Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mariage – Statistiques'
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Khlat, Myriam. "Les mariages consanguins à Beyrouth : structure et conséquences biologiques." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10055.
Full textDelmeire, Yohan. "Les spécificités régionales des comportements d'union à la fin du XXème siècle." Bordeaux 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR40022.
Full textDuring the XXth century, union's behaviours were considerably changed. Mariage, founder element of couple life during the first half of the century, happens frequently later in unions at the end of the XXth century, and first unions are more and more often broken. Second unions become more frequent. Regional analysis of the union behaviours evolution at the end of the XXth century shows a clear dichotomy between the north(northeast), where first unions are relatively more frequent and more precocious, and the south, were, at the opposite, first unions happen less frequently and later. Regional statistical correlations between phenomena linked to the first union and fertility are, in spite of the fall of intensity of primonuptiality in the generations, are stable and strong. If fertility is always linked to primonuptiality in the generations of the middle of the WWth century, it's more and more linked to the fact to live a first union (with or without marriage). So, a broad part of regional fertility variations are explain by regional union behaviours's variations
Allegrezza-Carvoyeur, Laure-Suzanne. "A. P. I. Et dynamique des comportements individuels : activité, conjugalité et parentalité." Nancy 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN20009.
Full textPhạm, Thúy Hương. "Transition de la nuptialité au Viêt-Nam : le cas du delta du fleuve Rouge." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05H061.
Full textIn Asia, the nuptiality transition began in the 1970s, with marriage patterns moving from the traditional patterns to the "modem" ones, characterized by a drop in the age at first marriage, a growth of never-married people, an increase of conjugal instability, and a move towards love marriage, away from arranged marriages. Vietnam, like some of its Asian neighbors, has a relatively low level of economic development, a strong sense of preservation of traditional culture, but Vietnam is also unique in some ways. How does marriage transition take place in such a context, then? We try to find answers to that question, using data from the red river delta population. Different aspects of nuptiality have been examined: couple formation ; timing and prevalence of first marriage ; premarital sexual relations and splitting of unions, particularly divorce. The results of this research have revealed a transition pattern containing four types of behavior development: breaking off, going on, innovation and return to traditional marriage
Hamez, Grégory. "Du transfrontalier au transnational : approche géographique : l'exemple de la frontière franco-belge." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010552.
Full textCloutier, Myrianne. "Religiosité, adaptation et satisfaction conjugale." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq26178.pdf.
Full textDugenne, Mathilde. "Dynamique du phytoplancton en mer Méditerranée : approches par mesures à haute fréquence, modélisation, et statistiques bayésiennes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0121/document.
Full textThe conversion of atmospheric carbon into organic matter by photosynthesis is important for all marine ecosystems. Two approaches are presented to measure phytoplankton productivity from the temporal evolution of cells' size. They traduce the incremental assimilation of inorganic carbon during cells' lifespan, before its reallocation to the next generation of cells produced by division. In the sea, the carbon flux depends on phytoplankton communities and their inherent sensitivity. The short time/spatial scale monitoring of phytoplankton in disturbed ecosystems is essential to foresee the Global change. Climate and inhabiting populations will especially reacts to Global change in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean and in the global Ocean, observations programs are fundamental for climatic scenario used to predict the effect of environmental changes on the buffering capacity of CO$_{2}$ emissions induced by phytoplankton productivity
Le, Chenadec Gilles. "Analyse de descripteurs énergétiques et statistiques de signaux sonar pour la caractérisation des fonds marins." Brest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BRES2025.
Full textInformation contained in sonar data, the backscattered energy is well known as an essential clue about the seabed nature and roughness. The objectives are the data exploitation of two sonar systems, both operate at a high frequency (100 kHz) but their survey geometry is different. Sonar images reveal artefacts dur to geometry of the sonar system and array patterns. A new postprocessing correction method is proposed for signals recorded by the sidescan sonar, based on the reconstruction of the survey geometry. The study concerns two energetical and statistical features extracted from backscattered intensity. The angular backscattering strength is shown as the simplest and the most efficient feature for the seabed discrimination. Textures presence in sonar images allow to complete the study by a feature based on the statistical distributions shape and revealing roughness characteristics. Different statistical behaviors are highlighted depending either on seafloor properties or on the sonar system geometry. Finally, the simultaneous use of these features improves segmentation results. In this context, the use of the "Support Vector Machines" is proposed and shows some relevant and evolutive possibilities
Pican, Nathalie. "Problèmes statistiques dans le calcul en fiabilité des plates-formes pétrolières." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112261.
Full textThis work is devoted to the improvement of statistical models in the reliability analysis of technical systems. In particular we evaluate the probability of failure of a steel-Jacket platform under extreme environmental (wave, currents, wind) loading conditions. It is based on a search for the most probable component failure sequences leading to the structure collapse. The reliability analysis requires as inputs the random internal forces and moments in every structural member (e. G. Beam element). We propose a stochastic second order characterization of the loadings, within some simulations performed through a computer program (Jackload). Sensibility studies due to random basic variables, and the possibility of model reduction are therefore investigated. Safety indices are basic tools in order to provide relations among systems and components (more or less reliable). In this way, we first discuss the merits and the limitations of usual Béta-indices. We propose a constructive method for a new Gamma-index, which is proved to be more coherent in term of probability measure of reliability
YE, Zi. "Traitement statistique de l'information et du signal pour l'internet des objets sous-marins." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03179373.
Full textThere has been recently a large development of human activities associated to the ocean world, where no standard has emerged for the Internet of Things (IoT) linked to marine autonomous objects. Though it has a limited bandwidth, the acoustic wave is the only way to communicate over average to large distances and it is thus used by many underwater systems to communicate, navigate, or infer information about the environment. This led to a high demand for wireless networks that require both spectral efficiency and energy efficiency with the associated low-complexity algorithms. Therefore, in this Ph.D. thesis, we proposed several original solutions to face this challenge.Indeed, due to the inherent Signal Space Diversity (SSD), rotated constellations allow better theoretical performance than conventional constellations with no spectral spoilage. We review the structural properties of uniformly projected rotated M-QAM constellations, so as to propose a low complexity soft demapping technique for fading channels. Then, we present an original blind technique for the reduction of the PAPR for OFDM systems using the rotated constellations with SSD. In order to reduce the complexity of blind decoding for this technique, we again rely on the properties of uniformly projected M-QAM rotated constellations to design a low-complexity estimator. Moreover, to face the selectivity of the acoustic channel, we suggest a sparse adaptive turbo detector with only a few taps to be updated in order to lower down the complexity burden. Finally, we have proposed an original self-optimized algorithm for which the step-sizes of both the equalizer and the phase estimator are updated adaptively and assisted by soft-information in an iterative manner, so as to meet the requirement of fast convergence and low MSE over time-varying channels
Weber, Simon. "Family, marriage markets and inequality : a matching approach." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0039/document.
Full textThis dissertation deals with couple formation on the marriage market, and adopts a perspective that focuses on inequality both at the between- and within-household levels. Chapter 1 deals with the role of marital preferences on growing income inequalities between households. Edoardo Ciscato and I use mating patterns in the United States from 1962 to 2015 to measure the impact of changes in marital preferences on between-household inequality. Using structural methods, we show that if mating patterns had not changed since 1971, the 2015 Gini coefficient between households would be lower by 6%. In chapter 2, I propose to bring together the literature on matching models and collective models. To do so, Alfred Galichon, Scott Kominers and myself construct a matching framework with imperfectly transferable utility. We show existence and uniqueness of equilibrium and provide two algorithms to compute the equilibrium. We also provide guiding steps for estimation by maximum likelihood as well as an empirical illustration. Chapter 3 explores further the integration of collective models into the ITU matching framework. I develop the idea that the distribution of bargaining power is endogenous to the determination of an equilibrium on the marriage market. I characterize classes of collective models that can be embedded in the ITU setting. I provide computational techniques to estimate these models. I provide a full application of my results using collective model that features private consumption, leisure and a public good produced from time inputs
Kastberg-Sjöblom, Margareta. "L'écriture de J. M. G. Le Clézio : une approche lexicométrique." Nice, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NICE2008.
Full textBayle, Severine. "Modélisation statistique de données fonctionnelles environnementales : application à l'analyse de profils océanographiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4016.
Full textTo study biogeochemical processes in the Southern Ocean, tags placed on elephant seals allowed to collect during 2009-2010 oceanographic variables profiles (Chlorophyll a (Chl a), temperature, salinity, light) in an area ranging from southern Kerguelen until the Antarctic continent. This thesis focuses on Chl a data as it is contained in photosynthetic organisms and these ones play an essential role in the oceanic carbon cycle. The infrequently collected vertical Chl a profiles don't provide a mapping of this variable in this area of the ocean. However, we have light profiles sampled more often. The aim of this thesis was then to develop a methodology for reconstructing indirectly Chl a profiles from light profiles, and that takes into account characteristics of this kind of data that naturally occur as functional data. For this, we adressed the profiles decomposition to rebuild or explanations on splines basis, as well as issues related adjustment. A functional linear model was used to predict Chl a profiles from light profiles derivatives. It was shown that the use of such a model provides a good quality of reconstruction to access high frequency variations of Chl a profiles at fine scale. Finally, a functional kriging interpolation predicted the Chl a concentration during night, as light measurements acquired at that time can't be exploited. In the future, the methodology aims to be applied to any type of functional data
Ciscato, Edoardo. "Matching models with and without frictions : applications to the economics of the family." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0018.
Full textThis dissertation aims to shed light on how the institution of marriage has evolved in the United States over the last 60 years. In the first chapter, joint work with Alfred Galichon and Marion Goussé, we extend Gary Becker’s equilibrium model of marriage and the family to analyze same-sex marriage and develop an econometric method to study sorting patterns among same-sex couples. We discuss differences in the gains from marriage between same-sex and different-sex couples using a sample of Californian households for the period from 2008 to 2012. In the second chapter, joint work with Simon Weber, we describe mating patterns in the United States from 1964 to 2017 and measure the impact of changes in marital preferences on between-household income inequality. We estimate the strength of positive assortative mating with respect to socio-economic characteristics for different cohorts and answer the following questions: has assortativeness increased over time? If yes, along which dimensions? And to what extent the shifts in marital preferences can explain inequality trends? In the third chapter, I build a novel equilibrium model of the marriage market characterized by search frictions, endogenous divorce, aging and wage mobility. I estimate the model with American data for two separate periods, the 1970s and the 2000s, and then provide a quantitative assessment of the impact of changes in the wage distribution on the decline of marriage observed between these two periods. I conclude by discussing the impact of changes in the wage distribution on the welfare of different population groups
Haouari, Tofigh-Philippe. "Evaluation du profil médical des appelés de la marine nationale au C. F. M. Hourtin en 1986 et 1987." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25027.
Full textMalfante, Marielle. "Automatic classification of natural signals for environmental monitoring." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU025/document.
Full textThis manuscript summarizes a three years work addressing the use of machine learning for the automatic analysis of natural signals. The main goal of this PhD is to produce efficient and operative frameworks for the analysis of environmental signals, in order to gather knowledge and better understand the considered environment. Particularly, we focus on the automatic tasks of detection and classification of natural events.This thesis proposes two tools based on supervised machine learning (Support Vector Machine, Random Forest) for (i) the automatic classification of events and (ii) the automatic detection and classification of events. The success of the proposed approaches lies in the feature space used to represent the signals. This relies on a detailed description of the raw acquisitions in various domains: temporal, spectral and cepstral. A comparison with features extracted using convolutional neural networks (deep learning) is also made, and favours the physical features to the use of deep learning methods to represent transient signals.The proposed tools are tested and validated on real world acquisitions from different environments: (i) underwater and (ii) volcanic areas. The first application considered in this thesis is devoted to the monitoring of coastal underwater areas using acoustic signals: continuous recordings are analysed to automatically detect and classify fish sounds. A day to day pattern in the fish behaviour is revealed. The second application targets volcanoes monitoring: the proposed system classifies seismic events into categories, which can be associated to different phases of the internal activity of volcanoes. The study is conducted on six years of volcano-seismic data recorded on Ubinas volcano (Peru). In particular, the outcomes of the proposed automatic classification system helped in the discovery of misclassifications in the manual annotation of the recordings. In addition, the proposed automatic classification framework of volcano-seismic signals has been deployed and tested in Indonesia for the monitoring of Mount Merapi. The software implementation of the framework developed in this thesis has been collected in the Automatic Analysis Architecture (AAA) package and is freely available
Debèse, Nathalie. "Recalage de la navigation par apprentissage sur les données bathymètriques." Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMPD538.
Full textGirotti, Marilena. "Etude biodémographique de deux populations des Alpes Occidentales : chiomonte (Haute Vallée de Susa - Italie) et L'Argentière - La-Bessée (Hautes Alpes-France)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20703/document.
Full textThe research on biodemographical anthropology worked out on the community of Chiomonte(Haute Vallée de Suse), from 1670 to 1929, and of L’Argentière-la-Bessée (Hautes-Alpes), from1690 to 1889, has allowed the analysis of the changes in the periods considered in these twocountries.The analysis of births has worked out an overall view of the two populations both from a biologicdemographicperspective and from and economic-cultural one.The analysis of deaths has highlighted the importance of environmental factors on death, although ithas been possible to define that through better conditions of life, infantile and juvenile mortality ratecould decreased as well as old aged people mortality increased.Culture, society, economy and religion are the main factors which influenced marriage behaviors ;also environment played an important role.Families’ reconstructions in Chiomonte enabled us to understand that economical changes whichoccurred from 1670 and 1830 had different consequences on the structure and the lineage of thefamily. The increase of life time led to an increase of marriages and at the same time the decrease ofinfantile mortality determined the rise of children who reached the reproductive age.On the other hand, the age of partners at their first marriage, the number of children, theprotogenesic and intergenesic intervals remain constant
Saidi, Zineb. "Détection et localisation d'objets enfouis dans le sédiment marin." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002478.
Full textMoison, Maud. "Approche expérimentale et numérique du comportement individuel de Temora longicornis (Müller, 1792), copépode calanoïde typique de la Manche orientale : réponses aux forçages biotiques et abiotiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10163/document.
Full textIn a very heterogeneous marine environment, the copepods ability to minimize energy costs due to swimming and to maximize the probability of meeting partner or prey is crucial. In addition, these animals have chemio and mechanoreceptors, which make very good "nano-biosensor". They will be very sensitive to stress physico-chemical, biological, including seasonal variations. The objective of this study is to characterize the behavioral responses of the species Temora longicornis (Müller, 1792), typical copepod of the Eastern Channel, in conjunction with various biotic and abiotic forcings of this environment. Initially, the effect of temperature and salinity variations and the presence of prey were tested separately and in a controlled environment. Meanwhile, regular monitoring of behavior was conducted for two years. For this, trajectories of copepods males and females are explored through new approaches using statistical methods from the fields of information theory and statistical physics, and through analysis of different symbolic states medley. For this species, swimming activity consists of a succession of periods of break and “cruise” interrupted by quick jumps. Swimming speed, especially the frequency of jumps, increases under extreme temperatures. The presence of algae in the environment also changes markedly its activity; including the time allocated for exploration and fast swimming increase with the availability of prey. Consequently, the influence of these factors and the large variability in coastal eastern handle both physically and biologically may explain the behavior variability observed during the seasonal monitoring
Haniotis, Stelio. "Intéractions ondes accoustiques / sédiments marins : application à la caractérisation des fonds." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066182.
Full textVonfelt, Stephan. "La musique des lettres : variations sur Yourcenar, Tournier et Le Clézio." Toulouse 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU20093.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to analyse and synthetise a literary corpus with the use of statistics. Traditionally, the frequencies of linguistic units indicate the composition of a text or its “theme”. This thesis, inspired by stylistics and music, proposes to measure rarity instead of abundance, and to consider the organisation of the units on the basis of their rhythm. Within a text, the recurrence times of a unit are virtually decorrelated and characterised by their asymmetrical bell-shaped distribution, linearisable with a conditioning by the past. The cumulative distribution that smoothes out this spectrum thus becomes a touchstone. Comparing two texts, the generalised distance measures the differences between the cumulative distributions. Taken overall, it follows the developments of its traditional version based on the frequencies, but significant discrepancies appear locally depending on the intensity of the arrhythmia. The corpus consists of three 20th Century novels by Yourcenar, Tournier and Le Clézio : Mémoires d’Hadrien, Vendredi ou les limbes du Pacifique and Désert. The linguistic measurements are carried out simultaneously on the graphemological, syntactic and semantic planes. Globally, these planes correlate and seem to be deeply in accordance with the same linguistic laws. The graphemes may be favoured because they are objective and simple to exploit. Stylistically, the literary intuition is confirmed by the measurements, which show a grading between the works following their chronology. Their divisions form homogeneous assemblies within the corpus, in such a way that a style appears and permits to succesfully simulate the attribution of an author
Suptille, Mickaël. "Caractérisation temporelle et spectrale de champs instationnaires non gaussiens : application aux hydroliennes en milieu marin." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAM0006.
Full textThe operating environment of tidal turbines blades and body is uncertain, due to the flow variability (turbulence,wake, tide, streams...). These structural elements then undergo strongly time-varying complex multi-axial random stress states. A design based on static and deterministic criteria thus appears insufficient to take the complexity and the variability of the mechanical loading into account. This work aims at setting sizing methods that are adapted to this situation, in order to design tidal turbines with mastered risks and costs. The proposed method lies on a statistical description of the flow, in order to characterize the load of the turbine and the extreme mechanical stresses at the blade foot
Gohin, Francis. "Analyse geostatistique des champs thermiques de surface de la mer." Paris, ENMP, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ENMP0095.
Full textMyers, Vincent. "Le traitement, l'interprétation et l'exploitation d'images sonar à antenne synthétique obtenues à partir de trajectoires répétitives." Thesis, Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENTA0002.
Full textThere are many scenarios which call for the surveillance of an underwater scene by means of repeated surveys with high-frequency imaging sonar in order to detect changes which may have occurred during the intervening time interval. With the growing availability of commercial synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) systems it becomes possible to exploit the phase coherence between two complex SAS images in order to detect scene changes which are subtle or even invisible to approaches using only the amplitude of the images. This thesis examines the concept of coherent change detection (CCD) using SAS imagery obtained from separate, repeated passes over the same area. As the images must be processed interferometrically, the challenging problem of co-registration is addressed, with approaches based on image warping as well as renavigation / re-imaging. False alarm reduction techniques are also examined in order to mitigate detections caused by coherence losses which are not attributed to the insertion or removal of targets of interest. The proposed methods are tested on several repeat-pass SAS images collected during experiments at sea, spanning multiple frequency bands and environmental conditions, and show that SAS CCD is not only possible, but also able to detect very subtle scene changes that not observable using standard approaches
Morfin, Marie. "Dynamiques spatio-temporelles d'espèces démersales clés du golfe du Lion : bénéfices potentiels d’aires marines protégées." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20158.
Full textDemersal species represent 50% of French fisheries catches in theGulf of Lions, most of which are fully exploited, or overfished for decades. This thesis evaluates the relevance of marine protected areas (MPAs) as a tool for conservation and management of these populations. So far these areas have been implemented only along the coast to protect the very few mobile species. The problem is more complex for deep sea species because their habitat is broader and more diffuse. To do this, the spatial distribution of 12 key demersal species exploited were studied from 1994 to 2010, with scientific observations and ad hoc statistical tools. A geostatistical approach allowed to detect spatial autocorrelation structures for all species, and produce maps of annual distributions of each species. These distributions appeared very stable over 17 years, apart from a phenomenon of expansion/ contraction with the level of total abundance in the region. In addition, a generalized linear model approach revealed significant associations of these species to a temporally stable habitat. These results are consistent with MacCall basin theory, according which habitat suitability is a density-dependent thus the increase of individuals in an area make them colonize sub-optimal habitats. An optimal habitat under protection could thus be "source" habitat, if the area is carefully chosen. Indeed reporting the fishing effort outside the MPA can instead make this measure ineffective or deleterious. The adult population were generally in more concentrated areas and included in the spatial range of juveniles. These common areas of essential habitat (breeding and nursery) may be potentially interesting to protect a single species . However, the heterogeneity of distributions of a species to another involves the introduction of very sparse areas, making the management difficult. However an area of reasonable size has been identified, covering 20% of the population of each species and representative of the diversity of bottom habitats in the region
Fiche, Anthony. "Distributions alpha-stable pour la caractérisation de phénomènes aléatoires observés par des capteurs placés dans un environnement maritime." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835073.
Full textBeaumont, Guillaume. "Traitements correctifs des effets de décohérence acoustique induits par les fluctuations du milieu de propagation : algorithmes d’estimation bayésienne des directions d’arrivée en milieu fluctuant." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IMTA0200.
Full textThe purpose of these works is to propose new "physically informed" bayesian algorithms for DOA estimationin presence of random fluctuations due to the presence of internal waves in the propagation medium. First we will seehow to describe these fluctuations as a local perturbation of the celerity of the medium and then the impact of such waveson a propagated signal. In doing so, we are able to observe the corruption of this signal and to propose a statistical modelof this perturbation.After a state of the art of DOA estimation techniques in both constant an uncertain media, we will propose a modelizationof the fluctuations as a multiplicative phase noise following a multivariate gaussian distribution. Very close to thetheoretical model, this distribution allows us to develop the paSAMP algorithm, an Approximate Message Passingtechnique inspired form phase retrieval litterature which integrates this multiplicative phase noise model. In order to getcloser to the theoretical model, we propose to upgrade the phase noise prior using a multivariate Von Mises prior,allowing us to propose new bayesian methods for DOA estimation such as the VitAMin and the VistaBEM algorithms asextensions of resp. the paSAMP and the paVBEM algorithms. The first results on synthetic measurement considering aunivariate Von Mises phase noise seems are promising regarding the robustness of these algorithms to this new noisemodel.To conclude, we will see with the processing of real data from the ALMA campaign that it is possible to retrieve quantitiesfrom the theoretical model through signal statistics. Moreover, these quantities allow us to identify known phenomenon inthe propagation medium with only passive measurement. Such knowledge can then be use for tomography or as "smartinitialization" of the different algorithms
Bouligand, Claire. "Etudes sur le comportement du champ magnétique terrestre durant les périodes de polarité stable." Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00676769.
Full textLeduc-Leballeur, Marion. "Influence océanique du golfe de Guinée sur la mousson en Afrique de l'Ouest." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00728272.
Full textDadouchi, Florian. "Détection robuste de signaux acoustiques de mammifères marins." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU059/document.
Full textThe oceans experience heavy anthropogenic pressure due to overfishing, physico-chemical pollution, and noise radiated by industrial and military activities. This work focuses on the use of passive acoustic monitoring of the oceans, as a tool to understand the impact of radiated noise on marine ecosystems, and particularly on marine mammals. This work tackles the task of detection of acoustical signals of marine mammals using the spectrogram. This task is uneasy for two reasons : 1. the ocean noise structure is complex (non-stationary and colored) and 2. the signals of interest are unknown and also shows a complex structure (non-stationary narrow band and/or impulsive). The problem therefore must be solved locally without making a priori hypothesis on the signal. Statistical detectors only based on the local analysis of the noise spectrogram coefficients are available, making them suitable for this problem. However, these detectors suffer two disadvantages : 1. the trade-offs false alarm probability/ detection probability that are available for low signal tonoise ratio are not satisfactory and 2. the separation between narrow-band and impulsive signals is not possible. This work brings some answers to these problems.The main contribution of this work is to formulate a binary hypothesis test taking explicitly in account the spatial organization of time-frequency peaks. We introduce the False Alarm Density Analysis (FADA) framework that efficiently discriminates time-frequency regions hosting signal from the ones hosting noise only. In particular the number of false alarms in regions of the binary spectrogram is first modeled by a binomial distribution, and then by a correlated binomial distribution to take in account the spectrogram redundancy. The binary hypothesis test is solved using a Neyman-Pearson criterion.We demonstrate the relevance of this approach on simulated data and validate the FADA detector on a wide variety of real signals. In particular we show the capability of the proposed method to efficiently detect signals in highly impulsive environment