Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Marasmus'

La distinction entre kwashiorkor et marasme a été remise en question depuis longtemps. Comprendre les mécanismes pathophysiologiques distincts de la malnutrition sévère ouvrira les portes de nouvelles options thérapeutiques. Dans cette thèse, des échantillons fécaux prélevés chez 17 enfants atteints de malnutrition aigüe sévère ont été testées par culturomics et séquençage métagénomique 16S pour examiner les différences du microbiote intestinal. Les méta-analyses sont effectués pour fournir des caractéristiques cohérentes et reproductibles qui différencient kwashiorkor et marasme. Il existe un gradient qui représentait une diminution prédominante de la diversité d’anaérobie chez le kwashiorkor par rapport au marasme. Ce résultat concordait avec les gradients observés dans la littérature, y compris la déplétion d'albumine, de transferrine, de zinc, de cuivre et de vitamine A, qui étaient toutes connues pour leur activité antioxydante. En particulier, la diminution du glutathion et l’infiltration graisseuse dans le foie ont été observées uniquement chez les kwashiorkor. De plus, toutes les espèces potentiellement pathogènes ont été enrichies dans les cas de kwashiorkor. D'autre part, notre méta-analyse a montré que les antibiotiques avaient un effet efficace sur la survie des enfants kwashiorkor mais n'ont pas d’effet sur la survie des enfants marasme. En conclusion, les résultats ont fourni une base biologique pour l’utilisation des antibiotiques avant la renutrition, l’utilisation des antioxydants pour favoriser les bactéries anaérobies de l'intestin mais également l’application des mélanges probiotiques afin de restaurer un microbiote intestinal anaérobie sain
The distinction between kwashiorkor and marasmus has long been questioned. Understanding the distinct pathophysiological mechanisms of severe malnutrition will open the door to new therapeutic options. In this thesis, faecal samples from 17 children with severe acute malnutrition were tested by culturomics and 16S metagenomics sequencing to examine differences in the intestinal microbiota. Meta-analysis are performed to provide consistent and reproducible characteristics that differentiate kwashiorkor from marasmus. There is a gradient that represented a predominant depletion in anaerobic diversity in kwashiorkor compared to marasmus. This result was consistent with the gradients observed in the literature, including depletion in albumin, transferrin, zinc, copper and vitamin A, all of which were known for their antioxidant activity. In particular, glutathione reduction and fatty liver were observed only in kwashiorkor. In addition, all potentially pathogenic species were enriched in the case of kwashiorkor. On the other hand, our meta-analysis showed that antibiotics have an effective effect on the survival of Kwashiorkor children but have no effect on the survival of Marasmus children. In conclusion, the results provided a biological basis for the use of antibiotics before renutrition, the use of antioxidants to promote anaerobic bacteria in the intestine but also the application of probiotic mixtures to restore a healthy anaerobic intestinal microbiota

O estudo avaliou a influência de diversas formas de fototerapia na cicatrização de úlceras cutâneas de ratos nutridos e desnutridos (desnutrição induzida). No 1º experimento, de 60 ratos Wistar sob controle dietético, 30 foram selecionados aleatoriamente, recebendo metade da dieta diária para indução de desnutrição (marasmo), confirmada pela perda de massa corporal, sinais clínicos e dosagem de albumina sérica. Os animais nutridos (N) e desnutridos (D) foram distribuídos em grupos (n=10) conforme tratamento fototerápico, a saber: aparelhos desligados (LED e laser - sham) e ligados (4 LED\'s 660 nm e 32 LED\'s 890 nm, 500 mW; e laser HeNe 632,8 nm, 3 mW), sendo designados GNS, GNL, GNH, GDS, GDL e GDH, respectivamente. Duas úlceras cutâneas foram realizadas com punch 8 mm e irradiadas 3 vezes por semana durante 14 dias. Os programas LAS e Photoshop foram utilizados para análise histológica (HE) da espessura da pele após o período de desnutrição, e o ImageJ para análise das imagens e cálculo do índice de cicatrização das úlceras no 7º e 14º dias, além da análise histológica (tricrômio de Gomori) para avaliação da colagênese após a desnutrição e no 14º pós-operatório. No 2º experimento 30 ratos receberam dieta controle e 30 receberam dieta normoprotéica associada à proteína de baixa qualidade (gelatina) para induzir desnutrição. A distribuição dos animais em grupos foi semelhante ao experimento 1, porém utilizando o aparelho de laser de diodo (L1 660 nm e L2 808 nm, 100 mW), sendo designados GNS, GNL1, GNL2, GDS, GDL1 e GDL2, respectivamente. A confirmação da desnutrição, o procedimento cirúrgico, protocolo de tratamento e as análises de imagens e histológicas seguiram a mesma metodologia do experimento 1. Os resultados do experimento 1 mostraram que após o período de desnutrição, a espessura da derme dos animais desnutridos apresentou-se menor (p<0,0001) em relação aos nutridos, assim como o percentual da ) colagênese (p<0,0005). No 7º dia pós-operatório as úlceras do GDS apresentaram menores ICU\'s em relação aos GNS (p<0,01), GDL (p<0,001) e GDH (p<0,05). No 14º dia, as úlceras do GNS apresentaram maiores ICU\'s em relação ao GNH e GDS (p<0,05) e GDH (p<0,01), assim como as do GDL em relação ao GDH (p<0,05). Histologicamente, o GDS apresentou menor percentual de colágeno em relação ao GNS (p<0,05), GNH, GDL e GDH (p<0,01). Os resultados do experimento 2 mostraram que após a desnutrição, a espessura da derme dos animais desnutridos apresentou-se menor (p<0,0001) em relação aos nutridos, assim como o percentual da colagênese (p<0,03). No 7º dia, as úlceras do GDS apresentaram menores ICU\'s em relação aos demais grupos (p<0,001). No 14º dia não houve diferença entre os grupos (p<0,05). Histologicamente, o GDS apresentou menor percentual de colágeno que os demais grupos (p<0,001), e os grupos desnutridos tratados com laser apresentaram maior percentual de colágeno que os demais grupos (p<0,001). Os resultados evidenciaram a influência negativa da desnutrição na cicatrização, e que as diversas formas de fototerapia apresentaram efeito bioestimulador na cicatrização e colagênese nas úlceras cutâneas de ratos desnutridos em comparação à cicatrização natural e fotoestimulada nos grupos nutridos.
The study evaluated the influence of various forms of phototherapy in the healing of cutaneous wounds in nourished and undernourished rats (induced malnutrition). In the 1st experiment, from 60 rats under control diet, 30 were randomly selected to receive half of the daily diet for induction of malnutrition (marasmus), confirmed by loss of body weight, clinical signs and serum albumin. Nourished (N) and undernourished (U) animals have been distributed into groups (n=10) according phototherapic treatment, viz: off devices (LED and laser - sham) and on devices (4 LEDs 660 nm, 32 LEDs 890 nm, 500 mW, and HeNe laser 632.8 nm, 3 mW) and they were designed GNS, GNL, GNH, GUS, GUL and GUH, respectively. Two 8mm dorsal cutaneous wounds were punched and irradiated 3 times per week for 14 days. LAS and Photoshop softwares were used for histological analysis (HE) of the skin thickness after malnutrition time, and ImageJ for analysis of images to calculate the wound healing rate in 7th and 14th days, besides the histological analysis (Gomori trichrome) to calculate the colagenesis after the malnutrition time and in 14th post operative day. In the 2nd experiment 30 rats have received control diet and 30 received normal protein diet associated of low quality protein (gelatin) to induce malnutrition. The distribution of animals in groups was similar to experiment 1, but using a diode laser device (L1 660 nm and L2 808nm, 100 mW) and they were designed GNS, GNL1, GNL2, GDS, GDL1 and GDL2 respectively. The malnutrition status, the surgical proceeding, the protocol for treatment and analysis of histological images followed the same methods used in experiment 1. The results of experiment 1 showed that after malnutrition time, the thickness of the dermis in the undernourished animals was lower (p<0.0001) than nourished even as the percentage of coallagenesis (p<0.0005). In the 7th post operative day the wound healing rates were lower in the GUS than GNS (p<0.01), GUL (p<0.001) and GUH (p<0.05). In the 14th day, the WHRs were higher in the GNS than GNH, GUS (p<0.05) and GUH (p<0.05). Histologically, the GUS showed lower percentage of collagen than GNS (p<0.05), GNH, GUL and GUH (p<0.01). In experiment 2, the results showed that after malnutrition time, the thickness of the dermis of the undernourished animals was lower (p<0.0001) than nourished, as well as the percentage of collagenesis (p<0.03). In the 7th day, the WHRs were lower in the GUS than other groups (p<0.001). In 14th day there was no difference between groups (p<0.05). Histologically, the GUS presented lower percentage of collagen than the other groups (p<0.001), and the undernourished group treated with laser presented higher percentage of collagen than other groups (p<0.001). The results showed the negative influence of the malnutrition in the wound healing and that the various kinds of phototherapy presented biostimulator effect in the cutaneous wound healing and collagenesis in undernourished rats as compared to natural and photostimulated healing in the nourished groups.

Marasmius quercophilus est un champignon de pourriture blanche, appartenant a la classe des basidiomycetes, qui se developpe sur des litieres de chene vert. Une souche de cette espece avait ete isolee, prealablement a ce travail, pour ses proprietes ligninolytiques et plus particulierement pour son activite enzymatique de type laccase detectee dans les milieux de culture apres croissance. Ce travail de these a eu pour but de purifier jusqu'a homogeneite, essentiellement par chromatographie d'echange d'ions, de filtration et d'affinite, les trois laccases secretees par cette souche. L'obtention des trois enzymes pures a permis une caracterisation complete de la laccase majoritaire, laccase 1, et une identification partielle des laccases 2 et 3. Ces laccases sont des glycoproteines monomeriques de masse molaire relative comprise entre 63 et 67 kda, presentant un point isoelectrique acide. Pour la laccase 1, les compositions en acides amines de la proteine et en sucres de la fraction glycosylee, ainsi que la structure primaire de l'extremite n-terminale ont ete determinees ; elles sont comparables a celles de laccases synthetisees par d'autres especes de champignons. Les parametres cinetiques etablis avec la syringaldazine, substrat specifique des laccases fongiques, montrent que la laccase 1 presente la plus grande affinite pour ce substrat. Enfin, les trois laccases purifiees sont capables d'une part de transformer les monomeres constitutifs de la lignine et, d'autre part, de degrader un ligninosulfonate de sodium de haut poids moleculaire.

Malnutrition is one of the serious childhood problems that affect children under five (5) years of age, and is common in developing countries Botswana included. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of mothers of children diagnosed with malnutrition in Botswana, specifically at Sekgoma Memorial Hospital, Serowe. The said hospital is a district hospital which renders services to Serowe community and the surrounding villages, as such; participants in this study were from Serowe and other surrounding villages like Mabou, Tshimoyapula, Mmashoro and Mogorosi. Applied research was used as a type of research because it is associated with the researcher’s motivation to assist in solving a particular problem facing a particular community. Collective case study was used as a research design. The researcher explored the perceptions of mothers regarding child malnutrition; through the use of semi-structured interviews. Twelve (12) mothers of children with malnutrition were interviewed using systematic random sampling method and subsequently data was analysed according to Creswell’s model. Literature study was done and the following aspects were discussed: Child malnutrition in developing countries; child malnutrition in Botswana; description of child malnutrition; causes of child malnutrition; symptoms of child malnutrition; treatment of child malnutrition; prevention of child malnutrition; psychosocial implications of child malnutrition on the patient, family and community and social work intervention (therapy and prevention). Literature was also compared with research findings when analysing data. The study revealed that mothers had limited knowledge on malnutrition as a condition, the signs and symptoms thereof; causes; prevention and treatment of child malnutrition. This lack of knowledge made mothers to have wrong perceptions about child malnutrition. It was revealed that mothers did not perceive malnutrition as a serious problem that can result in admission for treatment in a hospital, they expected a different diagnosis. They perceive malnutrition as a secondary diagnosis. The majority of mothers had a Setswana diagnosis for their children’s condition. Mothers perceived the signs and symptoms of malnutrition as those of Thibamo, Phogwana (fontanel), or Ntsana. They interpret malnutrition as a Setswana ailment that can be treated traditionally. Factors that were identified to be contributing to malnutrition among children at Sekgoma Memorial Hospital in Serowe were found to be; lack of knowledge about malnutrition, wrong perceptions of malnutrition by mothers, illiteracy and unemployment, and cultural factors like taking a child to a traditional healer instead of a medical health facility. The study shows that mothers’ social functioning is disrupted by their children’s illness and hospitalization and thus a need for support from the hospital multi-disciplinary team, especially the social worker who is a trained counselor. The social worker should provide ongoing supportive counseling during the process of the child’s illness.
Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Social Work and Criminology
Unrestricted

Ciljevi  istraživanje  ove  doktorske  disertacije  bili  su  određivanje makroskopskih  i  mikroskopskih  karakteristika  plodonosnih  tela analiziranih vrsta roda Marasmius, Gymnopus i Mycetinis i njhove varijabilnosti  između  populacija,  određivanje  uticaja  klimatskih faktora  na  varijabilnost  morfoloških  karaktera,  određivanje brojnosti  i  rasprostranjenja  jedinki  na  odabranim  lokalitetima  u okviru  Nacionalnih parkova Srbije i Crne Gore  (Kopaonik, Stara planina,  Biogradska  gora)  koristeći  ISSR  metodu,  kao  i određivanje osnovnih populaciono-genetičkih parametara i analizafilogenetskih odnosa u okviru roda Marasmius. Kod vrste  M. alliaceus  utvrđeno je da se na osnovu morfoloških karaktera  populacija  sa  Stare  planine  delimično  izdvaja,  dok  je kod  populacije  Biogradska  gora  uočena  najveća  heterogenost  u ispitivanim  karakterima.  Kod  vrste  G. androsaceus  uočeno  je  da nema jasnog izdvajanja populacija, odnosno ispitivane populacije su pokazale heterogenost u ispitivanim morfološkim karakterima. Uočena  je  statistički  značajna  (p  <  0.05)  korelacija  između morfoloških karaktera i faktora sredine kod obe analizirane vrste M. alliaceus i G. androsaceus. Određivanjem  broja  i  veličine  geneta  ISSR  metodom  u populacijama  vrsta  M.  alliaceus,  M.  rotula  i  G.  androsaceus utvrđeno  je  da  ove  vrste  formiraju  relativno  male  genete  (od nekoliko desetina centimetara do 15m) koji se nalaze u relativnoj blizini jedni od drugih (nekoliko metara). Određivanjem  parametara  molekularnog  diverziteta  (AMOVA, Fst) kod populacija vrsta  M. alliaceus  i  G. androsaceus utvrđeno je  da  su  populacije  obe  ispitivane  vrste  značajno  genetičkidiferencirane (Fst vrednosti veće od 0.25) odnosno da postoji mali protok gena između njih.Filogenetska analiza ITS + LSU i ITS + LSU + EF-1ɑ sekvenci u ovom  radu,  podržava  trenutno  prihvaćeno  grupisanje  Evropskih vrsta  roda  Marasmius  u  sekcije  na  osnovu  makro-  i mikromorfoloških  karaktera.  Međutim,  dobijeni  rezultati  ne podržavaju  u  potpunosti  grupisanje  nižih  infrageneričkih kategorija (podsekcija i serija). Takođe, podsekcijska klasifikacija evropskih  Marasmius  vrsta  analiziranih  u  ovom  radu  ne predstavlja monofiletske linije.
The  goals  of  this  doctoral  thesis  were  to  determine  the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the fruit bodies of the  genus  Marasmius,  Gymnopus  and  Mycetinis  and  their variability  among  populations,  determining  the  influence  of climatic factors on the morphological variability  of  fruit bodies,determining  the  number  and  distribution  of  individuals  at selected  sites  within  the  National  Parks  of  Serbia  and Montenegro  (Kopaonik,  Stara  Planina,  Biogradska  Gora)  using the ISSR method, as well as determining basic population -genetic parameters  and  analysis  of  phylogenetic  relations  within  the genus Marasmius.For  the  species  M.  alliaceus,  it  has  been  determined  that  the population  of  Stara  planina  is  partially  isolated,  while  the population  of  Biogradska  gora  has  the  highest  heterogeneity  in the  investigated  morphological  characters.  For  the  species  G.androsaceus  it was noticed that there was no clear  segregation  of populations,   thus   the  investigated  populations  showed heterogeneity in the examined morphological characters. A  statistically  significant  (p<0.05)  correlation  between morphological  and  environmental  factors  in  both  analyzed species M. alliaceus and G. androsaceus was observed. Determination  of  the  number  and  size  of  the   genets  by  ISSR method in populations of species  M. alliaceus,  M. rotula and  G.androsaceus,  showed  that  these  species  form  relatively  small genes  (from  few  centimeters  to  15  meters)  located  in  relative proximity to each other (several meters ). By determining molecular diversity parameters (AMOVA, Fst) in populations  of  species  M.  alliaceus  and  G.  androsaceus  it  has been found that the populations of both investigated species are significantly  genetically  differentiated  (Fst  values  greater  than 0.25), ie there is a small flow of gene between them. The phylogenetic analysis of ITS + LSU and ITS + LSU + EF-1ɑ sequence  datasets  supports  the  currently  accepted, morphologicaly based  groupings of sections of European species of genus  Marasmius.  However, the results obtained  in this study do  not  fully  support  the  grouping  of  lower  infra-generic categories  (subsections  and  series).  Also,  the  subsection classification of the European Marasmius species analyzed in this paper does not represent monophyletic lineages.

Marasmius quercophilus est un basidiomycète qui colonise la litière de chêne vert (Quercus ilex L. ). Ce champignon utilise plusieurs enzymes lui permettant de dégrader la lignine afin d'accéder à la cellulose. In vitro, il a une très forte activité d'oxydation des phénols consécutive à l'expression de plusieurs formes de laccases parmi lesquelles Lac1 est majoritaire. Ces enzymes à cuivre, utilisant l'oxygène moléculaire pour oxyder de très nombreux substrats, sont au centre de projets d'applications biotechnologiques. A partir de culture en conditions contrôlées nous avons purifié et partiellement caractérisé 3 formes de laccase autres que Lac1. Quatre membres de la famille multigénique qui code pour ces enzymes ont été clonés et séquencés. Parmi ceux-ci, lac1, le gène qui code pour la forme majoritaire, a été formellement identifié. Les ADN complémentaires correspondants à ces gènes ont été exprimés dans la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deux d'entre eux, l'ADNc17 (lac1) et l'ADNc20, conduisent à la synthèse de laccases sécrétées et actives. .
The basidiomycete Marasmius quercophilus colonizes the decaying litter of the evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L. ). This mushroom uses several enzymes to degrade lignin in order to have an access to cellulose. In vitro, it has a strong phenol oxidation activity related to the expression of several laccase isoforms among which Lac1 is predominant. Using molecular oxygen to oxidise numerous substrates, these copper enzymes are at the heart of many biotechnological projects. From controled culture conditions, we purified and partially characterized three laccase isoforms other than Lac1. Four members of the multigenic family which encodes laccases were cloned and sequenced. Among these genes, lac1, the structural gene encoding the major isoform, was formaly identified. The complementary DNA corresponding to these genes were expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two of them, cDNA17 (lac1) and cDNA20, lead to the synthesis of secreted active laccases

Cette etude constitue une premiere approche de la taxonomie de marasmius quercophilus, basidiomycete de la litiere du chene vert (quercus ilex l. ), en utilisant des criteres phenotypiques et genotypiques. Dans l'analyse phenotypique, les 36 souches recoltees sur le site de la gardiole de rians (var, france) ont ete regroupees en 11 phenons apres traitements statistiques (dendrogramme et analyse factorielle de correspondence). La nature du substratum (feuille de chene vert ou blanc, gland, bois) et la saison de recolte n'ont pas influence leur repartition. L'analyse genetique a mis en evidence une homogeneite importante au sein de cette collection. En effet, l'indice de similarite minimum obtenu a partir des donnees rapd etait de 0,71. De meme l'etude des fragments its (internal transcribed spacer) a revele des sequences identiques. L'organisation de ce genome a egalement pu etre determinee en microscopie photonique : le nombre chromosomique de base est egal a 5 (n = 5). D'autre part, cette etude a permis de decrire les potentialites enzymatiques de ce champignon de la pourriture blanche et donc son implication dans la degradation de la litiere. L'ensemble des tests enzymatiques ont demontre l'importance de son role dans cet ecosysteme puisque toutes les souches pouvaient degrader des polymeres presents chez les vegetaux : pectine, amidon, cellulose ainsi qu'un modele de lignine, l'indulin at. Dans ce dernier cas, seule la laccase (phenoloxydase a cuivre) etait impliquee dans le processus de degradation. Les essais d'induction par des composes aromatiques de cette enzyme chez m. Quercophilus ont revele la presence d'une enzyme constitutive et de trois formes induites selon le compose utilise (alcools veratrylique et coniferylique, acides p-hydroxybenzoique, vanillique et ferulique). L'alcool coniferylique s'est revele etre l'inducteur le plus efficace et la presence de cuivre dans le milieu de culture permettait egalement d'augmenter l'activite laccase.

Orientador : Ademir de Marco
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica
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Resumo: Esta investigação oferece subsídios à resolução da problemática existente, em nosso meio, quanto à falta e inadequação de recursos estimuladores no seio da família de crianças desnutridas graves, do tipo marasmo, e no ambiente do hospital, onde são internadas longo período para reabilitação nutricional. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo principal da pesquisa consistiu em elaborar procedimentos de avaliação e de intervenção precoces destinados às crianças marasmáticas na primeira infância e aos ambientes de convivência (hospital e lar). Foram realizados estudos de casos de cinco crianças, com idades variando entre dois meses a um ano de idade, portadoras daquele quadro clínico, previamente selecionadas por variáveis intervenientes, das internadas por motivo de desnutrição em hospitais públicos pediátricos em São Luís - MA Os instrumentos de coleta de dados compreenderam: "dossiê" da criança no hospital, entrevista de anamnese com o responsável e Escala do Desenvolvimento Neuromotor, especialmente elaborada para esta pesquisa, com base na observação sistemática das crianças, objetos de estudo, em diversos momentos de sua rotina e situações lúdicas. Complementaram esses instrumentos dois roteiros (um para o hospital e outro para o lar) para verificação das oportunidades de estimulação. Para facilitar a análise dos dados nas situações de estimulação para as crianças, objetos de estudo, foi realizado grande número de filmagens dos momentos mais importantes de cada uma delas no hospital e, também, no lar, quando da aplicação da escala e dos roteiros citados. Com base nos dados coletados na avaliação do desenvolvimento neuromotor dessas crianças e na identificação das oportunidades de estimulação nesses dois ambientes de convivência, foi possível construir um programa de estimulação precoce, adaptado ao nível do desenvolvimento delas, aos seus atrasos, às condições ambientais estudadas, que poderá ser aplicado nos lares das mesmas e no ambiente hospitalar. Os componentes curriculares deste programa compreenderam objetivos geral e específicos, atividades estimuladoras, recursos materiais, procedimentos de intervenção, duração do programa e ambientes de estimulação. As conclusões e as recomendações decorrentes se destinam à promoção dotese.doc s profissionais de saúde quanto à aplicação do referido programa às crianças com marasmo, a fim de proporcionar-lhes, sobretudo um adequado desenvolvimento neuromotor, assim como a melhoria das condições estimuladoras em seus lares e no contexto hospitalar onde permanecem internadas
Abstract: Not informed.
Doutorado
Educação Motora
Doutor em Educação Física

The rice leafroller Cnaphalocrocis exigua (Butler) in the only species of the rice leaf folder/roller complex in Fiji. It is one of the major rice pests in the country, its pest status being exacerbrated by the cultivation of high-yielding varieties with minimal pest resistance. Detailed studies on the biology of the moth, in particular on the development, emergence, mating and flight behaviour, effect of adult nutrition on fecundity, egg hatchability and longevity, effect of larval nutrition on larval survival, pupation, pupal weight, pupal eclosion, and fecundity, egg hatchability and longevity of resultant adults, parasitism, and population ecology of C. exigua were carried out in Fiji from 1985 to 1987, and from June to August 1990. This study showed that there are several parasitoids of C. exigua in Fiji, and of those the egg and larval parasitoids Trichogramma sp. and Trathala flavo-orbitalis (Cameron) respectively are significant biotic mortality factors. Their impact as natural suppressors of C. exigua in fields of high yielding rice varieties was, however, inadequate to prevent C. exigua reaching damaging levels. Since C. exigua responds strongly to rice varietal differences, plant nitrogen status, and seasonal factors, is suspected to utilise pheromones during mating, and has numerous biocontrol agents in South East Asia and the Philippines, it appears to be an excellent candidate for an integrated pest management (IPM) program in Fiji. Before IPM strategies can be formulated, however, further investigations on rice varietal resistance, exploitation of exotic parasitoids and pathogens, and detailed studies on the possible presence of sex pheromones need to be conducted.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The rice leafroller Cnaphalocrocis exigua (Butler) in the only species of the rice leaf folder/roller complex in Fiji. It is one of the major rice pests in the country, its pest status being exacerbrated by the cultivation of high-yielding varieties with minimal pest resistance. Detailed studies on the biology of the moth, in particular on the development, emergence, mating and flight behaviour, effect of adult nutrition on fecundity, egg hatchability and longevity, effect of larval nutrition on larval survival, pupation, pupal weight, pupal eclosion, and fecundity, egg hatchability and longevity of resultant adults, parasitism, and population ecology of C. exigua were carried out in Fiji from 1985 to 1987, and from June to August 1990. This study showed that there are several parasitoids of C. exigua in Fiji, and of those the egg and larval parasitoids Trichogramma sp. and Trathala flavo-orbitalis (Cameron) respectively are significant biotic mortality factors. Their impact as natural suppressors of C. exigua in fields of high yielding rice varieties was, however, inadequate to prevent C. exigua reaching damaging levels. Since C. exigua responds strongly to rice varietal differences, plant nitrogen status, and seasonal factors, is suspected to utilise pheromones during mating, and has numerous biocontrol agents in South East Asia and the Philippines, it appears to be an excellent candidate for an integrated pest management (IPM) program in Fiji. Before IPM strategies can be formulated, however, further investigations on rice varietal resistance, exploitation of exotic parasitoids and pathogens, and detailed studies on the possible presence of sex pheromones need to be conducted.

Le raffinage du sucre de canne génère des effluents qui doivent être épurés avant d'être rejetés dans la nature. Une partie de cet effluent est constituée par le rétentat, issu de la régénération des résines de décoloration du sucre roux,. Une fraction de cet effluent, appelée "DCO dure", est difficilement biodégradable par les systèmes de dépollution usuels. Le but de cette thèse était donc la mise au point d'un pré-traitement biologique faisant intervenir un champignon de la pourriture blanche, Marasmius quercophilus, fixé dans un réacteur fonctionnant en continu. Ce système devrait permettre de transformer suffisamment cette fraction pour qu'elle puisse ensuite être totalement dégradée dans une station d'épuration classique. Malgré les contraintes inhérentes à l'effluent (salinité 100 g/L, pH voisin de 12), le champignon s'est avéré capable de transformer le rétentat dans le sens recherché Une unité d'ultrafiltration a permis de recycler vers le réacteur les grosses molécules insuffisamment dégradées et les enzymes assurant cette dégradation. Les ultrafiltrats, obtenus à partir de l'effluent traité ont montré une DCO, une DBO5 et une coloration inférieures à celles du témoin non traité. Pour un temps de séjour de 29 jours, le traitement du rétentat par M. Quercophilus, dans un réacteur de 10 litres, a permis d'abattre 72 et 75 % de la DCO et de la coloration. Par ailleurs, l'accroissement du rapport DBO5/DCO obtenu après traitement est caractéristique d'une biodégradabilité améliorée compatible avec les potentialités d'une station classique d'épuration
Cane-sugar refining generates effluents which have to be purified before being discharged into nature. One part of these effluents is constituted by the retentate, resulting from the regeneration of anion-exchange resins, used to decolourise sugar liquor. One fraction of the retentate, named "hard COD", is poorly degraded by conventional biological processes. The aim of this thesis was to realise a bioreactor operating in continue, involving a white -rot fungus, Marasmius quercophilus, fixed on a support. This system would allow a sufficient biotransformation of this effluent, which could thus be degraded by classic wastewater treatment system. Despite hard conditions (salt concentration 100 g/L and pH around 12), the fungus is able to degrade the retentate. An ultrafiltration unit has allowed to recycle, in the reactor, insufficiently degraded high molecules and enzymes involved in this degradation. Ultrafiltrats resulting from treated effluent showed a COD, a BOD5 and a coloration smaller than the one of the non-treated effluent. After a 29 days incubation, M. Quercophilus is able to reduce COD and coloration by 72 and 75 %. Moreover, increase of the ratio BOD5/COD, obtained after biological treatment, indicates a highly biodegradability corresponding to the potentialities of conventional biological processes

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Establece la prevalencia de Marasmo, Pre. Kwashioorkor y Kwashioorkor, de la desnutrición aguda y crónica en el servicio de pediatría. Esto contribuirá a mejorar el manejo terapéutico del niño al obligar a prestar más atención al tratamiento de la carencia nutricional concomitante.
Trabajo académico

The diploma thesis deals with children´s malnutrition in Peruvian department of San Martín. The issue is related to children´s health condition as well as to diseases linked with deficiency of nutrients, which can have impact on their physical and mental development. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the effectivity of the project conducted in the native communities of Chirikyacu and Aviación during the period of ten months between May 2015 and March 2016. Theoretic part of this thesis is aimed at technical aspects of malnutrition and nutrition as well as at health support programs in Peru, which are established in order to improve the local situation. The goal of the thesis was achieved by conducting a local survey research focused on nutrition and feeding habits in the community. Value of effect is measured by the comparison of feeding habits before the educational program and after its termination. The project was aimed at educating mothers in the field of children´s care such as hygienic habits, proper nutrition and sufficient standard of aliments so that the correct development of child is not threatened. Results of the investigation have shown that on the base of the realized project the majority of mothers have changed their previous way of thinking about products suitable for health of the family.

碩士
國立中興大學
生命科學系
91
Abstract The purpose of this study mainly proceeded with molecular identification of Marasmius fungi by RAPD（Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA）method. The material used Marasmius strains, included 4 strains were from collection of the laboratory, 4 strains were purchased from the Food Industry Research and Development Institute, 9 strains were collected by myself, in which 7 strains came from the Huisun Experimental Forest, 2 strains came from Kenting Sheting Park, and 1 strain of Rhizoctonia solani. The morphological appearance and characters of Marasmius strains were observed by an optical microscope. After examination of broom cells, setae, cystidia, clamps, spores and so on, 4 strains were identified new record species in Taiwan; i.e. Marasmius cf. anisocystidiatus Antonín, Desjardin ＆ Gsell, Marasmius bulliaridi Quél, Marasmius cohortalis Bael. var. hymeniicephalus（Speg.）Sing., Marasmius niveus Mons. Screened 100 primers, UBC 84 primer among them, for 17 strains of Marasmius strains and 1 strain of Rhizoctonia solani, produced DNA sequences data by RAPD, through transformed symmetrical similarity matrix and NTSYS-pc software operational analysis, which could obtain phylogenetic tree. Obtained phylogenetic tree could separate into 4 main groups. The 3 main groups of 4 main groups respectively represent Marasmius strains different sections in classification status, respectively Sect. Chordales, Sect. Globulares, Sect. Sicci series Haematocephali and another main groups Setulipes is similar genus of Marasmius, still can differentiate this 3 strains among Sect. Marasmius Subsect. Marasmius, Sect. Marasmius Subsect. Sicciform and Sect. Sicci series Spinulosi. Traditional morphological taxology is identical with phylogenetic tree.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
應用化學系生化科技碩博士班
104
The medicinal effectiveness of Mushrooms and higher fungi has been used in traditional medicine for thousand years. M. oreades, called scotch bonnet or fairy ring mushroom, is regard as more delicious edible mushroom. As some literature has shown, M. oreades contains Physiological activity, including drimane sesquiterpenes,Triterpenoids, Adenosine, Polysaccharides, and Ergosterol. In this experiment, we purchased Spanish M. oreades and adopted HPLC to analyze drimane sesquiterpenes. However, the standardized samples lacked in this study. After obtaining standardized samples, we will make sure if the construction of drimane sesquiterpenes of M. oreades similar with Antrocin. Cultivating mycelium of M. oreades via space bag, the further studies can utilize more condition to produce more Sporocarp. In Physiological activity, brown rice, oatmeal, and Grains are used to be cultivating base in order to carry out solid culture of Marasmius. During the cultivating process, constant temperature control system was adopted. In quantity of triterpenoids, oatmeal medium of Marasmius sp. contained the highest amount of triterpenoids (4.68±0.01 mg/g). The highest amount of triterpenoids (6.17±0.01 mg/g) are included in oatmeal medium of M. oreades in 56 days. Moreover, in quantity of adenosine, oatmeal medium of Marasmius sp. contained the highest amount of Adenosine (9.15±0.30 mg/g). The highest amount of Adenosine(7.61±0.04 mg/g) was in oatmeal Medium of M. oreades in 56 days. In addition, in quantity of polysaccharides, oatmeal medium of Marasmius sp. owned the highest amount of polysaccharides (184.71±1.53 mg/g) in 42 days. The highest amount of polysaccharides (205.26±2.50 mg/g) was covered in oatmeal Medium of M. oreades.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
應用化學系生化科技碩博士班
102
Secondary metabolites of fungi has many physiological activities such as antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal. Matarhizium is a genus of entomopathogenic funfi used world-wide as alternatives to chemical insecticides in agricultural pest and disease-vector control programs, which can replace chemical pesticides used in the past. In fact, cyclodepsipeptide peptide plus natural peptide ring, becoming a more ester bonds linked featuring a large family of natural products, such natural products, due to their diverse biological activity, which cause scientist interested, because it include anticancer, antibiotic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents. The destruxin used in this study were isolated and purified from submerged culture,and extracted with ethyl acetate. And used semi-preparative HPLC purification and large collection.Furthermore, before studies show secondary metabolites of Marasmius can inhibit spore germination, it can be antibiotics or biocides. In this chapter we investigate the solid culture of fungus Marasmius , and to observe their growth patterns, understand Marasmius other physiological activity.

O primordial foco de trabalho da dissertação é discorrer sobre a impactante e actual premissa da violência, no contexto do Novo Extremismo Francês, explorando as formas e métodos da criação de emoções e sentimentos através de imagens gráficas, violência implícita e subentendida. Do frívolo ao mundano, do quotidiano ao excepcional, o Novo Extremismo Francês tem providenciado e alavancado novas correntes, mentalidades e cânones estéticos. As obras e realizadores associados a esta corrente não se conotam a uma homogeneidade cinematográfica. As abordagens estéticas e filosóficas são várias e proporcionais ao pensamento tão próprio, autêntico e peculiar de cada associado. Intrínseco a este fulgor e liberdade criativa, está o contexto sociopolítico reminiscente. Marasmo (2015) é o culminar do aprofundamento teórico desenvolvido na presente dissertação. Emparelhado será com L’Humanité (1999) de Bruno Dumont com o intuito de, através da análise crítica de ambos, atentar perante a força deste que alavanca a compreensão do movimento assim como de Marasmo. Uma contextualização histórica é imperativa para a compreensão de L’Humanité e uma incursão pelo Novo Extremismo Francês impõe-se como forma de a situar relativamente a uma corrente cinematográfica revolucionaria e abaladora de universo fílmico como o conhecemos. Tratando-se de uma corrente avassaladora, a análise crítica a qualquer outra peça cinematográfica seria um descuido desmazelado pela parca e discutível conexão que esta teria para com Marasmo. Sucintamente, Marasmo e L’Humanité apelam à reflexão posterior à duração temporal das obras. Por partilharem laços umbilicais tais como a Teoria da Fragmentação e a Estética do Abjecto, impõe-se o aprofundamento de ambos até brotar uma consonância vindoira deste paralelismo.

博士
國立中興大學
生命科學系
94
The morphological taxonomy and phylogenetic analysis of Marasmius were studied. In experimental period, forty-nine specimens were collected from Nantou Hui-Sun forest, Nantou Ming-Tan hydraulic power plant, Nantou Guan-Yin waterfalls, Nantou Lien-Hua-Chih forest, Kaohsiung Cheng-Ching Lake and Hsinchu Niao-Zui Mountain. Seven species were identified including Marasmius androsaceus, M. candidus, M. caricis, M. crinis-equi, M. maximus, M. rhyssophylus and M. siccus. There are two new records for Taiwan namely M. caricis and M. rhyssophylus. To study the relationship in the genus Marasmius, internal transcribed spacer（ITS）1 and 2 regions of rDNA were amplified by PCR. Forty DNA sequences of ITS were compared by using ClustalW program and grouped by principle component analysis (PCA). Phylogenetic tree was drawn by bootstrap method. A key of Marasmius established by using internal transcribed spacer DNA sequence.