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Journal articles on the topic 'Marijuana usage'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Borini, Paulo, Romeu Cardoso Guimarães, and Sabrina Bicalho Borini. "Possible hepatotoxicity of chronic marijuana usage." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 122, no. 3 (May 2004): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802004000300007.

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CONTEXT: Hepatotoxicity is a potential complication from the usage of various illicit drugs, possibly consequent to their liver metabolism, but information on this is scarce in the medical literature. OBJECTIVE: To study the occurrence of clinical and laboratory hepatic alterations in chronic marijuana users, from the use of marijuana on its own or in association with other legal or illicit drugs. TYPE OF STUDY: transversal study SETTING: Hospital Espírita de Marília, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil PARTICIPANTS: The study was made among 123 patients interned in the Hospital Espírita de Marília from October 1996 to December 1998, divided into 3 groups: 26 (21%) using only marijuana, 83 (67.5%) using marijuana and crack, and 14 (11.4%) consuming marijuana and alcohol. PROCEDURES AND MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Patients were examined clinically with special emphasis on types of drugs used, drug intake route, age when consumption began, length and pattern of usage, presence of tattooing, jaundice, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Serum determinations of total proteins, albumin, globulin, total and fractions of bilirubin, aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyltransferase and prothrombin activity were performed. RESULTS: Among users of only marijuana, hepatomegaly was observed in 57.7% and splenomegaly in 73.1%, and slightly elevated AST (42.3%), ALT (34.6%) and AP (53.8%). The three groups did not differ significantly in the prevalence of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and hepatosplenomegaly. The group using both marijuana and alcohol showed the highest prevalence of alterations and highest levels of aminotransferases. Mean AP levels were above normal in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic marijuana usage, on its own or in association with other drugs, was associated with hepatic morphologic and enzymatic alterations. This indicates that cannabinoids are possible hepatotoxic substances.
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Parker, Lauren J., Troyana Benjamin, Paul Archibald, and Roland J. Thorpe. "The Association Between Marijuana Usage and Discrimination Among Adult Black Men." American Journal of Men's Health 11, no. 2 (September 20, 2016): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988316664896.

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Black men may use marijuana as an externalizing coping mechanism to handle the chronic stress of discrimination. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between everyday and major discrimination and marijuana use among a national sample of Black men. Using the National Survey of American Life, logistic regression analyses was used to determine the association between recent marijuana use and everyday discrimination, major discrimination, and a fully adjusted model that include everyday and major discrimination among adult Black men ( n = 1,833). Additionally, a multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between the frequency of marijuana usage and everyday discrimination and major discrimination among men who used marijuana in the past year. Everyday discrimination was not associated with marijuana use. In the fully adjusted model, men who experienced major discrimination had a higher odds of marijuana use ( OR: 1.19, 95% CI [1.05, 1.34]), than those who did not control for everyday discrimination and covariates of interest. Among recent marijuana users, men who used almost every day had a decreased risks for major discrimination (RRR: 0.72, 95% CI [0.56, 0.92]), compared with men who used less than once a month. The findings suggest that recent marijuana use among Black men is associated with experiences of major discrimination. Interestingly, men who used almost every day had a decreased risk for major discrimination. Marijuana may be used as a coping mechanism.
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Robo, Ilma. "Marijuana Usage, the Effects in Oral Health." International Journal of Dental Medicine 4, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijdm.20180401.11.

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Alvaro, Eusebio M., William D. Crano, Jason T. Siegel, Zachary Hohman, Ian Johnson, and Brandon Nakawaki. "Adolescents’ attitudes toward antimarijuana ads, usage intentions, and actual marijuana usage." Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 27, no. 4 (December 2013): 1027–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031960.

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Cofield, Stacey S., Amber Salter, Tuula Tyry, Christina Crowe, Gary R. Cutter, Robert J. Fox, and Ruth Ann Marrie. "Perspectives on marijuana use and effectiveness." Neurology: Clinical Practice 7, no. 4 (August 2017): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000000383.

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AbstractBackground:Interest in and use of marijuana by persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) has increased. While potential benefits have been reported, so have concerns about potential risks. Few large studies have been conducted about the perceptions and current usage of marijuana and medical cannabinoids in persons with MS.Methods:Participants in the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) registry were surveyed in 2014 regarding legality and history of marijuana usage, both before and after diagnosis with MS.Results:A total of 5,481 participants responded, with 78.2% female, 90% relapsing disease at onset, and a current mean age of 55.5 (10.2) years. Sixty-four percent had tried marijuana prior to their MS diagnosis, 47% have considered using for their MS, 26% have used for their MS, 20% have spoken with their physician about use, and 16% are currently using marijuana. Ninety-one percent think marijuana should be legal in some form. Men, those with higher disability, current and past nicotine smokers, and younger age were associated with a higher likelihood of current use.Conclusions:The majority of responders favor legalization and report high interest in the use of marijuana for treatment of MS symptoms, but may be reluctant to discuss this with health care providers. Health care providers should systematically inquire about use of marijuana.
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Roy, Arya Mariam, Manojna Konda, Akshay Goel, and Appalanaidu Sasapu. "Characteristics of Marijuana Usage in Sickle Cell Patients: A Nationwide Analysis." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 4848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-131489.

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Introduction Sickle cell disease (SCD) associated pain is a significant health care issue in the United States which prompts physicians to prescribe opioids to help treat and prevent the recurrent acute painful episodes. Despite nationwide efforts to reduce narcotic pain medication usage, opioids still remain as the mainstay of pain management in SCD. Many SCD patients are using marijuana to help with their pain, anxiety, appetite, mood and sleep as per recent studies. Cannabinoids in marijuana interact with the body's endocannabinoid system which has receptors in almost every major bodily system. The effect of cannabinoids on these receptors reduces the signaling of inflammatory responses and also reduce cytokine production. Very few states have approved SCD as a qualifying condition for medical marijuana. But we are still unsure about the medical benefits of marijuana in SCD patients as there are very limited studies done so far. In our study, we sought to examine the characteristics and complications of marijuana usage in sickle cell patients. Methods The National Inpatient Sample database for the year 2016 was used to identify admissions with a primary diagnosis of SCD and we grouped patients into those who have a diagnosis of cannabis related disorders (CRD) and those who do not have the diagnosis. ICD- 10 codes are used for identifying the SCD patients and also for CRD. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA and univariate and multivariate analysis were performed. The outcomes that are studied included mortality, length and cost of stay, hospital regions and the association of marijuana use with anxiety, mood disorders. We also studied the association of marijuana with the complications of SCD such as sickle cell pain crisis, vaso occlusive crisis, acute chest syndrome, splenic sequestration, avascular necrosis. Results A total of 37,307 admissions with a principal diagnosis of SCD were identified, out of which 4.09% (N= 1526) had cannabis use disorders. The median age of patients with CRD was found to be 31.21 ± 0.3 when compared to 30.67 ± 0.09 in patients without CRD. Even though SCD admissions were more commonly seen in females when compared to males (61.78% vs 38.22%), cannabis use was seen more associated with males (57.97% vs 42.03%). The in-hospital mortality of SCD was less (0.56%) as compared to the mortality rates of other hematological malignancies. The association of cannabis use with in-hospital mortality was found to be not statistically significant. Also, the median length of stay was less in patients with CRD when compared to patients without CRD (4.88 ± 0.2 vs 5.11 ± 0.03) and also likewise cost of stay. Based on the hospital regions in the US, Cannabis use in SCD was seen more prevalent in South region (44%), then Midwest or north-central (26%), northeast (19%), west (10%) and the result was statistically significant (p= 0.003). The association of cannabis use was not found to be statistically significant with acute chest syndrome and splenic sequestration. Cannabis use was, however, found to be associated with the vaso occlusive crisis and avascular necrosis (OR=1.02, p=0.003 and OR= 1.14, 0.022 respectively) even though we cannot say that cannabis use could be a risk factor as there are other confounding factors like coagulopathy, chronic debilitating conditions. Interestingly, SCD patients with CRD have more risk of developing anxiety (OR= 2.32, p=0.000) and also mood disorders (OR= 2.5, p= 0.001) when compared to SCD patients without CRD. The difference persisted after adjusting for age, gender, race, co-morbidities. Conclusion Marijuana use is more seen in the southern and north-central regions in patients with SCD. Marijuana use was not found to be associated with in-hospital mortality in sickle cell patients. SCD patients are using marijuana mainly for alleviating their pain and sometimes for its euphoria effect. Our study showed that it can cause anxiety and mood disorders. The main limitation of our study was the moderate sample size for SCD patients with CRD. The impact and interaction between CRD and SCD complications need to be evaluated separately in a larger study to get accurate values. Large randomized control trials have to be done to assess if SCD qualifies for prescription of medical marijuana as it possesses benefits as well as risks. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Wu, Eric, Katherine G. Meneses, Susan Kang, Alice K. Lee, Shreya Neogi, and Sammy Saab. "Sa1605 MARIJUANA USAGE IN POST-LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS." Gastroenterology 158, no. 6 (May 2020): S—1344—S—1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(20)34030-0.

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Wood, Frank R., and Roderick Graham. "“Safe” and “At-Risk”: Cyberbullying Victimization and Deviant Health Risk Behaviors in Youth." Youth & Society 52, no. 3 (November 8, 2018): 449–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x18810943.

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This study explores the links between cyberbullying victimization and a set of health risk behaviors associated with juvenile delinquency (cigarette smoking, marijuana usage, alcohol usage, and sexual frequency). These links are examined with data from the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey ( n = 9,122). Using cluster analysis, respondents are categorized into two groups: “safe” students who report on average no engagement in the behaviors measured, and “at-risk” students who report on average moderate to high levels of engagement in sexual frequency, marijuana usage, and alcohol usage. Findings suggest that cyberbullying victimization increases the odds of a student being categorized into the “at-risk” cluster. This effect holds controlling for physical bullying, a proxy measure of self-control, and demographic variables.
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Coffman, Kathy L. "The debate about marijuana usage in transplant candidates: recent medical evidence on marijuana health effects." Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 13, no. 2 (April 2008): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mot.0b013e3282f56139.

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Donnermeyer, Joseph F. "Rural Youth Usage of Alcohol, Marijuana, and “Hard” Drugs." International Journal of the Addictions 28, no. 3 (January 1993): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826089309039626.

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Wu, Eric M., Katherine G. Meneses, Susan Kang, Alice K. Lee, Shreya Neogi, and Sammy Saab. "Clinical impact of marijuana usage in liver transplant recipients." Digestive Medicine Research 3 (December 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/dmr-20-120.

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Wu, Eric M., Katherine G. Meneses, Susan Kang, Alice K. Lee, Shreya Neogi, and Sammy Saab. "Clinical impact of marijuana usage in liver transplant recipients." Digestive Medicine Research 3 (December 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/dmr-20-120.

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Kichloo, Asim, Michael Albosta, Michael Aljadah, Zain El-Amir, Ghazaleh Goldar, Muhammed Zatmar Khan, Dushyant Singh Dahiya, Srilakshmi Vallabhaneni, Farah Wani, and Jagmeet Singh. "Marijuana: A systems-based primer of adverse effects associated with use and an overview of its therapeutic utility." SAGE Open Medicine 9 (January 2021): 205031212110009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121211000909.

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Marijuana use is on the rise in the United States. By the end of 2019, 33 states have legalized marijuana use and marijuana byproduct use for medical purposes. However, marijuana use does not come without side effects. This manuscript reviews the increasing usage of marijuana and the different forms (natural and synthetic) that patients may use when presenting to clinicians. It also addresses the biochemical and behavioral changes observed with marijuana use, including the location and changes associated with cannabinoid receptors (abbreviated CB1 and CB2). These two topics lead into an extensive review of the side effects of marijuana use. This manuscript discusses gastrointestinal side-effects, such as Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome, pancreatitis, and hepatotoxicity. It also briefly reviews cardiovascular, neurologic, and pulmonary side effects. This article provides an overview of therapeutic effects of marijuana including the antiemetic effect, its medical utility as an appetite stimulant, and usefulness in cancer patients post-chemotherapy. A thorough social history pertaining to marijuana use is an important consideration for clinicians in patients presenting with a variety of symptoms, including those effecting the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, or neurologic systems.
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Linassi, A. Gary, and Walter J. Hader. "Perceived Effects of Marijuana Use By MS Patients in Saskatchewan—A Pilot Study." International Journal of MS Care 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073-5.4.139.

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Dissatisfaction with conventional treatments has led to increasing awareness of complementary therapies. To study the use and effects of marijuana in multiple sclerosis (MS), an anonymous questionnaire was sent to 250 randomly selected MS patients from Saskatchewan asking about course of the disease, symptoms, complementary therapy use, and details of past or present marijuana usage. Of the 168 respondents, 36% had smoked marijuana. The incidence of marijuana use for the symptoms of MS was 15%. (A total of 15% used marijuana as treatment for symptoms of MS.) Symptoms that improved included spasticity at sleep onset (58%), weight loss (58%), spasticity when walking (47%), depression (45%), spasms at night (43%), and muscle pain (41%). Statistical significance was not achieved because of the small number of respondents (25 of 168) who smoked marijuana. This small number of cannabis users provides some indication of potential symptomatic relief in MS. The effects of marijuana appear to modestly benefit symptoms of spasticity, pain, and depression. These data support the proposal for a controlled randomized trial to evaluate the beneficial effects of marijuana in MS. (Int J MS Care. 2003; 6: 139–147)
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Schwartz, Richard H., Norman G. Hoffmann, and Richard Jones. "Behavioral, Psychosocial, and Academic Correlates of Marijuana Usage in Adolescence." Clinical Pediatrics 26, no. 5 (May 1987): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000992288702600511.

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Sutton, Halley. "Survey shows decrease in opioid usage, increase in marijuana use." Campus Security Report 15, no. 7 (October 18, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casr.30443.

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Rose, Randall L., William O. Bearden, and Kenneth C. Manning. "Using Individual Differences to Segment the “Market” for an Attribution-Based Substance Abuse Intervention Program." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 15, no. 2 (September 1996): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569601500207.

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Prior research has shown that young people are more likely to say no to a peer group's drug or alcohol consumption when they also ask why. That is, being able to explain peer substance abuse, especially in terms of normative motives, has been associated with reduced conformity. The authors show that individual differences based on prior attitudes toward illicit consumption and susceptibility to social influence are useful for segmenting young people to better target and design effective intervention strategies. Results from Studies 1 and 2 indicate that prior attitude toward marijuana consumption and reported marijuana usage affect the explanations made to account for a peer group's substance abuse. In Study 2, the association between normative explanations for peer marijuana use and intentions to smoke marijuana is shown to depend on susceptibility to social influence. The implications of these findings for future research and for public policy are also discussed.
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McKelvey, Robert S. "2.4 The Relationship Between Marijuana Laws and Teen Usage in Oregon." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 56, no. 10 (October 2017): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.016.

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Menahem, Samuel. "Cardiac asystole following cannabis (marijuana) usage – Additional mechanism for sudden death?" Forensic Science International 233, no. 1-3 (December 2013): e3-e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.10.007.

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Tiburcio, Nelson J., and Scarlett L. Baker. "Vaping and Edibles: Self-Reported Usage Patterns Among Teens In and Out of Treatment." Social Behavior Research and Practice – Open Journal 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/sbrpoj-5-126.

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Objective This article examines one key aspect of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI) Institute’s forthcoming third iteration of the Adolescent Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI-A3). Overall project aims were to revise the second version of the adolescent SASSI (SASSI-A2), and to update new symptom-related identifiers of substance use disorders in adolescents according to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) guidelines. Methods We added new questions regarding cannabidiol (CBD) edible consumption and the extent of vaping to review and subsequently address these dangers in teens. Identifying these patterns will inevitably direct the course of subsequent clinical interviews and treatment planning. Early intervention is a critical component towards preventing possible negative outcomes for substance misusing teens. Results This aspect of the research demonstrated a connection between a higher acknowledged usage pattern of teens in treatment versus teens not in treatment. Correlations between beliefs associated with marijuana legalization, marijuana usage by family and friends, tobacco use, connection between age at first use, and the onset of regular usage patterns were also shown to be significantly higher among teens in treatment. Conclusions Teens that begin using alcohol, drugs, and tobacco early in adolescence are more likely to engage in vaping and edible usage. They are also more likely to use at a more frequent rate. In addition, teens who are surrounded by family and friends who engage in marijuana use are more likely to be supportive of its recreational use and legalization. This acknowledged information on the SASSI-A3 can help direct treatment planning early in the counseling relationship and provide a gateway for bringing family in the treatment and education process.
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Tyler, Kimberly A., Sarah J. Gervais, and M. Meghan Davidson. "The Relationship Between Victimization and Substance Use Among Homeless and Runaway Female Adolescents." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28, no. 3 (August 30, 2012): 474–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260512455517.

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Each year, thousands of female adolescents run away from home due to sexual abuse, yet they continue to be victims of sexual assault once on the street. To date, few studies have examined how various forms of victimization are related to different types of substance use. The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between street exposure, childhood abuse, and different forms of street victimization with alcohol and marijuana use among 137 homeless and runaway female adolescents. Results from path analysis revealed that child sexual abuse was positively linked to trading sex and sexual and physical victimization. In addition, those who have traded sex experienced greater physical victimization, and who have spent more time away from home, used alcohol more frequently. Moreover, trading sex and experiencing more types of sexual victimization were positively linked to more frequent marijuana usage. Age, age at first run, longest time away from home, sexual abuse, and trading sex had significant indirect effects on alcohol and/or marijuana use. Together, these factors accounted for 27% of the variance in alcohol use and 37% of the variance in marijuana use.
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Wenzinger, Michael, and Fayola Fears. "Marijuana Use in Young Adults: What Do We Know?" Current Psychopharmacology 9, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211556009999200414153806.

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Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States. Over the past decade its use has increased, with young adults/college aged individuals having the highest proportion of users compared to any other age group. Given the high rates of usage in this age group, cannabis use is an important aspect of mental and physical health in collegeaged adults. Current evidence indicates that marijuana use, especially early and dosedependent use, can have significant negative ramifications on general functioning, academic performance, psychiatric wellness, and may be causally related to development of other substance use disorders and risky behaviors. No strong evidence supports marijuana as a beneficial treatment for any psychiatric indication, however there is evidence supporting the use of cannabidiol (CBD) in illnesses such as epilepsy. Providers must be well apprised of the current evidence base for both detecting and treating marijuana use disorder given its increasing prevalence and decreasing perception of risk. Screening of cannabis use disorder and treatment with appropriate therapy is highly important for college mental health.
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Lac, Andrew, and William D. Crano. "Monitoring Matters." Perspectives on Psychological Science 4, no. 6 (November 2009): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01166.x.

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Parental monitoring is commonly accredited as an important protective factor against risky adolescent behaviors. In this meta-analytic review, associations of adolescents' perceptions of parental monitoring with adolescent marijuana use were collected and quantified across 25 independent samples from 17 empirical studies involving 35,367 unique participants. Applying a random-effects model, the average magnitude of effect was r = –.21. The association was significantly stronger in female-only samples (r = –.31 vs. r = –.19, p < .001) and when parental monitoring was defined purely in terms of parental knowledge of the child's whereabouts, activities, and relations (r = –.24 vs. r = –.19, p < .05). Cross-sectional (r = –.23) and longitudinal studies (r = –.10) disclosed significant effect sizes. To assess publication bias, a file-drawer analysis indicated that 7,358 studies of nil effect size would be necessary to render the association of parental monitoring and reduced marijuana usage nonsignificant. Theoretical and practical implications of parental monitoring are discussed, especially issues concerning the measurement of parental monitoring and the possible utility of the construct in curtailing marijuana use.
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Novak, Scott P., Sean F. Reardon, and Stephen L. Buka. "How Beliefs about Substance Use Differ by Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Individual Experiences, and Neighborhood Environments among Urban Adolescents." Journal of Drug Education 32, no. 4 (December 2002): 319–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gj7d-n0kf-nw64-klw0.

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In this article, we tested a series of Item Response Theory (IRT) models to examine the individual and neighborhood variation in perceived risk along dimensions of substance use (alcohol, marijuana, and hard drugs) and usage patterns (light/experimental use, moderate use, heavy/regular use). Data were gathered from 2266 adolescents aged 9,12, and 15 residing in 79 Chicago neighborhoods. Developmental patterns for age and amount of use were observed whereby older respondents rated alcohol and marijuana as less harmful compared to the younger respondents, but rated hard drugs as more harmful. Risk perceptions were found to be more closely tied to one's direct experience with drugs rather than a general constellation of beliefs. Neighborhood variation in risk perceptions was also observed for hard drugs and three patterns of use, controlling for characteristics of individual residents. Neighborhoods did not vary in risk perceptions toward alcohol use. Individuallevel factors rather than characteristics of the neighborhoods explained the observed neighborhood variation in perceptions toward marijuana use. These findings illustrate the complex links between individual and contextual factors in the development of beliefs about the health risks associated with substance use.
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Mann, Claire L., Anahita B. Nia, Sharron Spriggs, Steven Carbonaro, Daniel DeFrancisco, Lyla Parvez, Charles Perkel, and Yasmin Hurd. "2273 Synthetic cannabinoid usage among psychiatric inpatients." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, S1 (June 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.184.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are widely available and are associated with acute psychosis. Our recent study indicated that SC using psychiatric inpatients admitted in 2014 had more psychotic symptoms, aggression, and agitation compared with cannabis [marijuana (MJ)] using patients. The current study will review more charts and will characterize the demographics and presentations of current SC Versus MJ using patients. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A chart review was conducted of patients admitted to a New York City inpatient dual diagnosis psychiatric unit from 2014 to 2016. Inclusion criteria were self-reported current SC use or MJ use, or urine toxicology (+) for MJ. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In total, 585 charts met inclusion criteria, 168 reported current SC use (40 f, 128 m SC users; 122 f, 295 m MJ users). SC using patients were younger (p=0.050), more likely to be Black (p=0.003), and homeless or living in a shelter (p=0.001). SC users were also more likely to be agitated (OR: 2.26) and aggressive (OR: 2.04) and have psychotic symptoms (OR: 3.03) compared with MJ users. SC users received more PRN medication (p<0.001) and had longer lengths of stay (p=0.001). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Results demonstrate that current SC users had a different demographic profile compared with current MJ users. Our results also support our previous findings: SC using patients were more likely to be agitated and aggressive and were more likely to demonstrate positive psychotic symptoms.
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Gongidi, Preetam, Debkumar Sarkar, Eric Behling, and Joshua Brody. "Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis in a Patient with Neurosarcoidosis on Chronic Steroid Therapy Secondary to Recreational Marijuana Usage." Case Reports in Radiology 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/191375.

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Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis is often a fatal disease that typically takes a hematogenous spread after inhalation or accidental skin inoculation of pathogens. We present a patient with a history of heavy marijuana smoking while being on chronic steroid therapy for treatment of neurosarcoidosis who was found to have multiple brain abscesses fromCurvulariasp. This is a ubiquitous soil-dwelling dematiaceous fungus that is generally thought to affect solely plants, but there is increasing evidence in the literature of it affecting humans and animals. We review the radiographic findings of neurosarcoidosis and cerebral phaeohyphomycosis as well as the pathophysiology of dematiaceous fungi infections.
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Gotlieb, Vladimir K., and Khine Z. Oo. "Marijuana Use and Sickle Cell Disease." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 4826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.4826.4826.

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Abstract A 45-year old Jamaican man with sickle cell disease came to our clinic complaining of chronic left ankle ulcer for one year. He stated that when he was a young boy he had had several hospital admissions for sickle cell crisis, usually precipitated by physical activity or infection, once or twice per month. We were surprised to find out that he had never had a crisis since the age of fifteen. We doubted his diagnosis yet his hemoglobin electrophoresis revealed HbS was 94.7%, HbF was 0.6% and HbA2 was 4.7%. He denied taking any medication. However, he admitted smoking 4 to 5 cigarettes of marijuana a day for the past 30 years. Cannabis has been used as a medicine even before the Christian era in Asia, first in China then mainly in India. Its use was later spread to the West. The general indications for marijuana were reported as severe nausea and vomiting, weight loss associated with debilitating illnesses, spasticity, pain syndrome, and glaucoma. Numerous Phase I–III studies in 2000 subjects with exposure of Sativex by GW Pharmaceuticals from United Kingdom demonstrated that the patients attained good sleep quality, which may improve patients’ quality of life in disabling chronic pain syndromes. We reviewed the literature on any report that cannabinoids could change the severity of sickle cell disease. We found the study from West Indies, which investigated the perception that marijuana use ameliorated the complications of sickle cell disease, in year 2000 and 2004. The study concluded that marijuana smoking is common in adults with sickle cell disease but its usage is unrelated to clinical severity of the disease. We also found a report, from Central Middlesex Hospital in London, United Kingdom, which observed 86 young adults with HbSS, HbSC and HbSbetathalassemia disease, median age being 30 years. Results of this study showed that 31 (36%) had used cannabis in the previous 12 months to relieve the symptoms associated with sickle cell disease. Symptoms related to sedation and mood effects were reported in 77% of patients. The main reasons for use of cannabis were to reduce pain in 52% and to induce relaxation or relieve anxiety and depression in 39%. (5) We wondered if any physicians had observed similar effects of marijuana in sickle cell disease patients in their practice. Could ‘Marijuana Use has beneficial effect on Sickle Cell Disease’ be an interesting topic for a broader clinical trial or a retrospective analysis?
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Cone, Edward J., and Marilyn A. Huestis. "Relating Blood Concentrations of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Metabolites to Pharmacologic Effects and Time of Marijuana Usage." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 15, no. 6 (December 1993): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007691-199312000-00013.

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Boman, John H., John Stogner, and Bryan Lee Miller. "Binge Drinking, Marijuana Use, and Friendships: The Relationship Between Similar and Dissimilar Usage and Friendship Quality." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 45, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.803646.

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Waxmonsky, James G., Raman Baweja, Sara Mills, Asfand Khan, Amanda Jernigan, and Dan Waschbusch. "3.58 Seeing Through the Synthetic Marijuana: Assessment of Usage and Associated Risks in Adolescent Substance Users." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 57, no. 10 (October 2018): S200—S201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.09.216.

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31

Carlson, B. Robert, and Jaime L. Davis. "Demographic Variables and Recreational Substance Use among College Students." Journal of Drug Education 18, no. 1 (March 1988): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/b561-n2d3-ndxe-eg9y.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between demographic variables and recreational substance use within the college population. Eight hundred thirty-two college-aged students were given the Wellness Activity Profile, a questionnaire that includes sections yielding demographic and recreational substance usage data. Discriminant analyses of the data indicated that persons using recreational substances differed significantly from non-users. Marijuana users differed from non-users on parental income, high school grade point average, gender, and political orientation, while no demographic differences were found between cocaine users and non-users. Composite substance users differed from non-users on political orientation, parental income, and gender.
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Sokolenko, L. V., T. M. Sokolenko, Yu L. Yagupolskii, V. I. Kalchenko, Yu V. Veresenko, O. V. Nenia, Yu D. Kuchynskyi, et al. "Narcotic Drug Smell Mimics for Dog Training at Cynological Departments: Composition, Principle of Action, and Legal Frame work of their Use." Science and innovation 16, no. 5 (October 30, 2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine16.05.071.

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Introduction. Involvement of cynological departments to narcotics identification is widely used due to high sensitivity of canine olfaction. Problem Statement. Currently, cynological departments of the MIA of Ukraine can use the samples of original narcotics in detector dogs learning and training for the purpose of developing or maintaining of the corresponding skill. However, narcotics are the substances under control; therefore, special normative procedures for their obtaining, usage, storage, and utilization exist. This order greatly complicates dogs training. The use of original narcotics is reasonable in special cynological schools during basic learning of detector dogs. Further training in departments is oriented to maintain skills and, as a rule, is carried out using pseudo narcotic scents, which does not contain original narcotics and does not possess narcotic activity. Majority of such pseudo narcotic scents is of foreign production and are expensive. This fact does not allow to provide with training aids all the cynological departments of the MIA of Ukraine. Moreover, these pseudo narcotic scents are of limited range. Purpose. The purpose of this research is to develop domestic pseudo narcotic scents with extended range, which would not possess narcotic activity, but have similar odor properties like original narcotics and are cheaper in comparison to foreign counterparts. Materials and Methods. Pseudo narcotic scents of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, opium, and poppy straw were developed. These training aids consist of inert carrying agent and volatile organic impurities from narcotics. These training aids were tested with involvement of 12 detector dogs of the cynological departments of the National Policy of Ukraine and State border service of Ukraine. Results. Pseudo narcotic canine training aids for cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, opium, and poppy straw were created and tested with detector dogs. It was shown that odorological profile of pseudo scents agreed with original narcotics. Conclusions. Pseudo narcotic scents which are perspective for introduction into production and further usage as canine training aids in cynological departments have been established.
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Whitfield, Robert M., Lisa M. Bechtel, and Gale Hansen Starich. "The Impact of Ethanol and Marinol/Marijuana Usage on HIV+/AIDS Patients Undergoing Azidothymidine, Azidothymidine/Dideoxycytidine, or Dideoxyinosine Therapy." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 21, no. 1 (February 1997): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03739.x.

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Como-Lesko, Nancy, Louis H. Primavera, and Philip R. Szeszko. "Marijuana Usage in Relation to Harmfulness Ratings, Perceived Likelihood of Negative Consequences, and Defense Mechanisms in High School Students." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 20, no. 3 (January 1994): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00952999409106016.

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Gul, Hamna, Farhana Asif, Afra Samad, Sadia Minhas, Malik Adeel Anwar, Muhammad Arslan Tayyab, and Muhammad Kashif. "Self-perceived oral health status and cytomorphological changes in individuals with addictive oral habits: assessed by WHO oral health questionnaire for adults." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 12 (November 23, 2017): 4393. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20175053.

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Background: Oral diseases related to tobacco use are relatively widespread and common in the Pakistani community but epidemiological data regarding maintenance of oral hygiene and suggested treatment is scarce. Therefore, this study was conducted in an under developed district (Muzaffargarh) of Punjab, Pakistan to evaluate oral health status and to determine frequency of cytomorphological changes in buccal mucosa of habitual tobacco users. Methods: Oral examination of all the subjects was carried out using mouth mirrors and gauze under good illumination. Cytology samples were taken from buccal mucosa. The smears were later stained with Papanicolaou stain and microscopy was performed. All the cytological data was recorded in the respective proformas. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS software version 20. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. A p value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: When cross relations were studied among the demographics, addictive habits and cytological variables, soft drink usage was associated with epithelial atypia (p=0.05), marijuana usage was associated with inflammatory infiltrate on cytology (p=0.047) and snuff/niswar usage was associated with inflammatory atypia (p=0.048). No associations were found among the other studied variables. Conclusions: The results of cellular changes in the smears from subjects with addictive habits can be utilized as an educational and screening tool in cessation therapy. The results attained in this study proposed that tobacco addictive habits produce cellular modifications in clinically normal mucosa on exfoliation cytology.
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Fisher, Dennis G., David P. MacKinnon, M. Douglas Anglin, and John P. Thompson. "Parental Influences on Substance Use: Gender Differences and Stage Theory." Journal of Drug Education 17, no. 1 (March 1987): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5ey5-6ne5-y7dx-eeva.

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The relationship between perceived parental drug use and offspring drug use was investigated. The subjects, 106 UCLA undergraduates, were evenly divided between psychoactive mushroom users and nonusers who completed a questionnaire regarding social and subjective aspects of drug use, including parental drug use. The data were analyzed using modern psychometric scaling techniques, including multidimensional unfolding and principal component analysis of qualitative variables (PRINQUAL). These techniques are advocated as preferable to discriminant analysis when variables, such as perceived parental use of different drugs, are highly correlated. Men's use of drugs was relatively independent of perceived parental drug use while women's use of drugs was strongly related to perceived parental usage. Guttman scaling and PRINQUAL analysis of the types of drugs indicate that the use of cocaine has changed since Kandel and Faust suggested the stage theory of adolescent drug use and that cocaine use has developed patterns similar to marijuana use.
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Highet, Bridget H., Elizabeth R. Lesser, Patrick W. Johnson, and Judith S. Kaur. "Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Use in an Outpatient Palliative Medicine Population." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 37, no. 8 (January 27, 2020): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909119900378.

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Background: Palliative medicine physicians are challenged by lack of guidance regarding effectiveness and dosing of cannabis products in the setting of their emerging popularity. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe early patterns of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) use in Florida following passage of the state’s first medical marijuana law. We describe here the perceived benefits, side effects, and beliefs expressed by patients in a single outpatient academic palliative medicine practice. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed of a sequential convenience sample of patients who presented to an outpatient academic palliative medicine clinic over a 3-month period. Results: In all, 24% (14/58) of respondents reported THC use, with half using THC on a daily basis. Patients reported improvements in pain, appetite, and nausea. In all, 71% (10/14) began using THC after the diagnosis of their chronic illness, and the most common form of usage was vaping. In all, 24% (14/58) of patients reported CBD use. Patients reported improvements in pain, and the most common form of usage was topical application. None of the patients had used CBD prior to the onset of their chronic illness. In all, 21% (3/14) of THC users and 21% (3/14) of CBD users thought that their substance was helping to cure their illness. Individual reported side effects in both groups were minimal. Conclusions: Approximately a quarter of outpatient palliative care patients use THC or CBD, often on a daily basis. Palliative care providers should be aware of the frequency, diverse usage, and beliefs behind cannabis product use in this patient population.
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Einhorn, Lawrence H. "Salvage Therapy in Patients with Germ Cell Tumors." American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, no. 35 (May 2015): e259-e261. http://dx.doi.org/10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.e259.

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Testicular cancer is the most curable metastatic solid tumor. Initial chemotherapy is evidence based with risk stratification into three prognostic categories: good, intermediate, and advanced disease. Guidelines for disease management following progression after initial cisplatin combination chemotherapy are less clear. Options include salvage surgery for patients with anatomically confined relapse, standard-dose cisplatin combination chemotherapy, or high-dose chemotherapy with carboplatin plus etoposide with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Proper interpretation of a presumed relapse can be complicated. Growing masses on imaging studies might reflect a growing teratoma. Persistent elevations of serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or alpha fetoprotein (AFP) are only an indication for salvage therapy if there is a definitive rise in the tumor marker. Elevated and rising serum hCG as the only evidence of recurrence can be because of cross reactivity with luteinizing hormone or usage of marijuana rather than progressive cancer. Elevated liver function tests can cause rising serum AFP.
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39

Townsend-Bell, Erica. "Breaking hegemony: coalition as decolonial-intersectional praxis." European Journal of Politics and Gender 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251510821x16145402177115.

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In 2012 and 2013, Uruguay decriminalised abortion, legalised equal marriage and decriminalised the usage and self-cultivation of marijuana. Uruguayan social movements produced a wide-ranging, multi-issue coalition that mobilised around all of these bills as a package, in which they agreed to a specific sequence on the prioritisation of bills. The bridge actors that constituted the coalition operated within a framework grounded in combating the invisibilisation of marginalised groups and their specific interests. In other words, they sought to engage in a form of intersectional praxis through the platform of coalition. This article examines the workings of intersectional praxis in this case, and the actors and logic that drive it. It argues that a dual bridging model is at work in which bridge actors engage a decolonial-intersectional logic of action, working from a perspective that conceives of difference and plurality as both constitutive of social life and a normative good.
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Dobs, Yasminah Elsaadany, and Mohamed Medhat Ali. "The epigenetic modulation of alcohol/ethanol and cannabis exposure/co-exposure during different stages." Open Biology 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 180115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.180115.

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Studies have reported the significant economic impact of smoking cannabis and drinking alcohol In the USA. It was estimated that the costs of cannabis-related treatment, hospitalization and loss of work-related pay have amounted to $200 billion. (Andersen AM, Dogan MV, Beach SRH, Philibert RA. 2015 Genes 6 , 991–1022. ( doi:10.3390/genes6040991 )). Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions showed that individuals with general anxiety disorder and substance use disorder (GAD-SUD) have higher psychiatric comorbidity rates than those without substance use disorder (Alegría AA, Hasin DS, Nunes EV, Liu SM, Davies C, Grant BF, Blanco C. 2010 J. Clin. Psychiatry 71, 1187–1195. ( doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05328gry )). Moreover, the criminal justice system is significantly impacted by this cost (Andersen AM, Dogan MV, Beach SRH, Philibert RA. 2015 Genes 6 , 991–1022. ( doi:10.3390/genes6040991 )). Despite the increasing use of cannabis, there are still too many obscure facts. One of the new areas that scientific evidence shows is impacted negatively by cannabis use is the epigenome, which is an understudied area that we are still learning about. In addition, over the past few decades, we have seen various social and healthcare changes that have raised critical questions about their ongoing roles in regulating marijuana and alcohol use. This is important because of the increasing popularity and usage across various ages especially young adults and teenagers. More than 97.5 million Americans over 12 years old have used cannabis for non-medical use despite the significant side effects, with 1 in 10 users developing cannabis dependence (Crean RD, Crane NA, Mason BJ. 2011 J. Addict. Med. 5, 1–8. ( doi:10.1097/ADM.0b013e31820c23fa ), Office of Applied Studies. 2006 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, USA.). It was reported that 16% of substance abuse admissions in the USA were for cannabis-related symptoms, which is second only to alcohol-related disorders (Agalioti T, Lomvardas S, Parekh B, Yie J, Maniatis T, Thanos D. 2000 Cell 103, 667–678. ( doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00169-0 ), Soutoglou E, Talianidis I. 2002 Science 295, 1901–1904. ( doi:10.1126/science.1068356 )). Today there are thirty-one states and the District of Columbia that currently have legalized marijuana for either medical or recreational use. Data about marijuana use from NIAAA's National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) indicates that ‘in total, 79 000 people were interviewed on alcohol and drug use. When examined by age young adults (ages 18–21) were found to be at highest risk for marijuana use and marijuana use disorder, with use increasing from 10.5 to 21.2% and disorder increasing from 4.4 to 7.5%’. ‘Given these facts, George Koob, PhD, director of NIAAA stated the importance for the scientific community to convey this information to the public about the potential hazards of marijuana and it's use’. On the other hand, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 16 million adults suffer from alcohol use disorders. To the best of our knowledge, epigenetic mechanisms have been previously studied in alcohol and cannabis abuse separately. Recent studies highlighted the molecular mechanisms that are linked with drug-induced transcriptional regulation, behavioural abnormalities and neurodegeneration, which has emphasized the role of chromatin modification/remodelling in the generation of drug activation of certain genes and the disabling of others, and the effect of that on addiction (Maze I, Nestler EJ. 2011 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1216, 99–113. ( doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05893.x ); Renthal W, Nestler EJ. 2008 Trends Mol. Med . 14, 341–350. ( doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2008.06.004 )). In this review, we will give an overview of epigenome science relevant to cannabis/the endocannabinoid system and the potential of epigenetic overlap between alcohol and cannabinergic activity at different stages, to aid further investigations that could bring more treatment options to our horizon.
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Bellocchio, Luigi, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Felice Lorusso, Giuseppina Malcangi, Luigi Santacroce, Antonio Scarano, et al. "Cannabinoids Drugs and Oral Health—From Recreational Side-Effects to Medicinal Purposes: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 8329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158329.

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Background: marijuana, the common name for cannabis sativa preparations, is one of the most consumed drug all over the world, both at therapeutical and recreational levels. With the legalization of medical uses of cannabis in many countries, and even its recreational use in most of these, the prevalence of marijuana use has markedly risen over the last decade. At the same time, there is also a higher prevalence in the health concerns related to cannabis use and abuse. Thus, it is mandatory for oral healthcare operators to know and deal with the consequences and effects of cannabis use on oral cavity health. This review will briefly summarize the components of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms of biological cannabis action in human cells and biologic activities on tissues. We will also look into oropharyngeal tissue expression of cannabinoid receptors, together with a putative association of cannabis to several oral diseases. Therefore, this review will elaborate the basic biology and physiology of cannabinoids in human oral tissues with the aim of providing a better comprehension of the effects of its use and abuse on oral health, in order to include cannabinoid usage into dental patient health records as well as good medicinal practice. Methods: the paper selection was performed by PubMed/Medline and EMBASE electronic databases, and reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. The scientific products were included for qualitative analysis. Results: the paper search screened a total of 276 papers. After the initial screening and the eligibility assessment, a total of 32 articles were considered for the qualitative analysis. Conclusions: today, cannabis consumption has been correlated to a higher risk of gingival and periodontal disease, oral infection and cancer of the oral cavity, while the physico-chemical activity has not been completely clarified. Further investigations are necessary to evaluate a therapeutic efficacy of this class of drugs for the promising treatment of several different diseases of the salivary glands and oral diseases.
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42

Dwayne Thrasher, Jack, Michael R. Gray, and Dennis Hooper. "Molds and Mycotoxins in Autopsy Specimens in a Death Related to Fungal Pneumonia and Pancytopenia, Marijuana Usage and a Water-Damaged Home: A Case Report." International Journal of Clinical Toxicology. 2, no. 1 (December 14, 2014): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14205/2310-4007.2014.02.01.2.

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43

Hada, Takuro, Yuichi Sei, Yasuyuki Tahara, and Akihiko Ohsuga. "Codeword Detection, Focusing on Differences in Similar Words Between Two Corpora of Microblogs." Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33166/aetic.2021.02.008.

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Recently, the use of microblogs in drug trafficking has surged and become a social problem. A common method applied by cyber patrols to repress crimes, such as drug trafficking, involves searching for crime-related keywords. However, criminals who post crime-inducing messages maximally exploit “codewords” rather than keywords, such as enjo kosai, marijuana, and methamphetamine, to camouflage their criminal intentions. Research suggests that these codewords change once they gain popularity; thus, effective codeword detection requires significant effort to keep track of the latest codewords. In this study, we focused on the appearance of codewords and those likely to be included in incriminating posts to detect codewords with a high likelihood of inclusion in incriminating posts. We proposed new methods for detecting codewords based on differences in word usage and conducted experiments on concealed-word detection to evaluate the effectiveness of the method. The results showed that the proposed method could detect concealed words other than those in the initial list and to a better degree than the baseline methods. These findings demonstrated the ability of the proposed method to rapidly and automatically detect codewords that change over time and blog posts that instigate crimes, thereby potentially reducing the burden of continuous codeword surveillance.
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Abyadeh, Morteza, Vivek Gupta, Joao A. Paulo, Veer Gupta, Nitin Chitranshi, Angela Godinez, Danit Saks, et al. "A Proteomic View of Cellular and Molecular Effects of Cannabis." Biomolecules 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11101411.

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Cannabis (Cannabis sativa), popularly known as marijuana, is the most commonly used psychoactive substance and is considered illicit in most countries worldwide. However, a growing body of research has provided evidence of the therapeutic properties of chemical components of cannabis known as cannabinoids against several diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia and glaucoma; these have prompted changes in medicinal cannabis legislation. The relaxation of legal restrictions and increased socio-cultural acceptance has led to its increase in both medicinal and recreational usage. Several biochemically active components of cannabis have a range of effects on the biological system. There is an urgent need for more research to better understand the molecular and biochemical effects of cannabis at a cellular level, to understand fully its implications as a pharmaceutical drug. Proteomics technology is an efficient tool to rigorously elucidate the mechanistic effects of cannabis on the human body in a cell and tissue-specific manner, drawing conclusions associated with its toxicity as well as therapeutic benefits, safety and efficacy profiles. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both in vitro and in vivo proteomic studies involving the cellular and molecular effects of cannabis and cannabis-derived compounds.
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45

Huang, Yian, Shumei Ma, Yan Wang, Renjie Yan, Sheng Wang, Nan Liu, Ben Chen, Jia Chen, and Li Liu. "The Role of Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines and Bioactive Ingredients on Ion Channels: A Brief Review and Prospect." CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 18, no. 4 (July 17, 2019): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527317666181026165400.

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Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), particularly the Chinese herbal medicines, are valuable sources of medicines and have been used for centuries. The term “TCMs” both represents to the single drug agent like Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ligusticum chuanxiong and Angelica sinensis, and those herbal formulas like Jingshu Keli, Wenxin Keli and Danzhen powder. In recent years, the researches of TCMs developed rapidly to understand the scientific basis of these herbs. In this review, we collect the studies of TCM and their containing bioactive compounds, and attempt to provide an overview for their regulatory effects on different ion channels including Ca2+, K+, Na+, Cl- channels and TRP, P2X receptors. The following conditions are used to limit the range of our review. (i) Only the herbal materials are included in this review and the animal- and mineral-original TCMs are excluded. (ii) The major discussions in this review focus on single TCM agent and the herbal formulas are only discussed for a little. (iii) Those most famous herbal medicines like Capsicum annuum (pepper), Curcuma longa (ginger) and Cannabis sativa (marijuana) are excluded. (iv) Only those TCM herbs with more than 5 research papers confirming their effects on ion channels are discussed in this review. Our review discusses recently available scientific evidences for TCMs and related bioactive compounds that have been reported with the modulatory effects on different ion channels, and thus provides a new ethnopharmacological approach to understand the usage of TCMs.
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Neeki, Michael M., Fanglong Dong, Dania Youssef, Benfie Liu, Carol Lee, Michelle Burgett-Moreno, Edward Rippe, David Wong, and Rodney Borger. "Burn Injuries Resulting From Methamphetamine and Honey Oil Explosions: A Retrospective Cohort Study." Journal of Burn Care & Research 40, no. 6 (June 13, 2019): 828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irz093.

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Abstract A high incidence of honey oil and methamphetamine production has led to an increase in burn victims presenting to this regional burn center in California. This study aims to compare patient outcomes resulting from burn injuries associated with honey oil and methamphetamine production. This is a retrospective cohort study using the regional burn registry to identify patients with burn injuries related to honey oil production or methamphetamine purification explosions from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2017. Patient demographics and clinical outcomes data were abstracted from the burn registry and medical records. A total of 91 patients were included in the final analysis and 59.3% (n = 54) were related to honey oil injury. There was no statistically significant difference between honey oil and methamphetamine burn injuries in regard to clinical outcomes, including mortality (1.9% vs 8.1%, P = .1588), third-degree burn (47.2% vs 59.5%, P = .2508), mechanical ventilator usage (50% vs 69.4%, P = .0714), median hospital length of stay (LOS; 10 vs 11 days, P = .5308), ICU LOS (10 vs 11 days, P = .1903), total burn surface area (26.5% vs 28.3%, P = .8313), and hospital charge (median of US$85,561 vs US$139,028, P = .7215). Honey oil burn injuries are associated with similar hospital LOS, similar ICU LOS, similar total burn surface area, and present a costly public health concern. With the recent legalization of marijuana in California, commercial production of honey oil in addition to increasing education about the risks of illicit honey oil production may alleviate associated risks.
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Samuel, G. A., E. O. George, B. N. Ogbu, L. O. Agaba, and M. K. Yisa. "OPINIONS OF STUDENTS AND TEACHERS ON DRUG ABUSE AMONG SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL IN ZARIA EDUCATION ZONE, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA." African Journal of Health, Safety and Environment 1, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ajhse.v1i2.93.

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Drug abuse and dependence producing substances are widely prevalent in African countries and have continued to increase. Substances abuse, which were originally conceived as the problem of a selected few is today becoming a problem of a sizeable proportions of the world population. A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used. Using Research advisor (2006) Sampling table, 365 students and 108 teachers were sampled using stratified random sampling technique out of 3812 and 156 study populations respectively. The instrument that was used for data collection was an adapted standardized questionnaire structured by Afuwai in 2016 who worked on drug abuse on socio-emotional behavior of secondary school students in Kaduna state, Nigeria (Afuwai, 2016). Hypothesis were tested using independent sample t-test at the .05 level of significance to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means of the two unrelated groups. All statistics were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM-SPSS version 24). The study shows that all kinds of drugs are being abused by senior secondary schools’ students in Kaduna State according to the opinions of the respondents with marijuana as the most commonly abuse drug while barbiturates (diazepam) is not a common abuse drug. An agglomeration of several factors influences the usage of drugs by senior secondary schools’ students in Zaria education Zone of Kaduna State as there were no specific factors found. The study established that female students are more predominant on abusing drugs than their male counterparts these days.
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Hashim, Ahmed M. M., Ahmed M. Hassan, Ghada Essam El-Din Amin, and Mohamed Farouk Allam. "Prevalence of Strox Smoking Among University Students in Cairo, Egypt." Open Public Health Journal 13, no. 1 (August 19, 2020): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010425.

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Background: In Egypt, the prevalence rate of New Psychoactive Substances (NPSs) use is severely underestimated. In the last 5 years, several non-scientific reports have demonstrated the presence of an emergent, cheap NPSs that has taken the name of “Strox” or “Egyptian Spice”. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence rate of Strox smoking among undergraduate students attending Ain Shams University (ASU), Cairo (Egypt). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five non-medical colleges of ASU, namely, Law, Commerce, Computer Science, Engineering, and Literature. Participants were recruited using a convenient sampling method and were asked about NPSs use. Data were collected using the Marijuana Smoking History Questionnaire (MSHQ) developed by Bonn-Miller and Zvolensky (2009). The questionnaire was translated and modified to reflect Egyptian slang and culture. Results: This study included 558 students, 422 (75.6%) males and 136 (24.4%) females. The results showed that 189 (33.9%) were current tobacco smokers, 51 (9.1%) were smokers of substances other than tobacco, 45 (8.1%) were cannabis smokers, 38 (6.8%) were Strox smokers, and 3 (0.5%) were Voodoo smokers. When students were asked about their reasons for smoking Strox, they cited the following motivations: to achieve a feeling of euphoria(28.9%), depression (23.7%), experimentation (23.7%), peer pressure (21.1%), and having excess money (2.6%). The results showed a clear association between tobacco and cannabis smoking and consumption of Strox. Conclusion: Although the prevalence rates of NPSs usage as observed in this study were not high, higher rates could be expected in other communities outside of the university. Community-based studies are needed to estimate the magnitude of NPSs use in Egypt and the associated risk factors.
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Hoenigl, Martin, Susan J. Little, Jamila K. Stockman, Britt Skaathun, David Grelotti, Nadir Weibel, and Davey M. Smith. "1961. Grindr™ on Screen Activity on iPhones Correlates with HIV Risk and Substance Use in Men Who Have Sex with Men, San Diego." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S63—S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz359.138.

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Abstract Background Technology has changed the way men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) seek sex; ≥60% of MSM in the United States use the internet to find sex partners, primarily via Grindr™ which is the most used dating app among MSM. Studies to date have mostly evaluated Grindr™ use as a dichotomous variable and found inconsistent results regarding associations with increased HIV risk behavior. Importantly, Grindr™ “on-screen” activity is monitored by phones and can provide an objective measure of app usage. Here we aimed to assess Grindr™ “on-screen” activity in MSM undergoing community-based HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening in San Diego, and to correlate activity with sexual risk behavior and substance use. Methods This nested cohort study was conducted between December 2018 and April 2019 and leveraged our “Good to Go” (AI106039) screening program for participant recruitment. During their testing encounter participants not on HIV PrEP were provided with surveys on demographics, substance use and risk behavior during previous 3 months, and Grindr™ usage. Participants with iPhones were instructed on how to assess Grindr™ on-screen activity (i.e., time on-screen during last 7 days) on their phones (Figure 1). Risk behavior was classified using the validated San Diego Early Test (SDET) Score (Figure 2). Results Overall 378/784 (48%) MSM participants indicated that they had opened Grindr™ during the previous 7 days. Grindr™ users had higher SDET scores than those not using Grindr™ (median SDET 2, IQR 0–5; mean 2.29) while there was no difference in proportion of substance users (alcohol and marijuana excluded, 21% vs. 17%; P = 0.14). Of 231 MSM who indicated recent Grindr™ use (61%) had iPhones; median on-screen activity during the previous 7 days was 144 minutes (range 1–2,640 minutes). Participants with high Grindr™ utilization (>80th percentile of time on screen corresponding to >480 minutes), had significantly higher SDET scores (median 5 vs. 2; mean 4.02 vs. 3.26; P < 0.001) and a tendency toward a higher proportion of substance users (29% vs. 20%) than those with lower Grindr™ utilization. Conclusion This study introduces Grindr™ on-screen activity as an objective measure that can help identify MSM at high risk for HIV. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.
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Subbiah, Shanmuga, Cary A. Presant, Gargi Upadhyaya, and Meizi Zheng. "Cannabis use patterns and patient reported outcomes in oncology and hematology patients: An anonymous survey." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e24143-e24143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e24143.

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e24143 Background: In a contemporary era of rapidly evolving social and regulatory changes, it is important to understand and characterize patient (pt) cannabis usage and response. Methods: In order to avoid responding bias, we performed the first ever anonymous survey in consecutive patients (pts) cared for in a City of Hope practice site in California. We analyzed demographic information, qualifying conditions, symptoms, and the cannabis product used. Pt reported outcomes of response to cannabis were collected. Improvement in control of symptoms was defined as pts choosing “total” or “a lot”. Results were tabulated and analyzed by the Chi-squared and Fisher’s Exact statistics. Results: 154 of 176 consecutive patients agreed to participate (87.5%). 72.7% had a malignancy (CA), 18.1% non-malignant hematologic disease (HEME), and 10.3% had other illnesses (OTHER). Age was < 45 in 10.3%, 45-64 in 37.0%, and > 64 in 52.6%. Older pts more frequently had CA (32.5% < 45, 70.2% 45-64, vs 81.5% > 64p = .0012). 41.8% were male. Cannabis use was reported in 24.7%. Surprisingly, this did not vary significantly by age (37.5% age < 45, 28.0% age 45-64, and 19.8% age > 64 p = .24), by disease (CA 22.9%, HEME 34.6%, OTHER 28.6% p = .41), nor by gender (male 21.9%, female 25.8% p = .57). Pts used cannabis to control their disease in 42.1%, GI symptoms (nausea, vomiting) in 28.9%, weight loss in 10.5%, fatigue in 42.1%, pain in 73.6%, and other symptoms in 36.8%. Cannabis product was marijuana (MJ) in 32%, CBD in 58% and THC in 8% and varied by age (p = .0006) but not by illness or gender. Improvement in disease was reported in 62.5%, GI symptoms in 63.6%, weight loss in 50%, fatigue in 50%, and pain in 60.7%. Symptom improvement trend was numerically higher with MJ or THC (71%) vs CBD (47%, p = .27). 73% of pts reported they would participate in a cannabis clinical trial. Conclusions: There is a high usage of cannabis. While cannabis use does not vary by age, preference for cannabis product however does vary by age. Pts reported high response rates for various symptoms, which can confound the effectiveness of anticancer or supportive medications. Clinical trials of anticancer agents should stratify by use of cannabis products to avoid misattribution of antitumor effects or side effects. Since cannabis access is expanding across the country, it provides an opportunity to perform randomized trials looking into benefits and risks of cannabis use, and dose and administration methods. Clinicians should screen for cannabis use and document it in social histories separate from the category of illegal drug use.
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