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Sirasakamol, Orasa, Pakinee Ariya, Wanvimol Nadee, and Kitti Puritat. "Development of a Mobile-Healthcare Application for Safety and Prevention in Emergency Assistance at Marathon Events: A Case Study in CMU Marathon." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 18, no. 06 (May 17, 2022): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v18i06.29515.
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The majority of marathon deaths are caused by sudden cardia arrest which occurs in approximately 1 in 100,000 runners around the world. In such cases, sudden resuscitation of first aid, including an early use of automated external defibrillator (AED) on runners by medical staff is immediately necessary. However, in some cases patient information of the runner is required to support the clinical decision-making of the medical staff, including the admission to hospital with certain symptoms. To make marathon events safer, we developed a mobile-healthcare emergency assistance application for safety and prevention in marathon events. Our project covers three phases: registration, data analytics and running phases. In the registration phase, we designed and developed a form containing the runner’s electronic personal health record filled in during the registration of the runner at the event. For the analytics and running phases, we analyze the data from the registration phase in order to prepare the capacity of resource and medical staff necessary to prevent and treat injuries and accidents including a sufficient number of AED devices. Finally, for the running phase, we developed a mobile application Medic and Track based on the qr code scanning in BIB for patient information that allows to locate the runner's emergency aid point and bring the patient to that rescue point or hospital. We also tested the application on a large number of runners participating in the CMU marathon 2020 with 9721 runners. The results of this study suggest that the purpose of our application can be generally accepted for the medical staff, and it also proved to be a suitable technology to prevent serious accidents in future marathon events.
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Cuk, Ivan, Pantelis Nikolaidis, Srdjan Markovic, and Beat Knechtle. "Age Differences in Pacing in Endurance Running: Comparison between Marathon and Half-Marathon Men and Women." Medicina 55, no. 8 (August 14, 2019): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080479.
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Background and Objective: The increased popularity of marathons and half-marathons has led to a significant increase in the number of master runners worldwide. Since the age-related decrease in performance is dependent on race duration, pacing in long distance running might also vary by race distance in both men and women. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to assess pacing differences between marathon and half-marathon runners with regard to the runners’ age group, and independently for men and women. Materials and Methods: In total, 17,465 participants in the Vienna City marathon in 2017 were considered for this study (marathon, N = 6081; half-marathon, N = 11,384). Pacing was expressed as two variables (i.e., pace range and end spurt). Results: All runners showed positive pacing strategies (i.e., a fast start with gradual decrease of speed). However, marathon runners showed greater variability in pacing than half-marathon runners. Furthermore, women showed no differences in pace variability in regard to the age group, whereas men younger than 30 years of age, as well as older men (over the age of 60), showed a greater variability in pace than other age groups. Finally, younger half-marathon men and women showed the fastest end spurt compared to older age groups and marathon runners. Conclusions: The presented findings could help sports and medicine practitioners to create age specific training plans and pacing strategies. This approach could help long distance runners to improve their physical fitness, achieve better race times, reduce the potential risk of musculoskeletal injuries and increase the overall pleasure of long distance running.
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Qiu, Yajun, Haibo Tian, Yeqiang Lin, and Wenting Zhou. "Serious leisure qualities and participation behaviors of Chinese marathon runners." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, no. 5 (January 13, 2019): 526–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690218822303.
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In recent years, unprecedented developments in marathon events have occurred in China. Participating in marathons has become a serious leisure activity, and people show many leisure qualities in the process of continuous participation. This study explored the relationship between the serious leisure qualities of marathon runners and their participation behavior. Data were collected from 603 marathon runners during the 2017 Nanjing Marathon Event and the 2017 Hangzhou Marathon Event. The results showed that marathon runners differed significantly in serious leisure qualities based on different demographic variables. Serious leisure qualities and demographic variables can be positively associated with marathon runners’ number of years of running, running frequency per week, and longest marathon event. However, they did not predict marathon runners’ running distance per week or the number of marathon events participated in each year. These study findings broaden the research on serious leisure sport behavior in China and provide both theoretical and empirical support for leisure sports management. The limitations and implications of this study are also discussed.
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Knechtle, Beat, Thomas Rosemann, and Pantelis Nikolaidis. "Pacing and Changes in Body Composition in 48 h Ultra-Endurance Running—A Case Study." Sports 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports6040136.
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Pacing has been investigated in elite and master runners competing in marathon and ultra-marathon races up to 100 km and 100 miles, but not in longer ultra-marathons. In this case study, a 54-year-old master ultra-marathoner—intending to achieve as many kilometers as possible in a 48 h run—was examined. The changes in running speed during the race and selected anthropometric characteristics using bioelectrical impedance analysis (i.e., body mass and body water), during and after the race, were analyzed. The runner achieved a total distance of 230 km and running speed decreased non-linearly during the race. Body mass decreased, while percent body water increased, non-linearly, across the race. There was no statistically significant relationship between the decrease in body mass and the increase in percent body water. Considering the popularity of ultra-endurance running races, the findings of the present study offered valuable insight in the pacing and changes of body mass and body water during a 48 h run, and this information can be used by ultra-endurance runners and practitioners working with them.
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Karahanoğlu, Armağan. "Psychological effects of energy gels: An investigation into runners’ energy gel choice and consumption strategies in marathon running." International Journal of Food Design 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijfd_00036_1.
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Marathon running is a physical and mental activity. Runners consume high-energy food products to fill their glycogen stores for maintaining their marathon performance. This makes consuming carbohydrates, mainly in the form of energy gels, an essential part of marathon running. While previous research demonstrates significant physiological effects of these high-energy food products on performance, their psychological effects, which could benefit from and shed light on food design studies, have been underexplored. This article explores these effects with two participant studies, a narrative study (n = 10) and a survey (n = 39). The inquiries start with understanding the psychology of marathon runners and examining the psychological effects of energy gels on marathon running. The results showed that the marathon runners follow a self-identified energy gel consumption strategy during marathon running. Several qualities of energy gels influence these strategies and the meanings marathon runners attach to energy gel consumption. The findings elucidated a novel area of food design research by unveiling the nature of the non-nutritional interactions between runner and energy gels consumed in marathon running.
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Billat, Véronique, Damien Vitiello, Florent Palacin, Matthieu Correa, and Jean Renaud Pycke. "Race Analysis of the World’s Best Female and Male Marathon Runners." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041177.
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Background: Beyond the difference in marathon performance when comparing female and male runners, we tested the hypothesis that running strategy does not different according to sex. The goal of the present study is to compare the running strategy between the best female and male marathon performances achieved in the last two years. Methods: Two aspects of the races were analyzed: (i) average speed relative to runner critical speed (CS) with its coefficient of variation and (ii) asymmetry and global tendency of race speed (i.e., the race’s Kendall τ ) . Results: The females’ best marathons were run at 97.6% ± 3% of CS for the new record (Brigid Kosgei, 2019) and at 96.1% ± 4.4% for the previous record (Paula Radcliffe, 2003). The best male performances (Eliud Kipchoge, 2018 and 2019) were achieved at a lower fraction of CS (94.7% ± 1.7% and 94.1% ± 2.3% in 2018 and 2019, respectively). Eliud Kipchoge (EK) achieved a significant negative split race considering the positive Kendall’s τ of pacing (i.e., time over 1 km) ( τ = 0.30; p = 0.007). Furthermore, EK ran more of the average distance below average speed (54% and 55% in 2018 and 2019, respectively), while female runners ran only at 46% below their average speed. Conclusions: The best female and male marathon performances were run differently considering speed time course (i.e., tendency and asymmetry), and fractional use of CS. In addition, this study shows a robust running strategy (or signature) used by EK in two different marathons. Improvement in marathon performance might depend on negative split and asymmetry for female runners, and on higher fractional utilization of CS for male runners.
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Knechtle, Beat. "Ultramarathon Runners: Nature or Nurture?" International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 7, no. 4 (December 2012): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.7.4.310.
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Ultramarathon running is increasingly popular. An ultramarathon is defined as a running event involving distances longer than the length of a traditional marathon of 42.195 km. In ultramarathon races, ~80% of the finishers are men. Ultramarathoners are typically ~45 y old and achieve their fastest running times between 30 and 49 y for men, and between 30 and 54 y for women. Most probably, ultrarunners start with a marathon before competing in an ultramarathon. In ultramarathoners, the number of previously completed marathons is significantly higher than the number of completed marathons in marathoners. However, recreational marathoners have a faster personal-best marathon time than ultramarathoners. Successful ultramarathoners have 7.6 ± 6.3 y of experience in ultrarunning. Ultramarathoners complete more running kilometers in training than marathoners do, but they run more slowly during training than marathoners. To summarize, ultramarathoners are master runners, have a broad experience in running, and prepare differently for an ultramarathon than marathoners do. However, it is not known what motivates male ultramarathoners and where ultramarathoners mainly originate. Future studies need to investigate the motivation of male ultramarathoners, where the best ultramarathoners originate, and whether they prepare by competing in marathons before entering ultramarathons.
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Zoladz, Jerzy A., and Zenon Nieckarz. "Marathon race performance increases the amount of particulate matter deposited in the respiratory system of runners: an incentive for “clean air marathon runs”." PeerJ 9 (June 17, 2021): e11562. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11562.
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Background In the last decades, marathon running has become a popular form of physical activity among people around the world. It should be noticed that the main marathon races are performed in large cities, where air quality varies considerably. It is well established that breathing polluted air results in a number of harmful effects to the human body. However, there have been no studies to show the impact of marathon run performance on the amount of the deposition of varied fractions of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the respiratory tract of runners. This is why the present study sought to determine the impact of marathon run performance in the air of varying quality on the deposition of the PM1, PM2.5, PM10 in the respiratory tract in humans. Methods The PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 deposition was determined in an “average runner” (with marathon performance time 4 h: 30 min) and in an “elite marathon runner” (with marathon performance time 2 h: 00 min) at rest, and during a marathon race, based on own measurements of the PM content in the air and the size-resolved DF(d) profile concept. Results We have shown that breathing air containing 50 µg m−3 PM10 (a borderline value according to the 2006 WHO standard - still valid) at minute ventilation (VE) equal to 8 L min−1 when at rest, resulted in PM10deposition rate of approximately 9 µg h−1, but a marathon run of an average marathon runner with the VE = 62 L min−1 increased the deposition rate up to 45 µg h−1. In the elite runner, marathon run with the VE= 115 L min−1 increased PM10 deposition rate to 83 µg h−1. Interestingly, breathing the air containing 50 µg m−3of PM10 at the VE = 115 L min−1by the elite marathon runner during the race resulted in the same PM10deposition rate as the breathing highly polluted air containing as much as 466 µg m−3 of PM10 when at rest. Furthermore, the total PM10 deposition in the respiratory tract during a marathon race in average runners is about 22% greater (203 / 166 = 1.22) than in elite runners. According to our calculations, the concentration of PM10in the air during a marathon race that would allow one not to exceed the PM10 deposition rate of 9 µg h−1should be lower than 10 µg m−3 in the case of an average runner, and it should be lower than 5.5 µg m−3 in the case of an elite runner. Conclusions We conclude that a marathon run drastically increases the rate of deposition of the airborne PM in the respiratory tract of the runners, as a consequence of the huge VE generated during the race. A decrease of the PM content in the air attenuates this rate. Based on our calculations, we postulate that the PM10 content in the air during a “clean air marathon run”, involving elite marathon runners, should be below 5.5 µg m−3.
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Milliken, Paul. "Math at Work: Running by the Numbers." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 6, no. 4 (December 2000): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.6.4.0262.
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IN 490 B.C., THE MESSENGER PHEIDIPPEDES ran twenty-six miles to Athens carrying the news of Greek victory at the battle of Marathon. He delivered the news and dropped dead from the effort. Today, we celebrate that famous run with one of the most demanding events in human athletics, the marathon. Like Pheidippedes, the modern runner strives to complete the distance in as little time as possible. Unlike that early messenger, today's competitors undergo extensive training to ensure that they remain alive when they have finished the run. Kevin Smith uses mathematics to help runners prepare for marathons.
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Wirnitzer, Katharina, Mohamad Motevalli, Derrick Tanous, Gerold Wirnitzer, Claus Leitzmann, Karl-Heinz Wagner, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Training and Racing Behaviors of Omnivorous, Vegetarian, and Vegan Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 1)." Nutrients 13, no. 10 (October 7, 2021): 3521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103521.
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As a key modulator of training adaptations and racing performance, nutrition plays a critical role in endurance runners’ success, and the training/racing behaviors of runners are potentially affected by their diet types. The present study aimed to investigate whether distance runners with a vegan diet (i.e., devoid of foods or ingredients from animal sources), vegetarian diet (i.e., devoid of meat and flesh foods), and omnivorous diet (i.e., a mixed diet with no restriction on food sources) have different training and racing patterns in general and based on race distance subgroups. A total of 3835 recreational runners completed an online survey. Runners were assigned to dietary (omnivorous, vegetarian, and vegan) and race distance (<21 km, half-marathon, and marathon/ultra-marathon) groups. In addition to sociodemographic information, a complete profile of data sets focusing on running and racing behaviors/patterns was evaluated using a questionnaire-based epidemiological approach. There were 1272 omnivores (47% females), 598 vegetarians (64% females), and 994 vegans (65% females). Compared to vegans and vegetarians, omnivorous runners prepared for a longer time period for running events, had a higher number of half-marathons and marathons completed with a better finish time, and had more reliance on training under supervision (p < 0.05). The present findings indicate an important association of diet types with patterns of training and racing amongst endurance runners that may be related to different motives of omnivorous, vegetarian, and vegan runners for participating in events.
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Trappe, Scott. "Marathon Runners." Sports Medicine 37, no. 4 (2007): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737040-00008.
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Wirnitzer, Katharina, Derrick Tanous, Mohamad Motevalli, Gerold Wirnitzer, Claus Leitzmann, Renato Pichler, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Prevalence of Female and Male Vegan and Non-Vegan Endurance Runners and the Potential Associations of Diet Type and BMI with Performance—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 1)." Nutrients 14, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 3803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14183803.
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This study aims to investigate vegetarian and mixed diet type prevalences among distance runners at running events around the world and associations with running-related patterns and performance. Following a cross-sectional approach, linear regression analyses were carried out to identify potential associations among body mass index (BMI), diet type, and average best performance times of half-marathon and marathon events for males and females. From a sample of 3835 runners who completed an online questionnaire, 2864 all-distance runners (age: 37 years; 57% females) were included in inferential analyses and categorized into dietary subgroups according to self-reports: 994 vegans (34.7%), 598 vegetarians (20.9%), and 1272 omnivores (44.4%). Significant associations were identified between kind of diet and best average time to finish (i) half-marathons in females where vegans (p = 0.001) took longer than omnivores, (ii) half-marathons in males where vegans (p < 0.001) and vegetarians (p = 0.002) took longer than omnivores, and (iii) marathons in males where vegans (p < 0.001) and vegetarians (p = 0.043) averaged slower than omnivores. Increased units of BMI (+1.0) in males influenced best runtimes: 2.75 (3.22–2.27) min slower for HM and 5.5 (5.69–4.31) min slower for M. The present study did not take detailed confounders into account such as runner motives or training behaviors; however, the results may provide valuable insight for running event organizers, nutrition experts, coaches, and trainers advising runners who adhere to a general diet type regarding the basic question of who participates in running events around the world.
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Nikolaidis, Pantelis, Ivan Ćuk, and Beat Knechtle. "Pacing of Women and Men in Half-Marathon and Marathon Races." Medicina 55, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55010014.
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Background and objective: Half-marathon is the most popular endurance running race in terms of number of races and runners competing annually; however, no study has compared pacing strategies for this race distance with marathon. The aim of the present study was to profile pacing in half-marathon, compare half-marathon and marathon for pacing, and estimate sex differences in pacing. Materials and methods: A total of 9137 finishers in the half-marathon (n = 7258) and marathon race (n = 1853) in Ljubljana 2017 were considered for their pacing in five race segments (0–23.7%, 23.7–47.4%, 47.4–71.1%, 71.1–94.8%, and 94.8–100% of the race. Results: Half-marathon runners followed a positive pacing with every segment being slower than its previous one without the presence of an endspurt. Compared to marathon (where the average percent of change in speed (ACS) was 5.71%), a more even pacing was observed in half-marathon (ACS = 4.10%). Moreover, women (ACS = 4.11%) had similar pacing as men (ACS = 4.09%) in half-marathons. Conclusions: In summary, running a half-marathon followed a unique pattern that differentiated this race distance from marathon, with the former showing a more even pacing with an absence of endspurt, and sex difference compared to the latter. Consequently, runners should be advised to adopt a less variable pacing when competing in a half-marathon, regardless of their sex. To the best of our knowledge, the more even pacing in half-marathon, than in marathon, was a novel finding, as it was the first study to compare the two race distances for this characteristic.
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Castaignède, Laurent, Frederic Veny, Johnathan Edwards, and Véronique Billat. "The Carbon Footprint of Marathon Runners: Training and Racing." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052769.
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Marathon running leaves a significant carbon footprint regarding CO2 emissions; for example, 37 percent of New York Marathon participants travel internationally to New York. The aim of this study is to estimate the CO2 footprint of a person training and competing in a marathon; we will also propose methods to minimize the CO2 footprint because of transportation. In addition, we also examine the influence of food practices and hygiene on training and racing a marathon. Methods: We estimated the annual carbon footprint of one person taking part in a marathon. We considered all training, racing, and travelling (local and international) for one person (we are going to give him the first name of “Henri”), and then compared his CO2 footprint with his colleagues playing tennis and soccer. The excess CO2 footprint whilst running and for shoes, clothing, books, magazines, insurance, travel, hygiene, laundry, and resources for electronics and additional food consumed were calculated. For competitions, we estimated and compared the CO2 emission from transportation to national vs. international marathon (New York). Results: We estimated that our runner emitted 4.3 tons of CO2 equivalent (CO2e), including all greenhouse gases. A transatlantic flight to New York corresponded to 3.5 tons CO2, which is 83% of the annual carbon footprint of an average French citizen which is about 11 tons CO2e/year. This leads to a sudden 40% increase in Henri’s annual carbon footprint. Conclusions: By focusing on the additional carbon footprint from one year of marathon training and racing, and traveling locally versus internationally, this sport still has a potentially significant carbon footprint that runners and race organizers ought to consider. We wanted to answer a growing question of marathon runners who are wondering about the carbon footprint of their sports practice in following with a new environmentalist trend that considers not traveling anymore to participate in marathons and to stay local. However, the representativeness in the selection of calculation objectives is very low. There is no need for statistics since this study is a theoretical simulation of traditional training and competition practices of marathon runners.
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Chmura, Jan, Paweł Chmura, Marek Konefał, Amit Batra, Dariusz Mroczek, Michał Kosowski, Katarzyna Młynarska, Marcin Andrzejewski, Andrzej Rokita, and Piotr Ponikowski. "The Effects of a Marathon Effort on Psychomotor Performance and Catecholamine Concentration in Runners over 50 Years of Age." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (March 19, 2020): 2067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10062067.
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Long-distance running and, in particular, running marathons has become an increasingly popular activity among the elderly. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of a marathon effort on the psychomotor performance and catecholamine concentration in runners over 50 years of age. The participants were male runners (n = 28) who completed the 32nd Wrocław Marathon in Poland. The runners’ psychomotor performance was assessed on the basis of their choice reaction times (CRT), heart rate (HR) and running speed measurements. In addition, the adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) as well as lactate (LA) levels and anaerobic threshold (AT) were measured. The runners’ CRT after crossing the finish line was significantly longer by 50 ms (p < 0.05) in response to each emitted audiovisual stimulus, as compared with baseline. The mean running speed was reduced by 1 km/h between the first speed measurement (5th km of the run) and the last (42.195 km) (p < 0.05). The observed three-fold increase in adrenaline and noradrenaline levels indicates an intense activity of the sympathetic–adrenergic system. The cognitive function levels in the studied marathon runners returned to baseline after 30 min of recovery, and the function of the sympathetic–adrenergic system by seven days after completing the marathon race.
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Knechtle, Beat, Katja Weiss, Elias Villiger, Volker Scheer, Thayse Natacha Gomes, Robert Gajda, Nejmeddine Ouerghi, et al. "The Sex Difference in 6-h Ultra-Marathon Running—The Worldwide Trends from 1982 to 2020." Medicina 58, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020179.
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Background and Objectives: The 6-h ultra-marathon is the shortest time-limited ultra-marathon race, but little has been investigated regarding this race format. Previously, only the age of peak performance in the context of longer time-limited ultra-marathons was determined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the trends in 6-h ultra-marathon races from 1982 to 2020 for female and male ultra-runners, the participation and performance by countries, the age of peak performance, and the differences in performance regarding countries. Materials and Methods: The sample included 23,203 female ultra-runners, aged 18–83 years, and 87,264 male ultra-runners, aged 18–85 years, who were finishers in a 6-h ultra-marathon held between 1982 and 2020. The age of peak performance was tested using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by the Bonferroni Correction. The difference in performance by countries was verified using a linear regression model with the fastest runners from Russia in women, and Tunisia in men, used as reference. Results: Over the years, the men-to-women ratio decreased. The mean age was 43.20 ± 9.30 years for female and 46.09 ± 10.17 years for male runners. Athletes in younger age groups were faster than athletes in older age groups. Most female and male participants originated from Germany. Women from Russia (10.01 ± 1.28 km/h) and men from Tunisia (12.16 ± 1.46 km/h) were the fastest. Conclusions: In summary, in 6-h ultra-marathons held between 1982 and 2020, the participation for both women and men increased, while the men-to-women ratio decreased. The mean age was higher in men compared to women. Most female and male runners originated from Germany, but the fastest women were from Russia, and the fastest men from Tunisia. Future studies need to investigate whether Russian women and Tunisian men are also the best in other distance-limited ultra-marathon races, such as 12-h and 24-h.
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Dabhade, Rishit Hemant. "RFID Based Marathon Tracking System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 1207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38606.
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Abstract: The most daunting task in any type of marathon running event is the correct, impartial tracking and positioning of participating athletes. Notwithstanding the tens of thousands of marathon runners congregating at the starting point of the race, this system accurately tracks the chip-time of each and every runner thus providing the organizers with fair and exact results at the end of the event. All this technological leap in race timing is only possible via Radio-frequency identification (RFID). This cost-effective marathon tracking system implements disposable passive RFID tags on the bibs of the marathon runners to track their chip-time as soon as they pass the starting point of the race where the UHF RFID reader is positioned. Keywords: RFID, Marathon, Arduino Uno, UHF, Passive RFID tag, chip-time.
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Chang, Kuo-song, Sun Chun-I, Jung-Tang Huang, Shih-Chi Weng, and Meng-Fan Chien. "How to Shorten the Rescue Time in Marathon by Using BLE Communication Devices: A New Study for the EMS System in Taiwan." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19002991.
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Introduction:More than one million runners have joined the marathon games since 2007 in Taiwan. There were over 150 marathon games held in Taiwan in 2018. The increase rate was 21% as compared to that of 2014. The medical encounter rate was 1.33% in 2015 and increased to 1.41% in 2017. The most common type of injury was muscle spasm. The second most common was abrasion due to falls. The treatment for muscle spasm was RICE only. Cardiac arrest of marathon runners was reported occasionally and time is critical for rescue.Aim:To shorten the rescue time of the runners in an emergency. Base on the prodromal research, BLE communication technology is further used to improve the rescue positioning communication technology in the marathon.Methods:After rescue notification devices have been set up in each 0.5 km on the runway of the marathon, the runner can send a rescue signal through the rescue notification devices in case of emergency. The rescue signal, periodically advertisement SN# with rescue mark, of the runner can be precisely located and the rescue can be started very soon.Results:In the simulation, the rescue signal can be located in 7.5 minutes, fastest in 3 seconds. The precision rate of timing is ±160ms/6σ that under IAAF accuracy requirement. The location error is less than 20 meters, and the rescue time can be shortened to one half as before.Discussion:The rescue time of runner is correlated with the quality of marathon EMS. It is critical to the runner, especially in cardiac arrest. By using BLE communication devices, the runner can be located faster and more precisely. As rescue time shortened, CPR & AED can be given sooner. The quality of marathon EMS will be improved substantially.
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Clermont, Christian A., Lauren C. Benson, W. Brent Edwards, Blayne A. Hettinga, and Reed Ferber. "New Considerations for Wearable Technology Data: Changes in Running Biomechanics During a Marathon." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 35, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2018-0453.
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The purpose of this study was to use wearable technology data to quantify alterations in subject-specific running patterns throughout a marathon race and to determine if runners could be clustered into subgroups based on similar trends in running gait alterations throughout the marathon. Using a wearable sensor, data were collected for cadence, braking, bounce, pelvic rotation, pelvic drop, and ground contact time for 27 runners. A composite index was calculated based on the “typical” data (4–14 km) for each runner and evaluated for 14 individual 2-km sections thereafter to detect “atypical” data (ie, higher indices). A cluster analysis assigned all runners to a subgroup based on similar trends in running alterations. Results indicated that the indices became significantly higher starting at 20 to 22 km. Cluster 1 exhibited lower indices than cluster 2 throughout the marathon, and the only significant difference in characteristics between clusters was that cluster 1 had a lower age–grade performance score than cluster 2. In summary, this study presented a novel method to investigate the effects of fatigue on running biomechanics using wearable technology in a real-world setting. Recreational runners with higher age–grade performance scores had less atypical running patterns throughout the marathon compared with runners with lower age–grade performance scores.
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Leckie, Todd, Alan Richardson, Emily Watkins, Daniel Fitzpatrick, Rob Galloway, Rachael Grimaldi, Andrew Roberts, and Polly Baker. "High‐sensitivity troponin T in marathon runners, marathon runners with heart disease and collapsed marathon runners." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 29, no. 5 (February 17, 2019): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.13392.
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Smyth, Barry. "How recreational marathon runners hit the wall: A large-scale data analysis of late-race pacing collapse in the marathon." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): e0251513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251513.
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Introduction In the marathon, how runners pace and fuel their race can have a major impact on race outcome. The phenomenon known as hitting the wall (HTW) refers to the iconic hazard of the marathon distance, in which runners experience a significant slowing of pace late in the race, typically after the 20-mile mark, and usually because of a depletion of the body’s energy stores. Aim This work investigates the occurrence of significant late-race slowing among recreational marathoners, as a proxy for runners hitting the wall, to better understand the likelihood and nature of such slowdowns, and their effect on race performance. Methods Using pacing data from more than 4 million race records, we develop a pacing-based definition of hitting the wall, by identifying runners who experience a sustained period of slowing during the latter stages of the marathon. We calculate the cost of these slowdowns relative to estimates of the recent personal-best times of runners and compare slowdowns according to runner sex, age, and ability. Results We find male runners more likely to slow significantly (hit the wall) than female runners; 28% of male runners hit the wall compared with 17% of female runners, χ2(1, N = 1, 928, 813) = 27, 693.35, p < 0.01, OR = 1.43. Such slowdowns are more frequent in the 3 years immediately before and after a recent personal-best (PB) time; for example, 36% of all runners hit the wall in the 3 years before a recent PB compared with just 23% in earlier years, χ2(1, N = 509, 444) = 8, 120.74, p < 0.01, OR = 1.31. When runners hit the wall, males slow more than females: a relative slowdown of 0.40 vs. 0.37 is noted, for male and female runners, when comparing their pace when they hit the wall to their earlier race (5km-20km) pace, with t(475, 199) = 60.19, p < 0.01, d = 0.15. And male runners slow over longer distances than female runners: 10.7km vs. 9.6km, respectively, t(475, 199) = 68.44, p < 0.01, d = 0.17. Although, notably the effect size of these differences is small. We also find the finish-time costs of hitting the wall (lost minutes) to increase with ability; r2(7) = 0.91, p < 0.01 r2(7) = 0.81, p < 0.01 for male and female runners, respectively. Conclusions While the findings from this study are consistent with qualitative results from earlier single-race or smaller-scale studies, the new insights into the risk and nature of slowdowns, based on the runner sex, age, and ability, have the potential to help runners and coaches to better understand and calibrate the risk/reward trade-offs that exist as they plan for future races.
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Ayari, D., and F. Boukazoula. "Effects of supplementation with virgin olive oil on hormonal status in half-marathon trained and untrained runners." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 23, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 23340–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.120.21905.
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Several studies have investigated the effects of exercise on hormonal status. Several studies have reported that exercise induce alterations in hormone concentrations. This study focuses on the effects associated to the intake of virgin olive oil, rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) on hormonal status in half-marathon athletes. The contents of tocopherols, phenolic compounds, Pigment, flavonoids, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical test and activity of the oil on hydrogen peroxide were determined. The consequence of the consumption of virgin olive oil on hormonal status was studied in healthy male athletes of ages between 19–22 years. The participants were separated into three groups of ten subjects each and reserved under distinct regimes for 10 weeks as follows: Group 1 untrained runners receiving 20 ml of olive oil, Group 2 half-marathon runner performing training routines, 5 days a week while receiving 20 ml of olive oil, Group 3 half-marathon runners performing training routines, 5 days a week unsupplemented with virgin olive oil. Blood samples were taken: one day before endurance training programme, after a 10- week endurance training programme, at the end of the training period, two days before the half-marathon race, and 24 hours after the half-marathon race. Plasma was analyzed for testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), cortisol (C) and insulin. The results of this study showed that virgin olive oil of Blanquette variety is characterized by high content of tocopherols, phenolic compounds (25.2 ± 0.07 mg/Kg, 485, 46 ± 1.35 mg/Kg), pigments with 79.34.± 0.92 ppm of Total carotenoids, and a high percentage inhibition of the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and a percentage of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) inhibition was observed (76.03 ± 0.43% and 86.45±0. 28%, respectively). The consumption of this oil was associated with statistically significant increase of Testosterone in supplemented groups compared with runner of non-supplemented group and sedentary controls. Luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration decreased in runners not supplemented with virgin olive oil compared to group 2 runners and sedentary controls. After a 10-week running training program (before half-marathon race) and immediately after a half-marathon race, cortisol only significantly increased (p<0.001) in runners of group 3; it then demonstrated a tendency toward declining 24 hours after a marathon race. This study found that virgin olive oil supplementation can improve hormonal status in half-marathon athletes. Key words: olive oil, monounsaturated fatty acid, tocopherols, exercise, half-marathon
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Johansson, Moa, Johan Atterfors, and Johan Lamm. "Pacing Patterns of Half-Marathon Runners: An analysis of ten years of results from Gothenburg Half Marathon." International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijcss-2023-0014.
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Abstract The Gothenburg Half Marathon is one of the world’s largest half marathon races with over 40 000 participants each year. In order to reduce the number of runners risking over-straining, injury, or collapse, we would like to provide runners with advice to appropriately plan their pacing. Many participants are older or without extensive training experience and may particularly benefit from such pacing assistance. Our aim is to provide this with the help of machine learning. We first analyze a large publicly available dataset of results from the years 2010 - 2019 (n = 423 496) to identify pacing patterns related to age, sex, ability, and temperature of the race day. These features are then used to train machine learning models for predicting runner’s finish time and to identify which runners are at risk of making severe pacing errors and which ones seem set to pace well. We find that prediction of finish time improves over the current baseline, while identification of pacing patterns correctly identifies over 70% of runners at risk of severe slowdowns, albeit with many false positives.
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Mahler, D. A., L. N. Cunningham, G. S. Skrinar, W. J. Kraemer, and G. L. Colice. "Beta-endorphin activity and hypercapnic ventilatory responsiveness after marathon running." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 2431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.5.2431.
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To investigate the hypothesis that endurance exercise may lead to a decrease in ventilatory chemosensitivity as possibly mediated by an increase in endogenous beta-endorphins, we measured hypercapnic ventilatory responsiveness (HCVR) and circulating beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in six runners before and after a marathon (42.2 km) race and after administration of 10 mg iv naloxone. Similar testing was performed at identical time periods on the day before the marathon as control data. On each occasion, HCVR was measured twice 15 min apart, and the mean value was used for analysis. Six active (training distance 50–104 km/wk) and experienced (no. of marathons completed, 1–25) runners participated in the study. There were no significant changes in beta-endorphin activity or HCVR on the control day. All runners experienced a rise in beta-endorphin activity from premarathon (21.3 +/- 16.0 pg/ml) to immediate postmarathon (89.6 +/- 84.9 pg/ml) values (P less than 0.05). However, HCVR showed no significant change at any of the three testing periods on the marathon day. To investigate whether a time delay may have affected the lack of response to naloxone, additional testing was performed in five subjects, except that 10 mg iv naloxone was given within 10 min after completion of the marathon, and then HCVR was measured. Although there was a greater than fourfold increase in beta-endorphin immunoreactivity after the marathon, there was no significant change in HCVR after naloxone administration. We conclude that natural increases in endogenous beta-endorphin activity associated with marathon running do not modulate central chemosensitivity.
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Knechtle, Beat, Margarida Gomes, Volker Scheer, Robert Gajda, Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis, Lee Hill, Thomas Rosemann, and Caio Victor Sousa. "From Athens to Sparta—37 Years of Spartathlon." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 4914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094914.
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(1) Background: Recent studies analyzed the participation and performance trends of historic races such as the oldest ultra-marathon (Comrades) or the oldest 100-km ultra-marathon (Biel). One of the toughest and historic ultra-marathons in the world is the ‘Spartathlon’ (246-km ultra-marathon from Athens to Sparta). The present study aimed to analyze the trends in participation and performance of this race. (2) Methods: Different general linear models were applied as follows: the first model was a two-way ANOVA (Decade × Sex), with separate models for all participants and for only the top five finishers in each race; the second model was a two-way ANOVA (Age Group × Sex); the third model was a two-way ANOVA (Nationality × Sex). (3) Results: Between 1982 and 2019, 3504 ultra-marathoners (3097 men and 407 women) officially finished the Spartathlon at least once. Athletes from Japan were the majority with 737 participants, followed by far by runners from Germany (n = 393), Greece (n = 326), and France (n = 274). The nations with the highest numbers of athletes amongst the top five performers were Japan (n = 71), followed by Germany (n = 59), and Great Britain (n = 31). Runners from the USA were the fastest in men, and runners from Great Britain were the fastest in women. Female and male runners improved performance across the decades. The annual five fastest women and men improved their performance over time. Runners achieved their best performance earlier in life (20–29 and 30–39 years) than female runners (30–39 and 40–49 years). Runners in age group 30–39 years were the fastest for all nationalities, except for Greece. (4) Conclusions: Successful finishers in the Spartathlon improved performance in the last four decades and male runners achieved their best performance ~10 years earlier in life than female runners.
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Agnew, James W., Alexandre L. Roy, Steven B. Hammer, and Frederick F. Strale. "Pain sensitivity increases more in younger runners during an ultra-marathon." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 21, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2020-0032.
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Abstract Objectives Ultra-endurance research interest has increased in parallel with an increased worldwide participation in these extreme activities. Pain-related data for the growing population of ultra-endurance athletes, however, is insufficient. More data is especially needed regarding the variation in the aging populations of these athletes. We have previously shown that peripheral and central pain sensitivity increases during an ultra-marathon. To further clarify these changes in pain sensitivity during ultra-endurance competition we investigated these variations in two age populations: Younger runners ≤ 39-year-old (younger) and an older group of runners being ≥ 40 years of age (older). Methods Subjects were recruited from ultra-marathon competitions held over a three-year period in Florida, USA. All courses were flat with either hard macadam surface or soft sandy trails; run in hot, humid weather conditions. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) was measured with a pressure algometer on the distal, dominant arm before and immediately after an ultra-marathon. Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) was also measured pre and post, immediately after the PPT by placing the non-dominant hand in a cold-water bath maintained at 13.5 ± 1.5 °C. The difference between the pre and post measurements for both PPT and CPM were calculated and referred to as ΔPPT and ΔCPM, respectively for analysis. Data were analyzed with a Mixed 2 × 2 (Within X Between) MANOVA. Results Both PPT and CPM decreased during the ultra-marathons (p<0.05) in the younger group of runners. In the older runners there was not a statistically significant decrease in PPT during the ultramarathons whereas CPM did significantly decrease statistically (p=0.031). The ΔPPT was less in the older group compared to the younger group (p=0.018). The difference between the younger and older groups ΔCPM approached statistical significance at p=0.093. Conclusions This statistical evidence suggests that the overall increase in peripheral and possibly central pain sensitivity was different between our age groups. Pain sensitivity during the ultra-marathon increased more in our younger group of runners than in our older group. This study suggests that there is an unidentified factor in an older population of ultra-marathon runners that results in an attenuated increase in pain sensitivity during an ultra-endurance activity. These factors may include a decreased innate immune response, lower fitness level, lower exertion during the ultra-marathon, variation in endorphin, enkephalin, endocannabinoid and psychological factors in the older age runners.
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Salinero, Juan José, Beatriz Lara, Jorge Gutierrez-Hellin, César Gallo-Salazar, Francisco Areces, Fernando Jiménez, and Juan Del Coso. "THICKNESS AND CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF THE ACHILLES TENDON IN MARATHON RUNNERS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 26, no. 5 (October 2020): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220202605205659.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: This study aimed to measure thickness and cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon (AT), and the range of motion of the ankle joint in dorsiflexion of amateur marathon runners compared to non-active people. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between cross-sectional area and thickness of the Achilles tendon in marathon runners and age, anthropometric characteristics (height and body mass), training habits, running experience, marathon performance, and range of motion in the ankle joint. Methods: Achilles tendon thickness and cross-sectional area were measured using ultrasound images of the left leg in 97 male amateur marathon runners (age 42.0 ± 9.6 years; height 175 ± 6 cm; and body mass 73.7 ± 8.6 kg), and 47 controls (39.9 ± 11.6 years; 176 ± 7 cm; 79.6 ± 16.1 kg). Results: Achilles tendon thickness (4.81 ± 0.77 vs. 4.60 ± 0.66 mm; p = 0.01) and cross-sectional area (60.41 ± 14.36 vs. 53.62 ± 9.90 mm2; p < 0.01) were greater in the marathon runners than in non-active people. Achilles tendon thickness has been correlated, in a weak but significant manner, with years of running experience. Moreover, marathon runners showed increased ankle range of motion (81.81 ± 6.93 vs. 77.86 ± 7.27 grades; p<0.01). Conclusion: Male amateur marathon runners have hypertrophy of the Achilles tendon compared to non-active people, and this enlargement is mediated by running experience. In addition, range of motion in ankle dorsiflexion is favored by marathon training. Level of evidence III; Retrospective study.
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Billat, Véronique L., Hélène Petot, Morgan Landrain, Renaud Meilland, Jean Pierre Koralsztein, and Laurence Mille-Hamard. "Cardiac Output and Performance during a Marathon Race in Middle-Aged Recreational Runners." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/810859.
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Purpose. Despite the increasing popularity of marathon running, there are no data on the responses of stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) to exercise in this context. We sought to establish whether marathon performance is associated with the ability to sustain high fractional use of maximal SV and CO (i.e, cardiac endurance) and/or CO, per meter (i.e., cardiac cost).Methods. We measured the SV, heart rate (HR), CO, and running speed of 14 recreational runners in an incremental, maximal laboratory test and then during a real marathon race (mean performance: 3 hr 30 min±45 min).Results. Our data revealed that HR, SV and CO were all in a high but submaximal steady state during the marathon (87.0±1.6%, 77.2±2.6%, and 68.7±2.8% of maximal values, respectively). Marathon performance was inversely correlated with an upward drift in the CO/speed ratio (mL ofCO×m−1) (r=−0.65,P<0.01) and positively correlated with the runner’s ability to complete the race at a high percentage of the speed at maximal SV (r=0.83,P<0.0002).Conclusion. Our results showed that marathon performance is inversely correlated with cardiac cost and positively correlated with cardiac endurance. The CO response could be a benchmark for race performance in recreational marathon runners.
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Van Raalte, Judy L., Ruth Brennan Morrey, Allen E. Cornelius, and Britton W. Brewer. "Self-Talk of Marathon Runners." Sport Psychologist 29, no. 3 (September 2015): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0159.
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Much of the research on self-talk in sport has focused on the effects of assigned self-talk (e.g., instructional self-talk, motivational self-talk) on the performance of laboratory tasks and/or tasks of short duration (Hatzigeorgiadis, Zourbanos, Galanis, & Theodorakis, 2011; Tod, Hardy, & Oliver, 2011). The purpose of this study was to explore more fully the self-talk of athletes involved in competition over an extended period of time. Marathon runners (N = 483) were surveyed. The majority (88%) of runners, those who indicated that they use self-talk during marathons, completed open-ended items describing their self-talk while competing. Runners reported using a rich variety of motivational self-talk as well as spiritual self-talk and mantras, types of self-talk less widely studied in the literature. Given the findings of this research, future studies exploring self-talk use during competition in sporting events of long duration seems warranted.
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Chernbumroong, Suepphong, Pradorn Sureephong, Pakinee Ariya, and Kitti Puritat. "Design and development of a mobile application for emergency medical assistance for running-related injuries in a marathon event." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 10, no. 10 (October 2023): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2023.10.017.
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This research was dedicated to the creation and refinement of a mobile application, specifically crafted for providing Emergency Medical Assistance at marathon events in Thailand. As the popularity of marathons surges, propelled by a growing health consciousness and a rising trend in regular exercise among Thais, the demand for efficient medical support in these settings has intensified. This study explored the necessity of instant access to runners' medical data to facilitate clinical decision-making and potential hospital admissions for specific symptoms. Key aspects investigated included essential features for the application, prevalent injuries among marathon runners, and the application's perceived utility and user-friendliness by medical professionals. The developed system integrates health records and real-time location data, ensuring swift pre-hospital intervention. The research was conducted during the Khao Yai marathon, involving 7,728 runners and 40 medical personnel. Findings highlighted the importance of rapid access to medical histories, emergency contacts, real-time location tracking, and efficient medical team coordination. Common injuries noted were swollen feet and legs. While the application proved useful and user-friendly, recommendations for future enhancements, particularly a more intuitive interface, were identified.
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Nikolaidis, Pantelis, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "A Brief Review of Personality in Marathon Runners: The Role of Sex, Age and Performance Level." Sports 6, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports6030099.
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The participation of recreational runners in sport events ranging from 5 km to ultra-endurance races have increased dramatically during the last decades and this phenomenon has attracted scientific interest. Most research has focused on the physiological characteristics of these runners and less in their psychological characteristics. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to review the existing knowledge with regards to the personality of recreational endurance runners and the role of sex, age and performance. It was concluded that limited information was available with regards to the personality of recreational marathon runners. So far, our knowledge on the personality of marathon runners relied on studies conducted a few decades ago, mostly on competitive marathon runners, highlighting the need for original research on recreational runners.
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Joslin, J., JB Lloyd, T. Kotlyar, and SM Wojcik. "NSAID and other analgesic use by endurance runners during training, competition and recovery." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 4 (December 10, 2013): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2013/v25i4a340.
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Background. An increasing popularity of ultra-endurance events coupled with excessive or inappropriate non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use during such events could pose considerable potential risks to runners’ health.Objective. To evaluate the incidence of NSAID and other analgesic use in distance runners during training, competition and recovery.Methods. We performed an observational cross-sectional study at the Desert Race Across the Sand race (Colorado to Utah, USA) in June 2011 and the Empire State Marathon half-marathon, and relay races in Syracuse, NY, October 2011. A total of 27 ultramarathon runners and 46 marathon, half-marathon and marathon relay runners participated in the study. Surveys were distributed to runners during race registration. Self-reported use of common analgesic medications during training, racing and recovery was assessed.Results. Among all runners at all stages, NSAIDs were the most commonly used analgesic medication. NSAID use by ultramarathon runners compared with all other runners was similar during training (59% and 63%, respectively; χ2=0.008; p=0.93) and recovery (59% and 61%, respectively; χ2=0.007; p=0.93). However, ultramarathon runners were more likely than all other runners to use NSAIDs during the race (70% and 26%, respectively; χ2=11.76; p=0.0006).Conclusion. Despite undesirable side-effects associated with the use of NSAIDs, there was a high prevalence of use in all runners, particularly during training and recovery. NSAID use during the race was significantly greater in ultramarathon runners. Medical staff at endurance events need to be aware of, and prepared for potential complications related to the high use of NSAIDs in runners. Future efforts should focus on teaching runners about the undesirable effects of medication and emphasising alternatives to pain medication.
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Joslin, J., JB Lloyd, T. Kotlyar, and SM Wojcik. "NSAID and other analgesic use by endurance runners during training, competition and recovery." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 4 (December 10, 2013): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2013/v25i4a340.
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Background. An increasing popularity of ultra-endurance events coupled with excessive or inappropriate non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use during such events could pose considerable potential risks to runners’ health.Objective. To evaluate the incidence of NSAID and other analgesic use in distance runners during training, competition and recovery.Methods. We performed an observational cross-sectional study at the Desert Race Across the Sand race (Colorado to Utah, USA) in June 2011 and the Empire State Marathon half-marathon, and relay races in Syracuse, NY, October 2011. A total of 27 ultramarathon runners and 46 marathon, half-marathon and marathon relay runners participated in the study. Surveys were distributed to runners during race registration. Self-reported use of common analgesic medications during training, racing and recovery was assessed.Results. Among all runners at all stages, NSAIDs were the most commonly used analgesic medication. NSAID use by ultramarathon runners compared with all other runners was similar during training (59% and 63%, respectively; χ2=0.008; p=0.93) and recovery (59% and 61%, respectively; χ2=0.007; p=0.93). However, ultramarathon runners were more likely than all other runners to use NSAIDs during the race (70% and 26%, respectively; χ2=11.76; p=0.0006).Conclusion. Despite undesirable side-effects associated with the use of NSAIDs, there was a high prevalence of use in all runners, particularly during training and recovery. NSAID use during the race was significantly greater in ultramarathon runners. Medical staff at endurance events need to be aware of, and prepared for potential complications related to the high use of NSAIDs in runners. Future efforts should focus on teaching runners about the undesirable effects of medication and emphasising alternatives to pain medication.
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Pranskunas, Andrius, Justina Arstikyte, Zivile Pranskuniene, Jurga Bernatoniene, Inga Kiudulaite, Egle Vaitkaitiene, Dinas Vaitkaitis, and Marius Brazaitis. "Time Evolution of Sublingual Microcirculatory Changes in Recreational Marathon Runners." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7120785.
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We aimed to evaluate changes in sublingual microcirculation induced by a marathon race. Thirteen healthy male controls and 13 male marathon runners volunteered for the study. We performed sublingual microcirculation, using a Cytocam-IDF device (Braedius Medical, Huizen, Netherlands), and systemic hemodynamic measurements four times: 24 hours prior to their participation in the Kaunas Marathon (distance: 41.2 km), directly after finishing the marathon, 24 hours after the marathon, and one week after the marathon. The marathon runners exhibited a higher functional capillary density (FCD) and total vascular density of small vessels at the first visit compared with the controls. Overall, we did not find any changes in sublingual microcirculation of the marathon runners at any of the other visits. However, in a subgroup of marathon runners with a decreased FCD compared to the subgroup with increased FCD, the subgroup with decreased FCD had shorter running time (190.37±30.2versus221.80±23.4 min,p=0.045), ingested less fluids (907±615versus1950±488 mL,p=0.007) during the race, and lost much more weight (-2.4±1.3versus-1.0±0.8 kg,p=0.041). Recreational marathon running is not associated with an alteration of sublingual microcirculation. However, faster running and dehydration may be crucial for further impairing microcirculation.
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Starzak, Joanna, and Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski. "Motivation of Marathon Runners in Poland." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2019-0023.
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AbstractIntroduction. In recent years, the growing number of marathon runners in the world has raised questions about the factors which motivate them. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the motivations of runners and to examine how sex, age, level of experience, and number of kilometers run per week affect motivation.Material and methods. Motivation was assessed in 240 subjects using a questionnaire (the Polish adaptation of the Motivations of Marathoners Scales), which was completed during the three biggest marathons held in Poland in 2016.Results. The results revealed that in general people taking part in marathon races were primarily motivated by health and well-being, women had greater endorsement of health and psychological motives, and younger runners were motivated by competition, personal goal achievement, and self-esteem. The importance of the last two motives decreased with experience. Personal goal achievement and life meaning were predictors of training volume. Surprisingly, weight concern was a predictor of lower weekly training mileage.Conclusions. The present findings indicated that particular motives differed between females and males and between younger and older participants. The research results are going to help to develop effective techniques to enhance exercise motivation, depending on age, sex, and training characteristics.
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Hsu, Chia-Li, Chich-Haung Yang, Jen-Hung Wang, and Chung-Chao Liang. "Common Running Musculoskeletal Injuries and Associated Factors among Recreational Gorge Marathon Runners: An Investigation from 2013 to 2018 Taroko Gorge Marathons." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 8101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218101.
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Many studies exist on the incidence and related risk factors of running injuries, such as those obtained during marathons. However, in gorge-terrain marathons, an insufficient number of reports exist in the relevant literature. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries occurring in participants in the 2013 to 2018 Taroko Gorge Marathons in Taiwan and the distribution of running injuries and related influencing factors. A total of 718 runners who entered the physiotherapy station presented with records of treatment and injuries and filled out a running-related injury and self-training questionnaire for further statistical analysis. The association between risk factors and injury were evaluated by logistic regression. The injured areas on the lower extremities after the gorge marathon were as follows: 28% in the knees, 20% in the posterior calves, 13% in the thighs, 10% in the ankles, and 8% in the feet. The analysis of injury-related risk factors showed that male athletes demonstrated a higher risk of thigh injury than female athletes (OR = 2.42, p = 0.002). Underweight runners exhibited a higher risk of thigh injury (OR = 3.35, p = 0.006). We conclude that in the gorge marathon the rates of knee, calf, thigh, and foot injuries are significantly increased. Medical professionals, coaches, and runners may use the findings of this study to reduce the potential risk of running injuries in marathons.
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O'Neal, Eric K., Jonathan E. Wingo, Mark T. Richardson, James D. Leeper, Yasmine H. Neggers, and Phil A. Bishop. "Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runners' Hydration Practices and Perceptions." Journal of Athletic Training 46, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 581–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-46.6.581.
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Context: The behaviors and beliefs of recreational runners with regard to hydration maintenance are not well elucidated. Objective: To examine which beverages runners choose to drink and why, negative performance and health experiences related to dehydration, and methods used to assess hydration status. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Marathon registration site. Patients or Other Participants: Men (n = 146) and women (n = 130) (age = 38.3 ± 11.3 years) registered for the 2010 Little Rock Half-Marathon or Full Marathon. Intervention(s): A 23-item questionnaire was administered to runners when they picked up their race timing chips. Main Outcome Measure(s): Runners were separated into tertiles (Low, Mod, High) based on z scores derived from training volume, expected performance, and running experience. We used a 100-mm visual analog scale with anchors of 0 (never) and 100 (always). Total sample responses and comparisons between tertile groups for questionnaire items are presented. Results: The High group (58±31) reported greater consumption of sport beverages in exercise environments than the Low (42 ± 35 mm) and Mod (39 ± 32 mm) groups (P < .05) and perceived sport beverages to be superior to water in meeting hydration needs (P < .05) and improving performance during runs greater than 1 hour (P < .05). Seventy percent of runners experienced 1 or more incidents in which they believed dehydration resulted in a major performance decrement, and 45% perceived dehydration to have resulted in adverse health effects. Twenty percent of runners reported monitoring their hydration status. Urine color was the method most often reported (7%), whereas only 2% reported measuring changes in body weight. Conclusions: Greater attention should be paid to informing runners of valid techniques to monitor hydration status and developing an appropriate individualized hydration strategy.
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肖, 城. "An analysis of the Participation Motivation of Marathon Runners in Nanchang." Pacific International Journal 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v6i1.301.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate the participation motivation of marathon runners in Nanchang City. The study utilizes a literature review method, questionnaire method, and mathematical and statistical analysis to explore the topic in detail among the public in Nanchang City. After analyzing the data on participants' sports motivation and influence, the study finds that the participation in marathons among Nanchang City residents needs to be enhanced, as the participation time is insufficient and public sports values need to be corrected. The study suggests enhancing the participation motivation of marathon runners in Nanchang, improving the awareness of scientific exercise among participants, and developing correct sporting values. Additionally, it is necessary to promote the development of marathons in Nanchang by enhancing participation, self-confidence, theoretical guidance, and analysis of the scientific basis for the promotion of the sport. This study provides active academic references for public participation in physical fitness activities in Nanchang City.
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Kais, Ülari, Rasmus Pind, Ando Pehme, Priit Kaasik, and Martin Mooses. "Pacing strategy of the finishers of the world marathon majors series." Kinesiology 51, no. 1 (2019): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.51.1.5.
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The purpose of the study was to describe pacing patterns of the finishers of the World Marathon Majors series and the effect of sex and age on the pacing pattern. The finishers of the World Marathon Majors series, a total of 69 814 male runners and 46 856 female runners with finishing time ≤ 6 hours were included in the analysis. Difference in pacing (dev%) was calculated as a difference between the first and second half of the marathon and expressed as a percentage of time. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the differences within and between the marathon time groups. The differences between the first and second half of the marathon by sex and age group were analysed using linear regression. The average difference between the first and second half of the marathon was 3.44±2.67% for male and 2.81±2.10% for female runners. Male runners with finishing times of 3:00 (h:min) and females with 4:00 (h:min) or slower had the significantly faster first half of the marathon compared to the evenly paced marathon (p=.038 and p=.001, respectively). Regression analysis revealed that female runners had 0.26% smaller difference between the first and second half of the race compared to male runners (R2=0.256; p<.001) when controlled for age and time group. Also, veterans (40 years and older) paced more evenly compared to non-veterans (R2=0.256; p<.001). In conclusion, irrespective of sex and age, faster finishers maintain a more constant velocity than the slower ones. In addition, women and veterans present more even pacing strategy compared to men and non-veterans, respectively.
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Toresdahl, Brett G., Kathryn McElheny, Jordan Metzl, Brittany Ammerman, Brenda Chang, and James Kinderknecht. "A Randomized Study of a Strength Training Program to Prevent Injuries in Runners of the New York City Marathon." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 12, no. 1 (October 23, 2019): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738119877180.
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Background: Lower extremity overuse injuries are common among runners, especially first-time marathoners. Hip abductor and quadriceps strengthening is often recommended to reduce running-related injuries. Hypothesis: A 12-week strength training program would decrease the rate of overuse injuries resulting in marathon noncompletion and improve race finishing time. Study Design: Randomized trial. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: Twelve weeks before the New York City Marathon, first-time marathon runners age 18 years and older were randomized into a strength training group or an observation group. The strength training group was instructed to perform a 10-minute program 3 times weekly using written and video instruction. This program targeted the quadriceps, hip abductor, and core muscle groups. Injuries were self-reported through biweekly surveys, with major injuries being those that resulted in marathon noncompletion and minor injuries being those that impaired training or race performance. Results: A total of 720 runners were enrolled (mean age, 35.9 ± 9.4 years; 69.4% female), of whom 583 runners started the marathon and 579 completed it. The incidence of major injury was 8.9% and minor injury was 48.5%. Fifty two of 64 major injuries were overuse, of which 20 were bone stress injuries. The incidence of overuse injury resulting in marathon noncompletion was 7.1% in the strength training group and 7.3% in the observation group (risk ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.57-1.63; P = 0.90). The mean finishing time was 5 hours 1 ± 60 minutes in the strength training group and 4 hours 58 ± 55 minutes in the observation group ( P = 0.35). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of injury among first-time marathon runners, but this self-directed strength training program did not decrease overuse injury incidence resulting in marathon noncompletion. Clinical Relevance: Prevention strategies such as strength training need to be developed and evaluated through clinical trials to reduce the high prevalence of overuse injuries in runners, especially for high-risk populations such as first-time marathon runners.
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Nathani, Amit, Garry E. Gold, Uchechukwuka Monu, Brian Hargreaves, Andrea K. Finlay, Elka B. Rubin, and Marc R. Safran. "Does Injection of Hyaluronic Acid Protect Against Early Cartilage Injury Seen After Marathon Running? A Randomized Controlled Trial Utilizing High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 14 (October 21, 2019): 3414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519879138.
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Background: Previous studies have shown that runners demonstrate elevated T2 and T1ρ values on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after running a marathon, with the greatest changes in the patellofemoral and medial compartment, which can persist after 3 months of reduced activity. Additionally, marathon running has been shown to increase serum inflammatory markers. Hyaluronic acid (HA) purportedly improves viscoelasticity of synovial fluid, serving as a lubricant while also having chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to investigate whether intra-articular HA injection can protect articular cartilage from injury attributed to marathon running. The hypothesis was that the addition of intra-articular HA 1 week before running a marathon would reduce the magnitude of early cartilage breakdown measured by MRI. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: After institutional review board approval, 20 runners were randomized into receiving an intra-articular injection of HA or normal saline (NS) 1 week before running a marathon. Exclusionary criteria included any prior knee injury or surgery and having run >3 prior marathons. Baseline 3-T knee MRI was obtained within 48 hours before the marathon (approximately 5 days after injection). Follow-up 3-T MRI scans of the same knee were obtained 48 to 72 hours and 3 months after the marathon. The T2 and T1ρ relaxation times of articular cartilage were measured in 8 locations—the medial and lateral compartments (including 2 areas of each femoral condyle) and the patellofemoral joint. The statistical analysis compared changes in T2 and T1ρ relaxation times (ms) from baseline to immediate and 3-month postmarathon scans between the HA and NS groups with repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: Fifteen runners completed the study: 6 women and 2 men in the HA group (mean age, 31 years; range, 23-50 years) and 6 women and 1 man in the NS group (mean age, 27 years; range, 20-49 years). There were no gross morphologic MRI changes after running the marathon. Postmarathon studies revealed no statistically significant changes between the HA and NS groups in all articular cartilage areas of the knee on both T2 and T1ρ relaxation times. Conclusion: Increased T2 and T1ρ relaxation times have been observed in marathon runners, suggesting early cartilage injury. The addition of intra-articular HA did not significantly affect relaxation times in all areas of the knee when compared with an NS control.
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McGrath, Todd Michael, Mark Alan Fontana, and Brett Gregory Toresdahl. "Injury patterns and healthcare utilisation by runners of the New York City Marathon." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 10, no. 1 (March 2024): e001766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001766.
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ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to describe injury patterns and healthcare utilisation of marathon runners.MethodsThis was a previously reported 16-week prospective observational study of runners training for the New York City Marathon. Runners completed a baseline survey including demographics, running experience and marathon goal. Injury surveys were collected every 4 weeks during training, as well as 1 week before and 1 week after the race. Injury details collected included anatomic location, diagnosis, onset, and treatment received.ResultsA total of 1049 runners were enrolled. Injuries were reported by 398 (38.4%) during training and 128 (14.1%) during the marathon. The overall prevalence of injury was 447/1049 (42.6%). Foot, knee and hip injuries were most common during training, whereas knee, thigh and foot injuries were most common during the race. The most frequent tissue type affected was the category of muscle, tendon/fascia and bursa. The prevalence of overuse injuries increased, while acute injuries remained constant throughout training. Hamstring injuries had the highest prevalence of diagnosis with 38/564 injuries (6.7%). Of the 447 runners who reported an injury, 224 (50.1%) received medical care. Physical therapy was the most common medical care received with 115/1037 (11.1%) runners during training and 44/907 (4.9%) postrace.ConclusionRunners training and participating in a marathon commonly experience injuries, especially of the foot and knee, which often are overuse soft tissue injuries. Half of the injured runners sought out medical care for their injury. Understanding the patterns of injuries affecting marathon runners could help guide future injury prevention efforts.
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Sachadev, Simran R., Ronald N. Prabhakar, and Manal M. Anthikat. "Effectiveness of Core Muscle Strengthening using Swiss Ball vs Traditional Core muscle Strengthening Exercises on Functional Impairments in Amateur Marathon Runners with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 9, no. 4 (August 11, 2021): 3937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2021.153.
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Background: Devashee S Mistry discovered that the prevalence of anterior knee pain in marathon runners is 68% in the age group of 15-30 years.(11) There are many literatures that shows correlation between core muscle instability and pain associated with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS). Although, there are many studies done to study the effectiveness of core muscle strengthening program on pain and functional impairment in general population with PFPS, there are only few literatures which evaluates its effectiveness on marathon runners. Study purpose/ Research Question: The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of core muscle strengthening using Swiss ball versus traditional core muscle exercises on mat for managing the functional impairments in the amateur marathon runners with PFPS. Material and methodology: Amateur marathon runners with patellofemoral pain syndrome (n = 32) having anterior knee pain were included in this study. A comparative study was done where two group were made. Group A (n= 16) received core strengthening exercises using swiss ball and group B (n = 16) received traditional core strengthening exercises using mat. Both groups received conventional Physiotherapy intervention which included hot moist pack applied on anterior aspect of knee (10 minutes), strengthening for lower limb muscles and stretching for lower limb muscles, 10 seconds hold for each muscle for 3 repetitions. Treatment was given for 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. Pain and other functional impairment such as squatting, stair climbing, walking and running were assessed using VAS and Patellofemoral Pain Severity Scale. Results: Group A showed significant decrease in pain and functional impairments as compared to group B. Mean pre VAS of group A was 6.94 which was significantly higher than mean post VAS 1.60 (p< 0.001). Mean pre VAS of group B was 6.88 which was significantly higher than mean post VAS 2.71 (p<0.001). Mean pre Patellofemoral pain Severity Scale of group A was 72.56 which is significant higher than post Patellofemoral Pain Severity Scale 15.87 (p<0.001). Mean pre Patellofemoral Pain Severity Scale of group B was 74.31 which is significantly higher than post mean Patellofemoral Pain Severity Scale 33.12 (p< 0.001) Conclusion: Core muscle strengthening using swiss ball is more effective than traditional core muscle strengthening using mat in amateur marathon runners for reducing pain and functional impairments having PFPS KEY WORD: Anterior knee pain, Marathon runners, Patellofemoral, Runner’s knee.
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De Araújo, Oscar Antonio Santos Targino, and Mario Cesar Carvalho Tenório. "Sudden death and cardiac arrest in marathon runners: incidence rates and causes." Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia do Exercício 19, no. 3 (July 7, 2020): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.33233/rbfe.v19i3.3933.
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Introduction: The marathon race is an aerobic sport that requires high training volume. Marathon runners may eventually be exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions associated with changes in blood volume and hydration level that may increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias that can cause cardiac arrest and sudden death. Objective: To identify the existing life risks for marathon runners related to the occurrences of sudden death and cardiac arrest and the most prevalent causes of these events. Methods: Integrative literature review of descriptive-qualitative nature in the databases: Google, Academic Google, Medline, Scielo and Pubmed. Results: Sudden death incidence rates ranged from 0.75 to 2.0 per 100.000 runners while cardiac arrest rates ranged from 1.01 to 2.6 per 100.000 runners being men most susceptible to these events. Among the causes of sudden death and cardiac arrest, studies indicate that in older athletes (age > 45 years) coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most prevalent and in younger athletes (age < 45 years) structural and congenital causes are the most common as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Most of the events of sudden death and cardiac arrest occurred in the last quartile of the race or after the finish line. Conclusion: The risks of sudden death and cardiac arrest in marathons are low and higher in men being coronary artery disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the most prevalent causes of these events.Keywords: sudden, death, sudden cardiac death, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, exercise, heart arrest.
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Roberts, William O. "Hyponatremia in Marathon Runners." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 16, no. 5 (September 2006): 450–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jsm.0000244601.37710.69.
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Rodgers, A. L., K. G. Greyling, R. A. Irving, and T. D. Noakes. "Crystalluria in marathon runners." Urological Research 16, no. 2 (March 1988): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00261962.
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Havenar, Jacob M., William J. Stone, and Pamela D. Swan. "First Time Marathon Runners." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): S229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-01886.
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Rodgers, A. L., K. G. Greyling, and T. D. Noakes. "Crystalluria in marathon runners." Urological Research 19, no. 3 (June 1991): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00303748.
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Rodgers, A. L., T. A. Cox, T. D. Noakes, and C. J. Lombard. "Crystalluria in marathon runners." Urological Research 20, no. 1 (January 1992): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00294331.
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Hansen, Ernst Albin, Anders Emanuelsen, Robert Mørkegaard Gertsen, and Simon Schøler Raadahl Sørensen. "Improved Marathon Performance by In-Race Nutritional Strategy Intervention." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 6 (December 2014): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0130.
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It was tested whether a marathon was completed faster by applying a scientifically based rather than a freely chosen nutritional strategy. Furthermore, gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated. Nonelite runners performed a 10 km time trial 7 weeks before Copenhagen Marathon 2013 for estimation of running ability. Based on the time, runners were divided into two similar groups that eventually should perform the marathon by applying the two nutritional strategies. Matched pairs design was applied. Before the marathon, runners were paired based on their prerace running ability. Runners applying the freely chosen nutritional strategy (n = 14; 33.6 ± 9.6 years; 1.83 ± 0.09 m; 77.4 ± 10.6 kg; 45:40 ± 4:32 min for 10 km) could freely choose their in-race intake. Runners applying the scientifically based nutritional strategy (n = 14; 41.9 ± 7.6 years; 1.79 ± 0.11 m; 74.6 ± 14.5 kg; 45:44 ± 4:37 min) were targeting a combined in-race intake of energy gels and water, where the total intake amounted to approximately 0.750 L water, 60 g maltodextrin and glucose, 0.06 g sodium, and 0.09 g caffeine per hr. Gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed by a self-administered postrace questionnaire. Marathon time was 3:49:26 ± 0:25:05 and 3:38:31 ± 0:24:54 hr for runners applying the freely chosen and the scientifically based strategy, respectively (p = .010, effect size=-0.43). Certain runners experienced diverse serious gastrointestinal symptoms, but overall, symptoms were low and not different between groups (p > .05). In conclusion, nonelite runners completed a marathon on average 10:55 min, corresponding to 4.7%, faster by applying a scientifically based rather than a freely chosen nutritional strategy. Furthermore, average values of gastrointestinal symptoms were low and not different between groups.