Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mariage – Togo'

Le législateur togolais a voulu faire du nouveau droit du mariage, une synthèse du droit traditionnel et du droit moderne. Une synthèse pas facile à réaliser puisqu'il faut tenter de concilier deux conceptions opposées du mariage. Le résultat, constitue un amalgame de règles de droit moderne et de droit coutumier plus ou moins cohérent, tant dans la formation du mariage que dans ses effets. Dans la formation du mariage, la volonté de modernisation du droit du mariage est assez audacieuse. On y retrouve beaucoup d'innovations par rapport aux droit coutumier; qui y trouvent tout de même leur place. Cette persistance de la coutume que nous appelons la survivance du droit traditionnel, se traduit dans la nouvelle loi par le maintien des institutions comme la dot et la polygamie. Ces institutions ont été tout simplement réorganisées. Dans les effets du mariage, le législateur togolais a essayé de rééquilibrer les droits et devoirs des époux, en adaptant ceux-ci à la nouvelle famille qui n'est autre que la famille conjugale. Il n'empêche que le poids de la tradition ancestrale s'y ressent. Aussi, on ne peut parler que d'amélioration de la condition juridique de la femme mariée. Ce n'est donc pas encore l'égalité de des époux. Le législateur togolais a fait un long chemin sur la modernisation du droit du mariage. Mais ce n'est pas encore l'aboutissement d'une évolution c'est plutôt le début de celle-ci. Cet effort doit être poursuivi dans l'avenir en s'adaptant le plus aux moeurs du pays, et en préservant son identité culturelle
The togolese legislator wanted to make of new marital law, a synthesis of traditional law and modern law. This synthesis is not easy to realese for it demands the conciliation of two opposed conceptions of marriage. The result is a mixture of modern and traditional legal rules more or less coherent both in marriage constitution and its subsequent effects. In marriage making, the modernisation tendency towards is enough bold. One finds more innovations as compared to local customs which are neventheless present. A survival of the traditional law, reflecting the persistence of customary rules is introduced in the new law through the maintain of institutions like the dowry and poligamy. These institutions were simply reorganized. Among marriage effects the togolese legislator tried to balance spouses' rights and duties by adjusting these to the new family, nothing else but the conjugal family. Yet the weight of the ancestral tradition is latent. One could only talk therefore of women's juridical condition improvement it is then not yet a real equality between spouses. The togolese legislator has made a long way through the modernisation of marriage law. But it is not yet the achievement of an the evolution, but only its start. In the future, this effort should be pursued by a better

Parmi les pays francophones d’Afrique sub-saharienne, le Togo se distingue par une différence de fécondité importante et relativement ancienne entre milieu urbain et milieu rural dont l'explication réside essentiellement dans les changements matrimoniaux à long terme. Au cours des années 80, l’âge à la première union recule encore à Lomé sous l'effet de la scolarisation, de facteurs propres au mode de vie urbain voire de la crise économique. Cet allongement de la période préconjugale est associe à une extension de l'initiation sexuelle prénuptiale tandis que la pratique contraceptive demeure faible et l’âge a la première naissance relativement stable. Le développement de la fécondité prénuptiale et l'évolution des procédures de mariage témoignent de l'affaiblissement du contrôle familial sur la conclusion des unions. Certains indices laissent penser à l'adoption progressive d'un modèle de nuptialité occidental en milieu urbain mais la proportion importante d'unions sans co-résidence des conjoints favorisées par la pratique polygamique et l'accroissement des périodes de rupture sont caractéristiques d'une certaine aspiration des femmes à l'autonomie et d'une faible cohésion des couples
Among all French-speaking countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Togo stands out by a relatively high differential between fertility levels in urban and rural areas which has been documented since the 60s and can be explained by long-term nuptiality changes. During the 80s, age at first union has still increased as a result of schooling, urban way of living and or economic crisis. This lengthening of premarital period is linked with extension of premarital sexual experience while contraceptive use and age at first birth remained stable. Increased premarital fertility and changes in matrimonial behaviour attest a weakening of familial control on marital practices. There are a few indicators of an extension of western nuptiality patterns in urban areas. However, two factors are caracteristic of an obvious aspiration of women to reach autonomy and a weak cohesion of couples : a high proportion of spouses living in separate places of residence, as a practice favoured by polygamy, and an increasing marital instability

En ce qui concerne l'étude du mariage plural, les approches anthropologiques, sociologiques, démographiques, psychosociologiques apportent les unes et les autres un éclairage spécifique sur la relation entre polygynie et environnement social. Au Togo, et du point de vue psychologique, les attitudes que lycéens et fonctionnaires développent à l'égard de la polygynie sont divergentes. Leurs attitudes se modulent en fonction de différents paramètres statuaires tels le statut-professionnel, l'âge, le statut familial, et ce, en liaison avec certains mécanismes psychologiques définis tels la recherche de différenciation sociale et le besoin d'affirmation de l'identité masculine
In the study of plural marriage and the relationship between polygyny and the social environment, the different methodological approaches (anthropological, sociological, demographic and psychosociological) furnish their specific contributions. In the case of Togo, we have established that from a psychological point of view, the attitudes that students and civil servants develop with respect to plural marriage are divergent. Their attitudes vary on the basis of different statutory factors such as the socioprofessional status of the respondents, the age, the social situation of the family etc. The above factors work in conjonction with certain definite psychological mechanisms such as the search for social differenciation and the need to affirm a masculin identy in determining the personal attitude toward polygyny

Si les multiples et rapides transformations que connait l'afrique preoccupe bon nombre de chercheurs, il n'est pas facile de determiner ni la cause du changement ni son ampleur. Plutot que de disserter sur le changement social en general, l'etude d'un probleme precis a ete elaboree : l'evolution des institutions matrimoniales en pays kotokoli ces dernieres annees. Le mariage kotokoli est fonde sur la complementarite du groupe et de l'individu. Cela veut dire qu'il met en jeu une double alliance : l'alliance des familles d'une part et l'union du couple d'autre part. Les familles entre lesquelles s'instaure une relation d'alliance sont du meme village ou de villages voisins. La compensation matrimoniale communement appelee "dot" est inseparable de la politique des alliances. Les changements socio-economiques et les transformations d'ordre culturel intervenus en pays kotokoli ont en partie transforme l'organisation familiale ainsi que le systeme matrimonial lui-meme. Ces transformations ont apparemment pour effet de resserer davantage, les liens entre le mari et l'epouse puis, entre les geniteurs et leurs enfants
Although a good number of researchers are studying the numerous and rapid transformations taking place in africa, it is nevertheless not easy to determine either the cause of change, or its scope. Rather than writing on social change in general, the investigation of a specific problem was chosen : the evolution of marriage institutions in kotokoli region over the past few years. The kotokoli marriage is based on the complementary nature of the group and of the individual, this measis that it brings into play a double alliance : family alliances on the one hand, and the union of the couple on the other. Families who establish marriage relationships aniong thernselves come from the same village or neighbouring ones. The matrinionial compensation, commonley called "dowery" is nseparable from the politics of alliances. Socio-economic changes and trasformations in the cultural order which have taken place in the kotokoli region have partially transformed the family order as well as the marriage system itself. Apparently these changes are resulting in a strengthening of the bonds between husband and wife, and between parents and their children

L'étude de l'évolution des comportements matrimoniaux s'inscrit dans la recherche des signes précurseurs de la transition de la fécondité dans les pays en Afrique de l'Ouest et plus particulièrement dans les villes de Cotonou, d'accra et de Lomé capitales respectives du Benin, du Ghana et du Togo. Les données utilisées pour cette analyse sont les recensements effectués dans ces trois pays depuis 1960, l'enquête mondiale fécondité du Benin en 1982 et les enquêtes démographiques et de sante du Ghana et du Togo en 1988. Les résultats obtenus peuvent se résumer comme : - on note un rajeunissement de l'âge dans la vie sexuelle à travers les générations et un recul récent de l'âge d'entrée en première union dans les jeunes générations dans les trois villes. - les premières unions sont plus stables à Cotonou qu’à Lomé. - il y a plus d'hommes en union polygame à Cotonou que dans les deux autres villes, mais on recense plus de femmes en union polygame à Lomé qu’à Cotonou. Mais quel que soit le pays, on remarque une tendance à la diminution de la polygamie
The study of the evolution of matrimonial behaviours is in kipping with the research of forwarnings of fertility transition in West African countries and specially in Cotonou, Accra and Lome. The data for the study are mainly the census taken in three countries since 1960, the world fertility survey made in Benin in 1982 and the demographic and healt surveys made in Ghana and Togo in 1988. The results obtained can be summarised as follows : - in the towns we notice in age at first in age at first sexual experience through generation and a recent increase in age at first marriage among young genetation. - first marriages are more stable in Cotonou than in Lome. - in Cotonou there are more men in polygamous marriage than in the two other towns, but women in polygamous marriage are more numerous in Lome than in Cotonou. Nevertheless, in all these countries there is a tendancy of regression of polygamy

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No ano em que se comemora seu centenário, o presente trabalho pretende analisar as manifestações carnavalescas ocorridas no carnaval de 1912, no Rio de Janeiro. Em virtude do falecimento de José Maria da Silva Paranhos Júnior - o barão do Rio Branco, então ministro das Relações Exteriores - às vésperas dos festejos carnavalescos, surgiu um movimento que clamava pelo adiamento da festa, como forma de prestar homenagem ao recente morto. A polêmica foi acompanhada pela imprensa e invadiu as páginas dos jornais, o que justifica esta como a principal fonte de pesquisa utilizada para esta dissertação. O resultado foi a realização de duas festas naquele ano, uma na data prevista pelo calendário – em fevereiro – e a outra na data proposta para a transferência – em abril. Esta pesquisa, portanto, busca compreender os acontecimentos festivos daquele ano, numa tentativa de refletir sobre a importância do tempo da festa.
En el año em que se festeja su centenário, el presente trabajo pretende analisar lãs manifestaciones carnavalescas ocurridas em el carnaval de 1912, em Rio de Janeiro. Em virtud del fallecimiento de José Maria da Silva Paranhos Júnior – el barón de Rio Branco y también ministro de Relaciones Exteriores – em vísperas de los festejos carnavalescos, surgió um movimiento para que fuese pustergada la fiesta, como forma de homenajear al muerto. La polémica fue acompañada por la prensa y ocupo lãs páginas de los periódicos, lo que justifica que sea esta la principal fuente de pesquisa utilizada para esta disertación. Lo ocurrido resultó en la realización de dos fiestas aquel año, una en febrero, fecha prevista por el calendario y otra en abril, fecha propuesta para la transferencia del festejo. Esta pesquisa, por lo tanto, trata de comprender los acontecimientos festivos de aquel año, buscando refletir sobre la importancia de la fecha de la fiesta.

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CAPES
This dissertation is based on an ethnographic research conducted in a street fair of small farmers located in the city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul/RS. Known as ?Feirinha de Camobi? or ?Feira da Roraima?, it occurs in the Camobi neighborhood for about eighteen years and it came up from an initiative of the residents association, Sociedade Amigos de Camobi (SACA). The street fair is currently very important for the socioeconomic development of the families that move towards the city with the purpose of marketing their products. It is a place that allows the direct sales between producer and customer, causing them to have more autonomy over their activities. The main objective of this research is to observe how gender relations are manifested in the daily lives of these workers in organizing and holding the street fair. Understanding how this trade area interferes in these relations, both in the domestic environment and the work. Through my ethnographic experience I tried to demonstrate how the street fair modifies the social life of the women that work theres, And how it interferes in domestic life identifying the conflicts that may occur in the family sphere.
Esta disserta??o baseia-se em uma pesquisa etnogr?fica realizada em uma feira de pequenos agricultores localizada na cidade de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul/RS. Conhecida como Feirinha de Camobi ou Feira da Roraima, ocorre no bairro Camobi h? aproximadamente dezoito anos e surgiu por uma iniciativa da Associa??o de moradores, Sociedade Amigos de Camobi (SACA). Atualmente, consiste em um importante meio para o desenvolvimento socioecon?mico das fam?lias que se deslocam para a cidade com o prop?sito de comercializar seus produtos. ? um espa?o que possibilita a venda direta entre produtor e cliente, fazendo com que tenham mais autonomia sobre suas atividades. O objetivo principal deste trabalho ? observar como as rela??es de g?nero se manifestam no cotidiano destes trabalhadores, na organiza??o e realiza??o da feira. Compreender como esse espa?o de com?rcio interfere nestas rela??es, tanto no meio dom?stico como no ?mbito do trabalho. Atrav?s da minha experi?ncia etnogr?fica procurei demostrar como a feira modifica a vida social das mulheres feirantes, que comercializam seus produtos, e como interfere no cotidiano dom?stico, identificando os conflitos que pode acarretar na esfera familiar.

L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser la représentation de la figure de l’héroïne en cinq oeuvres littéraires et cinématographiques: Talons Aiguilles (1991) et Tout sur Ma Mère (1999), films espagnols de fiction dirigés par Pedro Almodóvar; Estamira (2004) et Estamira para Todos e para Ninguém (2004), documentaires brésiliens en long-métrage et moyen métrage, respectivement, dirigés par Marcos Prado; et Le Dépotoir (19602), livre brésilien écrit par Carolina Maria de Jesus et édité par Audálio Dantas.Je propose d’analyser, entre autres, comment ces textes littéraires et cinématographiques façonnent et présentent ses respectives protagonistes le long de toute le récit: Rebeca (Talons Aiguilles), Manuela (Tout sur Ma Mère), Estamira (Estamira et Estamira para Todos e para Ninguém) et Carolina (Le Dépotoir).Le travail est développé en quatre chapitres. Le premier : traite des théories de représentation, de la conceptualisation et représentation de l’être héroïque, des particularités pertinentes de chaque genre (mélodrame, documentaire, journal autobiographique), et de la question d’intertextualité où chaque oeuvre s’entremêle avec d’autres types d’art. Le secondchapitre se consacre à l’analyse des questions identitaires pertinentes dans l’univers des personnages principaux, considérant son constant dialogue avec le lecteur/spectateur. Le troisième et quatrième chapitres décrivent les stratégies d’éloignement et d’approximation des héroïnes par rapport au lecteur/spectateur, observées dans les textes filmiques et littéraires.Talons Aiguilles raconte la vie de deux femmes – mère et fille – qui vivent des moments différents. La mère, la chanteuse et actrice fameuse Becky Del Páramo (Marisa Paredes), revient à Madrid, sa ville natale, où elle prétend passer ses derniers jours. Elle retrouve sa fille Rebeca (Victoria Abril) aprés quinze ans de séparation. La jeune fille n’a jamais pu surmonter le désir d’imiter sa mère.Tout sur Ma Mère représente la souffrance de Manuela (Cecília Roth), qui perd son fils unique, Estéban (Eloy Azorín) peu avant de lui raconter toute la vérité sur son père. Elle décide alors de revenir à Barcelone pour retrouver son ex-mari Estéban (Toni Cantó). Celui-ci, peu avant de l’enfanter, avait décidé de devenir le travesti Lola.Estamira et Estamira para Todos e para Ninguém, racontent l’histoire d’Estamira Gomes de Souza (1939-2011), une brésilienne qui souffre de troubles mentaux et durant près de deux décennies vit et travaille au dépotoir d’ordure du Jardim Gramacho, à Rio de Janeiro, dans de terribles conditions de vie.Le Dépotoir raconte les confidences quotidiennes de Carolina Maria de Jesus entre 1955 et 1960. L’édition a été faite par Audálio Dantas, qui lut les vingt cahiers contenant les récits de l’auteur. Dans ce livre, Carolina décrit sa routine comme favelada au côté de ses trois enfants et d’autres qui, comme elle, lutent pour survivre à la misère dans le bidonville duCanindé, à São Paulo, aujourd’hui démoli. Pour dévoiler les intentions implicites des films, j’utilise comme méthodologie, l’analyse des commentaires des personnages et l’observation des autres composants littéraires ou filmiques, comme la gestuelle, le dialogue, le scénario, les figurines, le lieu, l’atmosphère, le montage. En proposant cette analyse je me base sur des théoriciens tels que MichelFoucault, Stuart Hall, Mikhaïl Bakhtin, Kathryn Woodward, Antonio Candido et Anatol Rosenfeld
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the representation of the heroine figure through five works of cinema and literature: High Heels (1991) and All About My Mother (1999), both Spanish fiction films directed by Pedro Almodóvar; Estamira (2004) and Estamira para Todos e para Ninguém (2004), respectively full-length and medium-length Brazilian documentaries, directed by Marcos Prado; and Child of the Dark: the Diary of Carolina Maria de Jesus (1960)3, a Brazilian book written by Carolina Maria de Jesus and edited by Audálio Dantas.I intend to analyze, among other aspects, how these literary and cinematographic pieces assemble and display their respective protagonists throughout the entire narrative: Rebeca (High Heels), Manuela (All about My Mother), Estamira (Estamira and Estamira para Todos e para Ninguém) and Carolina (Child of the dark: the diary of Carolina Maria deJesus).This thesis is segmented in four chapters, the first being the one which concerns the theories of representation; the conceptualization and representation of the heroic being; the peculiarities applicable to each genre (melodrama, documentary, autobiographical diary), and the interchange that each piece establishes with other types of art throughout the narrative. For the second chapter, I contemplate the analysis of identitary issues concerning the main characters’ universe, heeding the on-going dialogue from the given parts towards the reader/ spectator. For the third and fourth chapter, I analyse the strategies of distancing and approaching of the heroines regarding the reader/spectator, strategies which have beenpinpointed all over the cinematic and literary texts.High Heels is a film, which tells the story of two women - mother and daughter - who experience different moments. The mother, the famous singer and actress, Becky Del Páramo (Marisa Paredes), returns to Madrid, her hometown, where she wishes to spend the last days of her life. There she reunites with her daughter Rebeca (Victoria Abril) after having spent 15years apart. The daughter failed to overcome the desire to emulate her mother.All about My Mother represents the suffering of Manuela (Cecília Roth), who has lost her only son, Estéban (Eloy Azorín), just before she tells him all the truth concerning his father. The woman then decides to come back to Barcelona to meet her ex-husband, Estéban. The man, soon before impregnating her, had decided to turn into the transvestite Lola (Eloy Azorín).Estamira and Estamira para Todos e para Ninguém narrates the story of Estamira Gomes de Souza (1939 -2011), a Brazilian woman who has a mental disorder and has been working for more than twenty years at a landfill in Jardim Gramacho, in Rio de Janeiro, under appalling living conditions.Child of the dark: the diary of Carolina Maria de Jesus reveals the daily chronicles of Carolina Maria de Jesus from 1955 to 1960. The editing was done by Audálio Dantas, who has read all the twenty notebooks, in which the writer’s reports were found. In the book, Carolina documents her everyday life as a slum woman besides her three children, and others,who share the same eagerness to get over the extreme poverty in Canindé, an extinct shanty town, in São Paulo.Having in mind the process of unveiling the implicit intentions of the films, I choose to use as a methodology the analysis of the characters’ speech and the observation of other literary or cinematographic components, such as gesture, screenplay, settings, costume, location, atmosphere, and assembly. This analysis is based in theorists such as Michel Foucault, Stuart Hall, Mikhail Bakhtin, Kathryn Woodward, Antonio Candido and Anatol Rosenfeld
O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a representação da figura de heroína em cinco obras de cinema e literatura: De Salto Alto (1991) e Tudo sobre Minha Mãe (1999), filmes espanhóis de ficção dirigidos por Pedro Almodóvar; Estamira (2004) e Estamira para Todos e para Ninguém (2004), documentários brasileiros em longa-metragem e média-metragem,respectivamente, dirigidos por Marcos Prado; e Quarto de Despejo: diário de uma favelada (19601), livro brasileiro escrito por Carolina Maria de Jesus e editado por Audálio Dantas.Propõe-se a análise do modo como esses textos cinematográficos e literário constroem e apresentam suas respectivas protagonistas ao longo de toda a narrativa: Rebeca (De Salto Alto), Manuela (Tudo sobre Minha Mãe), Estamira (Estamira e Estamira para Todos e para Ninguém) e Carolina Maria de Jesus (Quarto de Despejo: diário de uma favelada).O trabalho é desenvolvido em quatro capítulos, sendo que o primeiro trata das teorias de representação, da conceituação e representação do ser heroico, das peculiaridades pertinentes a cada gênero (melodrama, documentário, diário autobiográfico), e do diálogo que cada obra trava com outros tipos de arte ao longo das narrativas. No segundo capítulo, aproposta é analisar as questões identitárias pertinentes ao universo das personagens principais, considerando o constante diálogo dessas com o leitor/espectador. No terceiro e quarto capítulos, discorre-se sobre as estratégias de distanciamento e aproximação das heroínas com relação ao leitor/espectador, observadas ao longo dos textos fílmicos e literário.De Salto Alto é uma obra que conta a vida de duas mulheres – mãe e filha – que vivem momentos diferentes. A mãe, a cantora e atriz famosa Becky Del Páramo (Marisa Paredes), retorna a Madri, sua cidade natal, onde pretende passar seus últimos dias. Ela reencontra sua filha Rebeca (Victoria Abril), depois de quinze anos de separação. A moça nunca superou o desejo de imitar a mãe.Tudo sobre Minha Mãe representa o sofrimento de Manuela (Cecília Roth) que perde seu filho único, Estéban (Eloy Azorín), pouco antes de contar a ele toda a verdade sobre seu pai. A mulher resolve voltar à cidade de Barcelona para reencontrar o ex-marido, Estéban. O homem, pouco antes de engravidá-la, havia decidido se tornar o travesti Lola (Toni Cantó).Estamira e Estamira para Todos e para Ninguém contam a história de Estamira Gomes de Souza (1939-2011), uma brasileira que sofre de distúrbios mentais e que durante cerca de duas décadas vive e trabalha no Lixão do Jardim Gramacho, no Rio de Janeiro, em péssimas condições de vida.Quarto de Despejo: diário de uma favelada revela os escritos diários de Carolina Maria de Jesus entre 1955 e 1960. A edição foi feita por Audálio Dantas, que leu os vinte cadernos onde se encontravam os relatos da autora. No livro, Carolina descreve sua rotina como favelada ao lado dos três filhos e de outras pessoas que, como ela, lutam para sobreviver à miséria na hoje extinta favela do Canindé, em São Paulo.Para o processo de desvendamento das intenções implícitas dos filmes, opta-se por utilizar como metodologia a análise do discurso das personagens e a observação de outros componentes literários ou fílmicos, como o gestual, o roteiro, o cenário, o figurino, a locação, a atmosfera, a montagem. Propõe-se uma análise com base em teóricos como MichelFoucault, Stuart Hall, Mikhail Bakhtin, Kathryn Woodward, Antonio Candido e Anatol Rosenfeld

Wong Chun Kwan.
"June, 2003."
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 211-231).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Lie, An Ying Alice.
Thesis submitted in: November 2008.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-134).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1. --- Microzooplankton --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.2. --- Microzooplankton grazing --- p.1
Chapter 1.2. --- Dilution method --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.1. --- Basic principles --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Variation and extensive uses of the dilution method --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.3. --- Criticism of the dilution method --- p.9
Chapter 1.2.4. --- Results of the dilution experiments and their implications --- p.11
Chapter 1.3. --- The roles of microzooplankton --- p.16
Chapter 1.4. --- Phytoplankton --- p.18
Chapter 1.4.1. --- Size classification --- p.18
Chapter 1.4.2. --- Chemotaxonomic marker pigments --- p.19
Chapter 1.4.3. --- Nutrients and phytoplankton dynamics --- p.19
Chapter 1.5. --- Hypothesis --- p.26
Chapter 1.6. --- Objectives --- p.26
Chapter 1.7 --- Research outline --- p.27
Chapter 1.7.1. --- Microzooplankton grazing rates and phytoplankton growth rates --- p.27
Chapter 1.7.2. --- Phytoplankton group selection --- p.27
Chapter 1.7.3. --- Phytoplankton size selection --- p.27
Chapter 1.8. --- Study sites --- p.27
Chapter 1.81. --- Tolo Harbour --- p.28
Chapter 1.8.2. --- Mirs Bay --- p.28
Chapter 1.8.3. --- Biological and physio-chemical parameters --- p.30
Chapter Chapter 2. --- Materials and methods --- p.33
Chapter 2.1. --- Study site and sampling --- p.33
Chapter 2.2. --- Dilution experiments --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.1. --- Preliminary dilution experiments and enrichment tests --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.2. --- HPLC --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.3. --- Pigment data analysis --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.4. --- Phytoplankton and microzooplankton community analysis --- p.42
Chapter Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.43
Chapter 3.1. --- Field parameters --- p.43
Chapter 3.1.1. --- Physiochemical parameters --- p.43
Chapter 3.1.2. --- Chlorophyll a --- p.46
Chapter 3.2. --- Initial conditions --- p.49
Chapter 3.2.1. --- Phytoplankton pigment and size fraction composition --- p.49
Chapter 3.2.2. --- Microscopy cell counts --- p.56
Chapter 3.3. --- Dilution experiments results --- p.64
Chapter 3.3.1. --- Linear regression analysis results --- p.64
Chapter 3.3.2. --- Estimated pigment specific phytoplankton growth rates and microzooplankton grazing rates --- p.66
Chapter 3.3.3. --- Ratio of microzooplankton grazing to the phytoplankton growth rate in ambient nutrient --- p.70
Chapter 3.4. --- Correlation analyses --- p.78
Chapter 3.4.1. --- Physiochemical parameters --- p.78
Chapter 3.4.2. --- Initial pigment concentration --- p.81
Chapter 3.4.3. --- Initial densities --- p.81
Chapter 3.4.4. --- Phytoplankton growth rates and microzooplankton grazing rates --- p.82
Chapter 3.5. --- Percentage and composition shifts --- p.83
Chapter 3.5.1. --- Percentage change --- p.83
Chapter 3.5.2. --- Size fraction --- p.83
Chapter 3.5.3. --- Pigment markers --- p.83
Chapter Chapter 4. --- Discussions --- p.103
Chapter 4.1. --- Hypothesis --- p.103
Chapter 4.2. --- Phytoplankton growth rates and microzooplankton grazing rates --- p.104
Chapter 4.3. --- Dilution experiment --- p.105
Chapter 4.3.1. --- Nutrient enrichment --- p.105
Chapter 4.3.2. --- Shift of pigment compositions --- p.106
Chapter 4.3.3. --- Experiment limitations --- p.107
Chapter 4.4. --- Microzooplankton feeding preference --- p.108
Chapter 4.4.1. --- Phytoplankton size --- p.108
Chapter 4.4.2. --- Phytoplankton group --- p.109
Chapter 4.5. --- Food web dynamics --- p.110
Chapter 4.5.1. --- The role of microzooplankton --- p.110
Chapter 4.5.1.1. --- Nutrient recycling --- p.110
Chapter 4.5.1.2. --- Energy transfer --- p.111
Chapter 4.5.1.3. --- Phytoplankton control --- p.111
Chapter 4.5.2. --- The role of mesozooplankton --- p.111
Chapter Chapter 5. --- Conclusions --- p.113
References --- p.115
Appendices --- p.135

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-120).
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgement --- p.iii
Table of Contents --- p.iv
List of Tables --- p.viii
List of Figures --- p.xii
Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Previous Heavy Metal Studies of Hong Kong Marine Waters and Sediments --- p.4
Chapter 1.2 --- Speciation of Metals in Aquatic Environment --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Speciation of Metals in Water --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Speciation of Metals in Bottom Sediments --- p.7
Chapter 1.3 --- AVS in Marine Sediments --- p.10
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Formation of AVS --- p.10
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Seasonal and Spatial Variation of AVS --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.3 --- AVS as Mediator of Metal Toxicity --- p.13
Chapter 1.3.4 --- Chemical Basis for AVS Sediment Normalization --- p.15
Chapter 1.3.5 --- Analysis of Pore Water Metals --- p.17
Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of the Research --- p.18
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Importance of Metal Bioavailability Study in Hong Kong --- p.18
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Importance of AVS Study in Hong Kong --- p.19
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Approach of the Present Study --- p.21
Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.22
Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.23
Chapter 2.1 --- Study Area --- p.24
Chapter 2.2 --- Sampling Strategy --- p.25
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sampling Locations --- p.25
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Sampling Dates --- p.28
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Sample Collection and Handling --- p.28
Chapter 2.3 --- Sample Analysis --- p.32
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Sediment Analysis --- p.32
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Pore Water and Overlying Water Analysis --- p.34
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Limitations --- p.36
Chapter 2.4 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.39
Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- METALS IN WATER AND BOTTOM SEDIMENTS --- p.40
Chapter 3.1 --- Metals in the Water --- p.40
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Variation of Metal Concentrations --- p.41
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Metal Pollution Level of the Overlying Water --- p.42
Chapter 3.2 --- Metals in Bottom Sediments --- p.44
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Spatial Distribution Pattern of Heavy Metals --- p.44
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Temporal Variation of Metal Content in the Bottom Sediments --- p.48
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Metal Pollution Level of the Bottom Sediments --- p.49
Chapter 3.3 --- Conclusion --- p.50
Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- SPECIATION OF METALS IN THE OVERLYING WATER AND BOTTOM SEDIMENTS --- p.51
Chapter 4.1 --- Speciation of Metals in the Overlying Water --- p.51
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Concentration of Labile Metals in the Overlying Water --- p.52
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Seasonal and Spatial Variation in the Concentration of Labile Metals in the Overlying Water --- p.54
Chapter 4.1.3 --- Percentage of Labile Fraction in Total Metals --- p.55
Chapter 4.2 --- Speciation of Metals in the Bottom Sediments --- p.59
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Proportion of Various Metal Species in the Sediments --- p.60
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Variation of the Overlying Water Properties --- p.63
Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Chemical Properties of the Water in the Study Area --- p.63
Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Seasonal Variation of Water Properties --- p.67
Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- Stratification of the Water Column --- p.69
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Implication of the Changes of Water Quality on Metal Remobilization --- p.73
Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- VARIATION OF AVS AND ITS ROLE IN METAL TOXICITY MEDIATION --- p.77
Chapter 5.1 --- Variation of AVS in the Study Area --- p.78
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Spatial Variation of AVS --- p.78
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Seasonal Variation of AVS --- p.81
Chapter 5.1.3 --- Vertical Variation of AVS --- p.85
Chapter 5.1.4 --- Effects of AVS Variation on Metal Bioavailability --- p.88
Chapter 5.2 --- Role of AVS in Metal Toxicity Mediation --- p.91
Chapter 5.2.1 --- SEM/AVS Molar Ratio --- p.91
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Fraction of SEM in Total Metals of the Sediments --- p.94
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Labile Metals in Pore Water --- p.96
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Dissolved Sulfides in the Pore Water and Overlying Water --- p.99
Chapter 5.3 --- Conclusion --- p.100
Chapter CHAPTER 6. --- CONCLUSION --- p.102
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.102
Chapter 6.2 --- Major Findings --- p.103
Chapter 6.3 --- Practical Implication of the Findings --- p.108
Chapter 6.4 --- Suggestion for Further Studies --- p.110
Bibliography --- p.113
Appendix A. AVS Extraction and Detection Method --- p.121
Appendix B. Sequential Extraction Method for Metals Speciation Analysis --- p.123
Appendix C. Instrument List for the Experiments --- p.125
Appendix D. Monthly Total Rainfall and Mean Temperature of1995 --- p.127
Appendix E. Analytical Results of the Overlying Water --- p.128
Appendix F. Analytical Results of the Bottom Sediments --- p.132
Appendix G. Analytical Results of the Pore Water --- p.136
Appendix H. Concentration (μg/g) and Fraction (%) of Pbin Sediments --- p.140
Appendix I. Concentration (μg/g) and Fraction (%) of Cuin Sediments --- p.142
Appendix J. Concentration (μg/g) and Fraction (%) of Cdin Sediments --- p.144
Appendix K. Concentration (μg/g) and Fraction (%) of Znin Sediments --- p.146
Appendix L. Concentration (μg/g) and Fraction (%) of Niin Sediments --- p.148
Appendix M. Fraction of Different Speciations of Metals in the Sediments --- p.150
Appendix N. Vertical Profile of Dissolved Oxygen in the Overlying Water --- p.155
Appendix O. Vertical Profile of Salinity in the Overlying Water --- p.159
Appendix P. Vertical Profile of Temperature in the Overlying Water --- p.163
Appendix Q. Vertical Profile of pH in the Overlying Water --- p.167