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Journal articles on the topic 'Marginal cost analysis'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Kloock, Josef, and Ulf Schiller. "Marginal costing: cost budgeting and cost variance analysis." Management Accounting Research 8, no. 3 (September 1997): 299–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mare.1996.0048.

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2

Judge, REBECCA, and ANTHONY Becker. "MOTIVATING RECYCLING: A MARGINAL COST ANALYSIS." Contemporary Economic Policy 11, no. 3 (July 1993): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1993.tb00390.x.

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3

KUWAHARA, Masao. "A theoretical analysis on dynamic marginal cost." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 709 (2002): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2002.709_127.

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4

Jiang, Hong-Dian, Kang-Yin Dong, and Qiao-Mei Liang. "Research on marginal abatement cost: A bibliometric analysis." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 4073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.829.

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5

Zamparelli, Luca. "Average cost and marginal cost pricing in Marshall: Textual analysis and interpretation." European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 16, no. 4 (September 25, 2009): 665–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672560903201276.

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6

Liu, G., and Z. Zhao. "PPR6: COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS: A SIMULTANEOUS MARGINAL-EFFECT APPROACH." Value in Health 2, no. 3 (May 1999): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(11)71067-1.

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7

Liu, Gordon, and Zhongyun Zhao. "Stochastic Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: A Simultaneous Marginal-Effect Approach." Value in Health 2, no. 6 (November 1999): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4733.1999.26004.x.

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8

Thomson, Thomas A., Donald T. Lester, and Jeanne A. Martin. "Marginal analysis and cost effectiveness in seed orchard management." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-085.

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We use marginal analysis for three seed orchard management decisions. First we consider the roguing of a seed orchard established with many untested trees. We show that inferior parents should be rogued to the point where the number of orchard trees times the average expected volume gain of trees from seed produced by that orchard is maximized. Marginal analysis also is useful where one must choose the number of trees to establish in an orchard planted after progeny tests have identified superior parents. The cost of establishing many ramets to meet early seed production goals can be balanced with the projected value of seed. For the example presented, an additional orchard tree is cost effective if its seed is needed at an orchard age of 12 to 15 years. Finally, we use marginal analysis to determine whether to induce a seed orchard to increase its seed production when there is an excess demand for seed. This decision is guided by balancing the cost of the induction treatment with the combined effect of expected increase in seed harvest, the amount of genetic gain, and the discount rate. We present a four-quadrant decision diagram for estimating this balance. In designing tree improvement programs, these analytical techniques can be applied to proposed alternatives as one way to structure decision making and to provide comparable economic assessments from which cost-effective choices can be made.

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9

Csenki, Attila. "Marginal Cost Analysis of Some Basic Ordering Policies for a Spare Unit and Extensions." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 05, no. 03 (September 1998): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539398000261.

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The marginal cost approach has proved a useful economics-based alternative to the well known classical analysis of replacement models. In this paper, the marginal cost analysis' workings are explored for some basic ordering models for systems with a single spare unit. As with replacement models, the fundamental quantity of interest is the marginal cost function. While the basic pattern of analysis broadly corresponds to that for replacement models, the usual micro-type reasoning inherent in marginal cost analysis now has to be supplemented by some look-ahead considerations and a more detailed analysis. Moreover, the optimality equation derived here for ordering models is an extension of that for replacement models. Two kinds of objective functions are considered here: the long term expected cost rate function and the expected total discounted cost function. Several ordering policies are reviewed by way of the marginal cost approach, which, it is argued, is a viable and from the decision maker's perspective attractive tool of analysis also in the ordering context.

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10

Fan, Li Wei, and Xun Zhou. "Estimating the Marginal Abatement Cost of Carbon Emissions: A Non-Radial Efficiency Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 2473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2473.

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This paper employed a non-radial efficiency analysis technique, namely slacks-based measure, to calculate the marginal abatement cost of carbon emissions. The study was concerning ten manufacturing sectors that have been included in Shanghai’s pilot emission trading scheme. The empirical result shows the overall weighted average marginal abatement cost is 839.3 Yuan/ton. It also indicates that the marginal abatement cost has a negative relationship with carbon emissions. Additionally, the marginal abatement costs vary across the sample sectors. Policy implications are presented based on above results.

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11

Gao, Ge, Xinmin Liu, Huijun Sun, Jianjun Wu, Haiqing Liu, Wei (Walker) Wang, Zhen Wang, Tao Wang, and Haoming Du. "Marginal Cost Pricing Analysis on Tradable Credits in Traffic Engineering." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (January 13, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8461395.

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This paper tries to explore a more applicable tradable credit scheme for managing network mobility from the angle of marginal cost pricing. The classic mathematical model-Cobweb model is used to analyze the stability of credit price. It is found that credit price is not always convergent in the trading market. It will show convergence, divergence, two-period simple behaviors, and even more complex dynamic behaviors, such as cycle movements and chaos. Considering the applicability and public goods character of tradable credits scheme, one public pricing mechanism- marginal cost pricing is explored. Analytical investigations and the numerical simulation of a particular case with linear demand and supply indicate that marginal cost pricing is an effective, sustainable, and socially feasible manner in managing the demand for car travel.

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12

Bachtiar, Afifi. "PERENCANAAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI DENGAN PENDEKATAN BIAYA MARJINAL PADA PABRIK TAHU â€œSBRâ€ BENGKULU." Creative Research Management Journal 1, no. 1 (July 2, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32663/crmj.v1i1.621.

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Production capacity planning with a marginal cost approach and marginal sales proceeds to get the maximum profit at Bengkulu's "SBR" factory. This study aims to find out what the marginal production capacity planning will be produced with the marginal cost approach at Bengkulu's "SBR" plant. This research method is to establish a direct relationship with the tuhu factory "SBR" Bengkulu. The method of analysis is qualitative and quantitative analysis. The variables analyzed in this study are capacity planning and marginal cost. The calculation results are known that the factory knows "SBR" produces marginal production of 120 packs, with the minimum marginal cost of Rp 156.25 occurring in the third quarter of 2012. When compared with production knew that in the fourth quarter of 2012, the factory knew that Bengkulu's "SBR" had a marginal production of 80 packs with a marginal cost of Rp. 2000, so it would be more profitable when marginal production was 120 packs. These results can be concluded that production capacity planning with a marginal cost approach will benefit the factory knowing "SBR" Bengkulu.

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13

Finkelstein, Amy, and Nathaniel Hendren. "Welfare Analysis Meets Causal Inference." Journal of Economic Perspectives 34, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 146–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.4.146.

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We describe a frame work for empirical welfare analysis that uses the causal estimates of a policy’s impact on net government spending. This framework provides guidance for which causal effects are (and are not) needed for empirical welfare analysis of public policies. The key ingredient is the construction of each policy’s marginal value of public funds (MVPF). The MVPF is the ratio of beneficiaries’ willingness to pay for the policy to the net cost to the government. We discuss how the MVPF relates to “traditional” welfare analysis tools such as the marginal excess burden and marginal cost of public funds. We show how the MVPF can be used in practice by applying it to several canonical empirical applications from public finance, labor, development, trade, and industrial organization.

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14

UCHIYAMA, Yohji, and Keita HAGIWARA. "Analysis of Environmental Load and Marginal Cost for Cogeneration System." Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 84, no. 9 (2005): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.84.760.

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15

Dowd, P. W., M. Dowd, and K. Jabbour. "Static interconnection network extensibility based on marginal performance/cost analysis." IEE Proceedings E Computers and Digital Techniques 136, no. 1 (1989): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-e.1989.0002.

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16

Perez-Arriaga, I. J., F. J. Rubio, J. F. Puerta, J. Arceluz, and J. Marin. "Marginal pricing of transmission services: an analysis of cost recovery." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 10, no. 1 (1995): 546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.373981.

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17

Dietz, Simon, and Cameron Hepburn. "Benefit–cost analysis of non-marginal climate and energy projects." Energy Economics 40 (November 2013): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.05.023.

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18

Yang, Dong, Hai Tao Huang, Tian Xin Jin, and Xiao Guang Xu. "Comparative Analysis of Several Transmission Pricing Methods." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.418.

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This paper analyses several common transmission pricing methods of marginal cost and embedded cost deeply. It analyses pricing models of several transmission pricing methods, long-run marginal cost (LRMC) method, MW-Mile method, sensitivity method, flow tracing method, contract path method and stamp method. It also gives a comprehensive comparison of characteristics and limitations of these pricing methods, discusses their applicable conditions in aspects of fairness, economic, financial balance, transparency, operability and others, and makes a quantitative research of comparison based on a case, and verifies the results.

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19

Аверина and Tatyana Averina. "Production and Sales’ Volume Planning Based on Marginal Data Analysis." Economics 3, no. 1 (February 16, 2015): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7813.

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Logical and convenient methods of economic theory often remain unclaimed in the area of management accounting and analysis. For example an obstacle to the use of marginal revenue and marginal cost comparison method may be difficulties associated with the assembly of these indicators’ equations. This paper contains an example of using regression analysis for separation the cost related to constant and variable components, for assembly of marginal data equations in order to determine the optimum volume of output.

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20

Souza Araujo, Antônio. "Marginal Cost & its Variation in Different Economy Scales." Number-2, February 2019 2, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35935/tax/22.3429.

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In economics, marginal cost is the change in the total cost that arises when the quantity produced is incremented by one unit; that is, it is the cost of producing one more unit of a good. Intuitively, marginal cost at each level of production includes the cost of any additional inputs required to produce the next unit. At each level of production and time period being considered, marginal costs include all costs that vary with the level of production, whereas other costs that do not vary with production are fixed and thus have no marginal cost. For example, the marginal cost of producing an automobile will generally include the costs of labor and parts needed for the additional automobile and not the fixed costs of the factory that have already been incurred. In practice, marginal analysis is segregated into short and long-run cases, so that, over the long run, all costs (including fixed costs) become marginal.

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21

Lestari, Dini Maulana. "Immaterial Cost and Production: Maximum Production Cost Level Through Marginal Approach." El-Jizya : Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 8, no. 2 (November 27, 2020): 128–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/ej.v8i2.4241.

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This paper will discuss about the immaterial costs and production yields at one of the refined sugar factory companies in Makassar, South Sulawesi. The theory is based on the fact that Immaterial is a cost that is almsgiving, meaning costs that are outside of the basic costs of the company in producing production, so this research aims to find out: (1) what is the production cost needed to produce this production, (2) the maximum level of production at company from 2013 to 2017. This type of research is a quantitative study because it uses a questionnaire in the form of values that are processed using the marginal cost approach formula. The results of the analysis show that (1) the maximum level of production costs occurred in 2016 amounting to 6,912 with an Immaterial cost of Rp. 2,481,796,800 and the total production produced is 359,077.3 tons (2) The required workforce with the total production produced is 359,077.3 tones of 180 people including the maximum production point which means that the lowest value is achieved (optimal).

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22

IRYO, Takamasa, and Yasuo ASAKURA. "ANALYSIS ON MARGINAL COST OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION CONSIDERING DEPARTURE TIME CHOICE." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu D 62, no. 1 (2006): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejd.62.96.

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23

Kesicki, Fabian. "Marginal Abatement Cost Curves: Combining Energy System Modelling and Decomposition Analysis." Environmental Modeling & Assessment 18, no. 1 (June 10, 2012): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10666-012-9330-6.

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24

Yang, Xi, Fei Teng, Xiaoqian Xi, Egor Khayrullin, and Qi Zhang. "Cost–benefit analysis of China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions based on carbon marginal cost curves." Applied Energy 227 (October 2018): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.016.

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25

Kudryashova, Yu N., T. G. Lazareva, T. N. Makushina, and Yu V. Chernova. "The organization of management accounting as a mechanism to improve the efficiency of agricultural enterprises." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700028.

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The article discusses a comparative analysis of full cost systems, “direct cost” and “standard cost”. A comparative characteristic and features of using the accrual method and the cash basis method in management accounting are given. A practical example illustrates the advantages of using the cash method and the accrual method in calculating marginal income. The necessity of reflecting the marginal profit on a separate account 92 “Marginal profit (loss)” is substantiated and, in accordance with this, correspondence of accounts on the formation of marginal income using various methods is proposed. A new methodology for calculating CVP analysis indicators is proposed.

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26

Rahman, KMM, MIA Mia, and MKJ Bhuiyan. "A Stochastic Frontier Approach to Model Technical Efficiency of Rice Farmers in Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis." Agriculturists 10, no. 2 (December 25, 2012): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i2.13132.

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A study was conducted in the year 2008-2009 to estimate the farm-size-specific productivity and technical efficiency of all rice crops. Farm-size- specific technical efficiency scores were estimated using stochastic production frontiers. There were wide of variations of productivity among farms, where large farms exhibited the highest productivity. Gross return was the highest for small farms and net return was the highest for marginal farms. The lowest net return or the highest cost of production was accrued from both the highest wage rate and highest amount of labour used in medium farms. The marginal farms experienced the highest benefit-cost ratio (BCR) followed by small and medium farms. Average technical efficiency for large, medium, small, marginal and all farms were respectively 0.88, 0.92, 0.94, 0.75 and 0.88. There were significant technical inefficiency effects in the production of rice for marginal farms only. In this case, production cannot be increased by increasing efficiency with the existing technology except in marginal farms. The application of efficient management system would be able to increase production in the marginal farms. For other farms, increased managerial capacity is not enough for increased production, rather new investment and advanced technology are needed to increase production in these farms. On an average, farmers could increase 12 percent output with existing inputs and production technology. Fertiliser, manure, irrigation cost, insecticide cost, area under production and experience were important factors to increase production. In the technical inefficiency effect, age, education and family size had positive impact on efficiency effect, whereas land under household had negative impact on efficiency effect. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i2.13132 The Agriculturists 2012; 10(2) 9-19

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27

Corso, Phaedra, Nathaniel Taylor, Jordan Bennett, Shannon Self-Brown, and Daniel Whitaker. "Marginal Cost Analysis of Two Train-the-Trainer Models for Implementing SafeCare." Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 15, no. 5 (August 28, 2014): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2014.4.21422.

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28

Csenki, A. "Marginal cost analysis of single-item maintenance policies with several decision variables." IMA Journal of Management Mathematics 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imaman/15.2.139.

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29

Sherali, Hanif D. "An Insightful Marginal Cost Analysis for an Electric Utility Capacity Planning Problem." IIE Transactions 17, no. 4 (December 1985): 378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07408178508975318.

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30

Berg, Menachem P. "The marginal cost analysis and its application to repair and replacement policies." European Journal of Operational Research 82, no. 2 (April 1995): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(94)00259-f.

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31

Paudel, Mina Raj. "An Analysis of Social Cost in School Level Education of Nepal." JMC Research Journal 7, no. 1 (December 2, 2018): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcrj.v7i1.34358.

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Social costs in education plays decisive role for education development and economic growth of a nation. In this context, this article tries to analyze the size, trend and growth rate of social cost in the education sector of Nepal by disaggregating it into total social cost, recurrent social cost, capital social cost, unit cost and marginal cost in community based school education of Nepal. The study is based on the secondary data obtained from official documents of Nepal’s Government such as flash report, budget speech, red book and so on. The time series data from 2011 AD to 2015 AD were collected for the analysis by using convenience non-random sampling method. The overall finding of the study shows that the share of the annual average social cost in education is 15.84 percent of the total cost of the government of Nepal. In other words, the government has allocated annual average Rs 68930697.6 thousands as social cost in educational sector during the study years. The average annual growth rate of this cost is 5.15 percent. The study also indicates that annual average total social cost is Rs 68930697.6 thousands, recurrent social cost is Rs 5,71,63,418.79 thousands and capital social cost is Rs 1,17,67,278.81 thousands in Nepal. Similarly, annual average total social cost is estimated to be Rs 3,33,35,928.80 thousands. The total social unit cost per teacher and total social unit cost per student are Rs 196.39 thousands and 5.51 thousands respectively. The annual average marginal social cost per teacher and marginal social cost per student are Rs 1308.08 thousands and -202.96 thousands respectively. The negative sign indicates that student enrolment has decreased over the study period. The findings of the study conclude that there is no any predictable relationship among student enrolment, teaching and non-teaching staffs and social cost of education in case of Nepal. However, UNESCO (1999) had analyzed public investment on education of 16 countries and it found that their average investment on education was 19.2 percent of GDP. Therefore, Nepal government should increase in educational investment from its current status of 15.80 percent to at least more than it in the coming years to develop educational sector of Nepal.

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32

Kauffman, Gerald J. "Benefit-cost analysis of water quality policy and criteria in the Delaware River." Water Policy 22, no. 3 (May 13, 2020): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.017.

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Abstract This research conducts a benefit-cost analysis of water policies to reach an optimal level of dissolved oxygen (DO) to meet year-round fishable water quality criteria in the Delaware River. A watershed pollutant load model is utilized to estimate marginal cost curves of water quality improvements to meet a more protective year-round fishable standard and annual benefits are defined to achieve future DO criteria in the Delaware River. The most cost-effective DO standard is 4.5 mg/L defined by the point where the marginal benefits of willingness to pay (WTP) for improved water quality equals the marginal costs of pollution reduction. This optimal criteria (4.5 mg/L) can be achieved at a cost of $150 million with benefits ranging from $250 to $700 million/year. While a future DO standard of 4.5 mg/L reflects an economically efficient level of water quality, this DO criteria is less protective than the level of 5–6 mg/L needed to protect anadromous fish such as the Atlantic sturgeon. The policy to reach a DO level of 6 mg/L (at 80% DO saturation) may be difficult to achieve at summer water temperatures that approach 30 °C in the Delaware River at Philadelphia.

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33

Touitou, Mohammed, Yacine Laib, and Ahmed Boudeghdegh. "Management of water resources sector to face climatic shocks in Algieria: A dynamic CGE model analysis." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/environ-2020-0006.

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AbstractClimate change is a major global issue, which is becoming increasingly important on the international scene. As it has a direct impact on ecosystems and societies. Water is at the heart of these changes. The aim of this article was to capture all the microeconomic and macroeconomic effects of resource availability, and to propose a sequential dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model that takes into account long-term changes in the availability of the primary resource (water supply) with regard to population growth (demand). The results show that the very negative effects on the economy of water shortages could be counteracted by the introduction of a marginal cost demand management policy. This makes it possible to better manage the scarcity of this resource. In fact, the model shows that when Algeria is facing water deficits, the marginal cost tariff policy reverses the trends of an economy that would maintain a tariff policy at average cost. Total investment increases, and total welfare deteriorates less. The drop in the price of water (input and final good), generated by the transition from an average cost pricing to a marginal cost pricing, generates an expansion of many sectors, and stimulates economic activity which reduces the rate of unemployment.

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34

Sarkar, MAR, MHA Rashid, and MR Sarker. "Contract Farming in Tomato Seed Production in Rangpur District of Bangladesh: A Financial Analysis." Progressive Agriculture 22, no. 1-2 (September 26, 2013): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v22i1-2.16478.

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The present study attempted to determine the contract growers costs and returns of the open pollinated tomato seed production and resource use efficiency under different categories of farmers in some selected areas of greater Rangpur district. In total 60 open pollinated tomato seed contract growers were purposively selected in consultation with BADC personnel at the categories of marginal, small and medium farmers. Total cost, gross margin, gross return, net return and benefit cost ratio (undiscounted) were estimated for financial analysis. The results revealed that per hectare total cost, gross return and net return of open pollinated tomato seed production were estimated at Tk 220313, 384000 and 163687, respectively. Benefit cost ratios came out to be 1.64, 1.74 and 1.83 for marginal, small and medium farmers, respectively which was found a bit higher for the medium open pollinated tomato seed contract growers. The Cobb-Douglas production function model was used to estimate the values of coefficient and related statistics of production function. The coefficient of human labour cost, cost of using seed, organic manure cost, fertilizer cost and irrigation charges were statistically significant. Returns to scale was found to be 1.19 and that of the value of R2 was 0.79. The marginal productivity analysis indicated that the contract growers in the study areas have failed to show their efficiency in using the resources. It was evident that timely and efficient uses of different inputs are most important to increase production and profitability of the open pollinated tomato seed contract growers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v22i1-2.16478 Progress. Agric. 22(1 & 2): 169-179, 2011

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35

Chong, Se-Kyung, and James A. Beck Jr. "The effect of land classification and stratification on derivation of timber supply and allowable cut in harvest scheduling." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 1334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-188.

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The effects of boundary designations of timber management units on the allowable cuts were examined, and a new approach to derive marginal-cost curves for timber supply was developed. The maximum even-flow allowable cut from the whole forest as a unit was 1.33–2.13% larger than the sum of the five maximum even-flow allowable cuts from the five working circles. Maximum even-flow allowable cuts found with linear programming using stand aggregation were 1.31–2.10% larger than allowable cuts using area aggregation. Maximum per period cost constraints were found, on average, to increase predicted differences from unconstrained stand-based versus area-based analysis. Use of the maximum cost constraints led to the ability to develop curves for the marginal cost of allowable cut for both stand-based and area-based analyses. By incrementally examining increases in the allowable cuts generated on the independent management units at different cost constraints, a curve for the average marginal cost of allowable cut was derived. Careful use of this curve will allow woodland managers to select the least costly method of analysis for any particular desired allowable cut. As well, the selected curve can aid managers in determining the marginal cost of timber supply at any production level and to set upper limits on external wood purchase prices. While biological data were easier to derive for stand-based aggregation, area-based aggregation led to smaller linear programming models, which were thus cheaper to solve, and it was much easier to develop location-dependent economic data for these type models than for stand-based models.

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36

Chuck, Anderson, Philip Jacobs, J. Wayne Logus, Donald St Hilaire, Chester Chmielowiec, and Alexander J. B. McEwan. "Marginal cost of operating a positron emission tomography center in a regulatory environment." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 21, no. 4 (October 2005): 442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462305050610.

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Objectives: Cost studies of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging are important for resource and operational planning; the most relevant cost analysis in this regard is the marginal cost. Operating within a regulatory environment can add considerably to the costs of providing PET services. Previously published research has not examined the marginal cost structure of PET nor have they described the implications of regulatory compliance to operational costs. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive cost estimation of PET imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) to better identify the fixed and variable cost components, the marginal cost structure, and the added costs of satisfying regulatory requirements.Methods: Financial data on capital and operating expenses were collected for the PET center at the Cross Cancer Institute in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.Results: The total per-service cost for clinical operations ranged between $7,869 (400 annual scans) and $1,231 (3,200 annual scans). The marginal cost for the center remained steady as volume increased up to the throughput capacity.Conclusions: Results indicate that economies from increased volumes did not arise. Regulatory requirements added significant costs to operating an 18F-FDG-PET center.

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37

Graves, Philip E. "Benefit-Cost Analysis of Environmental Projects: A Plethora of Biases Understating Net Benefits." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 3, no. 3 (August 23, 2012): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/2152-2812.1041.

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There are many reasons to suspect that benefit-cost analysis applied to environmental policies will result in policy decisions that will reject those environmental policies. The important question, of course, is whether those rejections are based on proper science. The present paper explores sources of bias in the methods used to evaluate environmental policy in the United States, although most of the arguments translate immediately to decision-making in other countries. There are some “big picture” considerations that have gone unrecognized, and there are numerous more minor, yet cumulatively important, technical details that point to potentially large biases against acceptance on benefit-cost grounds of environmental policies that have true marginal benefits greater than true marginal costs, both in net present value terms. It is hoped that the issues raised here will improve future conduct of benefit-cost analyses of environmental policies.

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Kyo, Koki, and Hideo Noda. "Marginal Model Synthesization Algorithm for Data Envelopment Analysis and its Application." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 19, no. 6 (November 20, 2015): 880–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2015.p0880.

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In this paper, we propose a new approach for determining the unknown quantities in Banker–Charnes–Cooper models for data envelopment analysis by developing the marginal model synthesization algorithm. In this algorithm, several marginal fractional programming models are first constructed based on a simple numeric optimization. Then, a set of synthetic Banker–Charnes–Cooper models is obtained by compounding the marginal fractional programming models. A comparison of the proposed and existing approaches in terms of computational cost and stability of results shows that the former approach has distinct advantages. We also present an application of the proposed approach for analyzing the efficiency of industries in Japanese prefectures.

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Chung, Yongjoo, Hugon Kim, Chunhyun Paik, and Young Jin Kim. "Marginal Abatement Cost Analysis for the Korean Residential Sector Using Bottom-Up Modeling." Journal of Energy Engineering 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2015.24.1.058.

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Xiong, Weiming, Yuanzhe Yang, Yu Wang, and Xiliang Zhang. "Marginal abatement cost curve for wind power in China: a provincial-level analysis." Energy Science & Engineering 4, no. 4 (July 2016): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ese3.126.

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Rubio-Oderiz, F. J., and I. J. Perez-Arriaga. "Marginal pricing of transmission services: a comparative analysis of network cost allocation methods." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 15, no. 1 (2000): 448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.852158.

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Tomaschek, Jan. "Marginal abatement cost curves for policy recommendation – A method for energy system analysis." Energy Policy 85 (October 2015): 376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.05.021.

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Khajuria, Rajendra Prasad, Susanna Laaksonen-Craig, and Shashi Kant. "A marginal cost analysis of trade-offs in old-growth preservation in Ontario." Forest Policy and Economics 10, no. 5 (April 2008): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2007.12.002.

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Chegut, Andrea, Piet Eichholtz, and Nils Kok. "The price of innovation: An analysis of the marginal cost of green buildings." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 98 (November 2019): 102248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.07.003.

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Li, Xiangfei, Qin Qin, and Yang Gao. "Optimal Implementation Strategy of Carbon Emission Reduction Policy Instruments in Consideration of Cost Efficiency." Journal of Systems Science and Information 5, no. 2 (June 8, 2017): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2017-111-17.

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Abstract In this paper, regulatory and optimum programming model has been adopted. Considering the costs of emission reduction, supervision and penalty, we went all out to analyze the optimal decision of cost efficiency of regulators when implementing these three policy instruments: carbon emission standards, carbon emission trading permissions, and carbon taxes as well. Its result has indicated: In strict accordance with control target of total carbon emissions, regulators are willing to render social and economic cost able to achieve the goal of optimal cost efficiency by regulating carbon emission standards and supervising marginal cost caused by variations in the probability; fortunately, under the conditions of low supervisory cost and certain criteria which is met, the implementation of carbon emission trading permissions could provide social and economic cost with opportunities to realize that objective; through comparative analysis, carbon emission trading permissions have the advantages of higher efficiency than carbon emission standards on the premise of incomplete information. During the implementation of carbon taxes strategy, when there exists uncertainty information in the enterprises reduction behaviors, the condition which enterprises can fully comply with is the tax rate level is not higher than marginal penalty function; the tax rate level of enterprises perfect compliance ought not to be lower than the division of marginal penalty cost and marginal supervisory cost. The optimal strategy of enterprises imperfect compliance is that regulators varying the marginal cost of emission standards is equal to varying that of supervisory probability.

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Grøntoft, Terje. "Estimation of Damage Cost to Building Façades per kilo Emission of Air Pollution in Norway." Atmosphere 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070686.

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This work reports marginal damage costs to façades due to air pollution exposure estimated “bottom up,” for Norway and Oslo (Norway) by the use of exposure response functions (ERFs) and impact pathway analysis from the emission to the deteriorating impact. The aim of the work was to supply cost estimates that could be compared with reported damage costs to health, agriculture, and ecosystems, and that could be used in cost-benefit analysis by environmental authorities. The marginal damage costs for cleaning, repair, and in total (cleaning + repair) were found to be, in Norway: eight, two, and 10, respectively, and for a traffic situation in Oslo: 50 (77), 50 (28), and 100 (105), (×/÷ 2.5) Euro/kg emission of PM10, SO2, and NO2 in total. For Oslo, the values represent a recorded façade materials inventory for 17–18th century buildings, and in the brackets the same façade inventory as for Norway. In total, 5–10% of the marginal damage cost was found to be due to NO2. The total marginal cost was found to be shared about equally between the impact of PM10 and SO2 in Norway (50 and 42% of the impact) and for the 17–18th century buildings in Oslo (45% and 49% of the impact), but for a similar façade materials inventory in Oslo as Norway, the total marginal cost due to PM10 was about two-thirds and that due to SO2 about one-third of the total, with about 5% of the cost still being due to NO2. The division of the costs between the separate pollutant influences on the cleaning and repair was, however, found to be significantly different in Norway and Oslo. In Norway, about 60% of the marginal cleaning cost was found to be due to PM10, 30% due to SO2, and 10% due to NO2. In Oslo, about 85% of the marginal cleaning costs were found to be due to PM10, 10% due to SO2, and 5% due to NO2. For the marginal repair cost, the opposite situation was found, in both Norway and Oslo, with 80–90% of the cost being due to SO2, 5–10% being due to PM10, and 5–10% due to NO2. As other factors than air pollution deteriorates façades and influences maintenance decisions, the expenses that can be attributed to the air pollution could be significantly lower.

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Liu, Jiang, Wei Li, and Li Huang. "Customer Value Assessment towards Transport Modes of Tourism after a Natural Disaster of Scenic Spots - The Analysis Based on Choice Experiment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 2154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.2154.

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This study explores marginal utility of different attributes of means of transportation after a natural disaster in scenic spots and the corresponding marginal value using an analysis method of choice experiment based on marketing strategies of traffic cost. Different from prior studies, this study will first divide traffic cost attributes into three categories, including money cost, time cost, and perceived benefits. Then, to design experiments based on different cost attributes and attribute levels to combine different means of transportation, namely marketing strategies. And this study obtains scores of customers’ willingness to travel for marketing strategies by questionnaires; questionnaire asking way through and transform by questionnaire survey to combine to be two different experimental selection sets. The authors employ choice experiment to establish econometric model to regress. The paper draws the following important conclusions. Firstly, time cost and monetary cost only will affect people's choices of means of transportation. The marginal probability of time cost and monetary cost is 4.9 percent and 0.03 percent. Simultaneously, we estimate that the monetary value of the cost per unit time is 163 yuan. Secondly, for the perceived benefits variable, although the regression coefficient is not significant, We can’t come to a conclusion that whether there is new attractions does not affect customers’ choice. Meanwhile, this study shows the nature of various new attractions may affect customers’ choice for means of transportation. Finally, in addition, for other family variables, including respondent gender, age, education and monthly living expenses, their regression coefficients are not significant. The conclusion is prompted to develop the marketing strategy that discriminatory pricing policy might not effectively improve marketing benefits.

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Cazarim, Maurilio de Souza, João Paulo Vilela Rodrigues, Priscila Santos Calcini, Thomas Einarson, and Leonardo Régis Leira Pereira. "Cost-benefit analysis of pharmacist interventions over 36 months in a university hospital." Revista de Saúde Pública 54 (November 18, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001895.

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OBJECTIVE: To perform a cost-benefits analysis of a clinical pharmacy (CP) service implemented in a Neurology ward of a tertiary teaching hospital. METHODS: This is a cost-benefit analysis of a single arm, prospective cohort study performed at the adult Neurology Unit over 36 months, which has evaluated the results of a CP service from a hospital and Public Health System (PHS) perspective. The interventions were classified into 14 categories and the costs identified as direct medical costs. The results were analyzed by the total and marginal cost, the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and the net benefit (NB). RESULTS: The total 334 patients were followed-up and the highest occurrence in 506 interventions was drug introduction (29.0%). The marginal cost for the hospital and avoided cost for PHS was US$182±32 and US$25,536±4,923 per year; and US$0.55 and US$76.4 per patient/year. The BCR and NB were 0.0, -US$26,105 (95%CI -31,850 – -10,610), -US$27,112 (95%CI -33,160–11,720) for the hospital and; 3.0 (95%CI 1.97–4.94), US$51,048 (95%CI 27,645–75,716) and, 4.6 (95%CI 2.24–10.05), US$91,496 (95%CI 34,700–168,050; p < 0.001) for the PHS, both considering adhered and total interventions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The CP service was not directly cost-benefit at the hospital perspective, but it presented savings for forecast cost related to the occurrence of preventable morbidities, measuring a good cost-benefit for the PHS.

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Refaat, Tamer, Mehee Choi, Germaine Gaber, William Small, and Krystyna D. Kiel. "Cost-effectiveness analysis using a Markov model assessing the addition of bevacizumab to paclitaxel in HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.1069.

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1069 Background: Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains an incurable disease despite advances in treatment modalities. In 2008, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 2100 trial (E2100) results led to FDA approval for bevacizumab with paclitaxel in the initial treatment of HER2-negative MBC. The addition of bevacizumab to paclitaxel led to a gain of around 2.5 months of progression-free survival (PFS), no significant benefit on overall survival (OS), and increased toxicity. In November 2011, the FDA officially revoked approval of bevacizumab for HER2-negative MBC. However, both the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) and NCCN still endorse bevacizumab for this indication. One of the greatest challenges facing healthcare worldwide is reconciling incremental clinical benefits with exponentially rising costs. This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of bevacizumab with paclitaxel for HER2-negative MBC. Methods: A Markov decision tree using Data 3.5 (TreeAge Software, Inc.) was created to do decision and cost-effectiveness analyses of using bevacizumab in combination with paclitaxel versus paclitaxel alone as first-line chemotherapy in HER2-negative MBC using efficacy and toxicity data from the E2100 study. Costs were obtained from the Center for Medicare Services Drug Payment Table and Physician Fee Schedule. The model was designed from the patient and payer perspectives and sensitivity analyses were run. Results: The marginal cost between paclitaxel alone versus bevacizumab and paclitaxel was 86K with a marginal efficacy of 0.369 quality-adjusted life-years and marginal cost effectiveness of 232,720.72 USD. The expected outcome value was 1.86 for bevacizumab and paclitaxel and 1.67 for paclitaxel alone. However, the combination was not cost effective and only a marginal survival advantage that was not significant was observed. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that, despite a significant PFS advantage, the addition of bevacizumab to paclitaxel is not cost-effective for patients with HER2-negative MBC. Such data could be informative to policymakers who consider the health economics and incremental cost-effectiveness of medical therapies.

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Chen, Home-Ming, and Shang-Lien Lo. "Economic analyses for optimizing the construction of separate sewer in a hybrid sewer system." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 11 (December 1, 2010): 2536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.527.

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Metropolitan Taipei located in north Taiwan uses a hybrid sewer system consisting of mostly separate sewer for the populated regions, and partly combined sewer for less populated regions. This study used the concept that Marginal Cost of Control (MCC) equals to Marginal Benefits of Control (MBC) to establish the method for studying the optimal household connection percentage, and the most cost-effective construction of the separate sewer in the hybrid sewer system. Results indicate the improvement of the receiving water quality in a cost-effective analysis manner. The most cost-effective sanitary sewer construction can be reached when the stream Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) meets the river quality standard, which can be applied in other cities and existing systems.

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