Relevant bibliographies by topics / Marginal cost analysis

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Academic literature on the topic 'Marginal cost analysis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Marginal cost analysis"

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Kloock, Josef, and Ulf Schiller. "Marginal costing: cost budgeting and cost variance analysis." Management Accounting Research 8, no. 3 (September 1997): 299–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mare.1996.0048.

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Judge, REBECCA, and ANTHONY Becker. "MOTIVATING RECYCLING: A MARGINAL COST ANALYSIS." Contemporary Economic Policy 11, no. 3 (July 1993): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1993.tb00390.x.

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KUWAHARA, Masao. "A theoretical analysis on dynamic marginal cost." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 709 (2002): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2002.709_127.

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Jiang, Hong-Dian, Kang-Yin Dong, and Qiao-Mei Liang. "Research on marginal abatement cost: A bibliometric analysis." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 4073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.829.

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Zamparelli, Luca. "Average cost and marginal cost pricing in Marshall: Textual analysis and interpretation." European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 16, no. 4 (September 25, 2009): 665–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672560903201276.

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Liu, G., and Z. Zhao. "PPR6: COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS: A SIMULTANEOUS MARGINAL-EFFECT APPROACH." Value in Health 2, no. 3 (May 1999): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(11)71067-1.

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Liu, Gordon, and Zhongyun Zhao. "Stochastic Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: A Simultaneous Marginal-Effect Approach." Value in Health 2, no. 6 (November 1999): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4733.1999.26004.x.

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Thomson, Thomas A., Donald T. Lester, and Jeanne A. Martin. "Marginal analysis and cost effectiveness in seed orchard management." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-085.

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We use marginal analysis for three seed orchard management decisions. First we consider the roguing of a seed orchard established with many untested trees. We show that inferior parents should be rogued to the point where the number of orchard trees times the average expected volume gain of trees from seed produced by that orchard is maximized. Marginal analysis also is useful where one must choose the number of trees to establish in an orchard planted after progeny tests have identified superior parents. The cost of establishing many ramets to meet early seed production goals can be balanced with the projected value of seed. For the example presented, an additional orchard tree is cost effective if its seed is needed at an orchard age of 12 to 15 years. Finally, we use marginal analysis to determine whether to induce a seed orchard to increase its seed production when there is an excess demand for seed. This decision is guided by balancing the cost of the induction treatment with the combined effect of expected increase in seed harvest, the amount of genetic gain, and the discount rate. We present a four-quadrant decision diagram for estimating this balance. In designing tree improvement programs, these analytical techniques can be applied to proposed alternatives as one way to structure decision making and to provide comparable economic assessments from which cost-effective choices can be made.
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Csenki, Attila. "Marginal Cost Analysis of Some Basic Ordering Policies for a Spare Unit and Extensions." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 05, no. 03 (September 1998): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539398000261.

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The marginal cost approach has proved a useful economics-based alternative to the well known classical analysis of replacement models. In this paper, the marginal cost analysis' workings are explored for some basic ordering models for systems with a single spare unit. As with replacement models, the fundamental quantity of interest is the marginal cost function. While the basic pattern of analysis broadly corresponds to that for replacement models, the usual micro-type reasoning inherent in marginal cost analysis now has to be supplemented by some look-ahead considerations and a more detailed analysis. Moreover, the optimality equation derived here for ordering models is an extension of that for replacement models. Two kinds of objective functions are considered here: the long term expected cost rate function and the expected total discounted cost function. Several ordering policies are reviewed by way of the marginal cost approach, which, it is argued, is a viable and from the decision maker's perspective attractive tool of analysis also in the ordering context.
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Fan, Li Wei, and Xun Zhou. "Estimating the Marginal Abatement Cost of Carbon Emissions: A Non-Radial Efficiency Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 2473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2473.

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This paper employed a non-radial efficiency analysis technique, namely slacks-based measure, to calculate the marginal abatement cost of carbon emissions. The study was concerning ten manufacturing sectors that have been included in Shanghai’s pilot emission trading scheme. The empirical result shows the overall weighted average marginal abatement cost is 839.3 Yuan/ton. It also indicates that the marginal abatement cost has a negative relationship with carbon emissions. Additionally, the marginal abatement costs vary across the sample sectors. Policy implications are presented based on above results.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Marginal cost analysis"

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Koslowski, Frank Johannes. "Assessing marginal abatement cost for greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production in China and Europe : accounting for uncertainties." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25435.

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Climate change is probably the most challenging threat to mankind. International agreements have acknowledged the fact that anthropogenic GHG emissions must be reduced significantly to adhere to a maximum global warming of 2°C. The livestock sector plays a key role in achieving this target as it is a significant source of GHG emissions. While the livestock sector offers significant GHG reduction potential, it is currently neglected in international and national mitigation efforts. Therefore, scientific research must guide mitigation policy decisions with evidence of cost-efficient abatement potential that can be achieved through various mitigation technologies. Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACC) are an analytical tool for informing policy makers about the cost-effectiveness (CE) of mitigation. MACCs provide a relatively clear representation of a complicated issue based on their graphical design that prioritises various mitigation options in terms of their CE of abatement and enables assessment of total GHG reduction under a budget constraint. However, developing a MACC involves considerable data collection, depends on various interdisciplinary information sources and the methodology is subject to several limitations. These factors can result in uncertainties in marginal abatement cost (MAC) results, the assessment of which is often neglected in MACC literature. This research shows the main GHG emission sources in livestock production and possible mitigation options to reduce GHG emissions from these sources. After elaborating the MACC methodology, advantages, disadvantages and limitation of the engineering MACC are shown. This allows understanding the relevance of assessing and reporting uncertainty of MACCs. Two engineering MACCs are developed that show the CE abatement potentials available in the Chinese livestock sector and European Union 15 (EU-15) dairy sector in 2020, with emphasis on dietary mitigation options. The requirement of assessing CE of abatement for individual mitigation options is highlighted by separate derivation of technical and economic abatement potential for the EU-15 dairy sector. For the Chinese MACC, a scenario analysis (SA) and for the European MACC, a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation are utilised to show the relevance of assessing uncertainty in MACCs. To provide further evidence, the overall range of CE estimates for eight mitigation options found in relevant MACC literature is presented. This allows the generation of probability distribution functions of CE for each mitigation option with kernel density estimation (KDE). The results from this study show the significance of livestock and dairy production related GHG emissions in China and Europe, respectively. In China, baseline GHG emissions of livestock production are projected to increase significantly, while these of the EU-15 dairy production are predicted to decrease by 2020. It was found that enteric fermentation is the largest GHG emission source from dairy production and should be focus of mitigation policies. Both case studies showed mitigation options that offer abatement potential at high CE. Priorities should be given to biomass gasification, breeding techniques and feed supplements as tea saponins and probiotics for the Chinese livestock sector, and to animal selection, reduced tillage and dietary probiotics for the EU-15 dairy sector. The scenario analysis reveals that mid-term projections for the Chinese livestock sector are varying strongly, and utilising key variables from different projections has a significant impact on MAC results which changes the ranking of the mitigation options. The MC simulation shows the contribution of some model inputs to the uncertainty of abatement at negative cost and a high model output uncertainty regarding measure’s CE for most mitigation options. However, the ranking of the mitigation options remains stable. The range of MAC estimates for 8 mitigation options in the agricultural sector is high and variables like ‘study quality’ or ‘study location’ do not change this. The KDE was further used to rank the mitigations options based on their probability of being reported as cost-negative and shows that measures affecting soil N2O and carbon sequestration are reported to be more cost-efficient as compared to measures focusing on manure management. Based on these finding, the impact of study designs on MAC estimates and lack of communication uncertainty in MACC literature are discussed. Uncertainties that are underpinning MACC results can have significant impacts on CE and abatement potentials. To increase utilisation of MACCs by knowledge users, MACC research must prioritise assessment, quantification and report of uncertainties, compare results within the scientific literature and publish data and assumption of the MACC transparently.
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Thureson, Disa. "Cost-Benefit Analysis of climate policy and long term public investments." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-48241.

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This compilation dissertation consists of four essays with the common theme of welfare analysis of long-term public investments. The first two essays focus on analysis of climate change mitigation, i.e., the social cost of carbon dioxide. The third essay focuses on cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of transport investment projects, while the last essay takes a broader perspective on welfare analysis. Essay 1: The Temporal Aspects of the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases. The purpose of Essay 1 is to investigate the temporal aspects of the social cost of greenhouse gases. I find that the calculation period should ultimately be modeled to be consistent with the discount rate and that the “global-warming potential” concept is unsuitable for calculation of the social cost of GHGs other than carbon dioxide. Essay 2: Avoiding path dependence of distributional weights: Lessons from climate change economic assessments. In Essay 2, I explore shortcomings in income weighting in evaluation of climate change policy. In short, in previous versions of two of the most important existing models, regional economic growth is double counted. The proposed alternative approaches yield about 20–40% higher values of SCCO2 than the old approach. Essay 3: Does uncertainty make cost-benefit analyses pointless? In Essay 3, the aim is to investigate to what extent CBA improves the selection decision of projects when uncertainties are taken into account, using a simulation-based approach on real data of infrastructure investments. The results indicate that, in line with previous literature, CBA is a rather robust tool and considerably increases the quality of decision making compared with a random selection mechanism, even when high levels of uncertainty are considered. Essay 4: Household Production and the Elasticity of Marginal Utility of Consumption. In Essay 4, I develop a new model to show that omission of household production in a previous model leads to bias when the elasticity of marginal utility of consumption, EMUC, is estimated. I further offer new, unbiased estimates based on current evidence of the included parameters, suggesting a lower bound of EMUC at about 0.9.
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Rodrigues, Paula Fernanda Morais Andrade. "Metodologia para adaptação de curvas de custo marginal de abatimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100136/tde-22052018-181657/.

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O Acordo de Paris preconiza que cada país descreva e comunique suas ações climáticas pós-2020. Neste contexto, as Curvas de Custo Marginal de Abatimento (MACC) podem ser úteis aos países e aos tomadores de decisão, pois mostram de forma clara o custo (em unidades monetárias por massa de CO2e) para a implementação de tecnologias de mitigação de emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) e o seu potencial de redução de emissões associado (em massa de CO2e). As MACC podem ser utilizadas para qualquer unidade política, como: país, cidade ou estado. Podem, também, ser aplicadas a diversas áreas, tais como: transporte, construção, poluição do ar, agricultura ou indústria. Diante desta diversidade de estudos e aplicações, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia de adaptação de MACC, de estudos publicados na literatura, para qualquer unidade política ou ano de interesse. Isto permitirá a \"reutilização\" destas MACC, porém sem a necessidade da realização de novos estudos. O desenvolvimento da metodologia de adaptação prescindiu de uma meta-análise e harmonização de dados da literatura. A metodologia desenvolvida foi aplica ao Brasil, considerando os subsetores industriais de cimento e de siderurgia. Ela foi, também, implementada no software Access® (e denominada re-MACC) para que todo o processo de adaptação das MACC pudesse ser realizado automaticamente. Analisando um total de 178 tecnologias de baixo carbono para os subsetores de cimento e de siderurgia, o resultado mostrou que seria possível reduzir, em 2014, aproximadamente 52,4% das emissões de CO2e, gerando uma economia monetária de 1.835 US$/tCO2e, caso o Brasil as adotasse. A metodologia foi capaz de harmonizar dados para qualquer unidade política ou ano de interesse, todavia refinamentos são necessários para torná-la ainda mais acurada
The Paris Agreement calls on each country to describe and report on its climate actions post-2020. In this context, the Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACC) can be useful to countries and decision makers as they clearly show the cost (in monetary units per mass of CO2e) for the implementation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation technologies and their associated emission reduction potential (in mass of CO2e). They can be used for any jurisdiction, such as country, city or state. They can also be applied to several areas, such as: transportation, buildings, air pollution, agriculture or manufacturing. In view of this diversity of studies and applications, the objective of the present work was to develop a methodology for adapting MACC, from studies published in the literature, to any jurisdiction or year of interest. This work allows for \"re-using\" these MACC, but without the need for new studies. The development of the methodology is based on a meta-analysis and harmonization of literature data. The methodology was applied to Brazil, considering the industrial cement and steel subsectors. It was implemented in the Access® software (and called re-MACC) so the MACC adaptation process could be performed automatically. Analyzing a total of 178 low-carbon technologies for the Brazilian industrial subsectors of cement and steel, the result showed that it would be possible to reduce by approximately 52.4% of CO2e emissions by 2014, generating monetary savings of 1,835 US$/tCO2e. The methodology proved to be capable in harmonizing the data, however further refinements are needed to make it even more accurate
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Shu, Gary. "Economics and policies for carbon capture and sequestration in the western United States : a marginal cost analysis of potential power plant deployment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62874.

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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division; and, (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-94).
Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is a technology that can significantly reduce power sector greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from coal-fired power plants. CCS technology is currently in development and requires higher construction and operating costs than is currently competitive in the private market. A question that policymakers and investors have is whether a CCS plant will operate economically and be able to sell their power output once built. One way of measuring this utilization rate is to calculate capacity factors of possible CCS power plants. To investigate the economics of CCS generation, a marginal cost dispatch model was developed to simulate the power grid in the Western Interconnection. Hypothetical generic advanced coal power plants with CCS were inserted into the power grid and annual capacity factor values were calculated for a variety of scenarios, including a carbon emission pricing policy. I demonstrate that CCS power plants, despite higher marginal costs due to the operating costs of the additional capture equipment, are competitive on a marginal cost basis with other generation on the power grid at modest carbon emissions prices. CCS power plants were able to achieve baseload level capacity factors with $10 to $30 per ton-CO2 prices. However, for investment in CCS power plants to be economically competitive requires that the higher capital costs be recovered over the plant lifetime, which only occurs at much higher carbon prices. To cover the capital costs of first-of-the-kind CCS power plants in the Western Interconnection, carbon emissions prices have been calculated to be much higher, in the range of $130 to $145 per ton-CO2 for most sites in the initial scenario. Two sites require carbon prices of $65 per ton-CO2 or less to cover capital costs. Capacity factors and the impact of carbon prices vary considerably by plant location because of differences in spare transmission capacity and local generation mix.
by Gary Shu.
M.C.P.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Stewart, Paul Andrew. "Intertemporal Considerations in Supply Offer Development in the wholesale electricity market." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Management, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/863.

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Over the last 20 years, electricity markets around the world have gradually been deregulated, creating wholesale markets in which generating companies compete for the right to supply electricity, through an offering system. This thesis considers the optimisation of the offering process from the perspective of an individual generator, subject to intertemporal constraints including fuel limitations, correlated rest-of-market behaviour patterns and unit operational decisions. Contributions from the thesis include a Pre-Processing scheme that results in considerable computational benefits for a two-level Dynamic Programming method, in addition to the development of a new process that combines the techniques of Decision Analysis and Dynamic Programming.
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Bångman, Gunnel. "Equity in welfare evaluations : The rationale for and effects of distributional weighting." Doctoral thesis, Örebro University, Department of Business, Economics, Statistics and Informatics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-309.

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This thesis addresses the issue of weighted cost-benefit analysis (WCBA). WCBA is a welfare evaluation model where income distribution effects are valued by distributional weighting. The method was developed already in the 1970s. The interest in and applications of this method have increased in the past decade, e.g. when evaluating of global environmental problems. There are, however, still unsolved problems regarding the application of this method. One such issue is the choice of the approach to the means of estimating of the distributional weights. The literature on WCBA suggests a couple of approaches, but gives no clues as to which one is the most appropriate one to use, either from a theoretical or from an empirical point of view. Accordingly, the choice of distributional weights may be an arbitrary one. In the first paper in this thesis, the consequences of the choice of distributional weights on project decisions have been studied. Different sets of distributional weights have been compared across a variety of strategically chosen income distribution effects. The distributional weights examined are those that correspond to the WCBA approaches commonly suggested in literature on the topic. The results indicate that the choice of distributional weights is of importance for the rank of projects only when the income distribution effects concern target populations with low incomes. The results also show that not only the mean income but also the span of incomes, of the target population of the income distribution effect, affects the result of the distributional weighting when applying very progressive non-linear distributional weights. This may cause the distributional weighting to indicate an income distribution effect even though the project effect is evenly distributed across the population.

One rational for distributional weighting, commonly referred to when applying WCBA, is that marginal utility of income is decreasing with income. In the second paper, this hypothesis is tested. My study contributes to this literature by employing stated preference data on compensated variation (CV) in a model flexible as to the functional form of the marginal utility. The results indicate that the marginal utility of income decreases linearly with income.

Under certain conditions, a decreasing marginal utility of income corresponds to risk aversion. Thus the hypothesis that marginal utility of income is decreasing with income can be tested by analyses of individuals’ behaviour in gambling situations. The third paper examines of the role of risk aversion, defined by the von Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility function, for people’s concern about the problem of ‘sick’ buildings. The analysis is based on data on the willingness to pay (WTP) for having the indoor air quality (IAQ) at home examined and diagnosed by experts and the WTP for acquiring an IAQ at home that is guaranteed to be good. The results indicate that some of the households are willing to pay for an elimination of the uncertainty of the IAQ at home, even though they are not willing to pay for an elimination of the risks for building related ill health. The probability to pay, for an elimination of the uncertainty of the indoor air quality at home, only because of risk aversion is estimated to 0.3-0.4. Risk aversion seems to be a more common motive, for the decision to pay for a diagnosis of the IAQ at home, among young people.

Another rationale for distributional weighting, commonly referred to, is the existence of unselfish motives for economic behaviour, such as social inequality aversion or altruism. In the fourth paper the hypothesis that people have altruistic preferences, i.e. that they care about other people’s well being, is tested. The WTP for a public project, that ensures good indoor air quality in all buildings, have been measured in three different ways for three randomly drawn sub-samples, capturing different motives for economic behaviour (pure altruism, paternalism and selfishness). The significance of different questions, and different motives, is analysed using an independent samples test of the mean WTPs of the sub-samples, a chi-square test of the association between the WTP and the sample group membership and an econometric analysis of the decision to pay to the public project. No evidence for altruism, either pure altruism or paternalism, is found in this study.

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Ajayi, Victor A. "Essays on deregulation in the electricity generation sector." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27614.

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Over that past three decades, power sector reform has been a key pillar of policy agendas in more than half of the countries across the world. This thesis specifically concerns the empirical investigation of the economic performance of the international electricity generation industry. Drawing on the stochastic frontier analysis techniques, the thesis considers the influence of reform as exogenous factors in shifting frontier technology as well as shaping inefficiency function directly -determinants and heteroscedasticity variables. The first essay uses an extensive panel dataset of 91 countries over the period 1980 to 2010 to measure the impact of deregulation on efficiency and total productivity growth using stochastic input distance frontier (SIDF). Three specific issues are addressed in the first essay: (1) the relationship between deregulation and technical efficiency, (2) the extent of the rank correlation of the country intercepts with deregulation via their position on the frontier, (3) the trend of total factor productivity and its components. We establish a positive impact of deregulation on efficiency and some compelling evidence suggesting that the country intercepts equally account for the influence of deregulation aside efficiency. In particular, the technical efficiency index from the first paper reveals that most OECD European countries are consistently efficient. Building on this finding, the second essay investigates the performance in term of cost efficiency for electricity generation in OECD power sector while accounting for the impact of electricity market product regulatory indicators. Empirical models are developed for the cost function as a translog form and analysed using panel data of 25 countries during the period 1980 to 2009. We show that it is necessary to model latent country-specific heterogeneity in addition to time-varying inefficiency. The estimated economies of scale are adjusted to take account of the importance of the quasi-fixed capital input in determining cost behaviour, and adjusted economies of scale are verified for the OECD generation sector. The findings suggest there is a significant impact of electricity market regulatory indicators on cost. Cost complementarity between generation and emissions found to be significant, indicating the possibility of reducing emissions without necessarily reducing electricity generation. Finally, the third essay examines the performance of electric power industry s using consistent state-level electricity generation dataset for the US contiguous states from 1998-2014. We estimate stochastic production frontier for five competing models in order to identify the determinants of technical inefficiency and marginal effects. We find evidence of positive impacts of deregulation on technical efficiency across the models estimated. Our preferred model shows that deregulated states are more efficient in electricity generation than non-deregulated states. The result of the marginal effects shows that deregulation has a positive and monotonic effect on the technical efficiency.
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Celebi, Emre. "MODELS OF EFFICIENT CONSUMER PRICING SCHEMES IN ELECTRICITY MARKETS." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/811.

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Suppliers in competitive electricity markets regularly respond to prices that change hour by hour or even more frequently, but most consumers respond to price changes on a very different time scale, i. e. they observe and respond to changes in price as reflected on their monthly bills. This thesis examines mixed complementarity programming models of equilibrium that can bridge the speed of response gap between suppliers and consumers, yet adhere to the principle of marginal cost pricing of electricity. It develops a computable equilibrium model to estimate the time-of-use (TOU) prices that can be used in retail electricity markets. An optimization model for the supply side of the electricity market, combined with a price-responsive geometric distributed lagged demand function, computes the TOU prices that satisfy the equilibrium conditions. Monthly load duration curves are approximated and discretized in the context of the supplier's optimization model. The models are formulated and solved by the mixed complementarity problem approach. It is intended that the models will be useful (a) in the regular exercise of setting consumer prices (i. e. , TOU prices that reflect the marginal cost of electricity) by a regulatory body (e. g. , Ontario Energy Board) for jurisdictions (e. g. , Ontario) where consumers' prices are regulated, but suppliers offer into a competitive market, (b) for forecasting in markets without price regulation, but where consumers pay a weighted average of wholesale price, (c) in evaluation of the policies regarding time-of-use pricing compared to the single pricing, and (d) in assessment of the welfare changes due to the implementation of TOU prices.
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Marčiulionytė, Asta. "Įmonės pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20140626_161708-33077.

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Pelningumo siekimas yra pagrindinis verslo įmonės tikslas, dažnai lemiantis vadovų pasirinkimą sprendžiant problemas susijusias su pardavimo kainomis, įvairiomis išlaidomis. Pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimas teikia apibendrinantį planavimo proceso vaizdą ir išlaidų kitimo supratimą, todėl gauta informacija yra nepakeičiama, siekiant užtikrinti racionalų įmonės valdymą. Šio darbo tikslas – išanalizavus pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties metodologiją, atlikti įmonės pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimą ir sudaryti modelį, leidžiantį efektyviai planuoti ir analizuoti įmonės kaštų, veiklos apimties ir pelno ryšį. Taigi, šio darbo objektas-įmonės pelningumas, jo priklausomybė nuo įmonės pajamų, kaštų ir veiklos apimties. Siekiant įgyvendinti darbo tikslą, keliami tokie uždaviniai: išanalizuoti pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo metodologiją, suformuoti prielaidas pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo modeliavimui, atlikti įmonės pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimą, bei sudaryti pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo modelį. Darbą sudaro trys pagrindinės dalys: metodologinė, analitinė ir rezultatų. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjami pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo metodologijos aspektai-pateikiamos analizės prielaidos, vertinimo reikšmė ir galimybės. Antrasis darbo skyrius apima prielaidų pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo modeliavimui analizę: tiriami ir lyginami pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo modeliavimo metodai, bei pateikiama... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The main purpose of business enterprise is striving for profitability and this purpose usually decides the head‘s of enterprise choice when he tackles the problems about prices of sales and different expenses. Cost-volume-profit evaluation gives resumptive view about planning process and understanding of costs range so given information is irreplaceable because of trying to ensure rational management. The purpose of this work is to do cost-volume-profit evaluation and make a model according the analysis of cost-volume-profit methodology. This model will let to plan and analyse enterprise‘s cost, activity‘s size and profit‘s relation in effective way. So the object of this work is the profitability of an enterprise, its dependence from enterprises revenue, cost and activity‘s volume. In purpose to realize work‘s aim there are these objectives: to analyse cost-volume-profit evaluation methodology, to structure presumptions for cost-volume-profit evaluation modeling, to do enterprises cost-volume-profit evaluation and to make cost-volume-profit evaluation model. Three main parts makes this work: methodological, analytical, results. In the first part of this work there is an analyses of cost-volume-profit evaluation methodology‘s aspects, there are analysis presumptions, evaluations mean and possibilities. The second part includes presumptions analysis to cost-volume-profit evaluation modeling: here are researched and compared cost-volume-profit evaluation modeling methods and is... [to full text]
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Lunday, Brian Joseph. "Resource Allocation on Networks: Nested Event Tree Optimization, Network Interdiction, and Game Theoretic Methods." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77323.

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This dissertation addresses five fundamental resource allocation problems on networks, all of which have applications to support Homeland Security or industry challenges. In the first application, we model and solve the strategic problem of minimizing the expected loss inflicted by a hostile terrorist organization. An appropriate allocation of certain capability-related, intent-related, vulnerability-related, and consequence-related resources is used to reduce the probabilities of success in the respective attack-related actions, and to ameliorate losses in case of a successful attack. Given the disparate nature of prioritizing capital and material investments by federal, state, local, and private agencies to combat terrorism, our model and accompanying solution procedure represent an innovative, comprehensive, and quantitative approach to coordinate resource allocations from various agencies across the breadth of domains that deal with preventing attacks and mitigating their consequences. Adopting a nested event tree optimization framework, we present a novel formulation for the problem as a specially structured nonconvex factorable program, and develop two branch-and-bound schemes based respectively on utilizing a convex nonlinear relaxation and a linear outer-approximation, both of which are proven to converge to a global optimal solution. We also investigate a fundamental special-case variant for each of these schemes, and design an alternative direct mixed-integer programming model representation for this scenario. Several range reduction, partitioning, and branching strategies are proposed, and extensive computational results are presented to study the efficacy of different compositions of these algorithmic ingredients, including comparisons with the commercial software BARON. The developed set of algorithmic implementation strategies and enhancements are shown to outperform BARON over a set of simulated test instances, where the best proposed methodology produces an average optimality gap of 0.35% (compared to 4.29% for BARON) and reduces the required computational effort by a factor of 33. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted to explore the effect of certain key model parameters, whereupon we demonstrate that the prescribed algorithm can attain significantly tighter optimality gaps with only a near-linear corresponding increase in computational effort. In addition to enabling effective comprehensive resource allocations, this research permits coordinating agencies to conduct quantitative what-if studies on the impact of alternative resourcing priorities. The second application is motivated by the author's experience with the U.S. Army during a tour in Iraq, during which combined operations involving U.S. Army, Iraqi Army, and Iraqi Police forces sought to interdict the transport of selected materials used for the manufacture of specialized types of Improvised Explosive Devices, as well as to interdict the distribution of assembled devices to operatives in the field. In this application, we model and solve the problem of minimizing the maximum flow through a network from a given source node to a terminus node, integrating different forms of superadditive synergy with respect to the effect of resources applied to the arcs in the network. Herein, the superadditive synergy reflects the additional effectiveness of forces conducting combined operations, vis-à-vis unilateral efforts. We examine linear, concave, and general nonconcave superadditive synergistic relationships between resources, and accordingly develop and test effective solution procedures for the underlying nonlinear programs. For the linear case, we formulate an alternative model representation via Fourier-Motzkin elimination that reduces average computational effort by over 40% on a set of randomly generated test instances. This test is followed by extensive analyses of instance parameters to determine their effect on the levels of synergy attained using different specified metrics. For the case of concave synergy relationships, which yields a convex program, we design an inner-linearization procedure that attains solutions on average within 3% of optimality with a reduction in computational effort by a factor of 18 in comparison with the commercial codes SBB and BARON for small- and medium-sized problems; and outperforms these softwares on large-sized problems, where both solvers failed to attain an optimal solution (and often failed to detect a feasible solution) within 1800 CPU seconds. Examining a general nonlinear synergy relationship, we develop solution methods based on outer-linearizations, inner-linearizations, and mixed-integer approximations, and compare these against the commercial software BARON. Considering increased granularities for the outer-linearization and mixed-integer approximations, as well as different implementation variants for both these approaches, we conduct extensive computational experiments to reveal that, whereas both these techniques perform comparably with respect to BARON on small-sized problems, they significantly improve upon the performance for medium- and large-sized problems. Our superlative procedure reduces the computational effort by a factor of 461 for the subset of test problems for which the commercial global optimization software BARON could identify a feasible solution, while also achieving solutions of objective value 0.20% better than BARON. The third application is likewise motivated by the author's military experience in Iraq, both from several instances involving coalition forces attempting to interdict the transport of a kidnapping victim by a sectarian militia as well as, from the opposite perspective, instances involving coalition forces transporting detainees between interment facilities. For this application, we examine the network interdiction problem of minimizing the maximum probability of evasion by an entity traversing a network from a given source to a designated terminus, while incorporating novel forms of superadditive synergy between resources applied to arcs in the network. Our formulations examine either linear or concave (nonlinear) synergy relationships. Conformant with military strategies that frequently involve a combination of overt and covert operations to achieve an operational objective, we also propose an alternative model for sequential overt and covert deployment of subsets of interdiction resources, and conduct theoretical as well as empirical comparative analyses between models for purely overt (with or without synergy) and composite overt-covert strategies to provide insights into absolute and relative threshold criteria for recommended resource utilization. In contrast to existing static models, in a fourth application, we present a novel dynamic network interdiction model that improves realism by accounting for interactions between an interdictor deploying resources on arcs in a digraph and an evader traversing the network from a designated source to a known terminus, wherein the agents may modify strategies in selected subsequent periods according to respective decision and implementation cycles. We further enhance the realism of our model by considering a multi-component objective function, wherein the interdictor seeks to minimize the maximum value of a regret function that consists of the evader's net flow from the source to the terminus; the interdictor's procurement, deployment, and redeployment costs; and penalties incurred by the evader for misperceptions as to the interdicted state of the network. For the resulting minimax model, we use duality to develop a reformulation that facilitates a direct solution procedure using the commercial software BARON, and examine certain related stability and convergence issues. We demonstrate cases for convergence to a stable equilibrium of strategies for problem structures having a unique solution to minimize the maximum evader flow, as well as convergence to a region of bounded oscillation for structures yielding alternative interdictor strategies that minimize the maximum evader flow. We also provide insights into the computational performance of BARON for these two problem structures, yielding useful guidelines for other research involving similar non-convex optimization problems. For the fifth application, we examine the problem of apportioning railcars to car manufacturers and railroads participating in a pooling agreement for shipping automobiles, given a dynamically determined total fleet size. This study is motivated by the existence of such a consortium of automobile manufacturers and railroads, for which the collaborative fleet sizing and efforts to equitably allocate railcars amongst the participants are currently orchestrated by the \textit{TTX Company} in Chicago, Illinois. In our study, we first demonstrate potential inequities in the industry standard resulting either from failing to address disconnected transportation network components separately, or from utilizing the current manufacturer allocation technique that is based on average nodal empty transit time estimates. We next propose and illustrate four alternative schemes to apportion railcars to manufacturers, respectively based on total transit time that accounts for queuing; two marginal cost-induced methods; and a Shapley value approach. We also provide a game-theoretic insight into the existing procedure for apportioning railcars to railroads, and develop an alternative railroad allocation scheme based on capital plus operating costs. Extensive computational results are presented for the ten combinations of current and proposed allocation techniques for automobile manufacturers and railroads, using realistic instances derived from representative data of the current business environment. We conclude with recommendations for adopting an appropriate apportionment methodology for implementation by the industry.
Ph. D.
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Books on the topic "Marginal cost analysis"

1

Slemrod, Joel. Integrating expenditure and tax decisions: The marginal cost of funds and the marginal benefit of projects. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.

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Hirst, Eric. Marginal-cost-of-service analysis: A powerful marketing tool for electric utilities. Oak Ridge, Tenn: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1988.

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Donohue, George L. Star wars: A case study of marginal cost analysis and weapon system technology. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1994.

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Saunders, Caroline M. Resource cost of agricultural intensification and wildlife conservation: A theoretical analysis of the social benefit/cost of agricultural output from marginal areas of land. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Dept of Town and Country Planning, 1987.

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Baer, Herbert L. Opportunity cost and prudentiality: An analysis of futures clearinghouse behavior. Washington, D.C: World Bank, Policy Research Dept., Finance and Private Sector Development Division, 1994.

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Albouy, Yves. Marginal Cost Analysis and Pricing of Water and Electric Power: Methodology Notes (Inter-American Development Bank). Inter-American Development Bank, 1990.

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United States. Energy Information Administration. Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting., ed. Electricity prices in a competitive environment: Marginal cost pricing of generation services and financial status of electric utilities : a preliminary analysis through 2015. Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1997.

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Electricity Prices in a Competitive Environment: Marginal Cost Pricing of Generation Services & Financial Status of Electric Utilities: A Preliminary Analysis Through 2015. Diane Pub., 1997.

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Tudor Edwards, Rhiannon, and Emma McIntosh, eds. Applied Health Economics for Public Health Practice and Research. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737483.001.0001.

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Public health has been described as the organized activities of society to improve and protect the health of the population. Health economics applied to public health is the study of how we allocate our scarce societal resources to meet our public health wants and needs in the best way possible. This book presents current thinking on health economics methodology and application to the evaluation of public health interventions (PHIs). It is for health economists working in higher education and public healthcare systems, challenged with the economic evaluation of PHIs, when they have been used to applying health economics and the methods of economic evaluation to narrower clinical interventions in primary or secondary care settings. This book will also be of interest to public health practitioners wanting to incorporate health economics into their daily work. This book covers the history of economics of public health and the economic rationale for government investment in prevention; principles of health economics including scarcity, choice, and opportunity cost; evidence synthesis; key methods of economic evaluation with accompanying case studies; economic modelling of public health interventions; return on investment analysis with national and international case studies; and application of programme budgeting and marginal analysis (PBMA) to the prioritization of PHIs. It concludes with priorities for research in the field of public health economics, spanning an acknowledgement of the role played by the natural environment in promoting better health, through to precision public health, recognizing the role of genetics, the environment, and socioeconomic status in determining population health.
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Dion, Paul Laurent. A theoretical and econometric analysis of the economic theory of alliances: Nash-Cournot behavior, oligarchic decision making and heterogeneous marginal contribution costs. 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Marginal cost analysis"

1

Blok, Kornelis, and Evert Nieuwlaar. "Potentials and marginal abatement cost curves." In Introduction to Energy Analysis, 249–65. Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003003571-12.

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Berg, Menachem P. "Economics Oriented Maintenance Analysis and the Marginal Cost Approach." In Reliability and Maintenance of Complex Systems, 189–205. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03274-9_12.

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Pérez-Arriaga, I. J., F. J. Rubio, J. F. Puerta, J. Arceluz, and J. Marin. "Marginal Pricing of Transmission Services: An Analysis of Cost Recovery." In Electricity Transmission Pricing and Technology, 59–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1804-7_3.

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Pérez-Arriaga, I. J., F. J. Rubio, J. F. Puerta, J. Arceluz, and J. Marin. "Marginal Pricing of Transmission Services: An Analysis of Cost Recovery." In Electricity Transmission Pricing and Technology, 59–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0710-8_3.

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Fresco Contreras, R. "Analysis and Comparison of Energy Saving Measures Through Marginal Abatement Cost Curves." In Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering, 203–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26459-2_15.

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Jensen, Jonathan A., and Joe Cobbs. "Investigating the Cost-Benefit of Sponsorship: An Analysis of Price, Exposure, and Marginal Returns in Motorsports." In Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 533. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10951-0_192.

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Besson, Raimondo, and Paolo Lupino. "Cost—Benefit Analysis and Some Engineering Considerations in Shore Protection Carried Out in the Lazio Region, Italy." In Coastal Systems and Continental Margins, 301–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0135-9_22.

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Antoniucci, Valentina, Adriano Bisello, and Giuliano Marella. "Urban Density and Household-Electricity Consumption: An Analysis of the Italian Residential Building Stock." In Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions, 129–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57764-3_9.

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AbstractThe influence of urban density on household electricity consumption is still scarcely investigated, despite the growing attention to building energy performance and the electrification of heating systems advocated at the European level. While the positive correlation between urban sprawl developments and the increasing of marginal costs of public infrastructures, services, amenities, public, and private transports are known, there has been little research on the relationship between urban form and electricity consumption in residential building stock. The present work aims to contribute to filling the gap in the existing literature, presenting the early results of ongoing research on the role of urban form in the household electricity consumption in Italy and, consequently, the related energy costs. The building typology and, in general, the structure of urban dwellings, is crucial to forecasting the electricity requirements, taking into account single housing units and their spatial composition in multi-family homes and neighborhoods. After a brief literature review on the topic, the contribution presents empirical research on the electricity consumption at the municipal level in 140 Italian cities, analyzing the diverse consumption patterns under different conditions of urban density to verify whether there exists a significant statistical correlation between them. The analysis confirms that there is a statistically negative correlation between urban density and the log of electricity consumption, even if its incidence is very limited. Further investigation may highlight whether there exists a threshold for which this relationship would be reversed, explaining the higher electricity consumption in dense metropolitan areas.
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Zhang, Qianyou, Yuanling Zhang, and Zunshuai Zhang. "Study on the Variation Trend of Potato Cost-Profit Margin and Its Influencing Factors-Based on the Empirical Analysis of Potato Cost Benefit Data from 1991 to 2014." In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management, 781–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93351-1_62.

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Birchall, Alan. "Marginal cost approach to pricing." In Financial Analysis and Control, 150–61. Elsevier, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-0133-7.50018-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Marginal cost analysis"

1

Abinaya, K., D. Danalakshmi, and S. Kannan. "Cost analysis of reactive power using marginal cost theory in electricity markets." In 2014 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT 2014). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccpct.2014.7055055.

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Yu, C. W. "Security related long-run marginal cost analysis of transmission services." In APSCOM-97. International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management. IEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19971878.

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Li, Zhibin, Wei Wang, Dan Li, Jian Lu, and Chengcheng Xu. "Optimal Frequency Setting on Transit Lines: A Marginal Cost Analysis Approach." In Tenth International Conference of Chinese Transportation Professionals (ICCTP). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41127(382)273.

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Xingjian, Xue, and He QiChao. "Urban Public Transportation Ecological Niche Marginal Distance Base on Passenger Trip Cost Analysis." In 2009 Second International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicta.2009.676.

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Dejie, Huang. "Optimize Design and Analysis Based on the Marginal Utility of the Cost of Supply Inventory." In 2014 6th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ihmsc.2014.19.

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Dejie, Huang. "Optimize Design and Analysis based on the Marginal Utility of the Cost of Supply Inventory." In 1st International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Material Science). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mems.2012.82.

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Liu, Liyang, Jieying Liu, Yuqi Han, Wentao Zhang, and Shengyong Ye. "Marginal Cost and Benefit Analysis for Distribution System Reliability Based on Consumer-Centric Reliability Assessment." In 2021 3rd Asia Energy and Electrical Engineering Symposium (AEEES). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aeees51875.2021.9402985.

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Chao, Chen, Yabin Zhang, Deqing Gan, and Hongjian Lu. "Study on iron mining grade optimization method of open-pit mine based on marginal cost analysis." In 2012 2nd International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cecnet.2012.6202047.

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Agazzani, A., and A. F. Massardo. "A Tool for Thermoeconomic Analysis and Optimization of Gas, Steam and Combined Plants." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-479.

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The aim of this work is to demonstrate the capability of an original “modular” simulator tool for the thermoeconomic analysis of thermal-energy systems. The approach employed is based on the Thermoeconomic Functional Analysis (T.F.A.) which, through definition of the “functional productive diagram“ and the establishment of the capital cost function of each component, allows the marginal costs and the unit product costs, i.e. the “internal economy“, of the functional exergy flows to be obtained in correspondence to the optimum point. The optimum design of the system is obtained utilizing a traditional optimization technique which includes both physical structure of the energy system described in terms of thermodynamic variables and cost model (capital cost of the components, maintenance and amortization factors, unit fuel cost, unit electricity cost, etc.). As an application example to show the practicability of the tool, the thermoeconomic analysis of various complex multi-pressure combined cycles (with or without steam reheating) is carried out. The results are analyzed and discussed in depth.
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Stripling, Travis E., and Jochen Schneider. "Pipeline Project Implementation and Management Risk Analysis." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27051.

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There currently exist documented project implementation risk analysis and management processes that can be applied to pipeline projects [1]. The more macro type methodology of Reference [1] can be combined with the more detailed analysis presented in this paper to achieve better management of project cost and schedule, and presents an opportunity for the pipeline industry to reduce overall project cost and schedule overruns. Given the significant number of very large, prospective pipeline projects in the world today, many with challenging economic viabilities, effective risk analysis and management may very well make the marginal difference if a particular project proceeds or not.
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Reports on the topic "Marginal cost analysis"

1

Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. The (marginal) cost of technology adoption: A cost-effectiveness analysis of Digital Green’s video-mediated agricultural extension approach in Ethiopia. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133250.

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Hamann, Franz, Cesar Anzola, Oscar Avila-Montealegre, Juan Carlos Castro-Fernandez, Anderson Grajales-Olarte, Alexander Guarín, Juan C. Mendez-Vizcaino, Juan J. Ospina-Tejeiro, and Mario A. Ramos-Veloza. Monetary Policy Response to a Migration Shock: An Analysis for a Small Open Economy. Banco de la República de Colombia, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1153.

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We develop a small open economy model with nominal rigidities and fragmented labor markets to study the response of the monetary policy to a migration shock. Migrants are characterized by their productivity levels, their restrictions to accumulate capital, as well as by the flexibility of their labor income. Our results show that the monetary policy response depends on the characteristics of migrants and the local labor market. An inflow of low(high)-productivity workers reduces(increases) marginal costs, lowers(raises) inflation expectations and pushes the Central Bank to reduce(increase) the interest rate. The model is calibrated to the Colombian economy and used to analyze a migratory inflow of financially constraint workers from Venezuela into a sector with flexible and low wages.
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Electricity prices in a competitive environment: Marginal cost pricing of generation services and financial status of electric utilities. A preliminary analysis through 2015. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/526772.

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