Journal articles: 'Maraging Steels'

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Kumar, Nikhil, C. M. Ramesha, T. Anilkumar, P. Rajendra, and B. R. Chandan. "Comparative Studies on Medium Carbon Low Alloy Steels and Maraging Steels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 903 (April 2021): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.903.17.

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The maraging steel are considered ultra-high strength due to its yield strength greater than 1400Mpa and are part of a set of advanced materials of interest for technological development, mainly for aeronautics and aerospace industry. For this purpose they should exhibit good toughness, fatigue resistance and acceptable weldability. Since the maraging steels are of higher cost we are intended to make the Medium Carbon Low Alloy Steel (MCLA) for the purpose of aeronautical and aerospace industry instead of Maraging steel as the cost of MCLA is comparatively less. An attempt is made to study on the basic properties of MCLA steels and Maraging steels by process modifications and comparing the results with that of the standard properties of the Maraging steel.

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Kumar, Ashok, Y. Balaji, and N. Eswara Prasad. "Type Certification of 18 Ni Maraging Steels for Landing Gears." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.511.

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Maraging steels exhibit unique properties, such as high strength with excellent fracture toughness, ease of machining and above all distortion free thermal processing. These attractive properties and advantages of maraging steel do not outweigh the initial cost resulting from high alloy content and especially in certain structural components where in much of the forging is machined as swarf. However, with the constant drive to prove the technology when maximum strength and stiffness per unit volume becomes the major criteria, the choice of material may overwhelmingly become maraging steel. Above requirements necessiate a landing gear material for Indian fighter aircraft to have a combination of high strength, sufficient stiffness, excellent fatigue strength, utmost cleanliness, resistance to micro-structural degradation, freedom from surface anomalies, good corrosion & stress corrosion resistance and superior toughness to meet the current damage tolerant design criteria. M/s Midhani in consultation with airworthiness authorities took up the task to develop & manufacture this steel to the laid down type test schedule. The steel has satisfactorily met all the requirements and landing gear has been successfully forged, machined and fitted to the prototype. This paper describes the metallurgical aspects that are relevant for developing the maraging steel along with a brief note on the properties - chemical, microstructural and mechanical. An attempt is made in the presentation to show that the indigenously developed and produced maraging steel is indeed at par with aeronautical grade materials, including maraging steels of international sources.

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Mahmood Khan, Hamaid, Gökhan Özer, Mustafa Safa Yilmaz, and Gürkan Tarakci. "Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of Maraging Steel Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting Through Intercritical Heat Treatment." Corrosion 78, no. 3 (January 9, 2022): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3972.

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Selective laser melting allows the layerwise fabrication of bespoke designs, creating new prospects in applications and properties compared to conventional methods. Like other ultra-high-strength steels, maraging steels offer a high toughness/strength ratio. However, additively prepared maraging steels’ lower ductility and strain-hardening limit their commercial adaptability. Studies exist that show superior mechanical performance is attainable through martensite-to-austenite reversion. However, their impact on corrosion properties is not well understood. In the present study, maraging steel specimens were tempered close to austenite forming temperatures to investigate the reversed austenite effect on maraging steels’ pitting behavior. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy were used to characterize selective laser melting samples’ microstructure. To characterize and analyze the pitting performance, potentiodynamic polarization and open-circuit potential were performed in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The intercritical heat-treatment within α’ + γ range of 720°C shows that reversed austenite precipitated mainly along the martensite laths boundaries. The local Ni enrichment as a result of intermetallic particles’ dissolution enables the nucleation of reversed austenite. As a result, the 720°C-tempered specimen exhibits a higher pitting potential, lower corrosion current density, and lower corrosion rate than the as-printed, aged, and homogenized (without reversed austenite) specimens. This study shows that the reversed austenite enhances the pitting resistance of maraging steels.

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Jagadish, C. A., and Nadig Priyanka. "Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of 18Ni-300 Grade Maraging Steel Built Using the Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) Technology." Key Engineering Materials 719 (November 2016): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.719.114.

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Maraging steels belong to the class of steels that are found to have a unique combination of ultra-high strength and good fracture toughness, due to which they find uses in critical applications such as aircraft forgings, pressure vessels, missile casings, hydraulic hoses etc. Several studies on the effect of cryogenic treatment on various grades of Tool steels & Maraging steels have shown significant improvements in mechanical properties and dimensional stability.DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering), an additive manufacturing technology, is increasingly becoming popular to build intricate high quality functional parts & rapid prototypes. DMLS technology uses a high intensity laser to build components layer by layer, directly from CAD data without the need for tooling. It is possible to build internal features and passages that are not possible in conventional manufacturing routes. Maraging Steel is used extensively to build functional parts by DMLS process especially for Tool and Die applications. However, very few findings have been reported on the effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of Maraging steel built through this route. In this study, effect of cryogenic treatment on Maraging Steel grade 300 built by DMLS process is discussed. Test specimens were built in horizontal and vertical directions to see the effect of build direction on the properties. Half the specimens were given standard DMLS precipitation hardening heat treatment and the rest were given cryogenic treatment in addition to routine thermal treatment. Mechanical properties such as - tensile, impact properties , hardness, & density between the two sets of treatments are reported and discussed. Metallurgical structures are compared and findings are also reported.

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de Carvalho, Leandro Gomes, Ronald Lesley Plaut, and Angelo Fernando Padilha. "Precipitation Kinetic Analysis in a Maraging 350 Steel Using KJMA and Austin-Rickett Equations." Defect and Diffusion Forum 420 (November 14, 2022): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-luf4h8.

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Maraging steels are martensitic steels hardened by intermetallic compounds that precipitate during aging heat treatments. During aging of these steels complex phenomena involving nucleation and growth of several phases as well as changes in the precipitates, morphology and stoichiometry take place. The present work aims to study the kinetics of precipitation in a maraging 350 steel through the KJMA and Austin-Rickett (AR) equations. Analysed data were obtained from Vickers microhardness measurements carried out in samples heat-treated between 440 and 560 °C. Variation in the n-constant has been observed for both equations, indicating changes in the precipitation behavior. However, the n-constant values obtained from AR equation follow the microstructural changes observed in previous works on maraging steels. Interpretation of the n-constants using the AR equation was linked to the precipitation on dislocations at 440 °C, the growth of finite long cylinders in comparison to their separation at 480 °C, and general particle growth from small dimensions at 520, and 560 °C.

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Lombardo, Sandro, Renan Nascimento Ferreira, Lucas Augusto de Souza Santos, José Wilson de Jesus Silva, Vladimir Henrique Bagio Scheid, and Antonio Jorge Abdalla. "Microstructural Characterization of Joints of Maraging 300 Steel Welded by Laser and Subjected to Plasma Nitriding Treatment." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.479.

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Amongst the ultra high strength steels, the maraging steels have been noticed because they maintain the fracture toughness superior to other steels of their class. The main difference is the way they acquire resistance. While the conventional carbon steels raise their resistance by heat treatments forming harder phases such as martensite or bainitic constituents, the maraging steels harden by intermetallic particles precipitation. These steels are very promising for several applications, mainly for the aerospace or nuclear areas. In this work, tests of laser welding on a sample of maraging 300 steel, have been carried out, by applying aging at several times and temperatures and analyzing the influence of plasma treatment on the steel microstructure and resistance. The results are promising and show that this welding process is viable and can even be associated with nitriding to improve the surface characteristics. It was observed that the temperature choice and aging time are fundamental to reach high mechanical resistance levels. Temperature values about 480 oC and time 10,800 seconds proved to be suitable for this treatment. The loss of strength in the welded joints, after the aging treatment, was less than 10%. It was also noticed that when the plasma nitriding treatment is applied, aging occurs simultaneously, therefore it is important to select temperature and treatment time in order to optimized the aging process as well.

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Seikh, Asiful H., Hossam Halfa, and Mahmoud S. Soliman. "Effect of Molybdenum Content on the Corrosion and Microstructure of Low-Ni, Co-Free Maraging Steels." Metals 11, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060852.

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Molybdenum (Mo) is an important alloying element in maraging steels. In this study, we altered the Mo concentration during the production of four cobalt-free maraging steels using an electroslag refining process. The microstructure of the four forged maraging steels was evaluated to examine phase contents by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Additionally, we assessed the corrosion resistance of the newly developed alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution and 1 M H2SO4 solution through potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Furthermore, we performed SEM and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis after corrosion to assess changes in microstructure and Raman spectroscopy to identify the presence of phases on the electrode surface. The microstructural analysis shows that the formation of retained austenite increases with increasing Mo concentrations. It is found from corrosion study that increasing Mo concentration up to 4.6% increased the corrosion resistance of the steel. However, further increase in Mo concentration reduces the corrosion resistance.

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Grachev, S. V., and A. S. Shein. "High-strength maraging steels." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 31, no. 4 (April 1989): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00715794.

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Neuman, I., S. F. Dirnfeld, and I. Minkoff. "Microstructure of resistance spot welding of maraging steels." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 900–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100177635.

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Experimental work on the spot welding of Maraging Steels revealed a surprisingly low level of strength - both in the as welded and in aged conditions. This appeared unusual since in the welding of these materials by other welding processes (TIG,MIG) the strength level is almost that of the base material. The maraging steel C250 investigated had the composition: 18wt%Ni, 8wt%Co, 5wt%Mo and additions of Al and Ti. It has a nominal tensile strength of 250 KSI. The heat treated structure of maraging steel is lath martensite the final high strength is reached by aging treatment at 485°C for 3-4 hours. During the aging process precipitation takes place of Ni3Mo and Ni3Ti and an ordered solid solution containing Co is formed.Three types of spot welding cycles were investigated: multi-pulse current cycle, bi-pulse cycle and single pulsle cycle. TIG welded samples were also tested for comparison.The microstructure investigations were carried out by SEM and EDS as well as by fractography. For multicycle spot welded maraging C250 (without aging), the dendrites start from the fusion line towards the nugget centre with an epitaxial growth region of various widths, as seen in Figure 1.

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Koniorczyk, Piotr, Mateusz Zieliński, Judyta Sienkiewicz, Janusz Zmywaczyk, and Andrzej Dębski. "Experimental Studies of Thermophysical Properties and Microstructure of X37CrMoV5-1 Hot-Work Tool Steel and Maraging 350 Steel." Materials 16, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031206.

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Measurements of thermal diffusivity, heat capacity and thermal expansion of X37CrMoV5-1 (1.2343) hot-work tool steel and Maraging 350 (1.6355) steel in the temperature range from −50 °C to 1000 °C were carried out in this paper. Both X37CrMoV5-1 and Maraging 350 are tested for military use as barrel steels. Thermophysical properties were tested using specialised test stands from NETZSCH. Thermal diffusivity was studied using both the LFA 427 laser flash apparatus in the temperature range of RT–1000 °C and the LFA 467 laser flash apparatus in the temperature range of −50 °C–500 °C. Specific heat capacity was investigated using a DSC 404 F1 Pegasus differential scanning calorimeter in the range RT–1000 °C, and thermal expansion was investigated using both a DIL 402 Expedis pushrod dilatometer in the range −50 °C–500 °C and a DIL 402 C in the range RT–1000 °C. Inconel 600 was selected as the reference material during the thermal diffusivity test using LFA467. Tests under the light microscope (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Vickers microhardness measurements were carried out to detect changes in the microstructure before and after thermophysical measurements. This paper briefly characterises the research procedures used. In conclusion, the results of testing the thermophysical properties of X37CrMoV5-1 hot-work tool steel and Maraging 350 steel are compared with our results on 38HMJ (1.8509), 30HN2MFA and Duplex (1.4462) barrel steels. The thermophysical properties of X37CrMoV5-1 (1.2343) hot-work tool steel and Maraging 350 (1.6355) steel are incomplete in the literature. The paper presents the thermophysical properties of these steels over a wide range of temperatures so that they can be used as input data for numerical simulations of heat transfer in cannon barrels.

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Grum, Janez, and Martin Zupančič. "Non-Homogenous Precipitation Annealing of Maraging Steels." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.469.

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Nickel maraging steels in the as-delivered state show a microstructure consisting primarily of oversaturated lath martensite. The final mechanical properties are achieved with precipitation annealing, during which the dissolved alloying elements start to precipitate. The newly-formed precipitated phases efficiently hinder shifts of dislocations, which results in considerable changes of the mechanical properties. Strength and hardness thus essentially increase whereas the material shows a relatively high fracture toughness. The precipitated phases formed during precipitation annealing also cause some distortion of a workpiece and transformational residual stresses on the micro and macro scales. Linear strains after precipitation annealing range from -0.05% to -0.1% and depend primarily on temperature/time conditions during the precipitation process. The non-homogenous annealing such as laser annealing produces temperature-induced residual stresses which are combined with transformational stresses. These stresses are expected to be lower and much more different than the stresses occuring in comparable classical heat-treated steels, however they cannot be neglected due to the exceptional performance of maraging steels and also their employment with high-demanding products. The results of the residual stress measurements after laser-induced and classical heat treatments of Ni-Co-Mo maraging steel with 12% nickel are presented.

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Petan, Luca, Janez Grum, Juan Antonio Porro, José Luis Ocaña, and Roman Šturm. "Fatigue Properties of Maraging Steel after Laser Peening." Metals 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121271.

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Maraging steels are precipitation hardening steels used for highly loaded components in aeronautical and tooling industry. They are subjected to thermomechanical loads and wear, which significantly shorten their service life. Improvements of their surface mechanical properties to overcome such phenomena are of great interest. The purpose of our research was to investigate the influence of pulse density and spot size of a laser shock peening (LSP) process on the surface integrity with the fatigue resistance of X2NiCoMo18-9-5 maraging steel. Surface integrity was analyzed through roughness, residual stress, and microhardness measurements. The tests performed on resonant testing machine confirmed LSP is a promising process for increasing fatigue resistance of a component. Fatigue crack occurs, when the resonance frequency decreases. This moment, when the fatigue crack initiation phase ends and the fatigue crack propagation phase starts, was chosen as the moment of failure. We have proved LSP is a successful method in improving fatigue resistance of maraging steel by appropriate combination of laser spot size and pulse density tested in our research.

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Strakosova, Angelina, Dalibor Vojtech, and Drahomír Dvorský. "Heat Treatment of High-Strength 3D-Printed Maraging Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 403 (September 2020): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.403.67.

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Maraging steels are interesting for research after heat treatment, from which name is derived "maraging" – martensite-aging. After solution annealing and precipitation hardening the X3NiMoCoTi 18-9-5 alloy has excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength reaches up to 2000 MPa and hardness is 50-55 HRC), it is ductile and well weldable. The advantage of these materials is the possibility to be manufactured not only by conventional methods but also by modern additive manufacturing (AM) methods. One of which is selective laser melting (SLM). In this paper, the influence of heat treatment on the final microstructure and mechanical properties of the 3D-printed X3NiMoCoTi 18-9-5 maraging steel is investigated.

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Bae, Kichang, Dohyung Kim, Wookjin Lee, and Yongho Park. "Wear Behavior of Conventionally and Directly Aged Maraging 18Ni-300 Steel Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2021): 2588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102588.

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This study aims to explore the wear performance of maraging 18Ni-300 steel, fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The building direction dependence of wear resistance was investigated with various wear loads and in terms of ball-on-disk wear tests. The effect of direct aging heat treatment, i.e., aging without solution heat treatment, on the wear performance was investigated by comparing the wear rates of directly aged samples, followed by solution heat treatment. The effect of counterpart material on the wear performance of the maraging steel was studied using two counterpart materials of bearing steel and ZrO2 balls. When the bearing steel ball was used as the counterpart material, both the as-built and heat-treated maraging steel produced by the LPBF showed pronounced building direction dependence on their wear performance when the applied wear load was sufficiently high. However, when the ZrO2 ball was used as the counterpart material, isotropic wear resistance was reported. The maraging steel produced by the LPBF demonstrated excellent wear resistance, particularly when it was aging heat-treated and the counterpart material was ZrO2. The directly aged sample showed wear performance almost the same as the sample solution heat-treated and then aged, indicating that direct aging can be used as an alternative post heat treatment for tribological applications of the maraging steels produced by LPBF.

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Kučerová, Ludmila, Andrea Jandová, and Ivana Zetková. "Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured and Conventional Maraging Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 405 (November 2020): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.405.133.

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Maraging steel is an iron-nickel steel alloy, which achieves very good material properties like high toughness, hardness, good weldability, high strength and dimensional stability during heat treatment. In this work, maraging steel 18Ni-300 was manufactured by selective laser melting. It is a method of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which produces prototypes and functional parts. Sample of additively manufactured and conventional steel with the same chemical composition were tested after in three different states – heat treated (as-built/as-received), solution annealed and precipitation hardened. Resulting microstructures were analysed by light and scanning electron microscopy and mechanical properties were obtained by hardness measurement and tensile test. Cellular martensitic microstructures were observed in additively manufactured samples and conventional maraging steel consisted of lath martensitic microstructures. Very similar mechanical properties were obtained for both steels after the application of the same heat treatment. Ultimate tensile strengths reached 839 – 900 MPa for samples without heat treatment and heat treated by solution annealing, the samples after precipitation hardening had tensile strengths of 1577 – 1711 MPa.

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Rao, Muktinutalapati Nageswara. "Progress in understanding the metallurgy of 18% nickel maraging steels." International Journal of Materials Research 97, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 1594–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2006-0248.

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Abstract Maraging steels based on iron –nickel martensite constitute a very important family of high-strength steels, which distinguishes itself by demonstrating an unparalleled combination of excellent fabricability and high strength and fracture toughness after heat treatment. Heat treatment of these steels has now been perfected to ensure consistently high levels of strength, ductility, and toughness in a variety of product shapes and sizes. Cobalt-free variants have been commercialized as part of efforts to save production costs. Further knowledge has been generated on 18% nickel maraging steels regarding phases precipitating during aging, thermal embrittlement, thermal cycling and austenite reversion/retention and their effect on mechanical properties. The paper reviews the progress made over the last one and half decades.

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Kaputkina, Liudmila M., Vera Prokoshkina, and D. Yu Uluntsev. "Strengthening of Nitrogen-Containing Maraging Steels." Materials Science Forum 318-320 (October 1999): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.318-320.327.

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Rajkumar, V., N. Arivazhagan, and K. Devendranath Ramkumar. "Studies on Welding of Maraging Steels." Procedia Engineering 75 (2014): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.11.017.

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Agbalyan, S. G., B. F. Badeyan, R. G. Samvelyan, S. M. Agayan, S. A. Assila, and N. N. Manukyan. "Production of powders of maraging steels." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 33, no. 9-10 (1995): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00559541.

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Krasnikova, S. I., S. B. Vukelich, A. V. Drobot, and A. Yu Shmelev. "Dendritic inhomogeneity of stainless maraging steels." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 27, no. 10 (October 1985): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00699534.

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Funch, C. V., K. V. Dahl, T. L. Christiansen, and M. A. J. Somers. "Chromizing of Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel; Microstructural Evolution and Corrosion Performance." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 77, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 245–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1012.

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Abstract While maraging steels are excellent candidates for additive manufacturing of high-strength materials, most of them provide little to no corrosion resistance. In this study, the surface of additively manufactured maraging steel is augmented with diffusion-based chromizing. The diffusion of chromium into the surface results in the formation of α-Cr, σ-phase and austenite depending on the chromium content at the respective distance from the surface. The bulk consists of a ductile bcc martensite hardened by precipitation of intermetallics during a low temperature ageing treatment. The σ-case provides a very high hardness, while the austenite phase is rather soft and unaffected by the ageing treatment. The chromizing treatment significantly reduced the corrosion rate of the maraging steel up to a factor of 14. Decomposition of the σ-case into a uniform case of austenite (austenitic stainless steel) further improved the corrosion resistance almost 24 times. This showed the strong potential of the chromizing treatment on a highstrength material to obtain a combination of their beneficial properties.

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Pańcikiewicz, Krzysztof. "The Use of Arc Welding Processes in the Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Products." Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa, no. 5 (October 2020): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2020.5/5.

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The article presents examples of additive manufactured products obtained using MIG /MAG welding processes (13). The research-related tests revealed that it is possible to make products of unalloyed steels having the structure similar to castings subjected to heat treatment. Products made of maraging steel require homogenising (heat treatment). It is possible to produce bimetallic products, e.g. unalloyed steel-bronze.

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Kim, Dohyung, Taehwan Kim, Kyeongsik Ha, Jeong-Jung Oak, Jong Bae Jeon, Yongho Park, and Wookjin Lee. "Effect of Heat Treatment Condition on Microstructural and Mechanical Anisotropies of Selective Laser Melted Maraging 18Ni-300 Steel." Metals 10, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10030410.

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18Ni-300 maraging steel produced by the selective laser melting (SLM) process has a unique microstructure that is different from that of the same alloy processed by conventional methods. In this paper, maraging steels were fabricated by the selective laser melting process and their microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated in terms of post heat treatment conditions. Moreover, the effect of different heat treatments on the mechanical anisotropy was studied in detail. The micro Vickers hardness in the as-built state was around 340 Hv and could be increased to approximately 600 Hv by aging heat treatments. It was found that the solution heat treatment was not necessary to obtain a fully hardened state. From tensile tests of the maraging steels heat treated with different conditions, it was found that the highest strength was achieved by aging and solution treatment (ST) temperatures lower than the commonly used temperatures. In the direction parallel to the laser scanning, the highest ultimate tensile strength was obtained when 450 °C aging was done without solution heat treatment. In the other two directions tested, i.e., directions normal to the building and 45 degrees to the laser scanning direction, the highest tensile strength was obtained when aging was done at 450 °C after 750 °C solution treatment.

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NILI-AHMADABADI, M., H. SHIRAZI, A. FATEHI, and S. HOSSEIN-NEDJAD. "IMPROVEMENT IN MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Fe-Ni-Mn MARAGING STEEL BY HEAVY COLD ROLLING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 18n19 (July 30, 2008): 2814–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208047638.

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Maraging steels are a group of martensitic steels possessing ultra high strength along with good fracture toughness. Conventional 18 wt.% Ni maraging steels are very costly in part because of expensive alloying elements such as Ni and Co . Replacement of Ni by cheaper elements like Mn has been studied by many researchers. Fe – Ni – Mn ternary alloys show good age hardenability formation of nanometer sized intermetallic precipitates such as f.c.t. θ- NiMn during aging. These alloys are ductile in the solution annealed condition but suffer from severe embrittlement after aging by intergranular fracture along prior austenite grain boundaries (PAGBs). Discontinuous coarsening of grain boundary precipitates was found as the main source of embrittlement. In this paper the effect of cold rolling on the mechanical properties of Fe -10 Ni -7 Mn steel was investigated. Cold rolling for 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 90% were carried out on a solution annealed material with subsequent aging at 753 K. Improvements in the tensile properties of the as-deformed and aged alloys were found. Substantial improvement is found at thickness reductions larger than 60%, where severe plastic deformation and ultrafine grain formation are realized.

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Nunes, Cristiana dos Santos, Hamilton Ferreira Gomes de Abreu, Cleiton Carvalho Silva, Hélio Cordeiro de Miranda, Ladislav Novotný, and Maria Cindra Fonseca. "The Welding of Dissimilar Joints with Low Temperature Martensitic Transformation Filler Material." Soldagem & Inspeção 23, no. 4 (December 2018): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si2304.06.

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Abstract The welding of dissimilar joints is very common in systems used in oil exploration and production in deep waters. This commonly involves welding low carbon steel pipes with valves, pumps or other pipes, all of them made of alloy steel. Inconel has been used in such welding as filler material; however, this welding is preceded by a process of buttering in the low alloy steel side and a stress relief heat treatment. An alternative technique presented in this paper is the use of a welding filler metal that, during the cooling process, undergoes a martensitic transformation at a relatively low temperature, so that the resulting deformation processing offsets the contraction that occurs as a result of the cooling process. This study evaluates the application of Maraging 250 weld in a dissimilar joint of the oil industry. Tests were performed on joints of ASTM steels A516 grade 70 and AISI 8630M welded with Maraging 250. The residual stress profiles, hardness, microstructure, tensile strength and impact energy absorbed were evaluated. The welded joint with Maraging 250 showed a high intensity of compressive residual stress. The microstructure of different welding regions was analysed and compared.

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Lebedev, Vladimir, Alla Bespalova, Tatiana Chumachenko, Yevhen Omelchenko, and Tatiana Nikolaieva. "Cutting forces when grinding parts from martensite aging steels with highporous abrasive, borazon and diamond wheels." ScienceRise, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2021.002041.

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Object of research. The article investigates the cutting forces when grinding martensitic-aging steels with highly porous grinding wheels. The problem to be solved is the regularities of the change in the magnitude of the cutting forces when grinding maraging steels with highly porous CBN wheels. Main scientific results. The studies were performed on martensiticaging steel H8K18M14. As a result of the experiments, it was found that when grinding wheels made of materials such as electrocorundum, CBN (borazon) and diamond, a significant role is played by the values of the cutting force, which increase during processing. During the experiment it was found out: the cutting forces Py and Pz in the width of the allowable modes, which are most often used in circular and flat grinding, can reach the following values: with the structure of the wheel 26 come to values from 2.714N to 30.721 and with the structure of the wheel 40 come to values from 2.49N to 28.185N. Reducing the grain size of the wheel, let’s obtain the effect of increasing the energy costs of the grinding process, by increasing the magnitude of the cutting forces. If to compare the cutting forces that occur when grinding different wheels, it is possible to note the following: in comparison with electrocorundum wheels when using wheels with KNB cutting forces are reduced by 20-25 %, and when grinding with diamond wheels, the effect of cutting forces is reduced by 25 - 30 %. When grinding with highly porous wheels, the cutting force is 15-20 % higher than when grinding with wheels of normal porosity. The area of practical use of research results-grinding technology for maraging steels. Innovative technological product – relationship between processing modes and the magnitude of cutting forces when grinding maraging steels. Scope of application of an innovative technological product-mechanical engineering technology

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27

Göbl, Michael, Harald Eder, Aude Prestl, Ingo Siller, and Ronald Schnitzer. "Diffusion Bonding of High-Alloyed Tool Steels with Maraging and Precipitation Hardening Steels." Metals 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121622.

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Steel composites for application as protective plates were produced via diffusion bonding. Cold work tool steels were combined with a precipitation hardening steel or a maraging steel using a deformation dilatometer and a vacuum furnace at 1150 °C for 8 h in total. Subsequently, a heat treatment was applied to achieve the final mechanical properties. The microstructure of the interface was investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and hardness measurements. The results are compared with a simulation of the diffusion of elements performed by MatCalc. Both composites achieve high hardness near the surface of the cold work tool steels, which can have a positive effect on the destruction of projectiles on impact. The influence of carbon diffusion can be observed up to a depth of 3 mm from the interface. As a result of carbon diffusion, soft zones are formed on both sides of the interface, which can be attributed to decarburization, phase transformation and carbide formation. The tough back layer is designed to absorb the remaining energy of the projectile. The combination of a hard front layer and a tough rear layer provides an optimal combination of materials against ballistic threats.

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28

Dhinakar, Annadurai, Bai-En Li, Yo-Cheng Chang, Kuo-Chi Chiu, and Jhewn-Kuang Chen. "Air Permeability of Maraging Steel Cellular Parts Made by Selective Laser Melting." Materials 14, no. 11 (June 6, 2021): 3118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14113118.

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Additive manufacturing, such as selective laser melting (SLM), can be used to manufacture cellular parts. In this study, cellular coupons of maraging steels are prepared through SLM by varying hatch distance. Air flow and permeability of porous maraging steel blocks are obtained for samples of different thickness based on the Darcy equation. By reducing hatch distance from 0.75 to 0.4 mm, the permeability decreases from 1.664 × 10−6 mm2 to 0.991 × 10−6 mm2 for 4 mm thick coupons. In addition, by increasing the thickness from 2 to 8 mm, the permeability increases from 0.741 × 10−6 mm2 to 1.345 × 10−6 mm2 at 16.2 J/mm3 energy density and 0.14 MPa inlet pressure. Simulation using ANSYS-Fluent is conducted to observe the pressure difference across the porous coupons and is compared with the experimental results. Surface artifacts and the actual morphology of scan lines can cause the simulated permeability to deviate from the experimental values. The measured permeability of maraging steel coupons is regression fit with both energy density and size of samples which provide a design guideline of porous mold inserts for industry applications such as injection molding.

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29

Kalinina, N. E., and A. V. Deinega. "Structure changing during of maraging-type steels." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 8, no. 1s (2002): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit2002.01s.113.

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30

Sha, W. "Thermodynamic calculations for precipitation in maraging steels." Materials Science and Technology 16, no. 11-12 (November 2000): 1434–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708300101507415.

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31

Srinivasan, P. Bala, C. Marikkannu, S. Ramu, and K. Balakrishnan. "Corrosion of maraging steels in chloride solutions." British Corrosion Journal 29, no. 2 (January 1994): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000705994798267782.

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32

Miura, H. "Fabrication of maraging steels by injection moulding." Metal Powder Report 51, no. 1 (January 1997): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(97)80089-6.

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33

Stiller, K., M. Hättestrand, and F. Danoix. "Precipitation in 9Ni–12Cr–2Cu maraging steels." Acta Materialia 46, no. 17 (November 1998): 6063–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(98)00267-5.

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34

Perkas, M. D., V. V. Rusanenko, E. M. Strug, and O. N. Ledeneva. "Elinvar maraging steels with high elastic limit." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 33, no. 8 (August 1991): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00774850.

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35

Turk, Christoph, Horst Zunko, Christin Aumayr, Harald Leitner, and Marianne Kapp. "Advances in Maraging Steels for Additive Manufacturing." BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 164, no. 3 (February 18, 2019): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00501-019-0835-z.

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36

Berbecaru, Andrei Constantin, George Coman, Catalin Stefan Gradinaru, Mirela Gabriela Sohaciu, Cristian Predescu, Ruxandra Elena Dumitrescu, Sorin Ciuca, and Ioana Arina Gherghescu. "Microstructural Characterization of Some Turbine Blade Martensitic Stainless Steels." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 4 (May 15, 2019): 1132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.4.7078.

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The paper presents microstructural features of three stainless steels utilized in making hydropower turbine parts. Two of these steels were already used in producing these parts, the third one is newly conceived. Aiming better mechanical and corrosion resistance characteristics, steels were produced using an induction furnace with cold crucible under vacuum and argon atmosphere, striving for an inclusion � free state. Quenching and tempering heat treatments were subsequently applied. The microstructural investigations, carried-out by microhardess testing, optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) associated with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), were able to explain the structural modifications. Refined microstructures were found in the two first steels. Concerning the third one, a precipitation phenomenon of intermetallic compounds such as Ni3(Ti,Mo) was reported, similar to that encountered in the maraging steels class. Mechanical properties of this steel are very different from classic martensitic stainless steels ones. Specifically, after tempering the hardness values do not decrease as in other steels, but increase about 1.6 times. Thus a new steel category with duplex properties is reported.

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37

Makhneva, T. M., and V. B. Dement’yev. "Modification of Nanostructured Maraging Steels Surface with Atmospheric Nitrogen at Steel Hardening in Confined Space." Materials Science Forum 870 (September 2016): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.870.123.

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The specific features of atmospheric nitrogen surface nitriding of cold-rolled foils (the value of the coherent-scattering region is 10 nm) from stainless maraging steels after hardening in a confined space containing air are considered. Thermodynamic evaluation of the probability of influence caused by the confined space air on the phase transformations and solubility of the atmospheric nitrogen shows that the surface modification takes place in two stages: at the first stage, oxidation dominates; and at the second stage, predominantly the nitrogen absorption by the surface takes place. While changing, the nitrogen solubility reaches the maximum in the range of 10 – 22 % of Cr and has the largest values at the air pressure in the range of 0.001 – 0.04 MPa. Based on the nitrogen solubility diagrams, optimal conditions for the nitrogen austenite formation without the formation of nitrides are established. The developed method for nitriding allows the formation of nitrogen austenite layer of about 20 μm in thickness in the surface of nanostructured maraging steels without deteriorating the surface electrochemical properties.

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38

Guo, Z., and W. Sha. "Comments onSmall-angle neutron scattering analysis of the precipitation behaviour in a maraging steelby Staron, Jamnig, Leitner, Ebner & Clemens (2003)." Journal of Applied Crystallography 37, no. 2 (March 17, 2004): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889803028127.

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Further to the paper by Staron, Jamnig, Leitner, Ebner & Clemens [J. Appl. Cryst.(2003),36, 415–419], the following points are made. Characterization of the precipitation process in maraging steels is difficult, primarily because the precipitates formed are on the nanometre scale. Identification of the precipitate type is complicated by the fact that its composition evolves during ageing, even when the precipitate type remains unchanged. Interpretation of experimental results should be treated with caution, especially when indirect methods, such as small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), are used. Atom-probe field ion microscopy (APFIM) has proved to be capable of determining the type and composition of the fine precipitates in maraging steels. The advantages and disadvantages of SANS and APFIM are briefly discussed.

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39

Lu, Qi, Wei Xu, and Sybrand van der Zwaag. "A Material Genomic Design of Advanced High Performance, Non-Corroding Steels for Ambient and High Temperature Applications." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1201.

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This work presents an artificial intelligence based design of a series of novel advanced high performance steels for ambient and high temperature applications, following the principle of the materials genome initiative, using an integrated thermodynamics/kinetics based model in combination with a genetic algorithm optimization routine. Novel steel compositions and associated key heat treatment parameters are designed both for applications at the room temperature (ultra-high strength maraging stainless steel) and at high temperatures (ferritic, martensitic and austenitic creep resistant steels). The strength of existing high end alloys of aforementioned four types are calculated according to the corresponding design criteria. The model validation studies suggest that the newly designed alloys have great potential in outperforming existing grades.

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Bučelis, Kęstutis, Jelena Škamat, and Olegas Černašejus. "Surface laser processing of maraging steel parts manufactured by selective laser melting: effect on pass geometry and hardness." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1239, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1239/1/012009.

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Abstract Due to the possibility to produce the parts with complex internal and external geometries, selective laser melting (SLM) process attracts growing interest in various fields of engineering segments such as aircraft, aerospace, biomedical, automotive, marine industries and tooling. Maraging steels, having excellent weldability and high resistance to thermal fatigue due to the lack of carbon, has showed good suitability for SLM [1]. However, owing to the limited hardness and wear resistance, maraging steels has limited application at the harsh wear conditions [4]. In this study, the possibility to improve the surface characteristics of DIN 1.2709 steel SLM parts by application of laser alloying technology is evaluated. The surface of SLM part was laser processed at various laser spot diameters and varying laser scanning speeds from 500 to 1500 mm⋅min-1, with and without preposition of alloying element. The power density was provided in the range from ~0.8⋅103 W⋅cm-2 to ~51⋅103 W⋅cm-2 and heat input – from 4 to 12 J⋅mm-1. The effect of laser processing parameters and presence of alloying element on the geometry of obtained processed passes and hardness of surface was evaluated. It was determined, that the application of CO2 continuous laser at the parameters of 1 kW laser power, 0.5 mm laser beam spot diameter and laser scanning speed in the range between 500 mm⋅min-1 and 1250 mm⋅min-1 allows obtaining laser pool of acceptable geometry and sizes directly on as-manufactured SLM part surface without any pre-processing. The increasing scanning speed to 1500 mm⋅min-1 or spot size to 2.0 and 3.0 mm results in too small pool depth and unstable pool geometry. The laser processing with preposition of alloying element layer provided surface alloying effect of the maraging steel SLM part. The hardness of processed surface areas ranged between ~600 HV0.2 at the lowest scanning speed and ~1770 HV0.2 at the highest speed, what is from 18% to ~3.5 times higher, as compared with maximum hardness of 1.2709 maraging steel after aging (~58 HRC or ~510 HV).

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41

Bhat, Sunil, and Vijay G. Ukadgaonker. "Fatigue Life Enhancement of Welded Steel-Steel Composite during Crack Growth from Weak to Strong Steel: An Experimental Validation." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.825.

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Strength mismatch effect across weld interfaces, generated by welding weak and strong steels, influences fatigue and fracture properties of a welded bimetallic composite. Advancing fatigue crack tip in weak parent steel is shielded from the remote load when it reaches near the interface of ultra strong weld steel. Entry of crack tip plasticity into weld steel induces load transfer towards weld which dips crack growth rates thereby enhancing the fatigue life of the composite. A computational model for fatigue life prediction of strength mismatched welded composite under K dominant conditions is validated by experimental work in this paper. Notched bimetallic compact tension specimens, prepared by electron beam welding of weak alloy and strong maraging steels, are subjected to fatigue testing in high cycle regime.

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42

Fernandes, Rui F., Joel de Jesus, Luís Borrego, Luís Vilhena, Amílcar Ramalho, and José A. M. Ferreira. "Influence of Deposition Plane Angle and Saline Corrosion on Fatigue Crack Growth in Maraging Steel Components Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion." Metals 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030433.

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Maraging steels are used in several industries, namely in the molds industry. The determination of fatigue crack propagation resistance in 18Ni300 maraging steel at the Paris regime is a vital issue for safety-relevant components, which are designed to work for a large number of loading cycles before periodic inspections. The main goal of this work is to analyze the influence of the deposition plane angle and saline corrosion on fatigue crack growth in maraging steel samples produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF). The crack closure parameter was used in order to analyze the different fatigue crack growth behaviors, as well as the metallographic, hardness, fractography and corrosion/oxidation analysis. From this work, the main achievement was that the deposition plane angle did not reveal a notable influence in the fatigue crack growth behavior for the fatigue tests unsubmitted to saline corrosion. On the other hand, the fatigue crack growth behavior for the tests under saline corrosion showed an increase in the crack closure parameter due to the appearance of the crack closure induced by oxides, which reduced the fatigue crack growth speed. This phenomenon depends on the deposition plane angle, which controls the martensite amount and consequently controls the level of corrosion/oxidation.

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43

Silva, Tiago, Afonso Gregório, Filipe Silva, José Xavier, Ana Reis, Pedro Rosa, and Abílio de Jesus. "Numerical-Experimental Plastic-Damage Characterisation of Additively Manufactured 18Ni300 Maraging Steel by Means of Multiaxial Double-Notched Specimens." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5030084.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) has become a viable option for producing structural parts with a high degree of geometrical complexity. Despite such trend, accurate material properties, under diversified testing conditions, are scarce or practically non-existent for the most recent additively manufactured (AMed) materials. Such data gap may compromise component performance design, through numerical simulation, especially enhanced by topological optimisation of AMed components. This study aimed at a comprehensive characterisation of laser powder bed fusion as-built 18Ni300 maraging steel and its systematic comparison to the conventional counterpart. Multiaxial double-notched specimens demonstrated a successful depiction of both plastic and damage behaviour under different stress states. Tensile specimens with distinct notch configurations were also used for high stress triaxiality range characterisation. This study demonstrates that the multiaxial double-notched specimens constitute a viable option towards the inverse plastic behaviour calibration of high-strength additively manufactured steels in distinct state of stress conditions. AMed maraging steel exhibited higher strength and lower ductility than the conventional material.

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44

Li, Gan, Cheng Guo, Wen Feng Guo, Hong Xing Lu, Lin Ju Wen, Xiao Gang Hu, and Qiang Zhu. "Influence of Selective Laser Melting Process Parameters on Densification Behavior, Surface Quality and Hardness of 18Ni300 Steel." Key Engineering Materials 861 (September 2020): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.861.77.

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This study investigated the effect of laser power (P), scan speed (v) and hatch space (h) on densification behavior, surface quality and hardness of 18Ni300 maraging steel fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). The results indicated that the relative density of the SLMed samples has a shape increase from 73% to 97% with the laser energy density increasing from 0.5 to 2.2 J/mm2. The relative density ≥ 99% was achieved at the energy density in the range of 2.2~5.9 J/mm2. The optimum process parameters were found to be laser power of 150~200 W, scan speed of 600mm/s and hatch space of 0.105mm. In addition, it was found that the hardness increased initially with the increasing relative density up to relative density of 90% and then little relationship, but finally increase again significantly. This work provides reference for determining process parameters for SLMed maraging steel and the development of 3D printing of die steels.

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45

Rigon, Daniele, Giovanni Meneghetti, Michael Görtler, Daniele Cozzi, Wolfgang Waldhauser, and Manuele Dabalà. "Influence of defects on axial fatigue strength of maraging steel specimens produced by additive manufacturing." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816502005.

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Nowadays many materials such as steels, aluminium and titanium alloys can be realised by powder bed solutions melting subsequently powder layers by means of a laser or electron beam (Laser Beam Melting – LBM and Electron Beam Melting – EBM). The microstructure realised by layer-by-layer solidification having high cooling rate cannot be considered isotropic. Therefore, the mechanical properties could be influenced by the building direction. Regarding maraging steel, the study of the influence of the building direction and the heat treatment on the static and axial fatigue strength has been investigated in a previous contribution. A large scatter of the fatigue test results was found because of the presence of detrimental surface and subsurface defects. The aim of this contribution is to present additional axial fatigue test results of maraging steel characterized by different build orientation and providing an analysis of the defects observed at the crack initiation area of the fracture surface.

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46

Strakosova, Angelina, Jiří Kubásek, Alena Michalcová, Filip Průša, Dalibor Vojtěch, and Drahomír Dvorský. "High Strength X3NiCoMoTi 18-9-5 Maraging Steel Prepared by Selective Laser Melting from Atomized Powder." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 4174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244174.

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Maraging steels are generally characterized by excellent mechanical properties, which make them ideal for various industrial applications. The application field can be further extended by using selective laser melting (SLM) for additive manufacturing of shape complicated products. However, the final mechanical properties are strongly related to the microstructure conditions. The present work studies the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 3D printed samples prepared from powder of high-strength X3NiCoMoTi 18-9-5 maraging steel. It was found that the as-printed material had quite low mechanical properties. After sufficient heat treatment, the hardness of the material increased from 350 to 620 HV0.1 and the tensile yield strength increased from 1000 MPa up to 2000 MPa. In addition, 3% ductility was maintained. This behavior was primarily affected by strong precipitation during processing.

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Chen, Shixing, Jingchuan Zhu, Tingyao Liu, Yong Liu, Yudong Fu, Toshihiro Shimada, and Guanqi Liu. "Integrated Computing Accelerates Design and Performance Control of New Maraging Steels." Materials 16, no. 12 (June 8, 2023): 4273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16124273.

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This paper mainly used database technology, machine learning, thermodynamic calculation, experimental verification, etc., on integrated computational materials engineering. The interaction between different alloying elements and the strengthening effect of precipitated phases were investigated mainly for martensitic ageing steels. Modelling and parameter optimization were performed by machine learning, and the highest prediction accuracy was 98.58%. We investigated the influence of composition fluctuation on performance and correlation tests to analyze the influence of elements from multiple perspectives. Furthermore, we screened out the three-component composition process parameters with composition and performance with high contrast. Thermodynamic calculations studied the effect of alloying element content on the nano-precipitation phase, Laves phase, and austenite in the material. The heat treatment process parameters of the new steel grade were also developed based on the phase diagram. A new type of martensitic ageing steel was prepared by selected vacuum arc melting. The sample with the highest overall mechanical properties had a yield strength of 1887 MPa, a tensile strength of 1907 MPa, and a hardness of 58 HRC. The sample with the highest plasticity had an elongation of 7.8%. The machine learning process for the accelerated design of new ultra-high tensile steels was found to be generalizable and reliable.

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48

ZIELIŃSKI, Mateusz, and Piotr KONIORCZYK. "THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED BARREL STEELS." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 164, no. 2 (June 27, 2023): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.7229.

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This paper is devoted to the study of thermo-physical properties, i.e. thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion and specific heat of selected barrel steels. In typical barrel steels, e.g.30HN2MFA, a structural transformation occurs at about 730 , at which material shrinkage occurs. The way to increase the durability of the barrels is to change the steel grade to one in which this transformation does not occur or does occur, but at higher temperatures. The paper presents the results of experimental studies of all the above-mentioned thermophysical properties of five selected barrel steels, i.e. 38HMJ, 30HN2MFA, DUPLEX 2205, WCL and MARAGING 350. Measurements were made in the range from room temperature to about 1100 C. In this way, a database of thermo-physical properties of these steels was created as input data for the calculation of heat transfer in the barrels of small arms and cannons.

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49

Asayama, Yukiteru. "Delayed Failure and Precipitation Behavior in Maraging Steels." Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals 28, no. 4 (1987): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.28.281.

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50

Asayama, Yukiteru. "Delayed Failure and Precipitation Behaviors in Maraging Steels." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 50, no. 8 (1986): 695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.50.8_695.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Maraging Steels'

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