Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Marials movements'

Movement is a fundamental component of behaviour and thus both are inextricably linked. Variation in movement patterns usually reflects different behaviours, including those most glaring, such as foraging, dispersal, migration, social interaction, mate search or escaping from predators. The way individuals allocate their time budget to different behaviours within circadian rhythm and over the annual life cycle will ultimately provide knowledge about evolutionary processes and adaptive capacity, also important to proper conservation actions of endangered species. Among highly mobile marine megafauna, seabirds represent suitable model species to address key questions about movement and behaviour. The study of year-round movements of seabirds has been addressed over the last 20 years with the wide deployment of light-level geolocators equipped with saltwater immersion sensors. However, wet-dry data provided by such loggers seem underused so far despite their usefulness to provide important insights on a variety of dimensions of seabird ecology. The main aim of this thesis was to provide new insights into the factors shaping seabird behaviour. The thesis encompasses several aspects of seabird at-sea ecology of 4 different species spread over the Atlantic Ocean: Boyd’s shearwater (Puffinus boydi), Common tern (Sterna hirundo), Atlantic petrel (Pterodroma incerta) and Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris borealis). In Chapter 1 we reveal the timing of major events over the annual life cycle, migratory routes and place on the map the non-breeding areas of a little-known tropical seabird endemic to Cape Verde Islands, the Boyd’s Shearwater. We show that Boyd's shearwaters perform longitudinal migrations to the oligotrophic central North Atlantic Ocean for the non-breeding season, in contrast with closely-related taxa that rely on most productive waters. In Chapter 2, we show that Common terns breeding in continental Europe spread over the West African coast for wintering, but females winter further north and use offshore waters whereas males winter further south and remain nearby the coastline. Behavioural budgets of Common terns were shaped within circadian and circa-annual rhythms. In Chapter 3 we describe in detail the phenology of the Atlantic petrel, showing that breeding success likely shapes the timing of major life-history events and behavioural patterns year round. We did find evidence of carry-over effects, since failed breeders advanced their post-breeding migration, remained longer in the wintering area, and advanced pre-breeding migration comparing to successful breeders. Breeding success did not affect the selection of wintering areas, as all birds relied on the South American shelf slope during different stages of the annual cycle. In Chapter 4, we demonstrate how geolocator-immersion loggers constitute a powerful and irreplaceable source of information to study seabird behaviour. We present a novel approach to infer a diverse array of behaviours based uniquely on wet-dry data, built upon a set of state-of-the-art unsupervised machine learning algorithms that reduce multidimensional data to a bidimensional behavioural space, from which different behaviours can be drawn. We applied the protocol on wet-dry data from Cory’s shearwater. Through these means, we can inspect in great detail and from manifold perspectives the behavioural patterns at individual and population level, highlighting how seasonal constraints shape behavioural budgets and behavioural strategies. We use data visualization tools such as actograms and behavioural landscapes to get new insights, highlighting that such tools constitute an effective method to visualize behaviour of seabirds inferred from wet-dry data from manifold perspectives. Geolocator-immersion sensors currently remain as the most cost-effective balanced tracking devices to track seabird species over the entire annual cycle while ensuring the welfare of tagged individuals. Thus, results compiled in this thesis should encourage researchers to incorporate the use wet-dry data within hypothesis-driven frameworks, which surely would contribute to increase our knowledge of seabird ecology at sea.
El movimiento es un componente fundamental del comportamiento animal, estando ambos íntimamente entrelazados. Variaciones en los patrones de movimiento normalmente reflejan cambios de comportamiento, incluyendo aquellos más conspicuos como la búsqueda de alimento, la dispersión, la migración, las interacciones sociales, la búsqueda de pareja o la huida ante depredadores. La forma en la que los patrones comportamentales se ajustan en el tiempo de acuerdo a los ritmos circadianos y a lo largo del ciclo anual puede ayudarnos a entender, en última instancia, los procesos evolutivos y la capacidad de adaptación de las poblaciones animales, algo también importante de cara al desarrollo de medidas de conservación de especies amenazadas. Las aves marinas representan un modelo especialmente adecuado para el estudio de la ecología comportamental y del movimiento. Estudiar los movimientos de las aves marinas en mar abierto ha sido posible en las dos últimas décadas gracias a la normalización en el uso de geolocalizadores por niveles de luz. Aunque buena parte de los modelos de geolocalizador es capaz de registrar datos de conductividad en agua salada (seco/húmedo), esta información parece infrautilizada a la luz de la literatura publicada. Sin embargo, los datos de conductividad son enormemente útiles para el estudio de multitud de aspectos sobre la ecología de las aves marinas. Esta tesis aborda diferentes aspectos de la ecología en mar abierto de 4 especies de aves marinas del océano Atlántico: la pardela chica de Cabo Verde (Puffinus boydi), el charrán común (Sterna hirundo), el petrel atlántico (Pterodroma incerta) y la pardela cenicienta (Calonectris borealis). En el Capítulo 1 revelamos la fenología, rutas migratorias y área de invernada de una especie tropical de pequeño tamaño, la pardela de Cabo Verde, endémica de dicho archipiélago. A diferencia de especies cercanas, los individuos de esta especie realizan una migración longitudinal hasta las aguas oligotróficas del centro del Atlántico Norte. En el Capítulo 2, mostramos que los charranes comunes que crían en Europa migran hasta la costa oeste de África para invernar, aunque las hembras se quedan más al norte y en ambientes más marinos, y los machos más al sur y en ambientes costeros. El comportamiento en ambos sexos parece regulado por ritmos circadianos y anuales. En el Capítulo 3, desgranamos la fenología del petrel Atlántico, una especie endémica del archipiélago de Tristán da Cunha, mostrando que el éxito reproductor probablemente moldea la sucesión de eventos fenológicos y los patrones de comportamiento. Incluso encontramos evidencias de efectos arrastrados, puesto que los animales que fracasaron en la cría adelantaron la migración, permanecieron más tiempo en la zona de invernada, y retornaron antes a las colonias de cría. Tanto los animales que tuvieron éxito como los que fracasaron en la cría invernaron en aguas de la plataforma continental de América del Sur y Patagonia. En el Capítulo 4, presentamos un nuevo protocolo analítico basado en algoritmos de aprendizaje automático que utiliza únicamente datos de conductividad. Mediante su aplicación sobre datos de pardelas cenicientas, demostramos que los datos de conductividad constituyen una poderosa herramienta para el estudio de las aves marinas, permitiendo desglosar a un nivel sin precedentes su comportamiento a diversas escalas: espacial (de viajes cortos a migraciones anuales), temporal (de días a años) y poblacional (de individuos a poblaciones). El análisis también nos permite resaltar los diferentes elementos que moldean el comportamiento animal a diferentes escalas temporales, utilizando para ellos potentes herramientas de visualización de datos como los actogramas. El conjunto de resultados expuestos en esta tesis debe alentar a los investigadores a utilizar más frecuentemente los datos de conductividad, lo cual contribuiría a aumentar nuestro conocimiento sobre la ecología de las aves marinas.

The aim of this essay is to investigate if there exists any relation between what is generally considered Britain’s foremost elite military unit, HM Royal Marines and a manipulative religious sect. With theoretical data defining a manipulative religious sect, and empirical data gathered from interviews with a number of former royal marines, this essay looks at the attributes common to these two very different organisations. Interestingly, even though the experiences of members of such organisations seemed to bare some resemblance; the motivation for any comparability was quite different. This phenomenon seemed to affect the whole study, and the findings did not confirm any substantial relation between the two organisations in accordance with the strict definitions applicable to a manipulative religious sect.

Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of of Sociology, 2006.
"May, 2006." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 10/11/2006) Advisor, Kathryn M. Feltey; Committee members, Gay C. Kitson, Matthew Lee, Amy Kroska, Sandra Perosa; Department Chair, Mark Tausig; Dean of the College, Ronald F. Levant; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

Les tortues marines, espèces emblématiques des écosystèmes marins, sont de plus en plus menacées par les effets directs et indirects des activités humaines. Leur cycle de vie est complexe, partagé entre divers habitats, souvent très éloignés les uns des autres. Leur conservation nécessite donc d'identifier les habitats occupés à chaque stade de vie et les routes migratoires empruntées entre ces différents habitats. Si l'écologie spatiale des tortues adultes est relativement bien connue, notamment grâce au suivi par satellite, il n'en va pas de même pour les juvéniles qui se développent plusieurs années en milieu pélagique sans pouvoir être suivis. Dans ce contexte, les simulations numériques constituent un outil adapté pour explorer la dispersion des tortues juvéniles à partir de leurs plages de naissance. Jusqu'à présent il a le plus souvent été supposé dans ces simulations que les juvéniles dérivaient passivement avec les courants marins. Dans ce travail de thèse nous présentons STAMM (Sea Turtle Active Movement Model), un nouveau modèle de dispersion active des tortues juvéniles qui s'attache à dépasser l'hypothèse initiale d'une dérive purement passive. Dans STAMM, les juvéniles simulés se déplacent sous l'influence de la circulation océanique et d'une nage motivée par la recherche d'habitats favorables. Ce modèle est appliqué ici à l'étude de la dispersion des juvéniles de trois populations de tortues marines : les tortues luths (Dermochelys coriacea) du Pacifique Ouest et de l'Atlantique Nord-Ouest puis les tortues caouannes (Caretta caretta) de l'ouest de l'océan Indien. Nos résultats montrent que, même si la circulation océanique détermine, à grande échelle, les zones de dispersion, la prise en compte des mouvements motivés par l'habitat augmente considérablement le réalisme des simulations et impacte profondément la distribution spatiale et temporelle des individus simulés à l'intérieur de leur zone de dispersion. Les mouvements motivés par l'habitat induisent notamment des migrations saisonnières en latitude qui réduisent la mortalité par hypothermie. Ces mouvements induisent également une concentration des individus simulés dans des zones productives (comme les upwellings de bord Est) inaccessibles en dérive passive. Ces résultats questionnent la vision classique des juvéniles circulant passivement autour des gyres océaniques et devraient rapidement être pris en compte pour la mise en place de mesures de conservation ciblées visant les tortues marines juvéniles
Sea turtles are increasingly threatened by the direct and indirect effects of human activities. Their life cycle is complex, shared between various, and often very distant, habitats. Their conservation therefore requires identifying the habitats occupied at each stage of life and the migration routes between these different habitats. While the spatial ecology of adult turtles is relatively well known, particularly through satellite monitoring, the situation is not the same for juveniles which pelagic development phase remains largely unobserved. In that context, numerical simulation constitutes an appropriate tool to explore the dispersal of juvenile sea turtles from their natal beaches. Until now, simulations were mostly performed under the assumption that juveniles disperse passively with oceanic currents. In this PhD thesis we present STAMM (Sea Turtle Active Movement Model), a new model of active dispersal that aims to go beyond the initial hypothesis of passive drift. In STAMM, juvenile sea turtles move under the influence of ocean currents and swimming movements motivated by the search for favorable habitats. This model is applied here to the study of the dispersal of juveniles from three sea turtle populations: leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) of the Western Pacific and the Northwest Atlantic Oceans, and loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) of the Western Indian Ocean. Our results show that, although ocean currents broadly shape juvenile dispersal areas, simulations including habitat-driven movements provide more realistic results than passive drift simulations. Habitat-driven movements prove to deeply structure the spatial and temporal distribution of juveniles. In particular, they induce seasonal latitudinal migrations that reduce cold induce mortality. They also push simulated individuals to concentrate in productive areas that cannot be accessed through pure passive drift. These results challenge the classical view of juveniles circulating passively around oceanic gyres. They should rapidly be taken into account for the implementation of targeted conservation measures concerning juvenile sea turtles

L’Arctique, bien que région éloignée de toutes activités anthropiques intensives, est contaminé par les polluants émis à de plus basses latitudes. En effet, les caractéristiques physico-chimiques de certains polluants leur permettent d’être transportés sur de longues distances, via les courants atmosphériques ou océaniques. Parmi eux se trouve notamment le mercure (Hg), élément trace non-essentiel naturellement émis dans l’environnement mais dont les émissions d’origine anthropiques ont fortement augmenté depuis le 19ème siècle. Ce neurotoxique engendre chez les espèces animales des troubles comportementaux, mais aussi des problèmes de reproduction et dans les cas extrêmes, la mort. Le milieu marin est particulièrement sensible à la contamination au Hg. En effet, une fois dans l’environnement marin, le Hg intègre la chaine alimentaire (sous sa forme toxique méthylée - MeHg), dans laquelle sa concentration augmente d’un niveau trophique à l’autre (processus de bioamplification) et/ou accumule au sein des organismes (processus de bioaccumulation). Ainsi, les prédateurs supérieurs longévifs tels que les oiseaux marins, en fin de chaine alimentaire, présentent les concentrations de Hg parmi les plus élevées. Ils sont largement et efficacement utilisés comme bio-indicateurs de la contamination au Hg de leur environnement. La majeure partie des connaissances actuelle sur la contamination au Hg des oiseaux marins Arctique concerne la saison de reproduction, durant laquelle les concentrations varient spatialement, avec notamment les concentrations les plus élevées trouvées en Arctique Canadien. Durant cette période, qui ne représente qu’une partie de l’année, les oiseaux se reproduisent à terre et sont donc plus facilement accessibles. Mais une fois la saison de reproduction terminée, la majorité des oiseaux marins migrent en haute mer, en dehors de l’Arctique. Une étude précédente a montré qu’une population de mergules nains (Alle alle) se reproduisant à l’Est du Groenland a des concentrations de Hg plus élevées en période de non-reproduction qu’en période de reproduction, avec des effets délétères sur la reproduction suivante. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, et grâce à une approche multi espèces et multi colonies, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle de la migration des oiseaux marins sur leur contamination au Hg et ce à l’échelle de l’Arctique. Nos résultats montrent une saisonnalité dans la contamination au Hg, nous permettant d’étendre les résultats mis en avant pour les mergules nains à de nombreuses autres espèces d’oiseaux marins. Nous avons également trouvé que cette saisonnalité varie spatialement avec des variations saisonnières plus importantes pour les populations se reproduisant en Atlantique Ouest (Ouest du Groenland et Est du Canada). Ces résultats nous ont amenés à faire l’hypothèse que cette variation était une conséquence de la migration des oiseaux marins et de la distribution de leur zone d’hivernage. Pour tester cette hypothèse, nous avons utilisé les oiseaux comme bio-indicateurs de leur environnement. Pour cela, nous avons combiné des analyses de Hg avec du biologging afin de retracer l’origine spatiale de la contamination hivernale au Hg. Nos résultats montrent une augmentation des concentrations de Hg suivant un gradient est-ouest nous permettant ainsi d’étendre les résultats des précédentes études concernant la période de reproduction à l’hiver et à l’ensemble des régions marines à l’échelle de l’Atlantique Nord - Arctique. Ainsi, les résultats du présent travail de thèse nous permettent de conclure qu’au-delà de leur migration, ce sont les zones de reproduction et d’hivernages des oiseaux marins arctiques qui conditionnent leur contamination au Hg
The Arctic, even far from intensive human activities, is contaminated by pollutants emitted at Northern mid-latitudes. Because of their physico-chemical characteristics, pollutants are transported over large distances through atmospheric or oceanic currents. Among them is mercury (Hg), a naturally occurring and non-essential trace element whose emissions increased since the 19th century because of human activities. This neurotoxic negatively impacts animals’ health and induces behavioral changes, reproduction issues and in the most extreme case, death. The marine environment is particularly sensitive to Hg, which incorporates the food chain (under is toxic and methylated form – MeHg) in which its concentration increases from one trophic level to the other (e.g. biomagnification process) and accumulates within organisms (e.g. bioaccumulation process). Hence, long-lived top predators like seabirds, found at the end of the food chain usually show some of the highest contamination to Hg. They are commonly and efficiently used as bio-indicators of the health of their environment. Most of the current knowledge about Hg contamination in Arctic seabirds focused on the breeding period during which Hg was found to spatially vary, with usually higher Hg concentrations in the Canadian Arctic. During this period, which represents a part of the year only, seabirds aggregate in colonies for reproduction where they are more easily accessible. However, at the end of this period, seabirds migrate to overwinter mostly in open seas, outside of the Arctic. A previous study on a little auk (Alle alle) population breeding in East Greenland found that Hg concentrations were higher during the non-breeding period than during the breeding period, with carryover effects on the following reproduction. In the present doctoral work, based on a multi-species and multi-colony approach, we studied winter Hg exposure and the role of seabird migration in their contamination to Hg at large spatial scale. We found a seasonality in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found in little auks to several species and at a larger spatial scale. We also found that this seasonality was spatially different with some of the highest variations for seabirds breeding in the West Atlantic (West Greenland and Canadian Arctic). We therefore proposed that such variations were due to seabird’s migration and the areas they overwintered at. To test such hypotheses, we used seabirds as bio-indicators of winter Hg contamination through the North-Atlantic Arctic. More specifically, we combined Hg measurements with geolocators devices to track the spatial origin of winter Hg contamination. We found an east-west increase in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found during the breeding period to the winter period, through the entire North-Atlantic Arctic marine region. Results of the present doctoral work allow us to conclude that beyond migration, seabird distribution during the breeding and non-breeding periods drive their contamination to Hg

Les aires marines protégées (AMPs), soulèvent un intérêt croissant pour leur capacité à améliorer la conservation des ressources marines et, potentiellement, les captures des pêcheries au travers de l'export de poissons et de larves vers les zones pêchées. Des lacunes importantes subsistent dans nos connaissances des impacts du mouvement des poissons sur le fonctionnement des AMPs, et sur la manière dont les AMPs protégeant les populations de poissons modérément à fortement mobiles pourraient être efficaces sans être extrêmement larges. Différents modèles sont utilisés ici afin de combler ces lacunes de connaissances. Tout d'abord, un modèle conceptuel a été développé afin d'explorer les impacts du mouvement des poissons sur l'efficacité des AMPs comparativement à ceux de la dispersion larvaire. Les résultats de ce modèle démontrent que le mouvement des poissons a un impact négatif plus fort sur la persistance d'une population dans les réseaux d'AMPs que la dispersion larvaire. La redistribution de l'effort de pêche anciennement dans les AMPs et la concentration des pêcheurs en bordure d'AMPs réduisent de façon significative la persistance et les captures des populations se dispersant dans le stade adulte, tandis qu'elles n'ont qu'un effet marginal pour les populations se dispersant dans le stade larvaire. Deux modèles appliqués ont été ensuite développés afin d'examiner les impacts des AMPs protégeant des fractions spécifiques de populations migratrices. Un modèle spatialement explicite a été utilisé afin d'étudier les effets des AMPs pour deux populations de merlus sud africaines effectuant des migrations ontogéniques. Les résultats de ce modèle montrent que les AMPs ciblant les juvéniles entraînent une augmentation considérable de la biomasse féconde. Cette augmentation de biomasse conduit à une amélioration des captures de certaines, mais pas de toutes les flottes de pêche. Un modèle par recrue est utilisé afin d'évaluer les effets des AMPs pour les populations récifales effectuant des migrations pour former des agrégations de ponte transitoires. L'application de ce modèle à deux populations de poissons des Seychelles révèle que les AMPs protégeant les agrégations de ponte augmentent le potentiel reproductif des poissons en général, mais pas les captures par recrue
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly considered for their ability to improve species conservation and, potentially, fisheries yields via the export of fish and larvae to fished areas. Critical knowledge gaps remain on the impacts of fish movement for MPA functioning and on how MPAs protecting moderately to highly mobile populations may be effective without being extremely large. Here, different models are used to address these knowledge gaps. First, a conceptual model was developed to explore the impacts of fish movement versus larval dispersal on MPA effectiveness. Results demonstrate that fish movement has a stronger negative impact on population persistence in MPA networks than larval dispersal. Redistribution of the fishing effort formerly in MPAs and concentration of fishers on MPA borders dramatically reduce persistence and yields for mobile populations, while they marginally change results for populations with dispersing larvae. Two applied models examining the effects of MPAs targeting specific fractions of migratory populations were then developed. A spatially-explicit model was used to study the effects of MPAs on two South African hake populations undergoing ontogenetic migrations. Results show that MPAs targeting juveniles considerably increase hake spawning biomass. This increase in biomass improves the yields of some, but not all fishing fleets. A per-recruit model was used to assess MPA effects for reef populations migrating to form transient spawning aggregations. Applying the model to two populations from Seychelles, MPAs protecting spawning aggregations are found to improve fish reproductive potential in general, but not yield-per-recruit

Cette thèse analyse les conditions qui ont conduit à l'émergence d'un groupe qui diffusent la doctrine et la pensée de l'Église catholique au XXe siècle dans l'État de Rio Grande do Sul. L'hypothèse générale qui a guidé la recherche est que les Jésuites la promotion d'un processus entre les groupes formant, de un cotê d'uniformiser scolaire par leurs gymnases catholiques, et surtout de l'identité religieuse et intellectuelle à travers les activités dans leurs congrégations Mariannes. Il est démontré, sur la base de plusieurs sources, que le facteur d'homogénéisation du groupe n'est pas dans leur profil social, mais en uniforme scolaire a reçu, et en particulier dans la formation religieuse et intellectuelle résultat de l'action éducative des Jésuites étrangers dans les congrégations mariales. Se déroule cette constatation, le fait que dans un environnement culturel marqué par l'absence d'espaces universitaires, á formation philosophique fournies par ces jésuites, basées sur des interprétations du thomisme, déterminer le substrat idéologique et l’identité intellectuelle du groupe. Cette formation intellectuelle internationalisé déterminé que, parmi les membres du groupe, étant donné la tendance de la réception de la pensée catholique, ne créent pas un système philosophiques original. Avec ce type de formation l’action collective du groupe catholique a été orientée pour les espaces sociaux ils peuvent imposer leur identité intelectuelle, et la doctrine sociale de l'Eglise, comme l'articulation du mouvement catholique en l'état, la conquête des chaires de philosophie et des lois du travail, par exemple, l'Université, et la construction de l'ordre politique à travers l'insertion des postulats catholiques dans las constituants fédéral.
Esta tese analisa as condições que possibilitaram o surgimento de um grupo que difundiu a doutrina e o pensamento da Igreja Católica durante o século XX no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A hipótese geral que norteou a pesquisa é de que os Jesuítas promoveram um processo, entre os grupos que formaram, por um lado, de uniformização escolar, via seus Ginásios Católicos, e, sobretudo, de identificação religiosa e intelectual através das atividades nas suas Congregações Marianas. Demonstra-se, com base em fontes variadas, que o fator homogeneizador do grupo não se encontra em seu perfil social, mas sim na uniformização escolar recebida, e, sobretudo, na formação religiosa e intelectual decorrente da ação educativa dos jesuítas estrangeiros nas Congregações Marianas. Desdobra-se desta constatação, o fato de que, num ambiente cultural marcado pela ausência de espaços acadêmicos, a formação filosófica proporcionada por estes jesuítas alemães baseada nas reinterpretações do Tomismo, pautou o substrato ideológico e a identidade intelectual do grupo. Esta formação intelectual internacionalizada determinou que, entre os membros do grupo, dado o padrão de recepção de pensamento católico, não se produzisse um sistema filosófico original. Com este tipo de formação a ação coletiva do grupo católico direcionouse para os espaços sociais os quais pudessem impor sua identidade intelectual e a doutrina social da Igreja, como a articulação do movimento católico no Estado, a conquista das cátedras de Filosofia e de legislação trabalhista, por exemplo, na Universidade, e a construção da ordem política através inserção dos postulados católicos nas Constituintes.
This thesis analyzes the conditions that allowed the emergence of a group who diffused the doctrine and thinking of the Catholic Church during the twentieth century in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The general hypothesis that guided the research is that the Jesuits promoted a process between the groups that formed on the one hand, standardization of scholar via their gymnasiums Catholics, and especially of religious and intellectual identity through the activities in their Marian Congregations. It is demonstrated, based on various sources, that the group factor homogenizing is not in their social profile, but in standardization scholar received, and especially in religious and intellectual formation resulting from activities educational of the Jesuits in the Marian Congregations. Unfolds this finding, the fact that in a cultural environment marked by the absence of academic spaces, the philosophical background provided by these Jesuits based on interpretations of Thomism, guided the substrate ideological and intellectual identity of the group. This training internationalized determined that, among the group members, given the pattern of reception of Catholic thought, did not produce an original philosophical system. With this type of formation the collective action of the Catholic group is moving on to the social spaces which could enforce its intellectual identity and the social doctrine of the Church as the articulation of the Catholic movement in the state, the conquest of the chairs of philosophy and labor laws, for example, at university, and the construction of political order through the insertion of the postulates Catholics in federal constituencies.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-28T10:24:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Camilla Veras Pessoa da Silva.pdf: 3079968 bytes, checksum: a01cbd96aa1f78ee2391025cad418b8d (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-28T10:24:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camilla Veras Pessoa da Silva.pdf: 3079968 bytes, checksum: a01cbd96aa1f78ee2391025cad418b8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-14
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The present work is the result of a research carried out in the context of the participant observation in the context of the technological disaster caused by the rupture of the Fundão Dam, on 05/11/2015, of the mining company Samarco SA (Vale and BHP Billiton) in the region of Mariana-MG. A theoretical and bibliographical survey was also carried out regarding the conditions in which the disaster occurred and its environmental and psychosocial consequences, pointing to the overproduction, inherent to the model of mineral exploration in force in Brazil, and the negligence with the security and the monitoring of the dams of tailings and disasters of such magnitude (Poema, 2015). The disaster destroyed entire communities, affected 40 municipalities between the states of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and Bahia, and compromised the region's ecosystem and the country's fifth largest river basin, the Rio Doce Basin. In addition to affecting the lives of thousands of people, mostly rural workers, fishermen and traditional communities. The material and symbolic losses are incauculável, with prominence the destruction of the communities of Bento Rodrigues and Paracatu de Baixo. The disaster also killed 19 people. This study sought to understand the subjects' experience through the analysis of the meanings and meanings present in the narratives constructed by those affected by the disaster. In addition to seeking to reflect how the popular organization through a popular movement, in this case the Movement of Dam Affected (MAB), could strengthen processes of community resistance. It was concluded that the biopsychosocial impacts produced by the disaster situation produced a condition of psychosocial trauma (MARTÍN-BARÓ, 2000) and of ethical-political suffering (SAWAIA, 2014). In addition, it can be observed that the political participation of those affected, organized in a popular movement, generated subjective transformation, elaboration of a new sense of life and promoted health in the ethical-political perspective. The collective organization in the context of disaster has therefore become an alternative to confront the populations of the region, who up to now experience the consequences of the tragedy in their lives
O presente trabalho é resultado de uma pesquisa realizada nos moldes da observação participante no contexto do desastre tecnológico provocado pelo rompimento da barragem do Fundão, no dia 05/11/2015, de responsabilidade da mineradora Samarco S.A (Vale e BHP Billiton) na região de Mariana-MG. Foi realizado ainda um levantamento teórico e bibliográfico a respeito das condições em que o desastre ocorreu e suas consequências ambientais e psicossociais, apontando para a superprodução, inerente ao modelo de exploração mineral vigente no Brasil, e a negligência com a segurança e o monitoramento das barragens de rejeitos, como as causas da produção de rompimento de barragens e desastres de tal magnitude (PoEMAS, 2015). O desastre destruiu comunidades inteiras, atingiu 40 munícipios entre os estados de Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo e Bahia, comprometeu o ecossistema da região e a quinta maior bacia hidrográfica do país, a Bacia do Rio Doce. Além de afetar a vida de milhares de pessoas, em sua maioria trabalhadores rurais, pescadores e comunidades tradicionais. As perdas materiais e simbólicas são incauculáveis, com destaque a destruição das comunidades de Bento Rodrigues e Paracatu de Baixo. O desastre provocou ainda a morte de 19 pessoas. Este estudo buscou compreender a vivência dos sujeitos, através da análise dos sentidos e significados presentes nas narrativas construídas pelos atingidos pelo desastre. Além de buscar refletir de que forma a organização popular através de um movimento popular, no caso o Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens (MAB), poderia potencializar processos de resistência comunitária. A partir da observação e da análise das unidades de sentido encontradas, concluiu-se que os impactos biopsicossociais produzidos pela situação de desastre, produziram uma condição de trauma psicossocial (MARTÍN-BARÓ, 2000) e de sofrimento ético-político (SAWAIA, 2014). Além disso, pode-se observar que a participação política dos atingidos, organizados em um movimento popular, gerou transformação subjetiva, elaboração de um novo sentido de vida e promoveu saúde na perspectiva ético-política. A organização coletiva no contexto de desastre colocou-se, portanto, como alternativa de enfrentamento das populações da região, que até o presente momento vivenciam as consequências da tragédia nas suas vidas

Le déplacement animal joue un rôle déterminant dans la structuration spatiale et la dynamique des populations biologiques, en particulier des espèces fortement mobiles. L’espace et l’environnement font ainsi partie intégrante du cycle de vie des tortues marines. Ce travail de thèse propose de caractériser l’écologie spatiale des tortues marines, du stade juvénile au stade adulte, dans le Sud-ouest de l’océan Indien, principalement par l’usage de deux méthodes : la télémétrie satellitaire et la modélisation individu-centrée. Il montre en premier lieu que la phénologie de la reproduction de la tortue verte à travers la région est principalement liée à la température de surface de la mer au voisinage des sites de reproduction. Sont ensuite étudiés les patrons de dérive des nouveau-nés générés par les courants océaniques qui impacteraient inégalement leurs traits d’histoire de vie selon l’emplacement du site de naissance. Concernant le stade immature, les résultats suggèrent un cycle de développement trans-équatorial pour la tortue caouanne dans l’océan Indien. Pour le stade adulte, cette étude caractérise les couloirs et la connectivité migratoires de la tortue verte dans la région. Enfin, l’intégration de ces résultats permet de comprendre la structuration des patrons migratoires régionaux et leur influence sur la dynamique des populations. L’ensemble des connaissances acquises fournit un support concret d’aide à la décision pour la mise en place de plans de gestion et de conservation des tortues marines dans le Sud-ouest de l’océan Indien. Cela souligne l’importance d’une approche à grande échelle pour la protection d’un patrimoine biologique partagé par plusieurs nations
Animal movement is crucial to the ecology of spatially structured population, particularly for highly mobile species. Marine turtles’ life cycle is indeed closely related to spatial and environmental factors. This work analyses the spatial ecology of marine turtles, from early juvenile to adult stages, in the Southwest Indian Ocean, primarily through the use of two methods: satellite tracking and individual-based modeling. Firstly, this analysis argues that green turtle’s reproductive phenology across the region is mainly related to the sea surface temperature in the vicinity of the nesting site. Then, it shows how drifting trajectories of hatchlings in oceanic currents unevenly influence their life history traits depending on the position of the natal site. By tracking late juvenile stage, this work also suggests a trans-equatorial developmental cycle for loggerhead turtle in the Indian Ocean. At adult stage, it describes migratory corridors and connectivity for green turtle across the region. Finally, an integrative approach considering all these results allows for an understanding of the regional migratory patterns and their influence on population dynamics. The results of this work provide a practical policy decision tool for management and conservation of marine turtles in the Southwest Indian Ocean and highlight the need for a large-scale approach in the protection of biological resources and heritage shared by multiple nations

Cette thèse de doctorat étudie les mouvements LGBT en Belgique, en France et en Espagne à travers une double comparaison (entre les cas et à travers le temps) qui intègre également les échanges et influences transnationaux et internationaux. Elle examine l’émergence et le développement de la revendication d’ouverture du mariage civil aux couples de même sexe dans ces pays, analysant les convergences en termes de contenu des demandes et de timing des mobilisations. Par conséquent, elle porte sur des convergences au niveau des mouvements sociaux, à l’inverse de la majeure partie de la littérature, qui se concentre sur les convergences de politiques publiques. Cette situation impose de construire une grille d’analyse basée sur la littérature sur les mouvements sociaux, les politiques publiques et les relations internationales (influence des normes internationales). Le développement des revendications relatives au droit au mariage a été retracé de manière généalogique depuis la fin des années 1980. La comparaison repose sur la méthode du most different systems design et un travail empirique important combinant analyse documentaire et entretiens a été réalisé. Cette thèse confirme l’importance de l’étude des échanges et des influences internationaux et transnationaux pour comprendre la politique domestique et insiste sur l’influence cruciale du réseautage transnational sur les revendications des mouvements sociaux. Elle révèle aussi quelques cas de diffusion entre mouvements sociaux et montre comment des caractéristiques et des contraintes communes peuvent inciter les mouvements sociaux à formuler des revendications similaires. Par ailleurs, les discours en faveur du droit au mariage ont été analysés avec soin. L’émergence de cette revendication a aussi été mise en perspective sur le plan historique, ce qui implique de réfléchir aux modalités de transformation des mouvements LGBT au cours des trente dernières années. Pour terminer, la notion de citoyenneté sexuelle a été interrogée et la manière dont l’accès à la citoyenneté a été posé a été examinée à partir du concept de resignification proposé par Judith Butler.

This dissertation looks at LGBT movements in Belgium, France and Spain through a double comparison (between cases and through time), which also takes into account transnational and international exchanges and influences. It investigates the simultaneous emergence and development of same-sex marriage claims in these countries, examining convergences in the content of the claims and the timing of protest. Therefore, it looks at convergences at the level of social movements, unlike most of the literature, which focuses on convergences in public policies. This specific research interests implies building an analytical model based on the literature on social movements, public policies and international relations (influence of international norms). It has also required a genealogical account of the development of same-sex marriage claims in each country from the end of the eighties until now. The comparison is based on the most different systems design method, and an extensive field work combining archives analysis and interviews has been carried out. This dissertation confirms the importance of taking into account international and transnational exchanges and influences to understand domestic politics, and insists on the crucial influence of transnational networking on social movements claims. It also discloses some cases of diffusion between social movements and shows how common characteristics and constraints may induce social movements to make similar but independent decisions. Discourses in favour of same-sex marriage have been carefully analysed, and the emergence of this claim has been put into a historical perspective. This implies a reflection on the transformations of the LGBT movement over the last thirty years. Finally, this dissertation interrogates the notion of sexual citizenship and examines the specific mechanisms through which access to citizenship has been proposed, discussing Judith Butler’s concept of resignification.

Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In 1939 a law was passed in Sweden which forbade employers to dismiss female employees because of marriage or pregnancy. In Germany a law had been introduced already in 1932, which gave employers the right to dismiss a woman when she married. It also gave women right to end their employment for the same reason. The political decisions behind these legal changes were in both cases the result of an extended debate on the right of employment of married women. This debate occurred in most industrialised European countries in the interwar period.

The increasing participation of women on the labour market was by some groups interpreted as a cause of mass unemployment. Economic crisis contributed to a crisis of masculinity, which then led to attacks on the rights of married women to paid employment. In Sweden there was a state commission set up in 1936 with the task of investigating women’s employment. This commission, kvinnoarbetskommittén, managed to demonstrate that dismissing women would not lead to a lowering of the unemployment figures for men, a task they accomplished through detailed studies of several labour market areas. The report of the commission guided the decision of parliament, a decision taken when the economic depression had already turned to a boom period. The composition of the commission as well as its work was a consequence of the strong influence of the Swedish women’s movement.

In Germany the rights of women to paid employment was limited already in 1923 as the result of the financial crisis of the state. During the depression the attacks on married women’s right to employment became a political tool, which could be used both in foreign and domestic policy. Dismissing married women employed as civil servants was aimed to quash the demands of unemployed men. A prime target in the foreign policy was to convince the victors of World War I that reparations exceeded the ability of the German nation, a nation which had been badly stricken by economic crisis and unemployment. With this argument a solution of the unemployment issue was given second priority.

Dès la fin du dix-huitième siècle, des voix s’élèvent pour défendre la cause des femmes et dénoncer les inégalités dont elles sont victimes par rapport aux hommes au sein de la société britannique. On peut songer, notamment, à Mary Wollstonecraft dont le célèbre pamphlet, très controversé intitulé : A Vindication of the Rights of Woman est publié en 1792. Néanmoins, si les arguments avancés par Mary Wollstonecraft ont eu une influence certaine, on ne saurait parler à la fin du dix-huitième siècle, de naissance du mouvement féministe en Grande-Bretagne. Ainsi, ce n’est que vers les années 1850-1860, dans le contexte de la Révolution Industrielle et des bouleversements qu’elle engendre au niveau de la société, que se constitue, progressivement le mouvement féministe, en tant que tel. Cette thèse a pour objet de retracer et d’analyser le cheminement qui a conduit à l’émergence du mouvement féministe en Grande-Bretagne sachant que le terme féministe appliqué à cette période pose un certain nombre de problèmes. Il s’agira également de mettre en lumière certains aspects du mouvement féministe auxquels la recherche s’est souvent moins intéressée et notamment, la contribution active de certains hommes au combat mené par les féministes pour la reconnaissance des droits des femmes en matière de droit de propriété pour les femmes mariées et de droit de vote, la question de la filiation entre la première génération de militantes féministes et les suffragettes sera aussi l'objet d'une étude approfondie
In the eighteenth century, certain women took their pen and resolved to expose the inequalities they were confronted with as women, within British society. The most famous one is probably Mary Wollstonecraft whose controversial pamphlet entitled : A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was published in 1792. However, this new awareness did not result at least in the eighteenth century, in the emergence of an organized feminist movement. How did feminist consciousnesss gradually give rise to concrete actions, leading to the emergence of an organized feminist movement? In fact, it was only around 1850-1860, within the context of the Industrial Revolution, and its consequences on British society as a whole, that an organized feminist movement gradually took shape in Great-Britain. We should nevertheless bear in mind the problematic nature of the term feminist as applied to this period.The object of this dissertation will be to identify and examine the various stages that led to the emergence of an organized feminist movement, while enhancing some of its specific aspects such as, partnership between men and women or the issue of the links between suffragists and suffragettes in terms of continuity and discontinuity

Cette étude porte sur le rôle de la méthode de la reconnaissance dans le traitement des relations privées internationales à travers l’exemple de la circulation du statut de couple. La méthode se caractérise par l’éviction des règles de conflit du for appelé à statuer sur la validité d’un statut créé à l’étranger. Ce faisant, elle ouvre une nouvelle façon d’appréhender les situations déjà crées afin d’en garantir la continuité et répond à l’un des objectifs classiques du droit international privé : la continuité des situations internationales. La méthode conflictuelle est, alors, concurrencée, sur ce point, par la méthode de la reconnaissance qui prétend satisfaire les nouvelles exigences résultant de l’accroissement de la mobilité internationale des personnes et de leur liberté de choisir la loi applicable aux différents éléments de leur statut personnel, dont leur conjugalité. Dès lors, l’étude de cette méthode en matière de circulation du statut de couple s’impose. Pour la mener, il est d’abord proposé d’établir un état des lieux de la circulation de ces statuts tant au regard des règles de conflit qui leur sont applicables qu’à celui du contrôle qui en est fait par les juridictions européennes. Puis, après avoir démontré que ces règles permettent systématiquement la réception des statuts de couple étrangers, l’étude définit les conditions et la portée qui doivent être attachées à la méthode de la reconnaissance afin d’en démontrer les avantages et les insuffisances. Il apparaît alors que cette méthode permet, avec un renouvellement de la méthode de la qualification et des conditions de la fraude, d’assurer, mais surtout d’encadrer la circulation des statuts de couple
This study examines the role of the recognition method in the treatment of international private relations through the example of the circulation of the status of the couple. The method is characterised by the exclusion of the conflict rules from the forum called upon to rule on the validity of a status created abroad. In doing so, it opens up a new way of looking at existing situations in order to guarantee their continuity and meets one of the classic objectives of private international law: the continuity of international situations. The conflictual method is then competed, on this point, by the method of recognition. This method claims to satisfy the new requirements resulting from the increase in the international mobility of persons, and their freedom to choose the law applicable to the various elements of their personal status, including their conjugality. Therefore, it is necessary to study this method for the circulation of the couple's status. To carry it out, it is first proposed to establish an inventory of the circulation of these statuses regarding both the conflict rules applicable to them and to the control that is carried out by the European courts. Then, after having demonstrated that these rules systematically allow the reception of foreign couple status, the study defines the conditions and scope that must be attached to the recognition method, in order to demonstrate its advantages and shortcomings. It then appears that this method makes it possible, with a renewal of the qualification method and the conditions of fraud, to ensure, but above all to control, the circulation of couples' status

Cette recherche vise à élaborer une mariologie sociale en Afrique. Sa problématique tourne autour de trois questions principales : le culte marial est-il vécu comme une pratique libératrice au service de l’engagement pour la justice sociale ? La figure de la Vierge Marie constitue-t-elle une source d’inspiration qui permette aux chrétiens et aux chrétiennes catholiques romains de s’engager au niveau sociopolitique en Afrique ? Les engagements des chrétiens et des chrétiennes, épris de vertus mariales, participent-ils à l’avènement d’une société de justice, de paix et du vivre-ensemble harmonieux ? Ces questions sont posées dans un contexte large, celui de l’Afrique subsaharienne où plusieurs pays font face aux crises multiformes et, dans un cadre plus restreint, celui de la République Démocratique du Congo où quatre mouvements marials, basés à Kinshasa, ont fait objet d’études de terrain. Cette thèse prétend déconstruire et reconstruire la conception et le vécu des pratiques mariales afin que celles-ci deviennent un ferment qui pousse les chrétiens et les chrétiennes catholiques africains en général et congolais en particulier à s’engager dans la résolution des problèmes majeurs de leur société notamment au niveau de la justice, de la paix et de la question des femmes. Cette thèse cherche à dépasser deux types de mariologies produites en Afrique : la mariologie coloniale, qui concerne l’histoire de l’arrivée de la Vierge Marie à travers l’action des missionnaires qui ont évangélisé le continent africain et une certaine mariologie inculturée qui se limite à corréler des catégories culturelles africaines avec des thèmes classiques de mariologie. La réflexion épouse la voie d’une approche de mariologie sociale qui, mise en application par les Africains et les Africaines, peut aider à relever le défi lié aux multiples problèmes au niveau économique, politique, social et culturel que rencontre la majorité de pays africains. La recherche est abordée dans une perspective des théologies africaines de la libération et de la reconstruction à travers une démarche de contextualisation, de décontextualisation et de recontextualisation. La thèse comprend quatre parties. La première partie fait un état des lieux de la mariologie africaine. Elle situe cette dernière dans le parcours historique de la théologie africaine, analyse la dévotion mariale en Afrique à travers l’action missionnaire, étudie la question de l’inculturation de quelques mystères marials et se penche sur le lien entre la mariologie et les problèmes de société en Afrique. La seconde partie examine la question de la mariologie sociale en Amérique Latine. Elle étudie l’aspect sociopolitique de la dévotion mariale, l’anthropologie et l’herméneutique de la réflexion et des apparitions mariales, les dogmes marials dans une perspective sociale et la place occupée par la Vierge Marie et le culte marial dans le combat féministe en Amérique Latine. La troisième partie explore le rapport entre la pratique de la dévotion mariale et l’engagement sociopolitique de quatre mouvements marials (Légion de Marie, Communauté du Magnificat, Groupe de l’Arbre Desséché ou Nzete Ekauka et École de prière Notre-Dame Vierge Puissante) à Kinshasa. Elle jette un regard sur le contexte de naissance et d’évolution des mouvements d’action catholique dans leur ensemble et fait une analyse critique des pratiques mariales et de l’engagement sociopolitique de ces mouvements. La quatrième partie tente une recomposition du discours de mariologie sociale en Afrique à partir d’une lecture du Magnificat. Elle fait une actualisation de ce cantique pour enrichir la pratique du culte marial et présente trois axes sur lesquels peut porter une mariologie sociale en Afrique.
This research aims at developing a social Mariology in Africa. It deals with three main questions: Is Marian devotion lived as a liberating practice in view of a commitment for social justice? Is the figure of the Virgin Mary an inspiration which allows Roman Catholic Christian men and women to involve themselves at the sociopolitical level in Africa? Do the commitments of Christian men and women who love Marian virtues take part in the advent of a society of justice, peace and harmonious coexistence? Those questions are asked in a broad context, that of Sub-Saharan Africa, where many countries are facing multifaceted crises and, in a more limited context, that of the Democratic Republic of Congo, where four marials Movements, based in Kinshasa, were the objects of field studies. This thesis claims to deconstruct and reconstruct the concept and the lived-out experience of Marian practices, so that those practices may become a ferment leading African Catholic Christian men and women in general, and Congolese Catholic Christian men and women in particular, to commit themselves in the resolution of the major problems of their society, particularly in terms of justice, peace and women's issues. This thesis seeks to go beyond two types of Mariology produced in Africa: colonial Mariology, dealing with the history of the arrival of the Virgin Mary through the work of the missionaries who evangelized the African continent, and some kind of an acculturated Mariology, which limits itself to setting a correlation between African cultural categories and some classical themes of Mariology. This reflection takes a stand for a social Mariology, that is, an approach which, implemented by African men and women, can help them meet the challenges created by the many economic, political, social and cultural problems that most of the African countries are faced with. This research work is done in the perspective of the African theologies of liberation and in the perspective of a reconstruction, through a process of contextualization, de-contextualization and re-contextualization. This thesis is made up of four parts. The first part presents an overview of African Mariology. It sees it through the historical journey of African theology, it analyses Marian devotion in Africa through the works of missionaries, it studies the question of acculturation of a few Marian mysteries, and it focuses on the relationship between Mariology and the social problems in Africa. The second part examines the issue of social Mariology in Latin America. It studies the sociopolitical aspect of Marian devotion, the anthropology and the hermeneutics of the Marian reflection and of the Marian apparitions. It studies the Marian dogmas from a social perspective, and the place of the Virgin Mary and of Marian devotion in the feminist struggle in Latin America. The third part explores the relationship between the practice of Marian devotion and the sociopolitical commitment of four Catholic Action Movements that are present in Kinshasa: The Legion of Mary, the Magnificat Community, the Group of "l'Arbre Desséché" (Dried Tree Group) or Nzete Ekauka, and the Prayer School "Notre Dame, Vierge Puissante" (Our Lady, Powerful Virgin). It takes a look at the general context of the birth and evolution of those Catholic Action Movements, and it makes a critical analysis of the Marian practices and of the sociopolitical commitment of those movements. The fourth part attempts a reconstruction of the social discourse of Mariology in Africa, starting from a reading of the Magnificat. It makes an actualized reading of that song in view of enriching the practice of Marian devotion, and it presents three aspects on which social Mariology in Africa can rest.

The endemic avifauna of Guam and the Mariana Islands represent a unique assemblage of bird species found nowhere else in the world and thus, are of considerable biological and conservation importance. Unfortunately, most of these species are understudied and exist in precariously low populations. The endangered Mariana Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus guami), one of the last remaining native waterbirds, is a prime example of this since information is lacking for development of an effective recovery plan. Thus, this thesis attempts to provide much needed information regarding moorhen space use, seasonal movement, distribution, and abundance. In Chapter 2, the dynamic use of space and movement among moorhens within and across landscapes on multiple islands is explored throughout the annual cycle. Adult Mariana Common Moorhens were radio-marked on Guam (N=25) and Saipan (N=18) to determine home range and inter- and intra-seasonal movement patterns in 2000 and 2001. Birds were tracked throughout the dry and wet season. During the dry season, 48 and 11.1% of radio-marked adults on Guam and Saipan, respectively, dispersed from their capture site to another wetland site. During the wet season, 71.4 and 70% of radio-marked birds on Guam and Saipan, respectively, dispersed from their capture site to another wetland site. In 2001, Saipan moorhen surveys indicated juveniles dispersed during the onset of the rainy season. Thus, intra-island movement increased during the wet season. Similarly, inter-island movement occurred from Saipan to Tinian during the onset of the wet season. On Guam, moorhens were more likely to move greater average distances in the wet season than the dry season. Among Guam moorhens captured on Fena Reservoir (N=9), Guam and that dispersed during the 2000 wet season, 66.6% returned to Fena Reservoir during the 2001 dry season. During the wet season, the frequency of movement among sites was inversely proportional to the average distance between each site. Home-range estimates on Guam averaged 3.1 ha �� 4.8 SD and did not differ significantly between sexes or seasons. However, during the dry season, females exhibited significantly smaller mean core areas than males. To our knowledge, this is the first radio telemetry study that has taken a multi-island approach to understanding a mobile islands species throughout its annual cycle. In Chapter 3, population estimates for the Mariana Common Moorhen were determined on Guam, Saipan, Tinian, and Rota from island-wide surveys conducted from May through September 2001. We estimate the total adult moorhen population to be 287, including 90, 154, 41, and 2 adult moorhens on Guam, Saipan, Tinian, and Rota, respectively. Surveys also revealed changing moorhen distribution throughout the annual cycle and suggested inter-island movement from Saipan to Tinian occurred during the onset of the wet season. Surveys conducted on Fena Reservoir from March through August 2000 indicated adult moorhen numbers were significantly less than those from a similar survey in 1988. In addition, nest surveys of six territories revealed 58.8 % egg loss and 71.4% chick loss. Conservation efforts for this subspecies have mainly focused on protection of remaining wetlands. Efforts need to be expanded to include more active monitoring of populations, vegetation management, and predator control on wetlands throughout the Marianas and Guam.
Graduation date: 2003

Student Number: 9408497V Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree for Masters of Arts.
In this research report an analysis of the message of pre-marital sexual abstinence as a strategy for HIV prevention and its implications for development was carried out. The Christian Action Fellowship, a student Christian organization at the University of the Witwatersrand provided a case for the research study. The alternative development paradigm informed my discussion of the message of pre-marital sexual abstinence in relation to development. In particular, it is its emphasis on participatory development and on the fact that development focus should be given to particular localities that I drew from the paradigm. However, the paradigm falls short of capturing the religious dynamics pertaining to local realities. Thus the results of the research study I carried out are meant to contribute to the development of the paradigm by factoring in the religious dimension of local reality in discourse of development. In this study, the religious dimension of local reality was captured in my focus on the message of pre-marital sexual abstinence as advanced within the evangelical faith based movement in South Africa. Furthermore, this research study is meant to contribute to discourse of development by stimulating intellectual reflection on the message of pre-marital sexual abstinence as a strategy of prevention and its implications for development in South Africa. The study demonstrated involvement by the evangelical movement in the fight against the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The study further demonstrated the existence of particular methods employed to advance the message of pre-marital sexual abstinence as a prevention strategy against the HIV/AIDS pandemic. One such method is the strategy of identification. This method is employed to appeal to the targeted audience when ii presenting a case. Other methods employed are debate and argumentation as well as rhetoric. The deployment of these methods point to a religious construction of an identity that upholds pre-marital sexual abstinence as a lifestyle and a better HIV preventive option to other strategies of prevention. This research study is recommending further work in the areas where HIV prevention interventions and development interventions intersect within the local context (in all its dimensions) of identity construction.