma nitrided material, whit strength values about 2.000 MPa and elongation nearly 8%.
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40

Silva, Jean Jefferson Moraes da. "AnÃlise de Textura e Propriedades MagnÃticas em AÃos Maraging 300 e 350 em VÃrias CondiÃÃes de Tratamento." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2005. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7364.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
AÃos maraging sÃo ligas Ni-Co-Mo-Ti de ultra-alta resistÃncia e vasta aplicaÃÃo que vai desde a indÃstria bÃlica e nuclear atà componentes aeronÃuticos, vasos de pressÃo e a indÃstria esportiva. Atualmente estes aÃos vÃm sendo estudados para utilizaÃÃo em rotores de alta velocidade de motores de histerese. Os aÃos maraging apresentam algumas vantagens em comparaÃÃo a outros tipos de aÃos e ligas, pois apresentam nÃveis de resistÃncia mecÃnica extremamente elevados, excelente conformabilidade no estado solubilizado e grande capacidade de endurecer por envelhecimento. A utilizaÃÃo destes aÃos em motores de histerese à o motivo pelo qual se estudam suas propriedades magnÃticas. Para este fim, o material deve apresentar, alÃm de elevada resistÃncia mecÃnica, caracterÃsticas tÃpicas de materiais magneticamente macios. As propriedades magnÃticas do material sÃo mostradas e discutidas com o objetivo de determinar os melhores tipos de tratamento para utilizaÃÃo do aÃo nas condiÃÃes requeridas. AnÃlises de textura foram realizadas e discutidas com o objetivo de determinar a textura existente no material, bem como sua direÃÃo de fÃcil magnetizaÃÃo. As quantificaÃÃes das fases para as diferentes condiÃÃes de tratamento termomecÃnico foram realizadas por difraÃÃo de raios-X, atravÃs do mÃtodo de comparaÃÃo direta com o objetivo de analisar a influÃncia da austenita na textura, resistÃncia mecÃnica e propriedades magnÃticas do material. Ensaios de dureza foram realizados com o objetivo de analisar as propriedades mecÃnicas do material. As anÃlises revelaram que praticamente todas as amostras possuem os mesmos componentes de textura e a direÃÃo de fÃcil magnetizaÃÃo <100> apresenta-se no plano da chapa rotacionada de 45 em relaÃÃo à direÃÃo de laminaÃÃo. As propriedades magnÃticas medidas mostram que todas as amostras possuem os requisitos mÃnimos para utilizaÃÃo em motores de histerese, sendo as amostras com solubilizaÃÃo intermediÃria as menos indicadas a as amostras resfriadas em nitrogÃnio as mais indicadas para este tipo de aplicaÃÃo.
AÃos maraging sÃo ligas Ni-Co-Mo-Ti de ultra-alta resistÃncia e vasta aplicaÃÃo que vai desde a indÃstria bÃlica e nuclear atà componentes aeronÃuticos, vasos de pressÃo e a indÃstria esportiva. Atualmente estes aÃos vÃm sendo estudados para utilizaÃÃo em rotores de alta velocidade de motores de histerese. Os aÃos maraging apresentam algumas vantagens em comparaÃÃo a outros tipos de aÃos e ligas, pois apresentam nÃveis de resistÃncia mecÃnica extremamente elevados, excelente conformabilidade no estado solubilizado e grande capacidade de endurecer por envelhecimento. A utilizaÃÃo destes aÃos em motores de histerese à o motivo pelo qual se estudam suas propriedades magnÃticas. Para este fim, o material deve apresentar, alÃm de elevada resistÃncia mecÃnica, caracterÃsticas tÃpicas de materiais magneticamente macios. As propriedades magnÃticas do material sÃo mostradas e discutidas com o objetivo de determinar os melhores tipos de tratamento para utilizaÃÃo do aÃo nas condiÃÃes requeridas. AnÃlises de textura foram realizadas e discutidas com o objetivo de determinar a textura existente no material, bem como sua direÃÃo de fÃcil magnetizaÃÃo. As quantificaÃÃes das fases para as diferentes condiÃÃes de tratamento termomecÃnico foram realizadas por difraÃÃo de raios-X, atravÃs do mÃtodo de comparaÃÃo direta com o objetivo de analisar a influÃncia da austenita na textura, resistÃncia mecÃnica e propriedades magnÃticas do material. Ensaios de dureza foram realizados com o objetivo de analisar as propriedades mecÃnicas do material. As anÃlises revelaram que praticamente todas as amostras possuem os mesmos componentes de textura e a direÃÃo de fÃcil magnetizaÃÃo <100> apresenta-se no plano da chapa rotacionada de 45 em relaÃÃo à direÃÃo de laminaÃÃo. As propriedades magnÃticas medidas mostram que todas as amostras possuem os requisitos mÃnimos para utilizaÃÃo em motores de histerese, sendo as amostras com solubilizaÃÃo intermediÃria as menos indicadas a as amostras resfriadas em nitrogÃnio as mais indicadas para este tipo de aplicaÃÃo.
Maraging steels are alloys of Ni-Co-Ti-Mo ultra-high resistance and wide application ranging from the defense industry and nuclear power to aircraft components, pressure vessels and the sports industry. Currently these steels have been studied for use in high speed rotors hysteresis motors. The maraging steel have some advantages compared to other types of steels and alloys, as have levels of extremely high mechanical strength, excellent conformability in the solubilized state and great ability to harden by aging. The use of these steels in hysteresis motors is why we study their magnetic properties. To this end, the material must have, and high mechanical strength characteristics typical of magnetically soft material. The magnetic properties of the material are shown and discussed in order to determine the best types of treatment for use in the steel requirements. Textural analyzes were performed and discussed in order to determine the existing texture in the material, as well as its direction of easy magnetization. The quantification of phases for different conditions of thermomechanical treatment was performed by X-ray diffraction, using the method of direct comparison with the objective of analyzing the influence of austenite texture, mechanical and magnetic properties of the material. Hardness tests were performed to analyze the mechanical properties of the material. The analysis revealed that virtually all samples have the same texture components and the direction of easy magnetization <100> is presented in the plane of the plate rotated 45 Â relative to the direction of lamination. The magnetic properties measurements show that all samples have the minimum requirements for use in motor hysteresis, and the samples with the least intermediate solubilization indicated the samples cooled in nitrogen the most suitable for this type of application.
Maraging steels are alloys of Ni-Co-Ti-Mo ultra-high resistance and wide application ranging from the defense industry and nuclear power to aircraft components, pressure vessels and the sports industry. Currently these steels have been studied for use in high speed rotors hysteresis motors. The maraging steel have some advantages compared to other types of steels and alloys, as have levels of extremely high mechanical strength, excellent conformability in the solubilized state and great ability to harden by aging. The use of these steels in hysteresis motors is why we study their magnetic properties. To this end, the material must have, and high mechanical strength characteristics typical of magnetically soft material. The magnetic properties of the material are shown and discussed in order to determine the best types of treatment for use in the steel requirements. Textural analyzes were performed and discussed in order to determine the existing texture in the material, as well as its direction of easy magnetization. The quantification of phases for different conditions of thermomechanical treatment was performed by X-ray diffraction, using the method of direct comparison with the objective of analyzing the influence of austenite texture, mechanical and magnetic properties of the material. Hardness tests were performed to analyze the mechanical properties of the material. The analysis revealed that virtually all samples have the same texture components and the direction of easy magnetization <100> is presented in the plane of the plate rotated 45 Â relative to the direction of lamination. The magnetic properties measurements show that all samples have the minimum requirements for use in motor hysteresis, and the samples with the least intermediate solubilization indicated the samples cooled in nitrogen the most suitable for this type of application.
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41

Tohme, Elia. "A contribution to the understanding of hydrogen diffusion and embrittlement in metallic materials based on SKPFM measurements and mechanical testing." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEM025.

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Cette étude contribue à une meilleure compréhension du phénomène de fragilisation par l’hydrogène des aciers.la première partie du manuscrit est consacrée à l'évaluation d'une méthode récemment développée pour étudier la diffusion de l'hydrogène, basée sur la détection de la variation du travail de sortie en surface par microscopie à force atomique et sonde de kelvin (skpfm). un acier inoxydable duplex a été utilisé, les deux phases ayant chacune des caractéristiques liées à l’hydrogène (diffusivité, solubilité) différentes. une couche de palladium a été déposée sur la surface d’observation qui se comporte comme un collecteur d’hydrogène. une simulation par éléments finis de la diffusion d’hydrogène dans un système multiphasé a été développée afin d’interpréter les observations expérimentales. il est démontré que la technique de skpfm doit être considérée comme un moyen de suivre localement la désorption de l’hydrogène dans la couche de pd, plutôt qu’un moyen de cartographier la concentration en hydrogène dans la microstructure du matériau.la deuxième partie traite de la fph d'un acier maraging sous chargement cathodique au regard des propriétés de diffusion et de piégeage de l'hydrogène. des essais mécaniques dynamiques et statiques ont été utilisés, tandis que différentes conditions d’entrée d’hydrogène ont été explorées : chargement cathodique direct de l’hydrogène ou, via un trajet de diffusion dans le matériau en protégeant la pointe de l’entaille de l’environnement. l’amorçage de la fissure dépend du transport de l'hydrogène par diffusion accélérée selon des chemins préférentiels. un régime sous-critique de propagation de fissure est identifié. il correspond à un mode de fissuration mixte inter/transgranulaire, le mode ig faisant référence aux anciens joints de grain gamma et le mode tg à des interfaces de fortes désorientations. cette étape est dépendante de la diffusion de l’hydrogène; elle correspond à des vitesses de propagation de fissure relativement stable en fonction du facteur d'intensité des contraintes
This study contributes to a better understanding of the hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon of steels.the first part of this manuscript is devoted to the assessment of a recently developed method to study hydrogen diffusion based on the detection of the variation of the work function of the surface by scanning kelvin probe microscopy (skpfm). a duplex stainless steel was used in this study, due to its two different phases having different hydrogen-related characteristics (diffusivity, solubility). a palladium layer was deposited on the observation surface and behaved as a hydrogen collector. a finite element simulation of hydrogen diffusion in a multiphase system was developed to explain the experimental observations. it is shown that skpfm should be considered as a way to monitor locally the release of hydrogen into the palladium layer, rather than a way to map the hydrogen concentration in the material microstructure.the second part of the manuscript deals with the hydrogen embrittlement of a maraging steel under cathodic charging with regard to hydrogen diffusion and trapping properties. dynamic and static mechanical testing were used, while various conditions of hydrogen ingress were explored corresponding to a direct cathodic hydrogen charging, or via a diffusion path in the material by protecting the notch tip from the environment. crack initiation stage is dependent on the hydrogen transport, and accumulation, by accelerated diffusion along preferential paths. a sub-critical regime of crack propagation is identified. it corresponds to a mixed intergranular/transgranular mode of cracking, the ig mode referring to prior gamma-grain boundaries and tg mode to high-angle misorientation interfaces of the martensite. this stage is hydrogen diffusion-dependent; it corresponds to a steady state crack growth rate vs stress intensity factor. the final fracture at a critical kih value is dependent on hydrogen content in the material and refers to tg mode of cracking
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42

Kopecký, Lukáš. "Svařovaní ocelí s rozdílnými vlastnostmi pomocí Yb-YAG laseru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230042.

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Diploma theses is focused on welding experiment of maraging steel by use Yb-YAG laser. Experimet is based on testing of combination steel 11321 and maraging steel. Domex420MC, Domex720MC a QSE380. In theoretical part there are described laser technology of welding, weld defect, maraging steel and inspection of welded joints. In experimental part there are porposed test and made mechanical test of weld as transverse tensile test, bend tests, Erichsen cupping test, Vickers hardness test and makroscopic and microscopic examination of welds. In conclusion there are analysis of the experiment results.
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43

Gasperoni, Gianmaria. "Studio e confronto dei trattamenti termici di componenti in acciaio prodotti con tecnologia additiva e con processi convenzionali." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21476/.

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Studio e confronto degli effetti dei trattamenti termici applicati su componenti in acciaio prodotti utilizzando processi di fabbricazione additiva di Selective Laser Melting e con processi convenzionali. L’obbiettivo è mostrare come questi trattamenti possano permettere di ottenere risultati diversi rispetto ai trattamenti convenzionali, in termini di proprietà meccaniche e microstruttura.
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44

Beraldo, Camila Haga. "Efeito da temperatura de envelhecimento sobre as propriedades mecânicas e resistência à corrosão por pite do aço inoxidável martensítico endurecido por precipitação UNS S46500." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-15102014-163925/.

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Os aços inoxidáveis endurecidos por precipitação vêm sendo largamente empregados na indústria aeronáutica, por combinar resistência mecânica, tenacidade à fratura e resistência à corrosão. E deste modo, são materiais que possibilitam a substituição dos aços carbonos utilizados atualmente, que necessitam de tratamento superficial adicional, como o cádmio, para melhorar a resistência à corrosão. A utilização desses revestimentos traz desvantagens como o custo, a fabricação, a susceptibilidade à fragilização por hidrogênio além dos aspectos ambientais. Neste contexto, o aço endurecido por precipitação UNS S46500, designado como Custom 465® foi avaliado considerando o efeito da temperatura de envelhecimento sobre as propriedades mecânicas e a resistência à corrosão por pite. Amostras tratadas nas condições solubilizada e envelhecida a 510ºC (H950) e 538ºC (H1000) foram submetidas ao ensaio de tração, caracterização microestrutural e ensaios de polarização potenciodinâmica (PP) para determinar a resistência à corrosão por pite. Os exames microestruturais foram realizados com auxílio de microscopia óptica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) e difração de raios X. Também foram realizadas análises utilizando o software Thermo-Calc. A resistência à corrosão por pite foi avaliada em solução 0,6M NaCl com adições crescentes de Na2SO4. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de PP nas duas condições de tratamento térmico foram comparados entre si e com resultados disponíveis na literatura (CALDERÓN-HERNANDEZ, 2012) para o aço inoxidável UNS S30403 (304L). Os exames e análises da microestrutura revelaram que o aço Custom 465® envelhecido apresenta uma matriz martensítica, precipitados de fase chi, austenita e precipitados Ni3Ti. O tratamento H950 apresentou maior resistência mecânica e menor alongamento do que o tratamento H1000. Tal comportamento foi devido à produção de maior porcentagem de fase chi e menor porcentagem de austenita nesse tratamento de envelhecimento. Os diferentes tratamentos térmicos, condição solubilizada, H950 e H1000 apresentaram praticamente a mesma resistência à corrosão por pite. Por outro lado, o aço Custom 465® apresentou ótima resposta à inibição da nucleação de pite com adições crescentes de sulfato em meio de 0,6M NaCl, sendo que a condição H1000 se sobressai sobre a H950 nessa questão. Além disso, através da adição de sulfato foi 7 possível obter maior resistência a corrosão por pite do aço Custom 465® comparativamente ao aço 304L. Tal comportamento foi discutido em termos da afinidade química entre níquel, cloreto e sulfato, levando a maior resistência à corrosão por pite quando o aço contém maior teor de níquel (que é o caso do aço Custom 465®). Este trabalho indicou que o critério na escolha do tratamento de envelhecimento do aço Custom 465® deve ser o das propriedades mecânicas almejadas, uma vez que a resistência à corrosão por pite mostrou-se praticamente independente do tratamento térmico.
The precipitation hardened stainless steels have been widely used in the aircraft industry to combine mechanical strength, fracture toughness and corrosion resistance. And therefore, are materials that enable replacement of the carbon steels used today, which require additional surface treatment, such as cadmium plating, to improve the corrosion resistance. The use of such coatings brings disadvantages such as cost, manufacturing, susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement beyond environmental aspects. In this context, the precipitation hardened steel UNS S46500, known as Custom 465® were evaluated for the effect of aging temperature on the mechanical properties and the resistance to pitting corrosion .Treated samples in solubilized and aged condition at 510°C (H950) and 538ºC (H1000) were subjected to tensile strength test, microstructural characterization and potentiodynamic polarization (PP) tests to determine the pitting corrosion resistance. The microstructural studies were performed with the aid of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction. Analyzes were also performed using the Thermo -Calc software. The resistance to pitting corrosion was evaluated at 0.6M NaCl solution with increasing additions of Na2SO4. The results obtained from tests of PP in both heat treatment conditions were compared with each other and with results available in the literature (CALDERÓN HERNANDEZ, 2012) to stainless steel UNS S30403 (304L). The analysis of the microstructure revealed that the steel aged Custom 465 ® presents a martensitic matrix, chi precipitates, Ni3Ti precipitates and austenite phase. The H950 age treatment had higher mechanical strength and lower elongation than the treatment H1000. Such behavior was due to the production of higher percentage of chi and a lower percentage of austenite phase in aging treatment. The different heat treatments, solubilized condition, H950 and H1000 showed almost the same pitting corrosion resistance. On the other hand, the Custom 465® showed good response to pitting inhibition with increasing nucleating additions of sulfate in 0.6M NaCl, with enhanced result for H1000 condition. Furthermore, by adding sulfate was possible to obtain greater pitting corrosion resistance of Custom 465® compared to the 304L steel. This behavior has been discussed in terms of the chemical affinity between nickel, chloride and sulphate, leading to higher pitting corrosion resistance when the steel contains a higher nickel 9 content (which is the case of steel Custom 465®). This study indicates that the criterion in selecting the aging heat treatment of Custom 465® steel must be the desired mechanical properties, since the pitting corrosion resistance was found to be substantially independent of heat treatment.
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45

Doubrava, Marek. "Mechanické vlastnosti materiálů připravovaných pomocí procesu SLM." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-400835.

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The diploma thesis deals with the selection of process parameters used for manufacturing of high-strenth materials using SLM technology. The feedstock material was powder with a chemical composition according to standard DIN X3NiCoMoTi 18-9-5. Influence of change in process parameters on mechanical properties was examined by hardness tests and tensile tests. Metallographic and fractographic analysis were conducted with an aim to understand mechanisms of failure present in this type of material. Selection of optimal process parameters was based on the analysis of mechanical properties of manufactured samples. Possible future steps related to the improvement of the process were proposed. Results of this experiment were compared with literature regarding parts produced by SLM technology and conventional methods.
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46

Sakai, Paulo Roberto. "Caracterização de juntas soldadas em paw e gtaw de chapas finas em aço maraging 300 submetidas a vários reparos /." Guaratinguetá, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132887.

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Orientador: Antonio Jorge Abdalla
Coorientador: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira
Banca: Tomaz Manabu Hashimoto
Banca: Marcelino Pereira do Nascimento
Banca: Miguel Justino Ribeiro Barbosa
Banca: Dilermando Nagle Travessa
Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar mecanica e metalograficamente, juntas soldadas de chapas finas em aço Maraging 300, submetidas a até três reparos, usadas na fabricação de envelopes motores foguete a propelente sólido desenvolvidos no Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço (IAE) em atendimento às necessidades de sua gama de lançadores. O envelope motor atua como elemento estrutural e também possui a função primária de suportar a pressão de trabalho durante a queima do propelente. Atualmente, o envelope motor é fabricado em aço 300M-ESR e o IAE tomou a decisão de substituí-lo pelo aço Maraging 300. Em função dos processos existentes no Instituto, neste trabalho utilizaram-se os processos de soldagem Plasma Arc Welding - PAW com a técnica keyhole e Gas Tungsten Arc Welding - GTAW, ambos em passe único, com metal de adição. Antes de serem submetidas aos ensaios, as juntas passaram por inspeção não destrutiva de acordo com os critérios da norma AWS D17.1. Os reparos foram feitos de forma manual e processo GTAW. Amostras da junta soldada e reparadas foram submetidas a ensaios de tração, dureza Vickers (HV) por microindentações, análises químicas, análises metalográficas e fractográficas. Corpos de prova dos cordões adjacentes aos reparos também foram avaliados. Os resultados mostram que após a solda e reparos e o tratamento térmico de solubilização e envelhecimento, a zona fundida e a região da linha de fusão da solda apresentam uma dureza abaixo das outras regiões afetadas termicamente. Para as condições da solda sem reparo e reparadas, o processo PAW apresentou um valor menor de dureza em todas estas regiões com relação ao processo GTAW. As análises da superfície dos corpos de prova soldados rompidos indicam o predomínio de um processo de ruptura iniciado próximo à linha de fusão da solda e que se propaga em direção ao interior do ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work aims at mechanic and metallographic characterization of Maraging 300 welded joints sheets, submitted to up to three repairs, used for the fabrication of solid propellant rocket motors at the Institute of Aeronautics and Space - IAE as to comply with its range of launchers. The rocket motor is a structural part and also has the primary function of supporting the nominal pressure during the propellant burning. At present, the rocket motor is fabricated in 300M-ESR steel and IAE has decided to replace such a steel for the Maraging 300 one. Due to IAE's existing processes, Plasma Arc Welding - PAW with the keyhole technique and the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding - GTAW have been used, both single-pass welding with filler. Before they have been submitted to the tests, the joints went through non-destructive inspection according to AWS D17.1 Standard. Manual repairs and GTAW process have been made. Samples of the welded and repaired joints were submitted to tensile testing, Vickers hardness, chemical analysis, fractrographic and metallographic analysis. Body tests of the beads adjacent to the repairs have also been assessed. Results show that after welding, repairs and solubilization and aging heating treatment, the melted zone as well as the weld joins lines zone present hardness below other heat affected zones. As for the conditions of the non-repaired and repaired welds, the PAW process has demonstrated lower hardness values in all zones in what regards the GTAW process. The welded and fractured body tests surfaces analysis indicate the predominance of a fracture process started next to the weld joins lines which goes towards the bead interior. The nature of the fracture has shown the predominance of dimples. The GTAW welded body tests presented higher mechanical strength than that of the PAW process. Similarly, the PAW welded body tests obtained from the beads of the zones ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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47

Měchura, Lukáš. "Vývoj procesních parametrů technologie Selective Laser Melting pro výrobu lisovací formy pneumatik." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444403.

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The diploma thesis deals with finding suitable process parameters for the production of molding segment by SLM technology. It consists of a combination of structures, shells, thin slats and bulk parts. The tested material is maraging steel 300. The research part deals with the problem of choice of suitable process parameters, such as laser power and speed, hatch distance and thickness of the built layer. The achievable mechanical properties of the parts and the choice of the suitable structure were also examined. In the thesis were found suitable process parameters for printing of bulk parts and structures.
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48

Sůkal, Jan. "Analýza vlivu recyklace práškové oceli na porozitu dílů vyráběných technologií Selective Laser Melting." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318772.

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Diploma thesis deals with the influence of recycling of powder steel 1.2709 on porosity of parts processed by SLM technology. Theoretical part of this thesis gives an overview of the influence of selected process parameters of this additive technology on the porosity of manufactured parts. The presence of pores in the material is the main cause of worse mechanical properties compared to conventionally manufactured materials. Since the advantage of this technology is the possibility of wasteless production, one of the possible causes of pore formation and degradation of properties of the powder material is due to standard recycling by means of sieving to remove the contaminants generated during the construction. This paper compares the porosity of parts produced by two different machines, analyzes the possible consequences of sieving on powder properties, establishes recommendations for setting the recycling process, and compares the degree of influence of process parameters on porosity.
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49

Ravaioli, Irma. "Resistenza a fatica di pezzi in acciaio realizzati per DMLS a seconda di diversi parametri costruttivi." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.

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Scopo della ricerca è stato quello di studiare la resistenza a fatica di provini in maraging steel (MS1) e in stainless steel (PH1), realizzati mediante processo DMLS, in funzione di due parametri: direzione di accrescimento e forma finale del provino (ovvero sovrametallo asportato mediante macchine utensili).
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50

Varonis, Orestes J. "Eddy Current Characterization of Stressed Steel and the Development of a Shaft Torque Eddy Current System." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1221065617.

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