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1
Gwilliams, Michael. "Ergogenic aids used by ultra-marathon runners." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15486.
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Background: Athletes of all levels and abilities utilise ergogenic aids to enhance sporting performance. However, the extent of ergogenic aid use within the ultra-marathon running community in unknown and there is little available literature documenting characteristics of use among ultra-marathon runners. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to describe the use of ergogenic aids in ultra-marathon runners. The specific objectives of the study were to: a) To obtain information on the use of ergogenic aids in ultra- marathon runners, with regard to the type of ergogenic aids used, and the pattern of use during training and competition; b) To determine ultra- marathon runner’s perceived benefits of the ergogenic aids; c) To determine the factors influencing the intake strategies of ergogenic aids; d) To explore the factors that may predict the use of ergogenic aids, such as age, gender level of competitiveness, training and competition history. Methods: This study had a descriptive correlational study design. Participants included male and female ultra- marathon runners between 25 and 65 years of age. Participants who did not give informed consent and who failed to meet the defined classifications of being an ultra-marathon runner and medical screening criteria were excluded from the study. Participants were recruited through electronic correspondence, running clubs and running-specific media platforms. A self-developed questionnaire was designed to obtain information on ergogenic aid use in ultra-marathon runners during training and competition, as well as to determine the runners’ pattern of use and their perceived effect of ergogenic aids. The questionnaire was available in English and Afrikaans, and explored both legal and illegal ergogenic aid use. A panel of experts reviewed and validated the questionnaire. The online questionnaire was anonymous; with all referring uniform resource locators (URLs) and internet protocol (IP) addresses of respondents hidden to ensure anonymity. Results: The final sample was comprised of 266 respondents (n=179 males; n=87 females). The mean age of participants was 44 ± 10. The mean number of ergogenic aids used per participant was 5 ± 2. Dietary practice (47%) was the most common ergogenic intervention, followed by supplementary aids (45%), and pharmacological aids (18%). No participants reported the use of illegal/banned ergogenic aids. The highest self-reported ergogenic aid used was s ports drinks (n = 213; 80%) followed by vitamins (n = 181; 68 %) and carbo-loading (n = 165; 62%). Participants tended to use ergogenic aid s predominantly during competition and less so during training. Seventy-nine percent of participants believe d that their chosen ergogenic aid improve d their performance, while 9% did not think their performance was improved, and 9% were uncertain. The most frequently perceived benefits of ergogenic aids were ‘delayed fatigue’ and ‘providing an energy boost ’. Self-experimentation /personal experience, fellow runners and books/magazines were the highest ranked factors influencing intake strategies of the participants chosen aids. Runners who had more than ten years of ultra-marathon running experience were approximately 50% more likely to consume sports drinks. Females were about two and a half times more likely to utilize vitamins as an ergogenic aid. However, evidence from the general population suggests that females have a significantly higher daily intake of vitamins compared to males; therefore this finding might simply reflect daily supplement use and not be specific to ultra-marathon runners. The use of vitamins was also dependant on the number of ultra-marathons performed; participants completing more than five ultra-marathons were almost twice as likely to use vitamins as those completing less than five ultra-marathons. Recreational runners were approximately one third less likely to undertake the dietary practice of carbo-loading than competitive runners. The number of marathons and the number of ultra-marathons completed conversely affected the use of increased protein. This study was unable to identify any descriptive, race or training characteristics that influenced the use of caffeine, medication, gels or electrolytes as ergogenic aids. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated that the prevalence of use of legal ergogenic aids is high and often used simultaneously. This study was unable to identify the prevalence of use of illegal ergogenic aids. However, the inappropriate and potentially unsafe use for many legal ergogenic aids was identified. Participants also reported false performance beliefs, potentially indicating poor knowledge or understanding of the effects of ergogenic aids. A major challenge is the strong influence of personal experience and information from fellow runners on the choice of ergogenic aids. Runners are accessing information through social networking, interactions and possibly social media, rather than scientific resources. Educational initiatives, with a focus on peer-led education, are essential to encourage the safe and effective use of ergogenic aids. This study highlights the importance of collective responsibility of the running community, including regulators, administrators, health care professionals, coaching and support staff, and journalists and authors of books and magazines to ensure that runners are informed about the safe and correct use of legal ergogenic aids.
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Ellis, Tracy. "Gastrocnemius muscle structure and function in habitually resistance-trained marathon runners and traditionally running-trained marathon runners: a comparative analysis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25253.
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Background: Marathon running involves running long distances and is associated with a high prevalence of running-related injuries. The calf has been identified as one of the most commonly injured structures during running. Running training causes an overload on muscle and stimulates a physiological adaptation to create a training response. Specific adaptations in metabolic and physiological function of a muscle may be further achieved through specificity of exercise training. Resistance training programmes are commonly implemented to enhance specific muscle strength and endurance; and are effective methods of performance and injury prevention. While evidence-based guidelines for resistance training exist, it is unclear whether runners are routinely incorporating evidence-based resistance training into marathon training programmes. If runners are performing habitual resistance training, it is also unknown if the resistance training is of sufficient magnitude or intensity to induce dose-related responses in calf muscle structure or function. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate gastrocnemius muscle structure and function in marathon runners who performed habitual resistance training in addition to regular endurance training, compared to marathon runners who performed traditional endurance running training only. Specific Objectives: • To describe the demographic and training characteristics of habitually resistance-trained marathon runners and traditionally running-trained marathon runners. • To determine if there were differences in gastrocnemius endurance, power and flexibility between habitually resistance-trained marathon runners and traditionally running-trained marathon runners. • To evaluate if there were differences in the gastrocnemius muscle structure and architecture in habitually resistance-trained marathon runners compared to traditionally running-trained marathon runners. • To establish if there were any differences in the number of calf injuries sustained in habitually resistance-trained marathon runners and traditionally running-trained marathon runners. Methods: Healthy male runners between 20 and 50 years were included in the study. Participants were required to have completed at least one marathon in the 12-month period prior to the study. Runners forming the "traditionally running-trained" group were required to be participating in regular endurance running training only. Runners in the "habitually resistance-trained group" were required to be performing resistance training in addition to regular endurance running training. Runners with any injury at the time of recruitment or runners who reported a calf injury within the six-month period prior to the study were excluded. Participants with any medical abnormalities detected during screening were also excluded from the study. Eight marathon runners participating in habitual resistance training plus standard running training and eleven marathon runners participating in traditional running training only were recruited for this study. Runners who met the criteria attended two testing sessions at least three days apart. During the first session, informed consent was obtained and the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) was completed to ensure participants could safely complete physical testing. A questionnaire was completed to determine relevant training and injury history. Body mass, height and the sum of seven skinfolds were recorded. Muscle architecture measurements, including fascicle length, pennation angle, thickness and volume, were performed via imaging ultrasound. Participants were then familiarised with the physical testing procedures. In the second testing session, calf muscle flexibility and endurance were assessed; and isokinetic testing was performed for the left and right triceps surae. Results: There were no significant differences in descriptive characteristics between groups. Participants in the habitually resistance-trained group performed in an average of two hours (range 0.5-2.5 hours) of resistance training of between one to four sessions per week. Participants combined upper and lower body training in the form of circuit training, body weight training, core and proprioceptive training. Resistance training sessions were performed at a varied intensity for load (light to high) according to an estimated 1RM. Participants in the habitually resistancetrained group had completed a significantly greater number of 21.1 km races compared to the traditionally running-trained group (p < 0.05); but there were no other differences in running training or competition history between groups. There were also no significant differences in the number of reported injuries between groups. Average pennation angle was significantly increased in the habitually resistance-trained group compared to the traditional running-trained group (p < 0.05). No other significant differences in architectural measurements were identified. There were no significant differences in calf muscle flexibility, strength, power or endurance between the two groups. However, the small sample size limits the interpretation of the study findings. Conclusion: Wide variability in habitual resistance training patterns were identified. While pennation angle was significantly greater in the habitually resistance-trained group; no differences in all other architectural measurements; or calf muscle strength, power, endurance or flexibility between groups were identified. However, one of the key findings emerging from this study is the variable resistance training practices in endurance runners; and that resistance training practices were not aligned to current evidence-based guidelines for resistance training. Resistance training has a critical role in enhancing endurance running performance, injury prevention and rehabilitation. Future research should investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of endurance runners regarding resistance training; to facilitate the development of appropriate education interventions, and to effectively disseminate evidence-based training guidelines to lay communities.
3
Macevičius, Artūras. "Didelio meistrškumo maratono bėgikų treniruotės ypatumai." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130801_155817-95145.
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Kiekviena sporto šaka turi savo specifinius komponentus, kurie atskleidžia tikrąsias vienos ar kitos sporto šakos ar rungties galimybes (Karoblis, 2005). Nustatyta, kad didelio meistriškumo maratono bėgikų ugdymas priklauso nuo daugelio veiksnių, iš kurių svarbiausias yra treniruotės vyksmo kryptingumas, jo valdymas, atsižvelgiant į sportininko organizmo adaptacijos prie treniruočių ir varžybų krūvių individualus ypatumas (Skernevičius, 1997; Milašius, 1997; Астранд, 1994). Didelio meistriškumo bėgikai į metus ruošiasi dviems maratonams. Todėl treniruočių proceso valdymas yra vienas iš sudėtingesnių. Tyrimo objektas: maratono bėgikų treniruotės ypatumai. Tyrimo tikslas: išanalizuoti Lietuvos didelio meistriškumo maratono bėgikų treniruotės ypatumus. Tiriamieji: daugiakartinis Lietuvos ilgųjų nuotolių bėgimo čempionas Marius Diliūnas, pasiekęs 15-ą maratono bėgimo rezultatą šalyje ir daugiakartinis ilgų distancijų bėgimo rungčių Lietuvos prizininkas Kęstutis Jankūnas, pasiekęs 20-ą maratono bėgimo rezultatą šalyje. Analizuojant sportininkų treniruočių planus (sportininko dienynus), trenerio pildomą krūvio apskaitos žurnalą buvo kreipiamas dėmesys į treniruočių krūvių intensyvumą, sportininkų pulso rodmenis. Mokslinių šaltinių studija parodė, kad ugdant ištvermę, svarbu pasirinkti tinkamą pratimų intensyvumą pagal planuojamą maratono rezultatą.Each sports branch has its own specific components revealing true capacities of different sports branches or events (Karoblis, 2005). It has been found out that development of high performance marathon runners depends on many factors including the most important ones: purpose of the training proceeding, its control with regard to individual features of sportsman’s organism’s adaptation to training and race loads (Skernevičius, 1997; Milašius, 1997; Астранд, 1994). High performance runners are prepared for two marathons in a year. Therefore, control of the training process is one of the most complex. The research object: features of marathon runners’ training. The research aim: to analyse features of training of Lithuanian high mastership marathon runners. The surveyed: a many-times champion of long distance run in Lithuania, Marius Diliūnas, who has achieved the 15th result in marathon run in the country, and a prize winner of long distance run in Lithuania, Kęstutis Jankūnas, who has achieved the 20th result in marathon run in the country. When analysing plans of sportsmen training (sportsmen’s journals), the journal of trainer’s additional load accounting, attention was paid to intensity of training loads, indices of sportsmen’s pulse. The survey of scientific sources suggests that, when developing endurance, it is important to choose a proper intensity of exercises according to the planned result in marathon.
4
Lakinger, Donna. "Motivational factors of marathon running /." View online, 2008. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131436229.pdf.
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Benz, Lisa. "Focus and refocusing techniques used by elite marathon runners." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28330.
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Although existing literature shows that the ability to focus is among the most important mental skills necessary for optimal performance (Krane & Williams, 2006; Orlick, 2008; Orlick & Partington, 1988), little is known about the focusing techniques that elite marathon runners apply to perform at an optimal level. In-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted with 10 elite international marathon runners examined what elite marathon runners focus on when they perform their best, and the techniques they use to refocus. Essential elements of focus were being positive, in the moment, having body awareness, and a progressively increasing intensity of focus. Elite marathon runners refocused through distractions by accepting control and lack of control, turning negatives into positives, and replacing the distraction with something else. This knowledge can potentially be applied to other athletes, thus helping them enhance their focus and their subsequent performances.
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Chesergon, Fred Kiplagat. "Factors associated with injuries among marathon runners in Eldoret, Kenya." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6250.
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Masters of Science - Msc (Physiotherapy)Extrinsic factors like terrain, hard running surfaces or incorrect shoes have been known to be contributing factors to injury, and intrinsic factors such as poor flexibility, mal-alignment anthropometry, previous injury and running experience have been identified in playing a role too. Little is known about the factors associated with injuries among marathon runners in Eldoret, Kenya. It is therefore important to identify the possible risk factors associated with running injuries in order to prevent further injury and severe long-term complications
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Chan-Roper, Maggie Man-Yee. "Kinematic Changes During a Marathon for Fast and Slow Runners." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2676.
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The purpose of this study was to describe kinematic changes that occur during an actual marathon. We hypothesized that (1) certain running kinematic measures would change between miles 5 and 25 of a marathon and (2) fast runners would demonstrate smaller changes than slow runners. Subjects (n = 179) were selected according to finish time (Range = 2:20:47 to 5:30:10). Two high-speed cameras were used to measure sagittal-plane kinematics at miles 5 and 25 of the marathon. The dependent variables were stride length, ground time, peak knee flexion during support and swing, and peak hip flexion and extension during swing. Two-tailed paired t-tests were used to compare dependent variables between miles 5 and 25 for all subjects, and regression analyses were used to determine whether faster runners exhibited smaller changes (between miles 5 and 25) than slower runners. For all runners, every dependent variable changed significantly between miles 5 and 25 (p < 0.001). Stride length increased 1.3%, ground time increased 13.1%, peak knee flexion during support decreased 3.2%, and peak hip extension, knee flexion, and hip flexion during swing decreased 27.9%, increased 4.3%, and increased 7.4%, respectively (p<0.001). Among these significant changes, all runners generally changed the same from miles 5 to 25 except that fast runners decreased peak knee flexion during support less than the slow runners (p < 0.002). We believe these kinematic changes were an attempt by all runners (fast and slow) to decrease energy expenditure and enhance performance at the late stage of the race. The fact that fast runners maintained knee flexion during support more consistently might be due to their condition on the race day. Strengthening of knee extensor muscles may facilitate increased knee flexion during support throughout a marathon.
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Jensen, Carl Edward. "A longitudinal study of hormonal and semen profiles in a marathon runners." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27133.
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Over the past decade long distance marathon running has become an important recreational activity. There is evidence that males with high levels of physical activity have some impairment of fertility. In order to investigate this further, 24 male marathon runners were studied over a period of a year. Each runner was assessed at regular intervals using hormonal profiles, anthropomorphic indices and semen evaluation. The training time and distance run increased progressively over the first five months of the study as the runners prepared for the Two Oceans marathon. Analysis of the serum hormonal profiles in this longitudinal study showed that the prolactin level increased when comparing the initial study month with the rest of the year and the progesterone level decreased. However the luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and estradiol (E2) levels remained unchanged. When the runners were divided into a high and low training group according to the distance run in the preceding week, the only significant difference was the lower mean serum FSH level in the high training group. A decrease in semen volume was demonstrated as the training time increased. This trend was reversed as the runners' training decreased after the Two Oceans marathon. The percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa showed an initial significant decrease in the first month of training. However, no significant difference was observed throughout the rest of year. An overall downward trend in semen motility in the first 5 months of the study was shown but this was only significant if the first and fifth study months were compared. The decrease in semen motility coincided with the period of maximum training. Since patients with an adequate sperm count but decreased motility have impaired fertility this finding is of considerable importance. In addition to the decrease in motility, there was a decrease in the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa when the initial month of low physical activity (December) was compared to all of the subsequent months analysed. This, too, is an important finding as the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa correlates directly with fertilisation and pregnancy rates. When the results were analysed in the high and low training months there was a significant difference in mean semen count and semen morphology. The mean count was higher in the high training group and this group also had a significantly higher normal morphology. However, there was no significant difference in semen volume and motility in the high and low training groups.
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Kaufman, Marsha Renee. "A Comparison of Motivational Differences Among Older Marathon Runners and Their Injury Status." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7395.
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Despite the high occurrence of running-related injuries, master level runners, those aged 40 years and older, account for 50% of all marathon finishers. What is not known is the common motive sustaining participation, especially among this age demographic. The self-determination theory was the theoretical framework to support how behavior is regulated by the individual. The purpose of this quantitative research was to identify a difference in the motives (psychological, physical, social, and achievement) and their subcategorical motives (health orientation, weight concern, affiliation, recognition, psychological coping, life meaning, self-esteem, competition, and personal goals) via the Motivations of Marathoners Scales by master level runners according to their injury status and gender. Two hundred and twenty-five master level runners from social media marathon running groups completed the online survey. The responses were analyzed using an independent-samples t test and an ANOVA. The results showed female master level runners statistically significant in psychological coping, life meaning, self-esteem, health orientation, weight concern, and affiliation which contributed to psychological, physical, and social motives while male master level runners were statistically significant only in the subcategory of competition. The implications for positive social change include a better understanding of motivation, its sustainment, and the adherence of physical activity behaviors to improve the positive influence among the current beliefs about aging and activity for better health of individuals and their communities.
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Keegan, Tara. "Runners of a Different Race: North American Indigenous Athletes and National Identities in the Early Twentieth Century." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20548.
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This thesis explores the intersection of indigeneity and modernity in early-twentieth-century North America by examining Native Americans in competitive running arenas in both domestic and international settings. Historians have analyzed sports to understand central facets of this intersection, including race, gender, nationalism, assimilation, and resistance. But running, specifically, embodies what was both indigenous and modern, a symbol of both racial and national worth at a time when those categories coexisted uneasily. The narrative follows one main case study: the “Redwood Highway Indian Marathon,” a 480-mile footrace from San Francisco, California, to Grants Pass, Oregon, contested between Native Americans from Northern California and New Mexico in 1927 and 1928. That race and others reveal how indigenous runners asserted both Native and modern American/Canadian/Mexican identities through sport, how mainstream societies understood modern indigenous people, and to what extent those societies embraced images of “Indianness” in regional and national identities, economies, and cultures.
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Carter, Leeja. "RUNNING IN THE ZONE: MENTAL TOUGHNESS, IMAGERY, AND FLOW IN FIRST TIME MARATHON RUNNERS." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/218210.
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KinesiologyPh.D.
Participants were 20 (14 females and 6 males) first-time marathon runners registered for the Bank of America Chicago Marathon in Chicago, IL on October 7th, 2013. Participants were recruited for the purpose of exploring the effects of a 4-week individualized imagery training program on mental toughness and flow and asked to complete a demographics survey, the Movement Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ), the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ), Short Flow States Scale-2 (Short FSS-2), Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ), and a Pre-Imagery Training Interview and then be divided into an experimental and control group (prior to running the marathon). Participants in the experimental group received a modified copy of a Chicago marathon training video and a tailored 10-15 minute imagery training session while participants in the control group received only the Chicago marathon training video. Next, participants ran in the Bank of America Chicago Marathon and, after the race, met with the researcher to complete the SIQ, Short FSS-2, SMTQ, and a post-imagery interview. Several themes emerged concerning the runners' understanding of the marathon course, race concerns, race goals, and race strategies at pretest as well as both positive and negative experiences during the marathon and their methods for coping and using the imagery during the marathon (reported at posttest). The experimental group had a moderate positive correlation between the imagery subscales of cognitive general (CG) and motivational-general mastery (MG-M) and mental toughness (MT) (r(6) = .761 and r(6)= .685, p < .05 respectively). There was a moderate positive correlation between the imagery subscales of CG and MG-M and flow (r(6) = .719 and r(6) = .783, p < .05 respectively). This would indicate that individuals high in using imagery as a means to goal set as well as master the course tended to have high flow scores. Cognitive specific (CS), motivational specific (MS), and motivational-general arousal (MG-A) had a small, non-significant correlation with MT (r(6) = .492, r(6) = .321, r(6) = .341, p < .05) and a moderate relationship with flow (r(6) = .522, r(6) = .593, r(6) = .529, p < .05). There is a high positive relationship between flow and MT (r(6) = .906, p < .05), indicating that individuals who experienced high levels of flow also experienced high levels of MT. Control group participants had a moderate inverse relationship between CG and MT (r(4) = -.659, p < .05) and moderate positive relationships between CG, MS, and MG-A and flow (r(4) = .662, r(4) = .710, and r(4) = .552, p < .05 respectively) within control participants. For the control participants, flow and MT were not found to have a significant relationship (r(4) = .310, p < .05); these results are consistent with the control participants' imagery, flow, and MT scores suggesting that flow did not have any effect on MT. Overall, the tailored imagery script training was found to be helpful for both flow and mental toughness. Recommendations for future research should focus on developing a 6-week psychological skills training program for first time marathon runners and developing research that focuses on periodizing imagery to coincide with runners' marathon training programs.
Temple University--Theses
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Bushnell, Tyler Dwight. "A biomechanical analysis of sprinters vs. distance runners at equal and maximal speeds /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd634.pdf.
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Loughren, Elizabeth A. "Motivation of First Time Marathoners to Adherence to Marathoning." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/57352.
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KinesiologyPh.D.
As the number of marathons offered in the United States continues to increase, so does the number of marathon participants, including first time marathon runners. The purpose of this study was to examine race motivators for newbie marathoners and their likelihood of adherence to the sport of marathoning. A total of 906 first time marathon participants, who ran their debut race within the past year, were included in this study. Participants were chosen on the basis of their willingness to complete an online survey. The survey consisted of demographic questions and the Motivation of Marathoners Scales (MOMS) (Masters et al., 1993). Through a frequency analysis of the MOMS, mean values revealed participants utilized primarily personal goal achievement, self-esteem, and health orientation as reasons for training for and running a marathon. In terms of gender comparisons and the MOMS, males had higher means for personal goal achievement and competition; females had higher means in the remaining seven categories. Females and males also had significant differences in response means on seven of the MOMS subscales to run a marathon. A significant difference was also found between charity and non charity runners with the MOMS for weight concern. Significance was found in the intended time frame to run another marathon for females and males. A frequency count showed the top three reasons to run another marathon were to lower my finish time (82.9%), to include the race as part of a vacation weekend (73.8%), and to improve upon my training (62.9%). Significance was found between females and males in their chosen reasons for running another marathon. Gender differences were significant for to lower my finish time, attempt a different course, to raise money for charity, to run with family or friends, to include the race as part of a vacation weekend, and to improve upon my training. Significance was also found between charity and non charity runners and running another marathon to stay in shape, to have fun, to attempt a different course, as part of a vacation weekend, and to improve upon training. Based upon input from the `other' category, 21 additional categories were created for reasons to run another marathon.
Temple University--Theses
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Wolthon, Alexander. "Analyses of foot strikes among predominantly Swedish cohorts of runners during a full- and half marathon." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Avdelningen för fysioterapi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172453.
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Introduktion: Fotisättningstyper (FST) vid löpning är associerat med prestation och löprelaterade skador. Tidigare studier har undersökt prevalensen av olika FST hos amerikanska och asiatiska löpare, men däremot inte hos svenska löpare. Syfte: Att undersöka och jämföra prevalensen av olika FST (RFS = hälisättning; MFS = mittfotisättning; FFS = framfotaisättning) hos svenska löpare mellan olika löptävlingar, distanser och med avseende på prestation. Metod: Fotisättningar spelades in i 100 bilder per sekund (fps), vid tre olika platser för både Stockholm maraton (1.2, 25, 42 km) och Göteborgs halv-maraton (7.5, 15, 20 km), baserat på 2071 personer per mätpunkt. FST bedömdes genom en frame-by-frame analys. Resultat: 12’426 observationer av fotisättningar analyserades. Den totala prevalensen av FST var 92.3% (n=11’465), 4.5% (n=559), och 3.2% (n=402), för RFS, MFS, respektive FFS, och skiljde sig mellan maraton och halv-maraton (p < .001, φc = 0.069), där det förekom högre andel RFS i det sistnämnda. FST var associerat med distans, där MFS och FFS var mer vanligt förekommande på kortare distanser jämfört med RFS (p < .001, df = 2; H = 71.524). Stratifierade analyser baserade på löptävling visade att associationen mellan FST och distans inom respektive lopp försvann för halv-maratontävlingen, men kvarstod för maratontävlingen. Slutligen så var FST associerat med prestation (p < .001, df = 2, H = 65.419) och denna kvarstod för både halv-maraton (p < .001) och maratontävlingen (p < .001) efter stratifierade analyser baserat på löptävling. Konklusion: Resultaten överenstämmer med tidigare studier på området av andra grupper löpare, och stödjer tidigare fynd att RFS är den vanligaste förekommande FST, och att FST är associerat med distans och prestation, vid hel- och halvmaraton.Foot strike type (FST) is associated with performance and running-related injuries. Previous studies have examined the prevalence proportion of FST among predominantly American and Asian cohorts. However, no study has investigated this among a predominantly Swedish cohort. Aim: To examine and compare the prevalence proportions of FST between running races, distance and performance, among a predominantly Swedish cohort of runners. Method: FST was recorded in 100 frames per second (fps), at three different points of measure for both the Stockholm Marathon (1.2, 25, 42 km) and the Gothenburg Half-Marathon (7.5, 15, 20 km), based on 2071 individuals per point of measure. FST was assessed using frame-by-frame analysis. Results: 12’426 observations of FST were analyzed. The overall prevalence proportions of FST was 92.3% (n=11’465), 4.5% (n=559), and 3.2% (n=402), for RFS, MFS, and FFS respectively, and differed between the half-marathon and marathon (p < .001, φc = 0.069), with the latter having higher proportion of RFS. FST was associated with distance, with MFS and FFS being more common at shorter distances compared with RFS (p < .001, df = 2; H = 71.524). Stratifying the data by race type revealed that the association between FST and distance within the races disappeared within the half-marathon race, but remained for the marathon. Lastly, FST was associated with performance (p < .001), and this association remained for both the half-marathon (p < .001) and marathon (p < .001) after stratifying by race type. Conclusion: The results are consistent with previous studies on other populations, and add to the body of literature showing that RFS is the most common FST, and that FST is associated with distance and performance, for full- and half-marathon races.
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Henst, Rob. "The role of chronotype in the participation and performance of South African and Dutch marathon runners." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13131.
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Includes bibliographical references.Introduction: Our circadian rhythms are internal biological rhythms of approximately (circa) 24 - hours (dies) allowing us to synchronize our internal biological “clock” with external time cues. Many innate biological functions are dependent on time-of-day, such as secreting adrenaline and cortisol in the mornings and melatonin in the evenings. The time-of-day at which these and other physiological functions are active, change or reach a certain level may influence a person’s diurnal preference, i.e. preference for mornings (morning-types) or evenings (evening-types), and is referred to as ‘chronotype’. Many different factors may affect a person’s chronotype, including age, sex, physical activity, ethnicity and geographical location. Certain clock-related genotypes have also been shown to be associated with chronotype. For example, some studies have found that the 5-repeat allele of the PER3 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism (PER35) is associated with a preference for mornings. Recent research has shown a high prevalence of morning-types and PER35VNTR allele carriers in trained South African runners, cyclists and triathletes. It was proposed that the early morning start-times of these endurance events might select people with a preference for mornings, since morning-types may cope better with rising early and being physically active in the early morning. Alternatively, the habitual early waking for training or endurance events may have conditioned the athletes to adapt to become morning-types. However, the geographical location of South Africa (i.e. climate and day length) and the fact that each group was physically active may also have contributed to this finding. Comparison of South African and Dutch runners would allow us to explore the effects of race start time and geography on this observation, since marathons in The Netherlands on average start at 11:41, and since the two countries differ significantly in latitude and as such have noticeable differences in daylight exposure. Aims: The aims of this study were 1) to compare the PER3VNTR genotype and chronotype distribution of South African and Dutch recreational marathon runners and active but non-competitive controls; 2) to investigate the relationship between the PER3VNTR genotype and chronotype in both the Dutch and South African samples; and 3) to determine whether marathon race time is associated with chronotype and PER3VNTR genotype in Dutch and South African marathon Methods: Ninety-five trained South African male marathon runners, 97 South African male active but non-competitive controls, 90 trained Dutch male marathon runners and 98 Dutch male active but non-competitive controls completed a questionnaire capturing demographics, training and race history, including personal best and most recent full and half-marathon race time (if applicable) and the Horne-Östberg morningness-eveningness personality questionnaire (HÖ-MEQ, a tool to assess a person’s chronotype). Each participant provided a buccal cell swab from with total genomic DNA was extracted to determine his PER3VNTR polymorphism genotype. The official race time from each runner who completed the designated marathons in South Africa or the Netherlands was collected from the event websites. Results: The South African and Dutch runners were more morning-orientated than their respective control groups and the South African runners were more morning-orientated than the Dutch runners. The PER3 VNTR polymorphism distribution was similar between the four groups and was not associated with chronotype. The marathon performance of the morning-type South African runners was better than the evening-types, and a higher HÖ-MEQ score (morningness) correlated with better personal best and most recent half-marathon race time. Similar observations were not found in the Dutch runners. Discussion: Since a higher prevalence of morning-types in South African marathon runners compared to Dutch marathon runners was found, it is proposed that the early marathon start-times in South Africa may favour morning-types, who are able to cope with those early morning start times. Alternatively, one could argue that through repetitive early-morning racing (i.e. participating in competitive running events), the chronotype of South African runners may be conditioned to that of a morning-type over time. It is proposed that this ability to cope with early morning marathon start times may lead to better marathon performances for morning-types than neither-types and evening-types in the South African running group. This effect does not occur in the Netherlands, where marathons start later in the morning and do thus not favour a certain chronotype. The difference in daylight exposure between the two countries as a function of latitude does not seem to affect chronotype, since the active but non-competitive control groups did not differ significantly between South Africa and the Netherlands. Unlike the findings from a previous study, the PER35allele was not more prevalent among the South African runners, but rather the distribution wasi n line with what has been described in most, but not all, other populations. No association between the PER35VNTR xpolymorphism and chronotype was found in any of the four groups. Since the four groups investigated in this study comprised physically active individuals, it is proposed that this lack of association may be due to the habituation effects of physical activity and early morning start times of marathon events(for only the South African runners). Conceivably,this habituation may even shift the diurnal preference of those with the PER34/5 and PER34/4VNTR genotypes towards morningness, disassociating any relationship between chronotype and the PER3VNTR genotype. Conclusion: The early morning start time of South African marathon events may favour morning-types, due to their ability to cope with being physically active in the early morning. We propose that the PER3VNTR genotype cannot solely explain the higher prevalence of morning-types in the South African runners in this study, however, it is very likely that the PER3VNTR genotype does play an important role in the chronotype distributions found in the study of Kunorozva et al.(2012). Since the PER3VNTR genotype was not associated with chronotype in any of the four groups, it is proposed that habituation to early-morning marathon racing may be the causal effect of the high number of morning-types in the South African runners group, and the apparent disassociation between chronotype and the PER3VNTR genotype. We also propose that the habituation effect of physical activity and training time-of-day on chronotype in the other groups may dissociate the PER3VNTR genotype with chronotype in a similar manner to which the early-morning start times of South African endurance events dissociates the two. No effect of geographical location on chronotype was found when comparing the Dutch and the South African groups. The morning-orientated South African runners seem to perform better in marathon running than the more evening-orientated runners do, which may be caused by their ability to cope with these early-morning marathon events. Further studies may explore whether marathon performance in later chronotypes can be improved by training-based habituation.
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Vagenas, George. "Functional and kinematic asymmetries, and injuries in the lower limbs of long distance runners." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75891.
Full textAbstract:
The sample included 29 healthy competitive male distance runners. Bilateral measurements were taken for selected variables of the talocalcaneal flexibility by means of a mechanical goniometer, and of the peak isokinetic knee strength on a Cybex II device. The frontal and horizontal plane motions of the lower limbs of the subjects were recorded by high speed filming and videotaping while they were running on a motor driven treadmill at their training pace under two conditions: with running shoes and barefoot. A detailed description of each runner's history was obtained and bilateral dominance characteristics were determined. Significant functional asymmetries were found for subtalar joint flexibility (eversion, inversion, and eversion/inversion ratio) and peak isokinetic knee strength (flexion, extension, total, and flexion/extension ratio). Significant kinematic asymmetries were revealed during the foot support phase in lower leg angle, rearfoot angle, mediolateral velocity of the foot, and in some temporal parameters. The two running conditions differed significantly only for the pretouchdown phase of support. Significant trends of association were identified between selected components of the lower limb functional and kinematical asymmetries which were characterized by consistent laterality patterns. Multivariate asymmetry components and running injury patterns were independent. Only asymmetries in foot pronation during barefoot running tended to significantly differentiate between runners grouped by injury incidence. The phenomenon of functional and kinematic asymmetries in runners is warranted.
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Parfitt, Patsy. "Running injuries to the lower limb experienced by marathon and middle distance runners (eight / fifteen hundred metres)." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36730/1/36730_Parfitt_1996.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Running injuries were compared between twenty four middle
distance (800 metress) and forty four marathon runners of elite
status in Queensland, Australia. All runners were interviewed
individually on their injury history and possible associations.
The runners were biomechanically examined to assess their foot
type which were categorised as either pes planus, pes cavus or
normal. Anthropometric and body mass index measurements
indicated that the middle distance athletes were lighter in
weight and taller than the marathon runners (p < 0.01). Cavoid
foot type occurred in 50% of runners, with significantly more
occurring in marathon runners ( 61. 4%) than middle distance
runners (18.2%). The runners linked injuries mainly to hard or
uneven terrains, overtraining, and insufficient rest after an
injury. Common injuries suffered by marathon runners were mainly
back problems, hip ailments and sciatica. Common injuries to
middle distance runners were mainly knee problems, stress
farctures and sciatica. Marathon runners incurred more injuries
than the middle distance runners (97% compared to 81.8%) which
was statistically significant and the injuries suffered were
different.
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Krouse, Rhonna Zena. "A descriptive study examining motivation, goal orientations, coaching, and training habits of women ultrarunners." [Boise, Idaho] : Boise State University, 2009. http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/td/51/.
Full text
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Johansson, Christer. "Elite sprinters, ice hockey players, orienteers and marathon runners : isokinetic leg muscle performance in relation to muscle structure and training." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kirurgi, 1987. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-103812.
Full textAbstract:
In male athletes from different sports, isokinetic knee extensor, and in orienteers also plantar flexor peak torque (PT), contractional work (CW) and integrated surface electromyograms (iEMG) were analysed. Single contraction PT, CW and iEMG in sprinters and marathon runners were significantly correlated to the cross-sectional area (CSA) of m. quadriceps, and to the Type II fibre area of m. vastus lateralis. When correcting PT, CW and iEMG for CSA of m. quadriceps, such correlations were found only for Type IIA fibre area at 180° s~1. Elec- tromyographically, m. vastus lateralis (biopsied muscle) was representative for m. quadriceps. Calculated optimal mean power (CW s~1) and electrical efficacy (CW/iEMG) approximated for sprinters 450° s-1 and for marathon runners 270° s~1, i.e. velocities at or above the upper limit of the dynamometers. In orienteers, plantar flexor PT increased during winter training, but decreased during competitive season. Knee extensor PT increased over the whole year. At 30 and 60° s~1 only knee extensor PT was negatively associated with the running velocity at onset of blood lactate accumulation (VOBLA)- Changes in VOBLA during winter period were negatively associated with changes in knee extensor PT at 180° s~1. During competitive season, changes in Vobla were negatively associated with the ratio quality : quantity running. In ice hockey players PT varied non-systematically with training and games. The biopsy specimens of marathon runners showed irregular fibre shapes, an increased amount of connective tissue and central fibre nuclei, indicating an early strain disease or functional adaptation to extreme demands. During repetitive contractions in sprinters and marathon runners, fatigue, i.e. slope of decline in CW, was significantly associated with the Type II fibre area of m. vastus lateralis. For knee extensors of sprinters, ice hockey players and orienteers, a steep decrease in CW/iEMG was observed. In contrast, knee extensors of marathon runners and plantar flexors of orienteers showed an almost unaltered CW/iEMG throughout the test. The knee extensor endurance level (CW/iEMG) was significantly correlated to the maximal oxygen uptake. In orienteers, an increase in endurance level of both tested muscle groups during winter training parallelled an increase in VOBLA and V02obla- In hockey players, fatigue and endurance pattern (CW and CW/iEMG) changed non-systematically with training and games. In conclusion, isokinetic measurements and iEMG reflect the structural properties of the knee extensor muscles in sprinters and marathon runners. The demonstrated characteristics and changes in leg muscle function in different groups of athletes apparently reflect varying demands from different sports activities.S. 1-31: sammanfattning, s. 33-84: 6 uppsatser
digitalisering@umu
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Васильцов, Д. В. "Побудова тренувального процесу марафонців-аматорів." Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/86757.
Full textAbstract:
Обґрунтовано підходи з підготовки марафонців-аматорів, на основі морфофункціональних і психологічних показників та їх вплив на процес тренувальної діяльності і змагального результату. Доповнено та розширено результати досліджень щодо тренувальних програм бігунів-марафонців відповідно обсягу та інтенсивності навантажень у їх тренувальному процесі. Подальшого розвитку набули дані з використання засобів і методів удосконалення спеціальної витривалості у процесі підготовки
марафонців-аматорів.
Практична значимість полягає у тому, що впровадження практичних рекомендацій у підготовку бігунів-марафонців є одним з чинників підвищення їх спортивної майстерності. Це досягається завдяки можливості приймати правильні рішення на основі об'єктивної інформації про функціональні і психологічні особливості організму спортсменів, включаючи ефективність виступів у змаганнях із марафону та підвищення окремих компонентів функціональної підготовленості (алактатної ємності, алактатної потужності, лактатної ємності, порогу анаеробного обміну).Обоснованы подходы по подготовке марафонцев-любителей, на основе морфофункциональных и психологических показателей и их влияние на процесс тренировочной деятельности и соревновательного результата. Дополнены и расширены результаты исследований тренировочных программ бегунов-марафонцев соответственно объема и интенсивности нагрузок в их тренировочном процессе. Дальнейшее развитие получили данные по использованию средств и методов совершенствования специальной выносливости в процессе подготовки марафонцев-любителей. Практическая значимость заключается в том, что внедрение практических рекомендаций в подготовку бегунов-марафонцев является одним из факторов повышения их спортивного мастерства. Это достигается благодаря возможности принимать правильные решения на основе объективной информации о функциональных и психологические особенности организма спортсменов, включая эффективность выступлений в соревнованиях по марафону и повышение отдельных компонентов функциональной подготовленности (алактатного емкости, алактатного мощности, лактатной емкости, порога анаэробного обмена).
Approaches to the training of amateur marathoners, based on morphofunctional and psychological indicators and their impact on the process of training and competitive results are substantiated. The results of research on the training programs of marathon runners according to the volume and intensity of loads in their training process have been supplemented and expanded. Data on the use of tools and methods to improve special endurance in the training process were further developed amateur marathoners. The practical significance lies in the fact that the introduction of practical recommendations in the training of marathon runners is one of the factors in improving their athletic skills. This is achieved through the ability to make the right decisions based on objective information about the functional and psychological characteristics of the athlete's body, including the effectiveness of marathon competitions and increase certain components of functional fitness (lactate capacity, lactate capacity, lactate capacity, anaerobic metabolism).
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Gordon, Leigh. "Medical consequences in endurance sports - Two Oceans Marathon longitudinal study : an evaluation of participation guidelines in runners presenting with symptoms of acute illness before competition." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13109.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references.Background: One of the most common clinical decisions a Sports and Exercise Medicine (SEM) physician is required to make is whether an athlete presenting with symptoms or signs of an acute illness can participate in exercise training or competition. Currently, a clinical tool, known as the ‘neck check’ is used to determine eligibility to participate in exercise training or competition athletes with acute illness. This original clinical tool, first described about 20 years ago, was based mainly on an abbreviated medical history and findings of a clinical examination were excluded. Symptoms of illness ‘above-the-neck’ e.g.sneezing, rhinorrhoea or sinus congestion constitute a ‘passed’ “neck check”, whereas ‘below-the-neck’ symptoms e.g.cough and/or systemic symptoms such as fever and myalgia, constitute a ‘failed’ “neck check”. However, in the current literature, there remain very few data regarding 1) the adherence of athletes to advice given following a ‘neck check’, and 2) whether the exercise performance (e.g.the ability to finish a race) or the development of medical complications during exercise is different in athletes who “passed” or “failed” the ‘neck check’. Objective The main objectives of this dissertation are: 1) to review the available evidence with respect to medical assessment and participation risk in endurance runners presenting with symptoms of acute illness before a road race; 2) to document the range of acute illnesses in runners presenting in the 3 days before a race; 3) to determine adherence to advice given by medical staff to these runners, and 4) to determine the effects of the outcomes of the medical assessment on running performance particularly, the ability to finish the race and the medical complications experienced during the race. These data are important to improve the medical care of runners (and other athletes) presenting with acute illness before training and competition. Methods: Phase 1: Review of the literature All literature relating to the epidemiology of acute illness in athletes, risk factors for illness, and participation risk, potential medical complications and effects on performance of exercising whilst ill were sourced using established electronic databases (PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar). In addition, literature related to the background of the ‘neck check’, as well as the evolution of the current RTP guidelines in athletes with acute illness were sourced. Phase 2: Research study In a prospective cohort study, 242 runners who presented to a pre-race registration medical facility with medical concerns were assessed by SEM physicians by means of medical history and physical examination (if indicated) using a specific Pre-Race acute Illness Medical Assessment (PRIMA group). 172 of these runners had evidence suggesting acute infective illness (PRIMA-I group) and 70 runners had non-infective complaints (PRIMA-N/I group). The epidemiology (prevalence rate = % runners) of runners with symptoms, signs and specific clinical diagnoses of acute illnesses were documented in the PRIMA-I group. Following clinical evaluation, all the runners in the PRIMA-I group were then advised regarding clearance to run the race, monitoring symptoms, or not running the race, using the ‘neck check’ as a guideline. Runners in the PRIMA cohort were then tracked during and immediately after the race, and the following parameters were compared to those in a control group of runners not presenting to the medical facility at registration (CON=53 734): 1) incidence of not starting of the race (per 1000 runners) (DNS rate), 2) incidence of not finishing the race in those who started (per 1000 runners) (DNF rate), and 3) incidence of medical complications during the race in those who started (per 1000 runners) (MC rate). Results Phase 1: Review The main finding of the review is the relative paucity in clinical data with respect to participation in athletes with acute illness. Upper respiratory tract symptoms are very common in athletes, and the risk factors are discussed. Furthermore, there are different aetiologies underlying athletes’ URT symptoms (other than infection). The documented risks of exercising when systemically ill include sudden cardiac death and reduced pulmonary function, splenic rupture in patients with infectious mononucleosis, and dehydration and electrolyte disturbances when exercising with acute gastro-intestinal illness. There is little evidence in the literature regarding the effects of illness on performance; these include reduced performance, non-participation and the potential effects of WARI (wheezing after respiratory tract infection). Evidence supporting the two aspects of the neck check is reviewed: the presumed safety of exercising with localised URT symptoms, and the perceived risk of exercising with lower respiratory tract or systemic symptoms. Clinical data are severely lacking, and the available data are based on self-reported symptomatology. There are no published data regarding the use of the ‘neck check’ as a participation guideline. Phase 2: In the PRIMA-I cohort of 172 runners, the most common symptoms were sinus congestion (40.1%), cough (38.2%), sore throat (37.8%) and runny nose (25.6%). More than half the cohort (57.5%) had a diagnosis of localised URTI. However, URTI with generalised symptoms was the single most common diagnosis (22.7%). In the PRIMA-I group, 41.3% of the runners failed the ‘neck check’. Compared with the CON group, there was no significant difference in the DNS rate in the PRIMA-I group. However, in those runners who were advised not to run, the DNS rate was 565 per 1000 runners, and this was significantly higher than that of the CON group (192 per 1000 runners) (p<0.0001). PRIMA-I race starters had a higher DNF rate (31 per 1000 runners), and runners with any medical concerns (PRIMA group) had a significantly higher DNF rate (37 per 1000 runners) compared to the CON group of runners who started the race (15 per 1000 runners) (p= 0.0329). There were no documented medical complications in the PRIMA-I group who started the race, while the MC rate of the CON group was 6.7 per 1000 runners. In runners in the PRIMA-I group who had been advised not to run, 43.5% were non-adherent, and started the race despite this advice. Conclusion: Our study indicates that localised upper respiratory tract infection is responsible for the majority of acute illness in a pre-race cohort of runners. Furthermore, the data provide some evidence that it is safe for runners with acute illness to exercise if they pass the ‘neck check’. However, presenting to a pre-race registration medical facility, failing the ‘neck check’ and receiving advice against participation appear to increase the risk of not finishing a race. There is also concern about the high rate of non-adherence to advice given by the SEM physician. Finally, a pre-race registration medical assessment for runners with acute illness may reduce the risk of developing short-term medical complications during the race.
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Cheikh, Khalfa Nadia. "Détection de ruptures de signaux physiologiques en situation in vivo via la méthode FDpV : cas de la fréquence cardiaque et de l'activité électrodermale de marathoniens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066653.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse a été réalisée dans un cadre pluridisciplinaire alliant protocole expérimental, instrumentation dans des conditions de mesures in vivo, détection de ruptures associées à des changements d'états physiologiques et identification et prétraitement d'artefacts de mesures chez des coureurs de marathons. Nous avons considéré l'analyse de la variabilité du rythme cardiaque (VRC) et l'analyse de l'activité électrodermale (AED) pendant une course et lors des phases qui la précèdent et la suivent. La détection de ruptures de moyenne et de tendance est effectuée par la méthode Filtered Derivative with p-Value (FDpV) tout au long de cette thèse. La méthode FDpV est basée sur une analyse dynamique faisant appel à un modèle stationnaire par morceaux. Elle a permis en particulier d'introduire un indice de régulation cardiaque pour les coureurs. Un suivi des changements des états d'éveil et de motivation à travers l'AED par la détection de ruptures de la tendance pendant la course d'un semi-marathonien est également proposée. Ceci a permis de définir des signatures de début et de fin de course. Une attention particulière a été apportée à la composante tonique de l'AED reflétant le niveau d'activation affectif. Nous avons comparé trois méthodes d'extraction du niveau tonique en tenant compte des artefacts potentiels présents. Ce travail concerne des études de cas; il peut être étendu à une cohorte et englober plus de paramètres physiologiques (VO2, EEG,...). Ainsi, une classification des états d'éveil et de motivation peut être envisagée et représente des éléments significatifs de caractérisation des données physiologiques in vivo pour l'optimisation des performances sportivesThis thesis was carried out in a multidisciplinary approach that combines experimental protocol, instrumentation, in vivo measurements, physiological change detection instants and identification and preprocessing of measurement artefacts for marathon runners. We considered the analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV) and the electrodermal activity (EDA) recorded during a semi-marathon including pre and post competition periods. A study of the HRV and EDA change detection was carried based on the mean and the trend using the Filtered Derivative with pValue method (FDpV) throughout this thesis. This segmentation method is based on a dynamical approach using a piece-wise stationary model. As a result, itallowed to introduce an index of cardiac regulation for semi-marathon runners. Physiological state changes tracking of affective dimension i.e. "stress" and motivation via the EDA by change detection on its tonic component which reflects the EDA general trend throughout a semi-marathon was also proposed. This enabled us to characterize start and finish phases of a race which are key elements in any competition. A special attention was given to the tonic component of the EDA reflecting the overall level of affective activation. We compared three methods of tonic level extraction by taking into account the present potential artefacts. Thiswork focused on case studies; It can be generalized over a cohort and include more physiological parameters such that VO2 or EEG. Hence, a classification of stress states may also be considered and represent other significant features for characterizing in vivo physiological data for sport performance optimization
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Cheikh, Khalfa Nadia. "Détection de ruptures de signaux physiologiques en situation in vivo via la méthode FDpV : cas de la fréquence cardiaque et de l'activité électrodermale de marathoniens." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066653/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse a été réalisée dans un cadre pluridisciplinaire alliant protocole expérimental, instrumentation dans des conditions de mesures in vivo, détection de ruptures associées à des changements d'états physiologiques et identification et prétraitement d'artefacts de mesures chez des coureurs de marathons. Nous avons considéré l'analyse de la variabilité du rythme cardiaque (VRC) et l'analyse de l'activité électrodermale (AED) pendant une course et lors des phases qui la précèdent et la suivent. La détection de ruptures de moyenne et de tendance est effectuée par la méthode Filtered Derivative with p-Value (FDpV) tout au long de cette thèse. La méthode FDpV est basée sur une analyse dynamique faisant appel à un modèle stationnaire par morceaux. Elle a permis en particulier d'introduire un indice de régulation cardiaque pour les coureurs. Un suivi des changements des états d'éveil et de motivation à travers l'AED par la détection de ruptures de la tendance pendant la course d'un semi-marathonien est également proposée. Ceci a permis de définir des signatures de début et de fin de course. Une attention particulière a été apportée à la composante tonique de l'AED reflétant le niveau d'activation affectif. Nous avons comparé trois méthodes d'extraction du niveau tonique en tenant compte des artefacts potentiels présents. Ce travail concerne des études de cas; il peut être étendu à une cohorte et englober plus de paramètres physiologiques (VO2, EEG,...). Ainsi, une classification des états d'éveil et de motivation peut être envisagée et représente des éléments significatifs de caractérisation des données physiologiques in vivo pour l'optimisation des performances sportivesThis thesis was carried out in a multidisciplinary approach that combines experimental protocol, instrumentation, in vivo measurements, physiological change detection instants and identification and preprocessing of measurement artefacts for marathon runners. We considered the analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV) and the electrodermal activity (EDA) recorded during a semi-marathon including pre and post competition periods. A study of the HRV and EDA change detection was carried based on the mean and the trend using the Filtered Derivative with pValue method (FDpV) throughout this thesis. This segmentation method is based on a dynamical approach using a piece-wise stationary model. As a result, itallowed to introduce an index of cardiac regulation for semi-marathon runners. Physiological state changes tracking of affective dimension i.e. "stress" and motivation via the EDA by change detection on its tonic component which reflects the EDA general trend throughout a semi-marathon was also proposed. This enabled us to characterize start and finish phases of a race which are key elements in any competition. A special attention was given to the tonic component of the EDA reflecting the overall level of affective activation. We compared three methods of tonic level extraction by taking into account the present potential artefacts. Thiswork focused on case studies; It can be generalized over a cohort and include more physiological parameters such that VO2 or EEG. Hence, a classification of stress states may also be considered and represent other significant features for characterizing in vivo physiological data for sport performance optimization
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Grant, Michael E. (Michael Edward). "China Run." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500963/.
Full textAbstract:
China Run is a 92 1/2 minute documentary film which portrays an ultramarathon runner's record-setting 2,125 mile run across China in 53 days, starting at the Great Wall north of Beijing and concluding in Guangjhou (Canton). It is a story of the difficulties, both physical and emotional, suffered by the runner, as well as the story of his encounters with the people of China.
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Ngobese, Khayelihle Mbongeleni Emmanuel. "Exploring the uses of mental skills by competitive road running athletes." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020310.
Full textAbstract:
Research on athletes has shown that mental skills are an important component of being a successful athlete. The importance of these mental skills is seen in the number of athletes who have formally started training using mental skills training programmes (MST) according to the literature. The study of mental skills in South Africa lags behind other countries like USA, UK and Sweden. This particular study explored the use of mental skills by road running athletes. The study was conducted with six competitive marathon athletes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted as part of an elaborate qualitative methodology design. The data collected from these semi-structured interviews was analysed using thematic analysis. The results show that road running athletes use mental skills that include; mental rehearsal, planning, goal setting and self-talk. The athletes in this research showed the importance of mental skills and it is recommended that formal training in these mental skills will be highly beneficial not only to road running athletes but for all South African sports people in general
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Hering, Gernot Otto [Verfasser]. "About Mechanical and Electrophysiological Properties of So-Called Slow and Fast Muscles : An investigation at the M. quadriceps femoris of marathon runners, sprinters, volleyball players and physical education students / Gernot Otto Hering." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1179695380/34.
Full text
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DELMONTE, VALENTINA. "EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE AFTER ISLET TRANSPLANTATION: GLICEMIC CONTROL, PERFORMANCE AND AUTOIMMUNITY IN AN HALF MARATHON RUNNER." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/217724.
Full textAbstract:
EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE AFTER ISLET TRANSPLANTATION: GLICEMIC CONTROL, PERFORMANCE AND AUTOIMMUNITY IN AN HALF MARATHON RUNNER
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronically progressive autoimmune disease in which the adverse immune response compromises the pancreatic β-cell function, impairing blood glucose control. In the worst case, when exogenous insulin therapy is not sufficient to manage the disorder, Islet transplantation (IT) could be a possible intervention for restoring the glycemic control. Anyway immunosuppressive therapy, autoimmune response and adverse events can lead to the progression of graft dysfunction and to several side effects. Physical activity might influence in a positive way the outcome of this clinical frame.
We will discuss the feasibility of physical activity in immunosuppressed patients, its possible helpful contribution to the management of diabetes after IT and its role for mitigating the side effects of chronic pharmacological regime with the mean to report a concrete example of physical training as complementary therapy in the managing of T1DM and graft dysfunction after IT.
We have monitored longitudinally a T1 DM amateur half-marathon runner (M, 44yrs) for autoimmunity markers, metabolic profile and physical performance in the 7 years since he received IT.
After a sedentary period of insulin independence post-transplantation (HbA1c, 48mmol/mol; 6.5%), he started a classical endurance training, culminated with a half-marathon performance of 1h45’ and accompanied by a reduction of HbA1c (41mmol/mol, 5.9%). Subsequently, because injured, he had to rest and his glycemia and HbA1c worsened (51mmol/mol, 6.8%) so that he had to reintroduce exogenous insulin (4-6U/day). When he could finally resume an ad hoc training (aerobic, anaerobic, interval) his HbA1c levels diminished (34mmol/mol, 5.3%) and he could suspend insulin therapy again. In this ultimate period, his performance time improved by 10.5% (1h34’). The markers of autoimmunity and inflammation were never affected by the training and remained stable during the entire follow up.
For this patient physical exercise plausibly act improving the insulin sensitivity and diabetic symptoms, mitigating the side effects of immunosuppression without interfering with the autoimmune profile.
Further studies are desirable to better orchestrate an ad hoc exercise regime associated with an optimal management of T1D, graft function and an ameliorated performance.
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Fiolo, N., and Michael H. Stone. "The Effects of a Short-term Block Periodized Strength Training Program on Force Production and Running Economy and Kinematics in a Highly Trained Marathon Runner." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4569.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: Monitor changes in force production, running economy (RE), and running kinematics (RK) in a highly trained marathon runner after beginning a strength training (ST) program. Methods: One marathon runner (M, 27 y, 165 cm, 53.3 kg, VO2pesk 67.43 ml/kg/min, PR 2:33:13) with no history of ST completed a 12-week block periodized ST program. Baseline and reliability testing was conducted over a two-month period prior to ST. The completed ST RPE and work (volume load*displacement) and running volume (km/wk) were monitored over the 12 weeks. The athlete performed an isometric mid-thigh pull to assess peak force (PF, N), rate of force development at 250 ms (RFD250), and net impulse at 250 ms (NI250) during baseline and throughout ST. The athlete performed a steady state test on a treadmill instrumented with the OptojumpTM optic sensor system to assess RE (ml/kg/km) and RK during baseline and throughout ST. Impact of the ST program was assessed by percent change of the variables during the taper from the baseline average and by the odds of a true change using the typical error and smallest worthwhile change. Results: PF improved (120:1 odds) by 17.11%, RFD250 improved (22:1 odds) by 24.73%, and NI250 improved (10:1 odds) by 16.70% before competition. Ground contact time decreased (7:1 odds) by 2.57%, flight time decreased (1:1 odds) by 1.49%, step rate increased (2:1 odds) by 2.28%, and step length decreased (57:1: odds) by 2.21%. RE improved (3:1 odds) by 2.09%. Conclusion: Improving a runner’s maximal strength and rate of force development may positively influence RK and RE.
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Montañola, Vidal Agustín. "Medida del equilibrio estático en corredores de maratón mediante baropodometría optométrica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/248478.
Full textAbstract:
Plantejament: L’estudi de les pressions plantars i del comportament del centre de pressions (COP), del cos i dels peus, permet valorar a través dels desplaçaments del mateix en els eixos mig-lateral i antero-posterior l’equilibri. La mesura del COP amb un sistema optomètric d’alta resolució hauria d’aportar, amb major precisió, noves informacions que poden ajudar a l’especialista sanitari o esportiu a entendre el comportament de l’equilibri en el corredor de marató.
Objectiu: Es vol valorar el comportament de l’equilibri mesurant el rang màxim de desplaçament i la velocitat mitjana del COP del cos i dels peus, en els eixos mig-lateral y antero-posterior, i valorar las pressions plantars, per quadrant de cada peu, valorant la dominància lateral per pressió mitjançant una plataforma optomètrica d’alta resolució.
Mostra: Es du a terme un estudi descriptiu, transversal amb una mostra de 663 subjectes sans (587 homes i 76 dones) que participen activament en curses de llarg recorregut (Marató).
Mètode: Es mesura el desplaçament del COP del cos i dels peus, amb una lectura de 10 segons, en posició de peu, amb bipedestació, amb els ulls oberts, en estat de repòs aparent i amb els peu descalços mitjançant una plataforma de pressions Optomètrica CbsScanGraf.
Resultats: El desplaçament, rang i velocitat, del COP del cos en l’eix antero-posterior és mes gran que en el eix mig-lateral. Es dones presenten més estabilitat que els homes. La majoria de la mostra presenta major pressió amb el peu dret. S’estima amb un I.C. del 95% la mitja poblacional del desplaçament del COP µ mig-lateral = [1,99; 2,41], µ antero-posterior = [2,69; 3,07]. Es troben diferències per gènere i pes en la Velocitat mig-lateral del COP (p<0,05). La dominància suport d’un peu no està relacionada amb la seva dominància funcional. El peu suport dominant influeix en la velocitat del COP en l’eix mig-lateral i antero-posterior (p<0,05).Planteamiento: El estudio de las presiones plantares y del comportamiento del centro de presiones (COP), del cuerpo y de ambos pies, permite valorar a través de los desplazamientos del mismo en los ejes medio-lateral y antero-posterior el equilibrio. La medida del COP con un sistema optométrico de alta resolución debería aportar, con mayor precisión, nuevas informaciones que ayuden al especialista sanitario o deportivo a comprender el comportamiento del equilibrio en el corredor de maratón. Objetivo: Se pretende valorar el comportamiento del equilibrio midiendo el rango máximo de desplazamiento y la velocidad media del COP del cuerpo y de ambos pies, en el eje medio-lateral y antero-posterior, y valorar las presiones plantares, por cuadrante de cada pie, valorando la dominancia lateral por presión mediante una plataforma optométrica de alta resolución. Muestra: Se realiza un estudio descriptivo, transversal con una muestra de 663 sujetos sanos (587 hombres y 76 mujeres) que participan activamente en carreras de largo recorrido (Maratón). Método: Se mide el desplazamiento del COP del cuerpo y de ambos pies, mediante una lectura de 10 segundos, en posición de pie, en bipedestación, con los ojos abiertos, en estado de reposo aparente y con los pies descalzos mediante una plataforma de presiones Optométrica CbsScanGraf. Resultados: El desplazamiento, rango y velocidad, del COP del cuerpo en el eje antero-posterior es mayor que en el eje medio-lateral. Las mujeres presentan más estabilidad que los hombres. La mayoría de la muestra presenta mayor presión con el pie derecho. Se estima con un I.C. del 95% la media poblacional del desplazamiento del COP µ medio-lateral = [1,99; 2,41], µ antero-posterior = [2,69; 3,07]. Se encuentran diferencias por género y peso en la Velocidad medio-lateral del COP (p<0,05). La dominancia soporte de un pie no está relacionada con su dominancia funcional. El pie soporte dominante influye en la velocidad del COP en el eje medio-lateral y antero-posterior (p<0,05).
Approach: The study of plantar pressures and the behavior of the center of pressure (COP) of the body and both feet, it can assess through the same displacement in the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior axis balance. The measurement of the COP with an optometric system should provide high-resolution, more accurately, new information to help the health or sport specialist to understand the behavior of equilibrium in the marathon runner. Purpose: We evaluate the performance of the balance by measuring the maximum travel range and average speed of the COP of the body and both feet, in the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior axis, and assess plantar pressures, per quadrant of each foot, lateral dominance by appreciating the pressure by a high-resolution platform optometric. Sample: A descriptive, cross-sectional study with a sample of 663 healthy subjects (587 men and 76 women) who are actively involved in long-distance races (Marathon) is performed. Method: COP displacement body and both feet is measured, through a reading of 10 seconds in the standing position, in standing, with eyes open, in a state of apparent rest and barefoot through a CbsScanGraf optometric platform pressures. Results: The displacement and velocity range, the COP of the body in the anterior-posterior axis is greater than in the medial-lateral axis. Women show more stability than men. The majority of the sample has increased pressure on the right foot. It is estimated with I.C. 95% of the population mean displacement COP µ medial-lateral = [1.99; 2.41], µ anterior-posterior = [2.69; 3.07]. Weight and gender differences in the medial-lateral COP velocity (p <0.05) were found. The dominance of a foot support is not related to their functional dominance. The dominant foot support influences the speed of the COP in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axis (p <0.05).
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Ding, Wei-Chun, and 丁瑋君. "Perfectionism and Commitment in Female Marathon Runners." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21115345812543349928.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立東華大學
體育與運動科學系
104
Marathons are physically and psychologically demanding events. To compete in a marathon, runners must invest a considerable amount of time to training. However, compared to men, women encounter more obstacles when engaging in sports, women's participation in the marathon is the need to overcome many inner and external obstacles was able to continue to participate. The female runners interviewed in this study not only demand much from themselves regarding training and performance in sports, but also maintain positive attitudes and disciple at work. The researchers adopted a qualitative research method to collect data through in-depth interviews, and then summarized and analyzed the interview transcripts. The results found the female runner running for the pursuit of health, creating self-worth, to get rid of depression, travel or family activities. Marathon also satisfied them directly or indirectly on the body and mind, cause female marathon runners continued participation. The study also found the relationship between in perfectionism and commitment, and the female runner will changed their standards because of personal investment and involvement opportunities. Furthermore, the degree of perfectionism of social expectations for the female marathon runner also had dynamics changed during social support and social constraints.
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Yang, Tzu-Hsien, and 楊滋賢. "The Mathematical Model of Marathon Runners’ Arm Swing." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73823131003240352591.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
運動與健康管理研究所
103
Running can be seen as the most popular exercise nowadays. There are so many marathon races and news reports related to it. Therefore, if runners are able to have correct self-training, the development of marathon would be positive in the long term. The studies related to marathon techniques mostly focused on the motion of lower limbs. In fact, arm swing also plays an important role in the stability of bodies. Arm swing could also help bodies keep balance. For marathon runners, arm swing is an essential part helping them to compete, finish events and relieve fatigue. The participants of this research are 8 teenagers who have interest in marathon. The researcher recorded the motion formed by their shoulders, upper arms, elbows, forearms, wrists and palms. After their motion and mechanic modes were confirmed, Kwon 3D movement analysis software was adopted to carry a two dimensional direct linear transformation (2D-DLT) and establish 2D models. Afterward, the researcher analyzed the changes in each joint and quantified the angle, angular velocity and angular acceleration with the coordinate data to get the torque and its instantaneous power and the effect of gravity when arm swing. In doing so, the research is capable of conducting a discussion on the relationship between the arm swing movement and its optimization to build mathematical modes. The research has some findings. First, for overweight runners with larger moment of inertia, reduce the angle of elbow joint could lower the moment of inertia and energy cost. Second, taller runners who have lower centre of gravity on arms tend to lose more energy while swinging arms. This is also why those who have smaller body size hold more advantages in marathon events. Third, the changes in joints, angular velocity and angular acceleration are the main factors affecting arm power. Fourth, in order to avoid the influence of gravity, reduce the angle of arm swing helps to keep arm’s center of gravity. Fifth, smaller width of shoulders and elbows in motion help runners reach their optimization and this is proved with two participants who have had participated in marathons before. Because participants have no much experience in marathon, they were able to recognize their problems in running with the analysis. They also derived helpful running techniques in the process. However, there are some limitations. More samples are recommended for future studies so that the mathematical models could be derived from statistical methods. Therefore, if similar studies could be conducted with three-dimensional analysis, the accuracy of the data could be improved.
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鍾大為. "Evaluating the Economic Benefits of Taipei Marathon Runners." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75739064724696715544.
Full textAbstract:
碩士佛光大學
應用經濟學系
104
Taipei marathon runners in this study to assess about NTD 101 million of output value creation, and through I-O analysis of related industries, can create the effect of NTD 173 million of output and the resultant income effect of NTD 74 million. Add the consumer surplus of NTD 386 million and output effect, namely to create NTD 559 million of the overall economic effect. In addition, it may be accompanied by the creation of a NTD 31 million y of output value of tourism. Output efficiency ratio actual input of Taipei Marathon was 1.71, showing the effect of related industries in Taipei marathon is not weak. In addition, although this article focus marathon runners as the main object, then in fact the whole marathon economic creator also includes events organizers and event viewer. However, because of the marathon organizers of events difficult to obtain balance sheet, and marathon viewers and passers-by identification difficult (unlike athletics tournament spectators easily identifiable), this study was to assess the economic benefits do not include Marathon event organizers and event viewer created economic benefits.
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CHANG, CHIN-YIN, and 張景盈. "The Narratives of the 100-Marathon Runners’ Experiences." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36363948824166066755.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣體育運動大學
體育研究所
105
The purpose of this study was to explore the preparation strategies, histories, and experiences of marathon runners. In the past, the marathon athletes those who participated in the marathon events were mainly the trained elite players or those who like to challenge the limits of physical strength. But in recent years, this population has changed dramatically, in addition to the elite athletes, a large number of amateur runners also flock to the events. In this yearly cumulative trend, more and more regular marathon runners have reached the brilliant records of 100, 200,300 or more marathons. They not only pursue health; to complete 100 marathons is an important milestone of life. This study adopted literature analysis method, and the data was collected from official website of Runners’ Plaza, related books, and the marathon runners who were the research object. Considering if the sample is a typical representative of a 100-marathon runner with complete experience and can be accurately researched, this study had chosen 4 runners in different occupations including "civil servants", "business owners", and "factory cadre", to investigate the common phenomena of the 100-marathon runners’ long-term participation in serious leisure activities. The results indicated that to complete 100 marathons is not a piece of cake, but a result of many years of efforts. To become a member of 100-marathon club is not easy at all. Each 100-marathon runner’s goal is different. Some of them are for health and happiness, and not to deliberately pursue result. Some of them take the participation in Boston marathon as the highest temple of running, and take the completion of the world's six major marathons as a goal. The runners must learn the courage to choose and give up. As the proverb said, “while the green hills last, there will be wood to burn”, to keep healthy and sustain the habit of running for a long time is the ultimate goal pursued by a marathon runner. In the process of completion, to find the reason for continuing towards the goal is quite essential, and thus a marathon runner could convince himself/herself of why to run and why to compete. So, nowadays, marathon is no longer a simple game, it has been endowed new implications and challenging tastes by many runners.
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Schlegel, Erin Kathryn. "Prevention of hypernatremia and hyponatremia in marathon runners." Thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/42196.
Full textAbstract:
As the number of people participating in marathons across the United States rises to include a population of amateur and first time runners, the prevention of hypernatremia and hyponatremia during these races becomes increasingly important to prevent serious outcomes of coma and death. Both of these conditions have been responsible for collapse, hospitalizations and even deaths of runners in past marathons. Prevention of these sodium imbalances in the body begins with adequate knowledge of proper hydration methods to adhere to while running a marathon. This specific area has been neglected by researchers in the past and no proper method of fluid intake has been appropriately supported with scientific trials. However, there is evidence to support the general lack of knowledge in the running community regarding hyponatremia and hypernatremia, as well as the dangerous side effects of over or under hydration during marathon races. This thesis proposes a randomized control trial to specifically study hydration during a marathon with investigation into which fluid is superior, water or sports drink, and whether drinking to thirst is the best strategy for optimal hydration.
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CHEN, JUN-HAO, and 陳君豪. "Evaluating the Economic Benefits of Yilan Marathon Runners." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/tzr2t8.
Full textAbstract:
碩士佛光大學
應用經濟學系
106
This study estimated the participants of the four marathons from November 2017 to October 2018 in Yilan. Participants can generate approximately NT$ 53 million worth of production. And through the industrial association analysis table of 52 departments across the country, it can produce about NT130 million in output. And through the concept of consumer surplus, it can generate approximately NT$13 million worth of NT$22 million worth of tourism. And through the industry association analysis table of the 52 departments of the country, the ratio of the output/actual input of the participants of the marathon competition in Yilan is 2.64. And through the industry association analysis table of the Yilan 39 Department, the ratio of the output/actual input of the Yilan Marathon runners is 2.51. This shows that the participants in the Yilan Marathon are not unobtrusively related to the industry. The economic benefits of a marathon event should include the organizers, co-organizers, contestants and watchers of the event. However, it is actually difficult to get the balance sheet of the organizer and the assisting unit. And during the marathon race. It is difficult to distinguish between people watching and passing by. Therefore, the economic benefits estimated by this study only include contestants for marathon events. If these data are available later, the results of the study will be more realistic. And if the organizer can increase the satisfaction of the contestants, it will increase the contestants' consumer surplus, and this study estimates that this can increase the consumer surplus of NT$9 billion.
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Ho, Tsung-Hsien, and 何聰賢. "The Research of Runners Motivation in Kinmen Marathon." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/js2pny.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立金門大學
運動與休閒學系
107
The purpose of this study was to explore the attributes, participation motivations, and value connotations of runners' understanding towards the event, Kinmen Marathon, and it is to appreciate the inner cognitive structure of these runners as a reference for future event planning. The research methodology has taken to means-end chains as its theoretical foundation among participants who had participated Kinmen Marathon. As a whole, 30 runners from the competition group who had joined the race for more than 3 times were selected by purposive sampling as its subject of study, while pre-programmed questionnaire is used to carry out laddering in order to obtain information needed for research. Afterwards, data collected is arranged, analyzed, and summarized by content analysis to establish motivation category for reliability test. At the end, implication matrix is built up sketch the hierarchical value map to analyze the important link relationship between the runners of Kinmen Marathon to the attributes, participation motivation and value of the event.The results of the study show that: (1) inferred from the content analysis: hierarchical elements as 5 event attributes, 6 participation motivations, and 5 final values. (2) From the elements in each of the hierarchies: attribute elements as "race attraction" is found to be of the highest, trailed by "high degree of challenge"; as for result elements, "goal achievement " is found to be of the highest, seconded followed by "enhancement of physical fitness"; for value elements, "achievement sense" is reckoned as the highest, followed by "happiness and pleasure." Then, results of the study can be turned over to event organizers for marketing and event planning in the future. As a recap of the study, it has employed way of qualitative research and conducted from the viewpoint of the research subject, making use of means-end chains, to deduce the important MEC path of runners so as to explore the motivations of runners, which are respectively as “race attraction,” “achieve the goal,” " sense of accomplishment" as the primary considerations of motivations. Therefore, this study suggests the organizer of marathon can, as discovered from the perspective of runners through their participation perception, plan with attractive strategies that meet the motivation and value of runners as they persist to take part in Kinmen Marathon. As such, it should help to enhance the benefits of sports tourism as well as the participation by all nationals. Consequently, it will facilitate and promote the sustainable operation and development of Kinmen Marathon.
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WU, SHU-PING, and 吳淑萍. "The experience in marathon leisure runners －A case study of Xinwu marathon in Taoyuan." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bw3mtt.
Full textAbstract:
碩士開南大學
觀光運輸學院碩士在職專班
107
"Marathon" has gradually become one of the favorite outdoor sports for Chinese people. Past research has not yet fully distinguished the experience of the "marathon runners". In this study, 16 interviewees were interviewed in depth to explore the experience of the “Marathon Runner”. Through content analysis, the author extracted four dimensions of experience of "Marathon Runners". The dimensions were:" run ", "running place", "people" and "activity". " run " includes physiological experience and psychological experience; " running place " includes natural scenery, history and humanities; " people" includes companions, relatives and friends and site personnel; "activity" includes theme activities and activities. Marathon is suitable for general fitness and leisure activities were also proposed.
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Antalová, Ladislava. "Fenomén běhání na příkladu závodů RunCzech pořádaných PIM v období let 1995 - 2014." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-341040.
Full textAbstract:
Title: The phenomenon of running the example RunCzech races organized by PIM in the period 1995 - 2014 Objectives: The thesis aims to briefly capture the phenomenon of running in the Czech Republic and the example of competitive races organized by Prague International Marathon Ltd. (hereinafter PIM) record in quantitative terms gradual increase in the number of candidates running in the period from 1995 to 2014 and also determine the quality level of sports performance enhancing participants in the Prague Marathon. Finally, find out the opinions and attitudes of runners participating in the Prague Marathon on sporting level and organization of the Prague marathon and compare them with the views of the author. Methods: For the dissertation was chosen method of content analysis of the basic documents and print materials, as well as results and information to individual vintages Prague marathon. In the second part, the method of polling in the form of survey questions. To compare the results of the interrogation method was also evaluated using the reflection of the author as regular participants in cross-country races. Results: The results of this thesis show a rise in the number of runners in the Czech Republic, which also corresponds to the global phenomenon that was captured in the case of selected...
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Ormsby, Peter Douglas Tenenbaum Gershon. "Causal ascriptions and emotional attachments distance runners' perspectives /." 2006. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04032006-120745/.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2006.Advisor: Gershon Tenenbaum, Florida State University, College of Education, Dept. of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 18, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 185 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
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Chang, Wei-Ling, and 張瑋玲. "Running injuries and the associated factors in marathon runners." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34939057545681283215.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立陽明大學
物理治療暨輔助科技學系
96
Introduction and purposes: Running is one of the most popular exercises. Injuries associated with running therefore attract more attention in recent years. However, limited studies had investigated the risk factors of running injuries The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of lower extremity running injuries and to evaluate the possible risk factors linking to the occurence of these injuries. Subjects. A total of 1116 participants of 2005 ING Taipei International Marathon, including full marathon (42.195km), half marathon (21km), 10km, and 3km, were surveyed. Methods. We used a self-developed questionnaire to collect data on personal characteristics running and training conditions, and injury profiles. Statistical analysis. Chi-square statistics and multivariate logistic regression modeling were used to examine the possible relationship between the presence of injuries and various predictor variables. Results. After excluding subjects with incomplete data, 969 questionnaires entered the process of data analysis. Of the 969 entrants, 583 (60.2%) developed lower extremities pain or injuries. More male runners suffered from injures than female runners (p=0.021). The knee was the most commonly painful site (20.7%) while the lower leg cramp was the most popular problem during running (23.4%). Runners with running experiences 5-10 years had more knee pain (P=0.005). Running distances and duration were important risk factors: running more than 20 km/week was linked to more ankle pain and duration of running more than 60 minutes was linked to more foot pain and thigh cramp respectively. Runners of regular running had more sprain and foot pain. More entrants with ankle pain chose artificial lanes. The gradient of the running surface was an important predictor. Uphill path increased the risk of ankle pain. The runners who ran the different distance per time developed more sprain or thigh cramp. Intermittent training was associated with more lower leg pain and shank cramp. The constant running distance was a protective factor of foot pain. The runners who ran regularly and did warm-up exercise developed less shank cramp. More runners with knee pain used knee braces. Runners who wore ordinary running shoes and used soft insoles had less knee pain. Runners who used medial arch support developed more sprains. There was no significant relationship between running shoe age and injuries. Higher rate of sprain was found in runners with genu varum. Normal musculoskeletal structure was a protective factor to prevent multiple injuries. Conclusions. This study disclosed that various risk factors were linked to injuries in the lower extremity. The practitioner could use these information in developing strategies to prevent running associated injury and pain.
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Symonds, Genevieve. "Psychological aspects of long-distance running among South African marathon runners." 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16163.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine why South African
long-distance runners start and continue to run long distances,
what perceived psychological benefits and negative effects they
experience as a result of their involvement in the sport, and
what thoughts and emotions are associated with the runner's high.
Questionnaires were sent to 2 000 1992 Two Oceans Marathon
participants and 777 responded. Results show that South African
long-distance runners start running chiefly for physical fitness
and health reasons, and continue for these reasons as well as
psychological benefit reasons. As a result of their involvement
in the sport, they experience psychological benefits such as a
positive mood, positive self-image and positive mental outlook.
When unable to run, these benefits are reversed. They also
experience negative effects such as relationship problems because
of long-distance running. Many thoughts and emotions are
associated with the runner's high, but most define it as an
euphoric feelingArt History, Visual Arts & Musicology
M.A. (Psychology)
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ching, shaw-ya, and 邵雅卿. "Relationships between motivation,serious leisureand well-being in marathon runners." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48452679669706908797.
Full textAbstract:
碩士輔仁大學
體育學系碩士班
98
The purpose of the study was to understand the characteristics, differences, and relationships between the motivation, serious leisure, and well-being of marathon runners. Questionnaire survey was conducted by the convenient sampling applied to the target group, the runners of “The Beauty of Cherry Blossoms of Shuang-si Marathon” which was held on February 28th, 2010. The data was processed through statistical methods, such as descriptive statistics, item analysis, factors analysis, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe’s method, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression etc.After the analysis and discussion, the major findings of this study were stated as following: I、Different age, different salaries, different times of participation, and different running-age marathon runners had significant differences in participation motivation. II、Different gender, different education, different occupations, different times of participation and different running-age marathon runners had significant differences in serious leisure. III、Different gender, different education, different occupations, different times of participation and different running-age marathon runners had significant differences in well-being. IV、The correlation between integrated motivation and integrated serious leisure showing the moderate correlation. V、Motivation of participation could effectively predict well-being. Among the three variables of motivation, the “social support” renders the best prediction. For “serious leisure”, “Uniqueness”, “Unremitting” and “Strong approval” were also effective ways of predicting well-being, however, the “Strong approval” renders the best prediction.
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Mei-Chu, Tu, and 涂美珠. "Narrating the Life Story of Middle-Aged Female Marathon Runners." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/965kws.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北教育大學
體育學系碩士班
106
An increasing amount of female marathon runners have been participating in both international and domestic marathons of as late. Researchers with previous little experience in marathons, upon entering them, encountered a group of female runners of the similar age group; according to these runners, after they started to run, their life experiences have become more enriched and profound. This study aims to explore the participation of middle-aged female marathon runners, and to analyze the impact of the marathon experience on their lives. Using narrative inquiry as a methodology, four middle-aged female marathon runners who have participated in running activities within the last 5 years were selected. Through interviews and “category-content” data analysis, as well as text of the participants’ personal narratives and analytical interpretation, the research conclusions are as follows: 1. Running for health was the original intention, with the participants seeing more possibilities for themselves as they underwent a midlife transition. 2. The companionship established between these runners encouraged them to finish races and to continue to participate in marathons. 3. The inner dialogue and thoughts established mid-run gave runners a new view on life. Marathons allowed them to be in-tune with their own bodies and minds, in addition to accepting the diversity of life and gaining an understanding of the beauty of existence. This group of middle-aged female marathon runners experienced multiple 42.195 kilometer long marathon races, forging their own self-confidence through running. A marathon is not just a medal for them, but a lifestyle and a serious leisure. By participating in marathons, they aim to move towards healthier and stronger bodies and spirits, all while overcoming difficulties in real life with a more positive and optimistic outlook. Through marathons, their hearts are calmed, and through their stories, researchers saw this group of middle-aged women find themselves by running.
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Chang, Chia-Chien, and 張家健. "A Study of Sport Involvement and Well-beingin Marathon Runners－2012 Fubon Taipei Marathon as an Example." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/n74z28.
Full textAbstract:
碩士臺北市立教育大學
體育學系碩士班
101
A Study of Sport Involvement and Well-being in Marathon Runners－2012 Fubon Taipei Marathon as an Example Chia-Chien Chang Taipei Municipal University of Education Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the current situation, differences, and relationships between sport involvement and well-being of marathon runners. Through literature, this study used questionnaires, "marathon runner sport involvement and well-being with the study of questionnaire designed" by the researcher as a research tool, and snowball sampling, Fubon Taipei marathon participants for sampling the object which was held on December 16th, 2012. The data was obtained through descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe’s method, and Pearson correlation etc other statistical methods for analysis, according to the results of data analysis are summarized following a number of conclusions: First, marathon runners sport involvement and well-being with the existing is now in good condition. Second, the marathon runners of different background variables most had significant differences in the sport involvement. Third, the marathon runners of different background variables most had significant differences in the well-being. Fourth, the correlation between the marathon runners integrated "sport involvement" and integrated "well-being" showing the significant positive correlation. Fifth, marathon runners have suggestions for enhancing sport involvement and upgrade the well-being. Finally, the study is based on research conclusions, make recommendations for the marathon sponsored or contractors organizer, marathon runner and future research reference. Key Words: marathon runner, sport involvement, well-being
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Buntman, Ari Jack. "Intravascular dehydration and changes in blood pressure in ultra-marathon runners." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21783.
Full textAbstract:
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand,
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of
Master of Science in Medicine in Applied Physiology.
Johannesburg, 1997.A post-exercise reduction in blood pressure (BP) may be the primary reason that athletes suffer from exerclse-assoclated collapse (EAC) at the end ot ultra-endurance running ever.s. Plasma volume decreases, possibly caused by dehydration, may be the cause of the decrease til blood pressure, In order to determine whether there is a correlation between plasma volume changes and the post-exercise BP drop, this study evaluated alterations in pre- and post-race blood pressures and changes in blood and plasma volumes, It found that compared to resting values, systolic, dlastollc and mean arterial blood pressures (mmHg) fell significantly from 119 ± 4, mean ± standard deviation, 74 ± 8, and 88 ± 5 respectively to '106 ± 14, 62 ± 12 and 77 ± 10 (ps 0,05), whereas pulse pressure failed to change, Compared to pre-race values, plasma and blood volume were found not to have changed significantly, During the race plasma urea (U) and creatinine (C) concentrations increased significantly, whereas body mass and body mass index both fell significantly. Haernatocrlt, haemoglobin, mean cell volume, red blood cell number, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, the mean cell haemoglobin, plasma sodium, potassium, chloride and protein concentrations, the U:C ratio and osmolality remained constant. There were no significClnt correlations between changes in plasma or blood volume and changes in blood pressure, These data support the Idea that a post-race decrease in blood pressure does not result primarily from an intravascular fluid loss, It is likely therefore that athletes who collapse at the end of ultraendurance races due to EAC do so as a result of 'post-exercise hypotension' secondary to venous pooling, and not as a result of a reduction in plasma volume,
MT2017
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Li, Mao-Kwo, and 李茂國. "A study on Participation Motivation and Enduring Involvement of Marathon Runners." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95323306049071169538.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
休閒事業管理系
103
This study aims to explore the effects of Marathon runners’ between participation motivation and enduring involvement on their different, and the relationship about participation motivation and enduring involvement. With participants of the 2015 Huludun National Marathon as the research subject, it adopts questionnaire survey to collect related information. The questionnaire survey was conducted by means of convenience sampling, with 350 questionnaires given out respectively and retrieved 322 copies, the retrieve rate is 92%. After processing the data with Descriptive Statistics, T-test, One-way ANOVA, Scheffe-test and Multiple Regression Analysis, several conclusions were made as following: 1.Most of Marathon participants are males and unmarried, aged between 21 and 30, located in central Taiwan, with an education background of university or college, workers from industrial and commercial service, incomes of 30,001-40,000NTD, most of the marathoners have a running excises for 3-4 times a year, have a running times with 1-2 year. 2.There were significant differences of participation motivation in marriage situation, education levels, and the average number of participation among participants. 3.There were significant differences of enduring involvement in sexes, marriage situation, and the average number of participation among participants. 4.Participation Motivation and Enduring Involvement can predict well being of marathon runners.
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Lee, Tsung-Chun, and 李宗春. "The Job Performance and Job Satisfaction in Career of Marathon Runners." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hwmdb3.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
管理學院經營管理EMBA專班
105
Marathon, since Greek of BC 490, has been more than 2,500 years of history. Full marathon distance of up to 42.19 five kilometers event, requires great physical strength, endurance and perseverance. The trend in recent years, the burgeoning domestic road race, marathon runners are also more and more involved in. According to national census Marathon network data show that in June 2016, our complete marathon number over 21,000, accounting for almost one-thousandth of the total population. Taiwan has gradually become a marathon country. Marathon race test runners body, therefore, marathon runners need to develop long-term running training habits, must also have a healthy body, as well as long-distance race in the face of fatigue and soreness when the finish match psychological beliefs, will and toughness, In order to complete a difficult marathon. The high quality of the body (health, physical fitness, high resilience, high concentration) and psychological (positive attitudes, positive beliefs, high willpower, high resistance to stress, toughness, etc.) qualities that are given from the marathon field, , Whether it can have benign benefits? I am one of the marathon runners, and since March 2009 completed the first marathon, has completed nearly 200 marathons, which also contains dozens of hundred kilometers above the super marathon. However, I am not a professional marathon runner, marathon for the spare time interest. I work in the Financial Industry for more than 20 years, feel the aforementioned physical and psychological qualities can be helpful for the work. I will use this study to explore the marathon runners compared to non-sports habits of the people in the workplace performance and job satisfaction compared to the period, in order to help companies in the use of people and leadership management to increase the reference to judge.
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TSAO, CHUN-YU, and 曹純玉. "Running with Life! “Marathon baby” in the Race: A Runners Self-Narrative about Her Experience and Faith in Marathon." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6mka5t.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北教育大學
體育學系碩士班
107
In my four-year graduate school since 2010, I have, from no body, become someone who broke the 15-year national record for the women’s marathon in Taiwan. This research focuses on a self-experience and belief I have held during the marathon journey. My story started from four important races, the 2010 Four Seasons Marathon-Autumn Round-Island Run in Kinmen, Xiamen International Marathon 2015, Chongqing International Marathon 2018, and Tokyo Marathon 2019. My study demonstrates the benefits and drawbacks, and beliefs of the four races, benefits including (1) developing a simple belief and make it happen; (2) to ease runner’s diarrhea through increasingly long distance training, signing up international marathon races, carbohydrate loading and water drinking; (3) to improve marathon speed by training for 5000m. Choose accommodation that is closed to the start line to get enough rest. Do not try unfamiliar dishes, eat cuisine that is clean, simple and non-spicy to prevent stomach flu. Solo run training and merging the race pace into life. Treating trainings as races in order to manage anxiety and excitement at races, and reminding myself to achieve the goal through controlled pace; (4) increase or decrease training mileage on a weekly basis, simulating pre-race waiting and marathon pace, carbohydrate loading, and preparation for potential risks, e.g. staying warm, tips for raining and race supplies. Drawbacks are (1) insufficient preparation, e.g. unfamiliar course and terrain, lack of long distance training, poor meal management, not enough supplies during the race; (2) fail to search out details of race course and routes, unstable race pace, energy burned out soon, fail to stay warm at start line with rain coat only; (3) interim period between races too long and forgetting body reaction in 30 to 42k. One to two marathons per year for a long distance athlete would be the best; (4) stretch or relax legs with folding stool. Shoe covers for running in the rain need to be close to feet. In terms of temperature, arrive early to the race course to get used to windy, rainy or sunny weather. Simple and easy-to-execute marathon beliefs include (1) running through the whole race; (2) do not walk regardless how slow the pace is. All out and leave no regret; (3) learn the purpose for the race and have faith in it till the finish line; (4) Fighting for Olympic. I want this race to be better and when I’m struggling in losing paces, it is the Olympic goal to support me till the finish line. Marathon baby’s belief is to surpass herself with all efforts. Key words: marathon experience、marathon beliefs、long distance athlete
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Hsu, Teh-Fu, and 徐德福. "Urine Output and Performance of Runners in a 12-Hour Ultra-Marathon." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4745bs.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立陽明大學
急重症醫學研究所
97
Objective: To understand the urination pattern and to determine the relationships between urine output and performance of ultra-marathon runners. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: The 2005 Soochow University international ultra-marathon, in which each athlete ran for 12 hours. Participants: All entrants in the 12-hour race were invited to participate in the study. Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measurements: Athletes were weighed immediately before and after the race. Urine samples were collected during the race and immediately after the race. Results: There was a trend toward better performance of the group with less urination, although the difference was not statistically significant. Further analysis of hourly running distances between groups showed better performance in the group with less urination during the first 11 hours of the competition. Comparison of athletes in three levels of running distance (tertiles) showed statistically significant differences between groups in total urine output. The fastest tertile had lower prerace body weight and greater body weight change than the slowest and intermediate tertiles, but the differences were not statistically significant. Linear regression analysis using the stepwise method showed that total urine output and prerace body weight were negatively associated with performance. Conclusions: Runners with less urination had better performance during the first 11 hours of the competition. Linear regression analysis showed that total urine output and prerace body weight were negatively associated with performance.
50
TSAI, KUN-TA, and 蔡坤達. "A Survey of Running-Related Injuries of Lower Extremity in Marathon Runners." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q5q7q9.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄大學
運動健康與休閒學系碩士班
104
Introduction and purposes:In recent years, marathon and road-race running become populous in Taiwan dramatically. However, limited studies had investigated the occurrence and risk factors of running injuries among Taiwan runners. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of running-related injuries in lower extremity, and to evaluate the possible risk factors linking to these injuries. Subjects and methods: This was a cross sectional study. All participants of 2015 Agongdian Marathon, including full marathon (42.195 km, 3000 runners), ultra-half marathon (24 km, 3000 runners), and leisure group (7 km, 1000 runners), were invited to complete a questionnaire on personal characteristics running and training conditions, and injury profiles. The collected data were analyzed by using Chi-square statistics and multivariate logistic regression models to examine the possible relationship between the injuries of lower extremity and various possible variables. Results: There were 856 runners consented to participate this study on the event day. After excluding subjects with incomplete data, a total of 830 individuals were included in this study. Among the 830 runners, 579 (69.82%) reported having previous lower extremities pain related to running and 436 (52.5%) had multiple injuries. The most common site of injury was the knee (28.5% of the total injuries). Other common sites were the ankle/foot (23.7%), lower leg (18.8%), thigh (15.6%), and pelvis/hip (15.0%). Higher rate of knee pain was found in runners with genu varum, and higher rate ankle/foot injuries was found in flat-foot runners. Previous lower extremities injury was associated with most injuries of lower extremity. Runners with running experiences 3-5 years had more knee pain. Runners with running on asphalt road had more knee pain than on artificial lanes. More runners with knee pain used knee braces, and more runners with leg pain used compression calf sleeves. There were significant relationships between joining a running group and pelvis/hip or ankle/foot injuries. Continued training after having injured was a important risk factor of all lower extremity injuries and multiple injuries. Conclusion: This study investigated running-related injuries of lower extremity and reported some risk factors linking to injuries. For marathon and road-race runners, this information can be used in developing strategies to arrange training programs, prevent running associated injuries and develop more effective treatment programs.