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1
Coffman, Elesha J. Margaret Mead. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834939.001.0001.
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For 50 years, Margaret Mead told Americans how cultures worked, and Americans listened. While serving as a curator at the American Museum of Natural History and as a professor of anthropology at Columbia University, she published dozens of books and hundreds of articles, scholarly and popular, on topics ranging from adolescence to atomic energy, Polynesian kinship networks to kindergarten, national morale to marijuana. At her death in 1978, she was the most famous anthropologist in the world and one of the best-known women in America. She had amply achieved her goal, as she described it to an interviewer in 1975, “To have lived long enough to be of some use.” As befits her prominence, Mead has had many biographers, but there is a curious hole at the center of these accounts: Mead’s faith. Margaret Mead: A Twentieth-Century Faith introduces a side of its famous subject that few people know. It re-narrates her life and reinterprets her work, highlighting religious concerns. Following Mead’s lead, it ranges across areas that are often kept academically distinct: anthropology, gender studies, intellectual history, church history, and theology. It is a portrait of a mind at work, pursuing a unique vision of the good of the world.
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Howells, Coral Ann. Major Authors: Robertson Davies, Margaret Atwood, Michael Ondaatje. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679775.003.0024.
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This chapter discusses the works of three Canadian novelists best known internationally: Robertson Davies, Margaret Atwood, and Michael Ondaatje. The careers of Davies, Atwood, and Ondaatje, although overlapping chronologically, represent distinctive stages in Canada's evolving cultural traditions and publishing practices since the 1950s. Davies's novels signal the first stage in a transition from colonial to postcolonial identity in post-war Canada. Atwood in the 1970s provided the script for a Canadian cultural and literary identity separate from British and American in what Carol Shields called ‘a period of explosive patriotism’. Ondaatje's novels and family memoir epitomize the ‘refocusing and defocusing’ of Canadian literature since the 1980s, coinciding with the nation's shifts into multiculturalism and transnationalism. The chapter first provides a background on Davies, Atwood, and Ondaatje's careers before considering some of their works, including the Deptford trilogy (Davies), The Handmaid's Tale (Atwood), and The English Patient (Ondaatje).
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Gould, Karen. The Canadian Distinctiveness into the XXIst Century - La distinction canadienne au tournant du XXIe siecle. Edited by Chad Gaffield. University of Ottawa Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/book.6595.
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In this collection of essays some of Canada's foremost writers and thinkers, including John Ralston Saul and Margaret Atwood, call for equilibrium among economics, culture, and technological change. While promoting the dynamism and change possible in Canadian society, they also call for a re-examination of Canada's past in order to chart its future.
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Ezell, Margaret J. M. Fictions and Romances, Foreign and Domestic. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780191849572.003.0010.
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During the first decade after the Restoration, terms to denote fiction such as ‘romance’ and ‘novel’ were often interchangeable. Many new works of fiction reference the civil war and the return of monarchy. Most declared a moral or didactic purpose, while others featured picaresque adventures, some of which were translated from Spanish and French works. Bookseller Francis Kirkman also published a popular title by Richard Head, The English Rogue, which enjoyed many reprints. Margaret Cavendish experimented with epistolary fiction in Sociable Letters.
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Thomas, Emily. Early British Reactions to Absolutism: 1664 to 1687. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807933.003.0006.
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This chapter considers early British reactions to absolutism between the start of Barrow’s pertinent lectures in 1664, and the publication of Newton’s Principia in 1687. Although the amount of discussion absolutism received in Britain during this period was much less than it would receive later, it was already capturing the attention of some important thinkers. The reactions to absolutism were mixed. Different kinds of absolutism about space or time was adopted by thinkers such as Samuel Parker, Robert Boyle, and John Turner. In contrast, absolutism was rejected by philosophers such as Margaret Cavendish, Ralph Cudworth, Nathaniel Fairfax, and Anne Conway.
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Ezell, Margaret J. M. Writing History: Domestic Papers, Biographical Writing, and Public Histories. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780191849572.003.0009.
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Many who lived through the English Civil War penned memoirs of their experiences, some of which were published after their deaths, such as Richard Baxter’s life writings and Thomas Fuller’s accounts of the worthies of England, or wrote and published topical public histories, including John Milton’s history of Britain. Samuel Pepys’s and John Evelyn’s diaries are among the most important sources about the Restoration years. Others such as Lucy Hutchinson wrote memoirs for their family or, like Margaret Cavendish, to defend the reputation of a family member. There was also interest in the history of foreign cultures, past rulers, and antiquarian topics.
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Pollack, Howard. New Friends. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190458294.003.0006.
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The success of Ballad for Americans allowed Latouche to move into nice quarters in Greenwich Village and marry Theodora Griffis. During this period, that is, the early 1940s, his new friends included Carson McCullers and Leo Lerman. He also continued to befriend notable émigrés, including Brion Gysin, Jimmy Ernst, Yul Brynner, Marlene Dietrich, Eleonora and Francesco von Mendelssohn, Anaïs Nin, and Ruth Yorck. Meanwhile, his interest in the occult was reflected in his friendships with medium Eileen Garrett, palmist Margaret Mamlok, sand astrologers Charles Jayne and Natacha Rambova. He and many of his friends took stimulants under the supervision of Dr. Max Jacobson, with whom Latouche collaborated on some projects, and who became known as the notorious Dr. Feelgood.
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Daniel, Yvonne. Diaspora Dance in the History of Dance Studies. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036538.003.0002.
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This chapter examines Diaspora dance culture from a dance studies perspective. It begins by tracing the history of dance anthropology and Diaspora dance as a field of study, with a particular focus on some key dance scholars such as Franz Boas, E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Margaret Mead, Gertrude Kurath, Katherine Dunham, and Pearl Primus. It then reviews the pioneers and pioneering literature of dance anthropology covering Caribbean, Spanish Caribbean, French/Kreyol Caribbean, English/Creole Caribbean, and Dutch Caribbean dance studies as well as dance studies of Afro-Latin territories. It also provides a short background on African and Diaspora U.S. dance studies and concludes by highlighting how visual analysis of dance formations permits a visceral understanding of Diaspora dance.
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Snyder, Jean E. Music Mentor and Colleague. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039942.003.0010.
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This chapter focuses on Harry T. Burleigh's mentoring of younger musicians, especially singers and composers. Among the singers Burleigh mentored are some of the most distinguished African American recital and musical theater performers of the early to mid-twentieth century. In 1934 a black newspaper commented that Burleigh “was always ready to show a helping hand by way of advice to some struggling artist” such as Abbie Mitchell. Burleigh's support and encouragement of younger musicians enabled their careers in very practical ways. He also collaborated with instrumentalists, and although his standards of excellence were high, he was generous in his support of musicians whose talent and professionalism he respected. Aside from Mitchell, Burleigh's early protégés include black singers Roland Hayes, Marian Anderson, and Paul Robeson as well as women composers such as Undine Smith Moore, Florence Price, and Margaret Bonds.
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Heath, Anthony F., Elisabeth Garratt, Ridhi Kashyap, Yaojun Li, and Lindsay Richards. Progress in Tackling Beveridge’s Five Giants. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805489.003.0009.
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The concluding chapter of the book summarizes the evidence about social progress in Britain, and the extent to which Britain has been successful in tackling Beveridge’s five giants. It shows how patterns differ between the different domains of social progress and in which domains disadvantaged groups fell behind. The chapter also reviews how Britain’s progress compared with that in peer countries. In some cases the evidence suggests that common features were evident in all eight countries, whereas in other cases, notably material prosperity, life expectancy, and unemployment, there were significant deviations from the experience of peer countries. The chapter uses these comparisons to explore whether Margaret Thatcher’s 1980s reform package improved Britain’s economic and labour market performance and whether it had unwanted side effects in the form of reduced equality of opportunity and social cohesion.
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Smith, Jolene. “Freedom Just Might be Possible”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037900.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on Suraj Kali's story of liberation. Unlike in the past, there are now social movements of sufficient strength in at least some parts of the world that are making more and more liberation stories possible, encouraging more and more leaders of resistance like Suraj Kali to demand freedom for themselves and others, despite great risk. Thus, in stark contrast with Margaret Garner's, Suraj Kali's story best illustrates how similar acts of personal struggle can have strikingly different consequences, depending on whether they happen within the context of a wider movement that is demanding change and whether that movement is successful at a given time. This contrast illuminates additional reasons to stand in awe of the risks and sacrifices made by individuals who preceded or built the foundation for movements that followed them.
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Kaveny, Cathleen. Compassionate Respect and Victims’ Voices. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190612290.003.0005.
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This chapter inaugurates a dialogue between the writings of feminist ethicist Margaret Farley on love and justice and the debate surrounding the use of victim impact statements in criminal sentencing. That debate instantiates the tension between love’s call for particularized justice, on the one hand, and the demands of fairness expressed in the application of general norms. The debate also raises the question how far justice (or love) can depart from equal regard. Victim impact statements regularly include moving accounts of grief, anger, and loss. Yet their widespread use in sentencing can have troublesome consequences. Such use risks suggesting, for example, that the murder of a much beloved pillar of the city should be punished more severely than the murder of a homeless person. An essential question is whether it is possible to take into account the particularities of victims’ lives without valuing the lives of some victims more than others.
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Boyle, Deborah. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190234805.003.0001.
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Interest in Margaret Cavendish’s philosophical views has increased dramatically in the past two decades. While earlier readers were not kind to Cavendish, recent scholarly work has been more sympathetic, showing how her writings were informed by the work of her contemporaries and revealing ways in which Cavendish’s views were original. Her corpus contains recurring themes, including a consistent interest in questions of gender, an obsession with fame, and a focus on the need for peace and order. This book argues that focusing on peace and order illuminates multiple facets of Cavendish’s philosophical thinking: her natural philosophy, her political theory, her views on gender, her views about the relationship between humans and the natural world, and her medical theory. This introductory chapter surveys some of the many texts in which Cavendish focuses on peace, order, and what she calls “regularity” and provides a summary of the topics addressed in subsequent chapters.
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Jones-Davies, Margaret. Saving Perfection from the Alchemists: Shakespeare’s Use of Alchemy. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427814.003.0006.
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In this chapter devoted to the “abstract riddles” of alchemy (Ben Jonson, The Alchemist, 2.1.104), Margaret Jones-Davies argues that Shakespeare uses the poetics of alchemy at a time when it begins to be on the wane as a “science.” Perfecting nature was the aim of alchemy. But in the Renaissance, the literal reading of the power of alchemy was being questioned (Rabelais, Erasmus, Jonson…). And yet, Jones-Davies explains that no matter how cruel the satire, but also the persecutions, against some alchemists had become, the influence of alchemy remained active on a figurative level as hermetic philosophy came to acquire a political importance as the basis of a new religious language, freed from the fanaticism of the warring parties. Now, however much Shakespeare shared Rabelais’ and Erasmus’ irony against alchemical lore, he did not extend his scepticism to the ideal of perfection, which he expressed through alchemical imagery and numerology, more particularly in the Histories and the Romances. Alchemy doesn’t work miracles, Jones-Davies notes, but by lending its language to the ideal of perfection, it certainly creates wonder. Shakespeare
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Ullmann-Margalit, Edna. Normal Rationality. Edited by Avishai Margalit and Cass R. Sunstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802433.001.0001.
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How do people proceed when they cannot act on the basis of reasons, or project likely consequences? How is social order possible? Ullmann-Margalit demonstrates that people have identifiable strategies for making difficult decisions, whether the question is small (what to buy at a supermarket) or big (whether to transform one’s life in some large-scale way). She also shows that social dilemmas are solved by norms; that invisible-hand explanations take two identifiable (and dramatically different) forms; that trust can emerge in seemingly unpromising situations; and that considerateness is the foundation on which our relationships are organized in both the thin context of the public space and the intimate context of the family.
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Broad, Jacqueline, ed. Women Philosophers of Seventeenth-Century England. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673321.001.0001.
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This volume is an edited collection of private letters and published epistles to and from English women philosophers of the early modern period (c. 1650–1700). It includes the letters and epistles of Margaret Cavendish, Anne Conway, Damaris Cudworth Masham, and Elizabeth Berkeley Burnet. These women were the correspondents of some of the best-known intellectuals of the period, including Constantijn Huygens, Walter Charleton, Henry More, Joseph Glanvill, John Locke, Jean Le Clerc, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Their epistolary exchanges range over a wide variety of philosophical subjects, from religion, moral theology, and ethics to epistemology, metaphysics, and natural philosophy. The volume includes a main introduction by the editor, which explains the significance of the letters and epistles with respect to early modern scholarship and the study of women philosophers. It is argued that this selection of texts demonstrates the intensely collaborative and gender-inclusive nature of philosophical discussion in this period. To help situate each woman’s thought in its historical-intellectual context, the volume also includes original introductory essays for each principal figure, showing how her correspondences contributed to the formation of her own views as well as those of her better-known male contemporaries. The text also provides detailed scholarly annotations, explaining obscure philosophical ideas and archaic words and phrases in the letters and epistles. Among its critical apparatus, the volume also includes a note on the texts, a bibliography, and an index.
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Blaustein, George. Nightmare Envy and Other Stories. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190209209.001.0001.
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Nightmare Envy and Other Stories is a study of Americanist writing and institutions in the twentieth century. Four chapters trace four routes through an “Americanist century.” The first is the hidden history of American Studies in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The second is the strange career of “national character” in anthropology. The third is a contest between military occupation and cultural diplomacy in Europe. The fourth is the emergence and fate of the “American Renaissance,” as the scholar and literary critic F. O. Matthiessen carried a canon of radical literature across the Iron Curtain. Drawing on American and European archives, the book weaves cultural, intellectual, and diplomatic history with portraits of Matthiessen, Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, David Riesman, Alfred Kazin, and Ralph Ellison. It excavates the history of the Salzburg Seminar in American Civilization, where displaced persons, former Nazis, budding Communists, and glad-handing Americans met on the common ground of American culture. Many of our modern myths of the United States and Europe were formed in this moment. Some saw the United States assume the mantle of cultural redeemer. Others saw a stereotypical America, rich in civilization but poor in culture, overtake a stereotypical Europe, rich in culture and equally rich in disaster. Others found keys to their own contexts in American books, reading Moby-Dick in the ruins. Nightmare Envy and Other Stories chronicles American encounters with European disaster, European encounters with American fiction, and the chasms over which culture had to reach.
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Boyle, Deborah. The Well-Ordered Universe. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190234805.001.0001.
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The prolific Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673) published books on natural philosophy as well as stories, plays, poems, orations, allegories, and letters. Her mature philosophical system offered a unique vitalist materialist theory of Nature as composed of a continuous, non-atomistic, perceiving, knowing matter. In contrast to the dominant philosophical thinking of her day, Cavendish argued that all matter has free will and can choose whether or not to follow Nature’s rules. The Well-Ordered Universe explores the development of Cavendish’s natural philosophy from the atomism of her 1653 Poems, and Fancies to the vitalist materialism of her 1668 Grounds of Natural Philosophy and argues that her natural philosophy, her medical theories, and her social and political philosophy are all informed by an underlying concern with order, regularity, and rule-following. This focus on order reveals interesting connections among apparently disparate elements of Cavendish’s philosophical program, including her views on gender, on animals and the environment, and on sickness and health. Focusing on the role of order in Cavendish’s philosophy also helps reveal some key differences between her natural philosophy and her social and political philosophy, where Cavendish tended to be quite conservative. Cavendish thought that humans’ special desire for public recognition often leads to an unruly ambition, causing humans to disrupt society in ways not seen in the rest of Nature. The Well-Ordered Universe thus defends reading Cavendish as a royalist who endorsed absolute monarchy and a rigid social hierarchy for maintaining order in human society.