Academic literature on the topic 'Marials movements'

This article examines how political regimes structure the strategies activists can effectively utilize to transform public institutions. Drawing on Tilly's concept of "regime space" as a combination of capacity and democracy, the author analyzes the Brazilian Landless Workers Movement's (MST) attempt to implement alternative pedagogies in public schools in two diverse contexts: the state of Rio Grande do Sul and the municipality of Santa Maria da Boa Vista, Pernambuco. In Rio Grande do Sul's high-capacity democratic regime, social movement repertories and partisan politics are effective in transforming schools for a decade, until a right-leaning mobilization ends these initiatives. In contrast, in Santa Maria's low-capacity nondemocratic regime, the MST engages in a Gramscian war of position and transforms public schools over multiple administrations. This comparison illustrates the relevance of subnational regimes in shaping contention, the strengths and weaknesses of diverse activist strategies, and the importance of not-so-public forms of contention in movement outcomes.

Abstract Adult Mariana Common Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus guami) were radio-marked on Guam (n = 25) and Saipan (n = 18) to determine home range, inter- and intraseasonal space use, and movement patterns among the Mariana Islands of Guam, Saipan, Tinian, and Rota. Birds were tracked throughout the dry and wet seasons in 2000 and 2001. During the dry season, no interisland movements were detected and most birds remained at a single wetland. However, some radio-marked adults on Guam (48%) and Saipan (11%) dispersed from their capture site to other wetland sites. Inter-and intraisland movements increased during the wet season. Interisland movement from Saipan to Tinian occurred at the onset of the wet season, although no birds were observed moving off Guam. Radio-marked adults on Guam (71%) and Saipan (70%) dispersed from their capture site to other wetlands. On Guam, moorhens moved farther in the wet season than the dry season. During the wet season frequency of movement among sites was inversely proportional to the average distance between wetlands. Guam moorhens used rivers more often during the wet season. Among nine dispersing adult moorhens captured during the wet season on Fena Reservoir, Guam, 67% returned to Fena Reservoir during the 2001 dry season. Home-range estimates on Guam averaged 3.1 ± 4.8 ha (SD) and did not differ significantly between sexes or seasons. However, during the dry season, females exhibited significantly smaller mean core areas than males. Movimientos Estacionales y Rango de Hogar de Gallinula chloropus guami Resumen. Individuos adultos de Gallinula chloropus guami fueron marcados con radio collares en Guam (n = 25) y Saipan (n = 18) para determinar el rango de hogar, el uso del espacio entre y dentro de las estaciones, y los patrones de movimiento entre las Islas Mariana de Guam, Saipan, Tinian y Rota. Las aves fueron seguidas durante las estaciones seca y húmeda de 2000 y 2001. Durante la estación seca, no se detectaron movimientos entre islas y la mayoría de las aves permanecieron en un solo humedal. Sin embargo, los adultos con radio-collares en Guam (48%) y Saipan (11%) se dispersaron desde sus sitios de captura hacia otros humedales. Los movimientos entre y dentro de las islas incrementaron durante la estación húmeda. Los movimientos entre islas desde Saipan hacia Tinian se produjeron al comienzo de la estación húmeda, aunque no se observaron aves saliendo de Guam. Los adultos con radio-collares en Guam (71%) y Saipan (70%) se dispersaron desde sus sitios de captura hacia otros humedales. En Guam, los individuos de G. c. guami se movieron más lejos durante la estación húmeda que durante la estación seca. Durante la estación húmeda, la frecuencia de movimientos entre sitios fue inversamente proporcional a la distancia promedio entre humedales. Los individuos de G. c. guami de Guam utilizaron los ríos con más frecuencia durante la estación húmeda. De nueve adultos capturados dispersándose en Fena Reservoir, Guam, durante la estación húmeda, 67% regresaron a Fena Reservoir durante la estación seca de 2001. Las estimaciones de rango de hogar en Guam promediaron 3.1 ± 4.8 ha (DE) y no difirieron significativamente entre sexos o estaciones. Sin embargo, durante la estación seca, las hembras tuvieron áreas núcleo significativamente menores que los machos.

AbstractFounder of the most widely known matrimonial agency in postrevolutionary France, Claude Villiaume proved his talents as an enterprising ad man who exploited the uniquely commercial format of the Parisian Petites affiches to establish a virtual monopoly on the business under the Empire. Offering to serve as a conduit for men and women who pursued love anonymously in the Petites affiches, he skillfully marketed his “marriages by the classifieds” to lonely, uprooted individuals throughout imperial France. Villiaume pitched his unions as part of a new commercial and social world of movement in Paris. He sought to facilitate the circulation of capital and people by forging family alliances and love matches across multiple social and geographic borders. By linking marital choice and courtship to the vagaries of consumer capitalism, the agent transformed marriage into a form of commercial exchange associated with the new urban values of abundance, pleasure, and social mobility.Fondateur du bureau des mariages le plus connu à l'époque de l'Empire, Claude Villiaume a fait preuve de son talent comme publicitaire dynamique qui se servait du format commercial des Petites Affiches de Paris afin d'établir un monopole sur la profession de courtier matrimonial. Il s'est proposé comme entremetteur pour les gens à la recherche d'un conjoint dans l'anonymat des petites annonces et il a mis en valeur ses « mariages par les petites affiches » aux personnes solitaires et déplacées dans la France impériale. Villiaume a proposé ses mariages dans le cadre d'un nouveau monde commercial et social marqué par la circulation rapide des personnes et des marchandises à Paris. Il a tenté de faciliter les alliances familiales et les liens amoureux au-delà des frontières géographiques et sociales. En associant le modèle du choix du conjoint et de la cour au capitalisme consumériste, l'agent a transformé le mariage en une espèce d'échange commercial lié aux valeurs urbaines de l'abondance, du plaisir, et de la mobilité sociale.

Résumé. Cet article étudie les lieux investis par les activistes LGBT durant les mobilisations en faveur de l'ouverture du mariage civil aux couples de même sexe en France, en Espagne et en Belgique. Il montre que l'articulation entre les niveaux étatique et infraétatiques ne résulte pas uniquement des variations institutionnelles de la structure des opportunités politiques ou, à l'image du scale-jumping, de considérations stratégiques. Elle s'inscrit aussi dans des phénomènes plus vastes : la culture politique, l'histoire et l'organisation des mouvements LGBT dans chacun des pays analysés. Ce texte discute ainsi certaines observations de Miriam Smith (et de John Grundy) sur la déconnexion des niveaux d'action au sein du mouvement LGBT canadien.Abstract. This article examines the places invested by LGBT activists while advocating the opening-up of civil marriage to same-sex couples in France, Spain and Belgium. It shows how the articulation between state and sub-state levels does not only result from institutional variations of the political opportunities structure or, as for scale-jumping, from strategic concerns. It also ensues from broader phenomena: political culture, as well as the history and organisation of LGBT movements in each of the countries under study. This text also discusses some of Miriam Smith (and John Grundy)'s observations on the disconnections of action levels within the Canadian LGBT movement.

SummaryKnowledge of species-specific spatial ecology is critical for applying appropriate management strategies to maximise conservation outcomes. We used radio-telemetry to describe spatial behaviour of the critically endangered, island-endemic Mariana Crow Corvus kubaryi. To determine whether management strategies should reflect life stage, we measured the home ranges and daily movements of 22 Mariana Crows. Fledgling mobility was low during the first 31 days post-fledging and effects of age (fledgling or sub-adult) and time (months post-fledging or post-dispersal) were often driven entirely by this period. After controlling for reduced fledgling mobility, cumulative home range size increased over time for both age classes and was, on average, more than twice the area for sub-adults than fledglings. Sub-adults also tended to make longer daily movements than fledglings. Non-cumulative, monthly home range areas did not increase over time but the average overlap in home range area between consecutive months was only 63%, suggesting large shifts in space use each month. These results highlight the dynamic nature of Mariana Crow home ranges and suggest that large-scale management efforts are critical for protecting both breeding and non-breeding individuals. The application of the traditional home range concept to Mariana Crows and other wide-ranging passerine birds may result in sub-optimal management strategies. Instead, we recommend that the spatial and temporal scale of conservation efforts be informed by species-specific spatial behaviour across all relevant life stages.

The problems confronted by most women's theatre in reaching its own constituency and, when desired, gaining a wider hearing have been exacerbated in Spain by the long period of emergence from the Franco dictatorship, with its legacy of oppression. In this article, Maria–José Ragué offers an overview of the subject, outlining the historical context and exploring the work of women playwrights, then looking in particular at women's theatre groups based in Barcelona, at whose university she teaches theatre history. Maria–José Ragué is also a theatre critic and a playwright, having published Clytemnestra and Crits de gavina in Catalan and Gaviotas, lagartijas y mariposa in Spanish. Among her research she has published, in Catalan, The Feminine Characters of Greek Tragedy in Twentieth-Century Catalan Theatre (1990), and, in Spanish, The Feminine Characters of Greek Tragedy in Twentieth-Century Galician Theatre (1991). Her Themes of Greek Tragedy in Spanish Contemporary Theatre is also in print. She is currently completing a book about women and theatre in contemporary Spain, and beginning work on a study of African ritual theatre. Marias-José Ragué was born in Barcelona in 1941, and has always lived in her home town except between 1968 and 1970, when she lived and studied in Berkeley.

Movement is a fundamental component of behaviour and thus both are inextricably linked. Variation in movement patterns usually reflects different behaviours, including those most glaring, such as foraging, dispersal, migration, social interaction, mate search or escaping from predators. The way individuals allocate their time budget to different behaviours within circadian rhythm and over the annual life cycle will ultimately provide knowledge about evolutionary processes and adaptive capacity, also important to proper conservation actions of endangered species. Among highly mobile marine megafauna, seabirds represent suitable model species to address key questions about movement and behaviour. The study of year-round movements of seabirds has been addressed over the last 20 years with the wide deployment of light-level geolocators equipped with saltwater immersion sensors. However, wet-dry data provided by such loggers seem underused so far despite their usefulness to provide important insights on a variety of dimensions of seabird ecology. The main aim of this thesis was to provide new insights into the factors shaping seabird behaviour. The thesis encompasses several aspects of seabird at-sea ecology of 4 different species spread over the Atlantic Ocean: Boyd’s shearwater (Puffinus boydi), Common tern (Sterna hirundo), Atlantic petrel (Pterodroma incerta) and Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris borealis). In Chapter 1 we reveal the timing of major events over the annual life cycle, migratory routes and place on the map the non-breeding areas of a little-known tropical seabird endemic to Cape Verde Islands, the Boyd’s Shearwater. We show that Boyd's shearwaters perform longitudinal migrations to the oligotrophic central North Atlantic Ocean for the non-breeding season, in contrast with closely-related taxa that rely on most productive waters. In Chapter 2, we show that Common terns breeding in continental Europe spread over the West African coast for wintering, but females winter further north and use offshore waters whereas males winter further south and remain nearby the coastline. Behavioural budgets of Common terns were shaped within circadian and circa-annual rhythms. In Chapter 3 we describe in detail the phenology of the Atlantic petrel, showing that breeding success likely shapes the timing of major life-history events and behavioural patterns year round. We did find evidence of carry-over effects, since failed breeders advanced their post-breeding migration, remained longer in the wintering area, and advanced pre-breeding migration comparing to successful breeders. Breeding success did not affect the selection of wintering areas, as all birds relied on the South American shelf slope during different stages of the annual cycle. In Chapter 4, we demonstrate how geolocator-immersion loggers constitute a powerful and irreplaceable source of information to study seabird behaviour. We present a novel approach to infer a diverse array of behaviours based uniquely on wet-dry data, built upon a set of state-of-the-art unsupervised machine learning algorithms that reduce multidimensional data to a bidimensional behavioural space, from which different behaviours can be drawn. We applied the protocol on wet-dry data from Cory’s shearwater. Through these means, we can inspect in great detail and from manifold perspectives the behavioural patterns at individual and population level, highlighting how seasonal constraints shape behavioural budgets and behavioural strategies. We use data visualization tools such as actograms and behavioural landscapes to get new insights, highlighting that such tools constitute an effective method to visualize behaviour of seabirds inferred from wet-dry data from manifold perspectives. Geolocator-immersion sensors currently remain as the most cost-effective balanced tracking devices to track seabird species over the entire annual cycle while ensuring the welfare of tagged individuals. Thus, results compiled in this thesis should encourage researchers to incorporate the use wet-dry data within hypothesis-driven frameworks, which surely would contribute to increase our knowledge of seabird ecology at sea.
El movimiento es un componente fundamental del comportamiento animal, estando ambos íntimamente entrelazados. Variaciones en los patrones de movimiento normalmente reflejan cambios de comportamiento, incluyendo aquellos más conspicuos como la búsqueda de alimento, la dispersión, la migración, las interacciones sociales, la búsqueda de pareja o la huida ante depredadores. La forma en la que los patrones comportamentales se ajustan en el tiempo de acuerdo a los ritmos circadianos y a lo largo del ciclo anual puede ayudarnos a entender, en última instancia, los procesos evolutivos y la capacidad de adaptación de las poblaciones animales, algo también importante de cara al desarrollo de medidas de conservación de especies amenazadas. Las aves marinas representan un modelo especialmente adecuado para el estudio de la ecología comportamental y del movimiento. Estudiar los movimientos de las aves marinas en mar abierto ha sido posible en las dos últimas décadas gracias a la normalización en el uso de geolocalizadores por niveles de luz. Aunque buena parte de los modelos de geolocalizador es capaz de registrar datos de conductividad en agua salada (seco/húmedo), esta información parece infrautilizada a la luz de la literatura publicada. Sin embargo, los datos de conductividad son enormemente útiles para el estudio de multitud de aspectos sobre la ecología de las aves marinas. Esta tesis aborda diferentes aspectos de la ecología en mar abierto de 4 especies de aves marinas del océano Atlántico: la pardela chica de Cabo Verde (Puffinus boydi), el charrán común (Sterna hirundo), el petrel atlántico (Pterodroma incerta) y la pardela cenicienta (Calonectris borealis). En el Capítulo 1 revelamos la fenología, rutas migratorias y área de invernada de una especie tropical de pequeño tamaño, la pardela de Cabo Verde, endémica de dicho archipiélago. A diferencia de especies cercanas, los individuos de esta especie realizan una migración longitudinal hasta las aguas oligotróficas del centro del Atlántico Norte. En el Capítulo 2, mostramos que los charranes comunes que crían en Europa migran hasta la costa oeste de África para invernar, aunque las hembras se quedan más al norte y en ambientes más marinos, y los machos más al sur y en ambientes costeros. El comportamiento en ambos sexos parece regulado por ritmos circadianos y anuales. En el Capítulo 3, desgranamos la fenología del petrel Atlántico, una especie endémica del archipiélago de Tristán da Cunha, mostrando que el éxito reproductor probablemente moldea la sucesión de eventos fenológicos y los patrones de comportamiento. Incluso encontramos evidencias de efectos arrastrados, puesto que los animales que fracasaron en la cría adelantaron la migración, permanecieron más tiempo en la zona de invernada, y retornaron antes a las colonias de cría. Tanto los animales que tuvieron éxito como los que fracasaron en la cría invernaron en aguas de la plataforma continental de América del Sur y Patagonia. En el Capítulo 4, presentamos un nuevo protocolo analítico basado en algoritmos de aprendizaje automático que utiliza únicamente datos de conductividad. Mediante su aplicación sobre datos de pardelas cenicientas, demostramos que los datos de conductividad constituyen una poderosa herramienta para el estudio de las aves marinas, permitiendo desglosar a un nivel sin precedentes su comportamiento a diversas escalas: espacial (de viajes cortos a migraciones anuales), temporal (de días a años) y poblacional (de individuos a poblaciones). El análisis también nos permite resaltar los diferentes elementos que moldean el comportamiento animal a diferentes escalas temporales, utilizando para ellos potentes herramientas de visualización de datos como los actogramas. El conjunto de resultados expuestos en esta tesis debe alentar a los investigadores a utilizar más frecuentemente los datos de conductividad, lo cual contribuiría a aumentar nuestro conocimiento sobre la ecología de las aves marinas.

The aim of this essay is to investigate if there exists any relation between what is generally considered Britain’s foremost elite military unit, HM Royal Marines and a manipulative religious sect. With theoretical data defining a manipulative religious sect, and empirical data gathered from interviews with a number of former royal marines, this essay looks at the attributes common to these two very different organisations. Interestingly, even though the experiences of members of such organisations seemed to bare some resemblance; the motivation for any comparability was quite different. This phenomenon seemed to affect the whole study, and the findings did not confirm any substantial relation between the two organisations in accordance with the strict definitions applicable to a manipulative religious sect.

Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of of Sociology, 2006.
"May, 2006." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 10/11/2006) Advisor, Kathryn M. Feltey; Committee members, Gay C. Kitson, Matthew Lee, Amy Kroska, Sandra Perosa; Department Chair, Mark Tausig; Dean of the College, Ronald F. Levant; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

Les tortues marines, espèces emblématiques des écosystèmes marins, sont de plus en plus menacées par les effets directs et indirects des activités humaines. Leur cycle de vie est complexe, partagé entre divers habitats, souvent très éloignés les uns des autres. Leur conservation nécessite donc d'identifier les habitats occupés à chaque stade de vie et les routes migratoires empruntées entre ces différents habitats. Si l'écologie spatiale des tortues adultes est relativement bien connue, notamment grâce au suivi par satellite, il n'en va pas de même pour les juvéniles qui se développent plusieurs années en milieu pélagique sans pouvoir être suivis. Dans ce contexte, les simulations numériques constituent un outil adapté pour explorer la dispersion des tortues juvéniles à partir de leurs plages de naissance. Jusqu'à présent il a le plus souvent été supposé dans ces simulations que les juvéniles dérivaient passivement avec les courants marins. Dans ce travail de thèse nous présentons STAMM (Sea Turtle Active Movement Model), un nouveau modèle de dispersion active des tortues juvéniles qui s'attache à dépasser l'hypothèse initiale d'une dérive purement passive. Dans STAMM, les juvéniles simulés se déplacent sous l'influence de la circulation océanique et d'une nage motivée par la recherche d'habitats favorables. Ce modèle est appliqué ici à l'étude de la dispersion des juvéniles de trois populations de tortues marines : les tortues luths (Dermochelys coriacea) du Pacifique Ouest et de l'Atlantique Nord-Ouest puis les tortues caouannes (Caretta caretta) de l'ouest de l'océan Indien. Nos résultats montrent que, même si la circulation océanique détermine, à grande échelle, les zones de dispersion, la prise en compte des mouvements motivés par l'habitat augmente considérablement le réalisme des simulations et impacte profondément la distribution spatiale et temporelle des individus simulés à l'intérieur de leur zone de dispersion. Les mouvements motivés par l'habitat induisent notamment des migrations saisonnières en latitude qui réduisent la mortalité par hypothermie. Ces mouvements induisent également une concentration des individus simulés dans des zones productives (comme les upwellings de bord Est) inaccessibles en dérive passive. Ces résultats questionnent la vision classique des juvéniles circulant passivement autour des gyres océaniques et devraient rapidement être pris en compte pour la mise en place de mesures de conservation ciblées visant les tortues marines juvéniles
Sea turtles are increasingly threatened by the direct and indirect effects of human activities. Their life cycle is complex, shared between various, and often very distant, habitats. Their conservation therefore requires identifying the habitats occupied at each stage of life and the migration routes between these different habitats. While the spatial ecology of adult turtles is relatively well known, particularly through satellite monitoring, the situation is not the same for juveniles which pelagic development phase remains largely unobserved. In that context, numerical simulation constitutes an appropriate tool to explore the dispersal of juvenile sea turtles from their natal beaches. Until now, simulations were mostly performed under the assumption that juveniles disperse passively with oceanic currents. In this PhD thesis we present STAMM (Sea Turtle Active Movement Model), a new model of active dispersal that aims to go beyond the initial hypothesis of passive drift. In STAMM, juvenile sea turtles move under the influence of ocean currents and swimming movements motivated by the search for favorable habitats. This model is applied here to the study of the dispersal of juveniles from three sea turtle populations: leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) of the Western Pacific and the Northwest Atlantic Oceans, and loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) of the Western Indian Ocean. Our results show that, although ocean currents broadly shape juvenile dispersal areas, simulations including habitat-driven movements provide more realistic results than passive drift simulations. Habitat-driven movements prove to deeply structure the spatial and temporal distribution of juveniles. In particular, they induce seasonal latitudinal migrations that reduce cold induce mortality. They also push simulated individuals to concentrate in productive areas that cannot be accessed through pure passive drift. These results challenge the classical view of juveniles circulating passively around oceanic gyres. They should rapidly be taken into account for the implementation of targeted conservation measures concerning juvenile sea turtles

L’Arctique, bien que région éloignée de toutes activités anthropiques intensives, est contaminé par les polluants émis à de plus basses latitudes. En effet, les caractéristiques physico-chimiques de certains polluants leur permettent d’être transportés sur de longues distances, via les courants atmosphériques ou océaniques. Parmi eux se trouve notamment le mercure (Hg), élément trace non-essentiel naturellement émis dans l’environnement mais dont les émissions d’origine anthropiques ont fortement augmenté depuis le 19ème siècle. Ce neurotoxique engendre chez les espèces animales des troubles comportementaux, mais aussi des problèmes de reproduction et dans les cas extrêmes, la mort. Le milieu marin est particulièrement sensible à la contamination au Hg. En effet, une fois dans l’environnement marin, le Hg intègre la chaine alimentaire (sous sa forme toxique méthylée - MeHg), dans laquelle sa concentration augmente d’un niveau trophique à l’autre (processus de bioamplification) et/ou accumule au sein des organismes (processus de bioaccumulation). Ainsi, les prédateurs supérieurs longévifs tels que les oiseaux marins, en fin de chaine alimentaire, présentent les concentrations de Hg parmi les plus élevées. Ils sont largement et efficacement utilisés comme bio-indicateurs de la contamination au Hg de leur environnement. La majeure partie des connaissances actuelle sur la contamination au Hg des oiseaux marins Arctique concerne la saison de reproduction, durant laquelle les concentrations varient spatialement, avec notamment les concentrations les plus élevées trouvées en Arctique Canadien. Durant cette période, qui ne représente qu’une partie de l’année, les oiseaux se reproduisent à terre et sont donc plus facilement accessibles. Mais une fois la saison de reproduction terminée, la majorité des oiseaux marins migrent en haute mer, en dehors de l’Arctique. Une étude précédente a montré qu’une population de mergules nains (Alle alle) se reproduisant à l’Est du Groenland a des concentrations de Hg plus élevées en période de non-reproduction qu’en période de reproduction, avec des effets délétères sur la reproduction suivante. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, et grâce à une approche multi espèces et multi colonies, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle de la migration des oiseaux marins sur leur contamination au Hg et ce à l’échelle de l’Arctique. Nos résultats montrent une saisonnalité dans la contamination au Hg, nous permettant d’étendre les résultats mis en avant pour les mergules nains à de nombreuses autres espèces d’oiseaux marins. Nous avons également trouvé que cette saisonnalité varie spatialement avec des variations saisonnières plus importantes pour les populations se reproduisant en Atlantique Ouest (Ouest du Groenland et Est du Canada). Ces résultats nous ont amenés à faire l’hypothèse que cette variation était une conséquence de la migration des oiseaux marins et de la distribution de leur zone d’hivernage. Pour tester cette hypothèse, nous avons utilisé les oiseaux comme bio-indicateurs de leur environnement. Pour cela, nous avons combiné des analyses de Hg avec du biologging afin de retracer l’origine spatiale de la contamination hivernale au Hg. Nos résultats montrent une augmentation des concentrations de Hg suivant un gradient est-ouest nous permettant ainsi d’étendre les résultats des précédentes études concernant la période de reproduction à l’hiver et à l’ensemble des régions marines à l’échelle de l’Atlantique Nord - Arctique. Ainsi, les résultats du présent travail de thèse nous permettent de conclure qu’au-delà de leur migration, ce sont les zones de reproduction et d’hivernages des oiseaux marins arctiques qui conditionnent leur contamination au Hg
The Arctic, even far from intensive human activities, is contaminated by pollutants emitted at Northern mid-latitudes. Because of their physico-chemical characteristics, pollutants are transported over large distances through atmospheric or oceanic currents. Among them is mercury (Hg), a naturally occurring and non-essential trace element whose emissions increased since the 19th century because of human activities. This neurotoxic negatively impacts animals’ health and induces behavioral changes, reproduction issues and in the most extreme case, death. The marine environment is particularly sensitive to Hg, which incorporates the food chain (under is toxic and methylated form – MeHg) in which its concentration increases from one trophic level to the other (e.g. biomagnification process) and accumulates within organisms (e.g. bioaccumulation process). Hence, long-lived top predators like seabirds, found at the end of the food chain usually show some of the highest contamination to Hg. They are commonly and efficiently used as bio-indicators of the health of their environment. Most of the current knowledge about Hg contamination in Arctic seabirds focused on the breeding period during which Hg was found to spatially vary, with usually higher Hg concentrations in the Canadian Arctic. During this period, which represents a part of the year only, seabirds aggregate in colonies for reproduction where they are more easily accessible. However, at the end of this period, seabirds migrate to overwinter mostly in open seas, outside of the Arctic. A previous study on a little auk (Alle alle) population breeding in East Greenland found that Hg concentrations were higher during the non-breeding period than during the breeding period, with carryover effects on the following reproduction. In the present doctoral work, based on a multi-species and multi-colony approach, we studied winter Hg exposure and the role of seabird migration in their contamination to Hg at large spatial scale. We found a seasonality in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found in little auks to several species and at a larger spatial scale. We also found that this seasonality was spatially different with some of the highest variations for seabirds breeding in the West Atlantic (West Greenland and Canadian Arctic). We therefore proposed that such variations were due to seabird’s migration and the areas they overwintered at. To test such hypotheses, we used seabirds as bio-indicators of winter Hg contamination through the North-Atlantic Arctic. More specifically, we combined Hg measurements with geolocators devices to track the spatial origin of winter Hg contamination. We found an east-west increase in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found during the breeding period to the winter period, through the entire North-Atlantic Arctic marine region. Results of the present doctoral work allow us to conclude that beyond migration, seabird distribution during the breeding and non-breeding periods drive their contamination to Hg

Les aires marines protégées (AMPs), soulèvent un intérêt croissant pour leur capacité à améliorer la conservation des ressources marines et, potentiellement, les captures des pêcheries au travers de l'export de poissons et de larves vers les zones pêchées. Des lacunes importantes subsistent dans nos connaissances des impacts du mouvement des poissons sur le fonctionnement des AMPs, et sur la manière dont les AMPs protégeant les populations de poissons modérément à fortement mobiles pourraient être efficaces sans être extrêmement larges. Différents modèles sont utilisés ici afin de combler ces lacunes de connaissances. Tout d'abord, un modèle conceptuel a été développé afin d'explorer les impacts du mouvement des poissons sur l'efficacité des AMPs comparativement à ceux de la dispersion larvaire. Les résultats de ce modèle démontrent que le mouvement des poissons a un impact négatif plus fort sur la persistance d'une population dans les réseaux d'AMPs que la dispersion larvaire. La redistribution de l'effort de pêche anciennement dans les AMPs et la concentration des pêcheurs en bordure d'AMPs réduisent de façon significative la persistance et les captures des populations se dispersant dans le stade adulte, tandis qu'elles n'ont qu'un effet marginal pour les populations se dispersant dans le stade larvaire. Deux modèles appliqués ont été ensuite développés afin d'examiner les impacts des AMPs protégeant des fractions spécifiques de populations migratrices. Un modèle spatialement explicite a été utilisé afin d'étudier les effets des AMPs pour deux populations de merlus sud africaines effectuant des migrations ontogéniques. Les résultats de ce modèle montrent que les AMPs ciblant les juvéniles entraînent une augmentation considérable de la biomasse féconde. Cette augmentation de biomasse conduit à une amélioration des captures de certaines, mais pas de toutes les flottes de pêche. Un modèle par recrue est utilisé afin d'évaluer les effets des AMPs pour les populations récifales effectuant des migrations pour former des agrégations de ponte transitoires. L'application de ce modèle à deux populations de poissons des Seychelles révèle que les AMPs protégeant les agrégations de ponte augmentent le potentiel reproductif des poissons en général, mais pas les captures par recrue
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly considered for their ability to improve species conservation and, potentially, fisheries yields via the export of fish and larvae to fished areas. Critical knowledge gaps remain on the impacts of fish movement for MPA functioning and on how MPAs protecting moderately to highly mobile populations may be effective without being extremely large. Here, different models are used to address these knowledge gaps. First, a conceptual model was developed to explore the impacts of fish movement versus larval dispersal on MPA effectiveness. Results demonstrate that fish movement has a stronger negative impact on population persistence in MPA networks than larval dispersal. Redistribution of the fishing effort formerly in MPAs and concentration of fishers on MPA borders dramatically reduce persistence and yields for mobile populations, while they marginally change results for populations with dispersing larvae. Two applied models examining the effects of MPAs targeting specific fractions of migratory populations were then developed. A spatially-explicit model was used to study the effects of MPAs on two South African hake populations undergoing ontogenetic migrations. Results show that MPAs targeting juveniles considerably increase hake spawning biomass. This increase in biomass improves the yields of some, but not all fishing fleets. A per-recruit model was used to assess MPA effects for reef populations migrating to form transient spawning aggregations. Applying the model to two populations from Seychelles, MPAs protecting spawning aggregations are found to improve fish reproductive potential in general, but not yield-per-recruit

Cette thèse analyse les conditions qui ont conduit à l'émergence d'un groupe qui diffusent la doctrine et la pensée de l'Église catholique au XXe siècle dans l'État de Rio Grande do Sul. L'hypothèse générale qui a guidé la recherche est que les Jésuites la promotion d'un processus entre les groupes formant, de un cotê d'uniformiser scolaire par leurs gymnases catholiques, et surtout de l'identité religieuse et intellectuelle à travers les activités dans leurs congrégations Mariannes. Il est démontré, sur la base de plusieurs sources, que le facteur d'homogénéisation du groupe n'est pas dans leur profil social, mais en uniforme scolaire a reçu, et en particulier dans la formation religieuse et intellectuelle résultat de l'action éducative des Jésuites étrangers dans les congrégations mariales. Se déroule cette constatation, le fait que dans un environnement culturel marqué par l'absence d'espaces universitaires, á formation philosophique fournies par ces jésuites, basées sur des interprétations du thomisme, déterminer le substrat idéologique et l’identité intellectuelle du groupe. Cette formation intellectuelle internationalisé déterminé que, parmi les membres du groupe, étant donné la tendance de la réception de la pensée catholique, ne créent pas un système philosophiques original. Avec ce type de formation l’action collective du groupe catholique a été orientée pour les espaces sociaux ils peuvent imposer leur identité intelectuelle, et la doctrine sociale de l'Eglise, comme l'articulation du mouvement catholique en l'état, la conquête des chaires de philosophie et des lois du travail, par exemple, l'Université, et la construction de l'ordre politique à travers l'insertion des postulats catholiques dans las constituants fédéral.
Esta tese analisa as condições que possibilitaram o surgimento de um grupo que difundiu a doutrina e o pensamento da Igreja Católica durante o século XX no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A hipótese geral que norteou a pesquisa é de que os Jesuítas promoveram um processo, entre os grupos que formaram, por um lado, de uniformização escolar, via seus Ginásios Católicos, e, sobretudo, de identificação religiosa e intelectual através das atividades nas suas Congregações Marianas. Demonstra-se, com base em fontes variadas, que o fator homogeneizador do grupo não se encontra em seu perfil social, mas sim na uniformização escolar recebida, e, sobretudo, na formação religiosa e intelectual decorrente da ação educativa dos jesuítas estrangeiros nas Congregações Marianas. Desdobra-se desta constatação, o fato de que, num ambiente cultural marcado pela ausência de espaços acadêmicos, a formação filosófica proporcionada por estes jesuítas alemães baseada nas reinterpretações do Tomismo, pautou o substrato ideológico e a identidade intelectual do grupo. Esta formação intelectual internacionalizada determinou que, entre os membros do grupo, dado o padrão de recepção de pensamento católico, não se produzisse um sistema filosófico original. Com este tipo de formação a ação coletiva do grupo católico direcionouse para os espaços sociais os quais pudessem impor sua identidade intelectual e a doutrina social da Igreja, como a articulação do movimento católico no Estado, a conquista das cátedras de Filosofia e de legislação trabalhista, por exemplo, na Universidade, e a construção da ordem política através inserção dos postulados católicos nas Constituintes.
This thesis analyzes the conditions that allowed the emergence of a group who diffused the doctrine and thinking of the Catholic Church during the twentieth century in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The general hypothesis that guided the research is that the Jesuits promoted a process between the groups that formed on the one hand, standardization of scholar via their gymnasiums Catholics, and especially of religious and intellectual identity through the activities in their Marian Congregations. It is demonstrated, based on various sources, that the group factor homogenizing is not in their social profile, but in standardization scholar received, and especially in religious and intellectual formation resulting from activities educational of the Jesuits in the Marian Congregations. Unfolds this finding, the fact that in a cultural environment marked by the absence of academic spaces, the philosophical background provided by these Jesuits based on interpretations of Thomism, guided the substrate ideological and intellectual identity of the group. This training internationalized determined that, among the group members, given the pattern of reception of Catholic thought, did not produce an original philosophical system. With this type of formation the collective action of the Catholic group is moving on to the social spaces which could enforce its intellectual identity and the social doctrine of the Church as the articulation of the Catholic movement in the state, the conquest of the chairs of philosophy and labor laws, for example, at university, and the construction of political order through the insertion of the postulates Catholics in federal constituencies.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The present work is the result of a research carried out in the context of the participant observation in the context of the technological disaster caused by the rupture of the Fundão Dam, on 05/11/2015, of the mining company Samarco SA (Vale and BHP Billiton) in the region of Mariana-MG. A theoretical and bibliographical survey was also carried out regarding the conditions in which the disaster occurred and its environmental and psychosocial consequences, pointing to the overproduction, inherent to the model of mineral exploration in force in Brazil, and the negligence with the security and the monitoring of the dams of tailings and disasters of such magnitude (Poema, 2015). The disaster destroyed entire communities, affected 40 municipalities between the states of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Bahia, and compromised the region's ecosystem and the country's fifth largest river basin, the Rio Doce Basin. In addition to affecting the lives of thousands of people, mostly rural workers, fishermen and traditional communities. The material and symbolic losses are incauculável, with prominence the destruction of the communities of Bento Rodrigues and Paracatu de Baixo. The disaster also killed 19 people. This study sought to understand the subjects' experience through the analysis of the meanings and meanings present in the narratives constructed by those affected by the disaster. In addition to seeking to reflect how the popular organization through a popular movement, in this case the Movement of Dam Affected (MAB), could strengthen processes of community resistance. It was concluded that the biopsychosocial impacts produced by the disaster situation produced a condition of psychosocial trauma (MARTÍN-BARÓ, 2000) and of ethical-political suffering (SAWAIA, 2014). In addition, it can be observed that the political participation of those affected, organized in a popular movement, generated subjective transformation, elaboration of a new sense of life and promoted health in the ethical-political perspective. The collective organization in the context of disaster has therefore become an alternative to confront the populations of the region, who up to now experience the consequences of the tragedy in their lives
O presente trabalho é resultado de uma pesquisa realizada nos moldes da observação participante no contexto do desastre tecnológico provocado pelo rompimento da barragem do Fundão, no dia 05/11/2015, de responsabilidade da mineradora Samarco S.A (Vale e BHP Billiton) na região de Mariana-MG. Foi realizado ainda um levantamento teórico e bibliográfico a respeito das condições em que o desastre ocorreu e suas consequências ambientais e psicossociais, apontando para a superprodução, inerente ao modelo de exploração mineral vigente no Brasil, e a negligência com a segurança e o monitoramento das barragens de rejeitos, como as causas da produção de rompimento de barragens e desastres de tal magnitude (PoEMAS, 2015). O desastre destruiu comunidades inteiras, atingiu 40 munícipios entre os estados de Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo e Bahia, comprometeu o ecossistema da região e a quinta maior bacia hidrográfica do país, a Bacia do Rio Doce. Além de afetar a vida de milhares de pessoas, em sua maioria trabalhadores rurais, pescadores e comunidades tradicionais. As perdas materiais e simbólicas são incauculáveis, com destaque a destruição das comunidades de Bento Rodrigues e Paracatu de Baixo. O desastre provocou ainda a morte de 19 pessoas. Este estudo buscou compreender a vivência dos sujeitos, através da análise dos sentidos e significados presentes nas narrativas construídas pelos atingidos pelo desastre. Além de buscar refletir de que forma a organização popular através de um movimento popular, no caso o Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens (MAB), poderia potencializar processos de resistência comunitária. A partir da observação e da análise das unidades de sentido encontradas, concluiu-se que os impactos biopsicossociais produzidos pela situação de desastre, produziram uma condição de trauma psicossocial (MARTÍN-BARÓ, 2000) e de sofrimento ético-político (SAWAIA, 2014). Além disso, pode-se observar que a participação política dos atingidos, organizados em um movimento popular, gerou transformação subjetiva, elaboração de um novo sentido de vida e promoveu saúde na perspectiva ético-política. A organização coletiva no contexto de desastre colocou-se, portanto, como alternativa de enfrentamento das populações da região, que até o presente momento vivenciam as consequências da tragédia nas suas vidas

Le déplacement animal joue un rôle déterminant dans la structuration spatiale et la dynamique des populations biologiques, en particulier des espèces fortement mobiles. L’espace et l’environnement font ainsi partie intégrante du cycle de vie des tortues marines. Ce travail de thèse propose de caractériser l’écologie spatiale des tortues marines, du stade juvénile au stade adulte, dans le Sud-ouest de l’océan Indien, principalement par l’usage de deux méthodes : la télémétrie satellitaire et la modélisation individu-centrée. Il montre en premier lieu que la phénologie de la reproduction de la tortue verte à travers la région est principalement liée à la température de surface de la mer au voisinage des sites de reproduction. Sont ensuite étudiés les patrons de dérive des nouveau-nés générés par les courants océaniques qui impacteraient inégalement leurs traits d’histoire de vie selon l’emplacement du site de naissance. Concernant le stade immature, les résultats suggèrent un cycle de développement trans-équatorial pour la tortue caouanne dans l’océan Indien. Pour le stade adulte, cette étude caractérise les couloirs et la connectivité migratoires de la tortue verte dans la région. Enfin, l’intégration de ces résultats permet de comprendre la structuration des patrons migratoires régionaux et leur influence sur la dynamique des populations. L’ensemble des connaissances acquises fournit un support concret d’aide à la décision pour la mise en place de plans de gestion et de conservation des tortues marines dans le Sud-ouest de l’océan Indien. Cela souligne l’importance d’une approche à grande échelle pour la protection d’un patrimoine biologique partagé par plusieurs nations
Animal movement is crucial to the ecology of spatially structured population, particularly for highly mobile species. Marine turtles’ life cycle is indeed closely related to spatial and environmental factors. This work analyses the spatial ecology of marine turtles, from early juvenile to adult stages, in the Southwest Indian Ocean, primarily through the use of two methods: satellite tracking and individual-based modeling. Firstly, this analysis argues that green turtle’s reproductive phenology across the region is mainly related to the sea surface temperature in the vicinity of the nesting site. Then, it shows how drifting trajectories of hatchlings in oceanic currents unevenly influence their life history traits depending on the position of the natal site. By tracking late juvenile stage, this work also suggests a trans-equatorial developmental cycle for loggerhead turtle in the Indian Ocean. At adult stage, it describes migratory corridors and connectivity for green turtle across the region. Finally, an integrative approach considering all these results allows for an understanding of the regional migratory patterns and their influence on population dynamics. The results of this work provide a practical policy decision tool for management and conservation of marine turtles in the Southwest Indian Ocean and highlight the need for a large-scale approach in the protection of biological resources and heritage shared by multiple nations

Chapter 5 analyzes the MST’s attempt to transform public schools in the state of Pernambuco, beginning in the late 1990s after the movement already developed a national pedagogical proposal. This chapter argues that regime type is not as important in the context of states with low levels of capacity for implementing policy goals. In the first case of Santa Maria da Boa Vista, the MST’s increasing capacity for educational governance convinced multiple clientelistic regimes that it was worthwhile to collaborate with the movement. In addition, activists’ ability to garner the consent of municipal public school teachers pushed forward the movement’s educational program. The second case of Água Preta shows that the MST’s own movement infrastructure is a major factor that determines social movement outcomes. In this case, while the same political opportunities are open in Água Preta as in Santa Maria da Boa Vista, the internal divides within the settlements in Água Preta prevent local leadership development and thus hamstring activists’ ability to participate in the public schools.

This chapter reveals Mariam Abou Zahab's knowledge of South Asia, especially Afghanistan and Pakistan. Zahab had explored Afghanistan and Pakistan extensively throughout her life, beginning her travels as early as 1973. The chapter reflects her anthropological erudition, which was exceptional in respect to different facets of the Twelver Shia community and the Sunni schools of thought in South Asia. It illustrates Zahab's pedagogical accounts of the transformation of conservative Sunni groups and Deobandis into Islamist and neo-fundamentalist movements. It also highlights her study of the “neo-islamization of Pakistani Shias.” The combination of ethno-historical and regional approach was the first trademark of Mariam Abou Zahab.

This chapter provides a substantial consideration of Olivier Assayas’ Clouds of Sils Maria (2014) and Personal Shopper (2016) to explore the problem of cinema’s relation to time and our own temporal movement through existence, including the experience of watching a film. The difficulties of maturing, the challenges of relationship between persons of different ages, and the idea of a Life Voyage all bring light upon a significant history of travel and its foundational aspect for thinking about these films. This chapter moves back in history to examine the voyages of Captain James Cook as exemplary of the conceptual problem of exploration. In Clouds of Sils Maria, two “navigators” are divided temporally, and exoticism is invoked because of movement across that division. In Personal Shopper, the protagonist’s sensitivity has made her into a phantom wanderer.

According to the 2001 census, the majority of Slovakia's population statistically follows the Catholic confession of Roman or Byzantine rites. In both rites, the Marian devotion has a consider- able place in religious reflection and spirituality. This study explores the religious discourse of the Marian devotion as it appears in available books and booklets on this topic. The main focus of the chapter is a comparison of the Marian discourse in Slovakia (representing a post-socialist country) and the Marian discourse in neighbouring Austria (representing a ‘Western’ country with no socialist history). For this purpose, a sample of Mariological reflections and spiritual texts was created based on their availability in all Catholic bookstores in the capital of Slovakia (Bratislava) and the capital of Austria (Vienna). The reason for this choice is that these bookstores offer books that mirror the living intellectual and religious brainstorming and reflect Christianity, in par-ticularly the pattern of the Marian discourse of the recent decades in both countries. The study comments on the absence of modern Marian literature in Slovak bookstores. The author also analyses the Marian vocabulary and topics in the both samples. The author distinguishes three existing models of the Marian discourse in Slovakia, all of traditional origin, portraying Mary as an unselfish and patient mother, Mary loving conditionally and restraining God's anger; Mary leading the legions against Satan and crushing his head. All three models are based on the traditional images of Mary and, within the Christian communities, are not understood as contradictory, but complementary. Compared to Western Christianity, the Marian discourse in Slovakia lacks two recurrent models: (1) the progressive 20th/21st century model, and (2) the traditionalist and fundamentalist mod- el. The first model has created a Marian vocabulary and contents representing a self-confident, social and communicative model of Mary. This model presents an alternative to the old models combining mild or triumphant vocabulary with mild or triumphant contents. The second model which is absent among Slovak believers is the Marian discourse of the traditionalist and fundamentalist groups of each age tolerated by official Church structures. These traditionalist and fundamentalist groups return to the old Marian vocabulary and contents that is triumphant, militant and – in this modern version – has an offensive character. This form of discourse, created as a reaction to progressive Christian groups – did not emerge in Slovakia, since there were no progressive Christian movements. Based on the research of the author, the Slovak Marian re- flection and spirituality result from traditional beliefs, having no affinity to Western progressive and traditionalist models. In this regard, it can be stated that Slovakia's isolation from the European spiritual development, which has caused traditional devotion to be fixed in its forms, is, paradoxically, continuing also after the fall of Communism in the era of religious freedom. The comparative discoursive analysis of Mariological literature in Slovakia and its Western neighbour – Austria has showed that the Slovak religious landscape is far more traditional (but not traditionalist) than the current trends in the ‘Western’ religious discourse.

May turns to writing a fond and interpretively acute short book on his relationship to Paul Tillich-Paulus—and runs into difficulties with Hannah Arendt’s own memoir of her marriage. He then publishes The Courage to Create. May becomes more and more alienated in New York, feeling drawn to California and its more open and psychologically progressive atmosphere. He accepts a Regents Professorship at the University of California Santa Cruz, but has a mixed time because of health problems and marital strife with Ingrid. At the same time, May becomes more critical of the more narcissistic and quick-fix nature of some of the humanistic psychology movement, and he along with others convene as theory conference to establish a more serious and scientifically sound basis for the movement,also one that focused on social issues in addition to personal well-being. By fall 1975, he moves to Tiburon, California, and separates from Ingrid.

Chapter 6 provides concrete cases in criminal and civil justice to flesh out the effects and defects of the reforms during the Republic (1912–1949). For criminal justice, it looks into how robbers and bandits were punished under a special law reminiscent of the imperial-era precedents and how Chinese collaborators working for the Japanese occupiers during the war (1937–1945) were prosecuted and punished after the war (1946–1949). For civil justice, the chapter focuses on marriage and divorce and the issue of concubines, showing the movement toward gender and marital equality and the agency of women in pushing for such changes and in using the law and courts to pursue their own interests.

Since its beginning in the postwar era, marriage preparation has enabled parishes to mediate both Catholic theology and broader cultural messages surrounding marriage. Drawing on archival research on two important Catholic family movements from the postwar era and ethnographic observation of marriage preparation in several contemporary parishes in Western Washington, this chapter highlights parish efforts to collectively engage in meaning-making by transmitting a Catholic vision of marriage to individual parishioners. While the vision of a “good” family has changed little from the postwar era to today, therapeutic cultural discourses about self-development and changing marital norms have entered into marriage preparation. Moreover, shifts in the structure of religious authority mean that who does the speaking has changed drastically. Lay persons are increasingly empowered to produce local Catholic culture and make sense of Catholic teachings through the marriage preparation process.

This chapter examines the complex procedures known as the “marriage package.” It explains that during the early 2000s, marriage package procedures were required by U.S. Marine Corps headquarters in Washington as the only legitimate means for marines and navy corpsmen to legalize a marriage in Japan. The process has been streamlined in recent years but it remains an instructive and relevant ethnographic example for understanding the nature of U.S. military and Japanese and U.S. government regulation of intimate relationships. The chapter focuses on institutional representations of marriage and family found in official documents and the mandatory premarital seminar. It analyzes the impact of institutional discourses on service members' expressions of military affinity and affiliation and the voices of Okinawan spouses as they articulated subject positions markedly different from their feminist counterparts in the antibase movement.

The chapter analyses two experiences of housing production through the federal Program ‘My Life My House Entities’ in São Paulo: Ipiranga/ Dandara and Maria Domitila buildings, both projects of Unification of the Tenements and Housing Struggles (Unificação das Lutas de Cortiços e Moradia – ULCM) movement. São Paulo has a long history of innovative policies regarding self-build housing. During the last two decades, government housing programs steadily incorporated self-help and collective task forces. The text analyses the opportunity of high quality affordable housing in central areas based on self-help and participative practices in the recent Brazilian experience.