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Journal articles on the topic 'Marikana (Rustenburg, South Africa)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kaonga, Brighton, and Nnenesi A. Kgabi. "Investigation into presence of atmospheric particulate matter in Marikana, mining area in Rustenburg Town, South Africa." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 178, no. 1-4 (September 24, 2010): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1683-1.

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2

Frenkel, Ronit, and Pamila Gupta. "Yo-yo culture: thinking South Africa after Marikana." Social Dynamics 45, no. 2 (May 4, 2019): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2019.1619261.

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3

Kgabi, Nnenesi. "Composition of Inhalable Atmospheric Particulates in Rustenburg, South Africa." British Journal of Environment and Climate Change 2, no. 1 (January 10, 2012): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjecc/2012/833.

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4

Ogunbanjo, Gboyega A., and Ian Couper. "The Rustenburg Resolution: Inequality in Health Care in South Africa." South African Family Practice 50, no. 5 (September 2008): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20786204.2008.10873759.

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5

Mudau, N., P. Mhangara, and M. Gebreslasie. "Monitoring urban growth around Rustenburg, South Africa, using SPOT 5." South African Journal of Geomatics 3, no. 2 (August 27, 2014): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v3i2.5.

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6

Ngcobo, Humphrey Siphiwe B., Stephen D. Edwards, and David J. Edwards. "The Marikana Violence in South Africa: A Brief Psychodynamic Extrapolation." Journal of Psychology in Africa 23, no. 2 (January 2013): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2013.10820634.

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7

Kumalo, Ambassador Dumisani S. "On African cohesion and international cohesion." Regions and Cohesion 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2012.020206.

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8

Magaziner, Daniel, and Sean Jacobs. "Notes from Marikana, South Africa: The Platinum Miners’ Strike, the Massacre, and the Struggle for Equivalence." International Labor and Working-Class History 83 (2013): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547913000112.

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AbstractThis note reflects on the August 2012 miners' strike at Marikana, South Africa in light of a century long history of violence associated with worker actions in that country and elsewhere in the Global South. It suggests that the breakaway union's allegedly ‘illegal’ strike fits within a long tradition of radical worker activism in South Africa, which is best understood in light of anticolonial efforts to short-circuit the chronologies of imperial power. The Marikana strike, like anticolonial rebellions during the early twentieth century and, critically, white worker struggles following First World War, was an effort to speed up the process by which the value of workers’ lives and labor might be made equivalent to those in power.

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9

Chiloane, Kgaugelo Euphinia, Johan Paul Beukes, Pieter Gideon van Zyl, Petra Maritz, Ville Vakkari, Miroslav Josipovic, Andrew Derick Venter, et al. "Spatial, temporal and source contribution assessments of black carbon over the northern interior of South Africa." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 10 (May 19, 2017): 6177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6177-2017.

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Abstract. After carbon dioxide (CO2), aerosol black carbon (BC) is considered to be the second most important contributor to global warming. This paper presents equivalent black carbon (eBC) (derived from an optical absorption method) data collected from three sites in the interior of South Africa where continuous measurements were conducted, i.e. Elandsfontein, Welgegund and Marikana, as well elemental carbon (EC) (determined by evolved carbon method) data at five sites where samples were collected once a month on a filter and analysed offline, i.e. Louis Trichardt, Skukuza, Vaal Triangle, Amersfoort and Botsalano.Analyses of eBC and EC spatial mass concentration patterns across the eight sites indicate that the mass concentrations in the South African interior are in general higher than what has been reported for the developed world and that different sources are likely to influence different sites. The mean eBC or EC mass concentrations for the background sites (Welgegund, Louis Trichardt, Skukuza, Botsalano) and sites influenced by industrial activities and/or nearby settlements (Elandsfontein, Marikana, Vaal Triangle and Amersfoort) ranged between 0.7 and 1.1, and 1.3 and 1.4 µg m−3, respectively. Similar seasonal patterns were observed at all three sites where continuous measurement data were collected (Elandsfontein, Marikana and Welgegund), with the highest eBC mass concentrations measured from June to October, indicating contributions from household combustion in the cold winter months (June–August), as well as savannah and grassland fires during the dry season (May to mid-October). Diurnal patterns of eBC at Elandsfontein, Marikana and Welgegund indicated maximum concentrations in the early mornings and late evenings, and minima during daytime. From the patterns it could be deduced that for Marikana and Welgegund, household combustion, as well as savannah and grassland fires, were the most significant sources, respectively.Possible contributing sources were explored in greater detail for Elandsfontein, with five main sources being identified as coal-fired power stations, pyrometallurgical smelters, traffic, household combustion, as well as savannah and grassland fires. Industries on the Mpumalanga Highveld are often blamed for all forms of pollution, due to the NO2 hotspot over this area that is attributed to NOx emissions from industries and vehicle emissions from the Johannesburg–Pretoria megacity. However, a comparison of source strengths indicated that household combustion as well as savannah and grassland fires were the most significant sources of eBC, particularly during winter and spring months, while coal-fired power stations, pyrometallurgical smelters and traffic contribute to eBC mass concentration levels year round.

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10

Thomas, Kylie. ""Remember Marikana": Violence and Visual Activism in Post-Apartheid South Africa." ASAP/Journal 3, no. 2 (2018): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asa.2018.0032.

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11

Vakkari, V., J. P. Beukes, H. Laakso, D. Mabaso, J. J. Pienaar, M. Kulmala, and L. Laakso. "Long-term observations of aerosol size distributions in semi-clean and polluted savannah in South Africa." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2012): 24043–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-24043-2012.

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Abstract. This study presents a total of four years of sub-micron aerosol particle size distribution measurements in the Southern African savannah, an environment with few previous observations covering a full seasonal cycle and the size range below 100 nm. During the first 19 months, July 2006–January 2008, the measurements were carried out at Botsalano, a semi-clean location, whereas during the latter part, February 2008–May 2010, the measurements were carried out at Marikana (approximately 150 km east of Botsalano), which is a more polluted location with both pyrometallurgical industries and informal settlements nearby. The median total concentration of aerosol particles was more than four times as high at Marikana than at Botsalano. In the size ranges of 12–840 nm, 50–840 nm and 100–840 nm the median concentrations were 1850, 1280 and 700 particles cm−3 at Botsalano and 7800, 3800 and 1600 particles cm−3 at Marikana, respectively. The diurnal variation of the size distribution for Botsalano arose as a result of frequent regional new particle formation. However, for Marikana the diurnal variation was dominated by the morning and evening household burning in the informal settlements, although regional new particle formation was even more frequent than at Botsalano. The effect of the industrial emissions was not discernible in the size distribution at Marikana although it was clear in the sulphur dioxide diurnal pattern, indicating the emissions to be mostly gaseous. Seasonal variation was strongest in the concentration of particles larger than 100 nm, which was clearly elevated at both locations during the dry season from May to September. In the absence of wet removal during the dry season the concentration of particles larger than 100 nm had a correlation above 0.7 with CO for both locations, which implies incomplete burning to be an important source of aerosol particles during the dry season. However, the sources of burning differ: at Botsalano the rise in concentration originates from regional wild fires, while at Marikana domestic heating in the informal settlements is the main source. Air mass history analysis for Botsalano identified four regional scale source areas in Southern Africa and enabled the differentiation between fresh and aged rural background aerosol originating from the clean sector, i.e., western sector with very few large anthropogenic sources. Comparison to size distributions published for other comparable environments in Northern Hemisphere shows Southern African savannah to have a unique combination of sources and meteorological parameters. The observed strong link between combustion and seasonal variation is comparable only to the Amazon basin; however the lack of long-term observations in the Amazonas does not allow a quantitative comparison. All the data presented in the figures, as well as the time series of monthly mean and median size distributions are included in numeric form as a Supplement to provide a reference point for the aerosol modelling community.

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12

Vakkari, V., J. P. Beukes, H. Laakso, D. Mabaso, J. J. Pienaar, M. Kulmala, and L. Laakso. "Long-term observations of aerosol size distributions in semi-clean and polluted savannah in South Africa." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 4 (February 15, 2013): 1751–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1751-2013.

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Abstract. This study presents a total of four years of sub-micron aerosol particle size distribution measurements in the southern African savannah, an environment with few previous observations covering a full seasonal cycle and the size range below 100 nm. During the first 19 months, July 2006–January 2008, the measurements were carried out at Botsalano, a semi-clean location, whereas during the latter part, February 2008–May 2010, the measurements were carried out at Marikana (approximately 150 km east of Botsalano), which is a more polluted location with both pyrometallurgical industries and informal settlements nearby. The median total concentration of aerosol particles was more than four times as high at Marikana than at Botsalano. In the size ranges of 12–840 nm, 50–840 nm and 100–840 nm the median concentrations were 1856, 1278 and 698 particles cm−3 at Botsalano and 7805, 3843 and 1634 particles cm−3 at Marikana, respectively. The diurnal variation of the size distribution for Botsalano arose as a result of frequent regional new particle formation. However, for Marikana the diurnal variation was dominated by the morning and evening household burning in the informal settlements, although regional new particle formation was even more frequent than at Botsalano. The effect of the industrial emissions was not discernible in the size distribution at Marikana although it was clear in the sulphur dioxide diurnal pattern, indicating the emissions to be mostly gaseous. Seasonal variation was strongest in the concentration of particles larger than 100 nm, which was clearly elevated at both locations during the dry season from May to September. In the absence of wet removal during the dry season, the concentration of particles larger than 100 nm had a correlation above 0.7 with CO for both locations, which implies incomplete burning to be an important source of aerosol particles during the dry season. However, the sources of burning differ: at Botsalano the rise in concentration originates from regional wild fires, while at Marikana domestic heating in the informal settlements is the main source. Air mass history analysis for Botsalano identified four regional scale source areas in southern Africa and enabled the differentiation between fresh and aged rural background aerosol originating from the clean sector, i.e., western sector with very few large anthropogenic sources. Comparison to size distributions published for other comparable environments in Northern Hemisphere shows southern African savannah to have a unique combination of sources and meteorological parameters. The observed strong link between combustion and seasonal variation is comparable only to the Amazon basin; however, the lack of long-term observations in the Amazonas does not allow a quantitative comparison. All the data presented in the figures, as well as the time series of monthly mean and median size distributions are included in numeric form as a Supplement to provide a reference point for the aerosol modelling community.

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13

Viljoen, A., P. S. van Wyk, D. C. Nowell, and T. J. Gulya. "Occurrence of Downy Mildew on Sunflower in South Africa." Plant Disease 81, no. 1 (January 1997): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.1.111c.

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Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. & De Toni in Sacc., is an economically important disease of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Europe and the United States (1). The disease was first noticed in South Africa in a commercial field near Standerton and in a seed production field near Kroonstad during the 1993 to 1994 planting season. During the 1995 to 1996 season, downy mildew was found in experimental hybrids near Heilbron, and in commercial fields near Heil-bron, Marikana, and Potchefstroom. At Heilbron, five hybrids were infected with P. halstedii, whereas three others showed symptoms of downy mildew at Potchefstroom and Marikana. All commercially cultivated hybrids have been developed in South Africa. Disease incidence in all the fields was low, with less than 1% of plants affected by the disease. Diseased plants were dwarfed and displayed veinal chlorosis of leaves typically associated with downy mildew of sunflower. White fungal growth commonly occurred on lower leaf surfaces. Sunflower seedlings inoculated with P. halstedii produced symptoms characteristic of downy mildew. The occurrence of the disease in many geographic areas and on various hybrids in South Africa suggests that the fungus is well established. Recent outbreaks can be attributed to the cool, wet, climatic conditions of the 1993 to 1994 and 1995 to 1996 seasons. The susceptibility of local hybrids suggests that downy mildew is a potentially dangerous disease of sunflower in South Africa. Reference: (1) J. F. Miller and T. J. Gulya. Crop Sci. 27:210, 1987.

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14

Satgar, Vishwas. "Beyond Marikana: The Post-Apartheid South African State." Africa Spectrum 47, no. 2-3 (August 2012): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971204702-303.

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This article situates the Marikana massacre, in which 34 mine workers were gunned down by police in South Africa, in the context of what the South African state has become, and questions the characterisation of the post-Apartheid state as a “developmental state”. This contribution first highlights what is at stake when the post-Apartheid state is portrayed as a “developmental state” and how this misrecognition of the state is ideologically constituted. Second, it argues for an approach to understanding the post-Apartheid state by locating it within the context of the rise of transnational neoliberalism and the process of indigenising neoliberalism on the African continent. Third, it examines the actual economic practices of the state that constitute it as an Afro-neoliberal state. Such economic practices are historicised to show the convergence between the post-Apartheid state and the ideal type neoliberal state coming to the fore in the context of global neoliberal restructuring and crisis management. The article concludes by recognising that South Africa's deep globalisation and globalised state affirm a form of state practice beyond utilising market mechanisms that includes perpetrating violence to secure its existence. Marikana makes this point.

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15

Dixon, Bill. "Power, politics and the police: lessons from Marikana." Journal of Modern African Studies 57, no. 2 (June 2019): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x19000053.

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AbstractThis article examines the relationship between politicians and the police in the days before the shooting by members of the South African Police Service of 34 striking mineworkers at the Marikana platinum mine in South Africa on 16 August 2012. Drawing on evidence presented to the official inquiry into events at Marikana, it argues that political influence over the police may be exercised most effectively when it is least obvious. Instead of issuing directives, or openly exerting pressure on the police, it is suggested that politicians may secure compliance with their wishes when chief officers share their priorities, and act accordingly. The senior officers in command at Marikana did not need to be told what to do. In ordering an intervention that led to 34 deaths they were behaving as conscious political actors attuned to the needs of a dominant elite aligned to the ruling African National Congress.

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Saul Porsche Makama and Lux Lesley Kwena Kubjana. "Collective Bargaining Misjudged: The Marikana Massacre." Obiter 42, no. 1 (May 2, 2021): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v42i1.11055.

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The tradition of violence during collective bargaining processes in South Africa (particularly during a strike) can be traced back to the colonial period, where the struggle for better employment terms and conditions was conflated with the struggle for freedom from political oppression, apartheid and the colonial regime. An example in this regard is the Sharpeville uprising. In this case, the State’s reaction to the uprising was to call upon the armed forces to quell the situation, and in the process, lives and limbs were lost; nobody was held accountable for this. This was surely a bad legacy to leave for modern times! However, fifty-two years later, South Africa experienced a déja vu moment in the form of the Marikana massacre, which was also chillingly reminiscent of the massacre by apartheid police at Sharpeville in 1960. The writing of this article is informed by the need to avoid another Marikana massacre. The authors bemoan the manner in which this tragic event was handled and argue that, with the right attitude and the right application of resources, the massacre could have been avoided. The authors also lament the approach employed in dealing with the aftermath of the Marikana massacre and conclude that the status quo gives credence to the saying that “an apple does not fall far from the tree”. The prosecution of the perpetrators is delayed, no compensation is given to bereft families, and it remains to be seen who was at fault, even after a “good-for-nothing” yet costly Commission of Inquiry has completed its task.

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17

Naicker, Camalita. "From Marikana to #feesmustfall: The Praxis of Popular Politics in South Africa." Urbanisation 1, no. 1 (May 2016): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455747116640434.

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18

Dixon, Bill. "A Violent Legacy: Policing Insurrection in South Africa From Sharpeville to Marikana." British Journal of Criminology 55, no. 6 (June 12, 2015): 1131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azv056.

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de Smet, Sofle, and Marieke Breyne. "As the body must appear: contemporary performances in post-Marikana South Africa." Afrika Focus 30, no. 1 (February 26, 2017): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-03001003.

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On the 16th of August 2012 34 Lonmin miners lost their lives at Marikana in South Africa. Marikana bears witness to the socio-economic inequality and precarious work and living conditions in South Africa’s new globalized state. Two site-specific contemporary performances Mari and Kana (2015) and lqhiya Emnyama (The black cloth, 2015) voice this sad event in a remarkable way. In this article we critically reflect on the performances’ avenues of creating transformative encounters between performers, spectators and the performance sites in South African society. Both performances invoke for the audience members a remarkable awareness of the performance site as the spectator is obliged to navigate him- or herself in a politically induced public landscape in Cape Town’s Company Garden. We concur that Mari and Kana and Iqhiya Emnyama both elicit a profound reflection on the daily life struggle of mourning women against inhumanity and socioeconomic inequality in a neoliberal South Africa. Unsettling the dominant focus on resilient subjects, the omnipresence of women’s vulnerability in the two performances nurtures a rethinking process on structural justice. In doing so, we more closely analyse the performances’ intention to subvert the constructed category of ‘the mourning South African woman’ via multiple representations of mourning precedents as cultural elements. We conclude that both performances entail unique driving forces that question existing power systems that impact on SA and the problematic structural injustice at the heart of the massacre.

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Gill-Leslie, Robyn. "The Body Inside the Art and the Law of Marikana: A Case for Corporeality." International Journal of Transitional Justice 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 102–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijaa003.

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ABSTRACT∞ This article positions the Marikana Commission of Inquiry as a transitional justice moment for South Africa. Using aesthetic and affect theory, the article examines instances of bodily engagement at this Commission and in the art related to it. The resultant foregrounding of physicality reveals the possibility of both resistance and conformity that has been overlooked in current arts and transitional justice literature. Such resistance and conformity, present inside both the law and the art of Marikana and its Commission, suggest that a binaristic approach to arts and transitional justice misses the full critical potential of each discipline. Softening the boundaries of each discipline through a corporeal approach can reveal different evaluations of the efficacy of transitional justice – in this case, challenging the efficacy of the Marikana Commission’s goal of stakeholder inclusion.

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21

Rajak, Dinah. "PLATINUM CITY AND THE NEW SOUTH AFRICAN DREAM." Africa 82, no. 2 (May 2012): 252–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972012000046.

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ABSTRACTMuch has been written about the persistence of economic apartheid, inscribed in the geography of South Africa's cities, producing spatial configurations that are reminiscent of the old order of segregation while simultaneously embodying the particular inequities and divisions of the new neo-liberal order (Turok 2001; Harrison 2006). Through an ethnographic study of Rustenburg, the urban hub of South Africa's platinum belt (once labelled the ‘fastest growing city in Africa’ after Cairo), I explore how the failure of urban integration maps onto the failure of the promise of market inclusion. What is particular about mid-range towns such as Rustenburg is that the opportunities of ‘empowerment through enterprise’ are seen, or believed, to be all the more attainable than in large cities. Here the extended supply chains of the mining industry and the expanding secondary economy appear to offer limitless possibilities to share in the boons of the platinum boom. Yet as this account shows, the disjuncture and friction between corporate authority and local government have given rise to increasing fragmentation and exclusion, as only a very few are able to grasp the long-anticipated rewards of the new South African dream.

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Benyera, Everisto. "HIV and AIDS in Rustenburg, South Africa: Trends, Risk Behaviors and Some Lessons." Studies on Ethno-Medicine 11, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09735070.2017.1316949.

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23

Cole, Peter. "South Africa: the present as history: from Mrs Ples to Mandela & Marikana." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 49, no. 3 (July 27, 2015): 502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2015.1063269.

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Tanner, Roger I., and Assaad R. Masri. "Robert William Bilger 1935–2015." Historical Records of Australian Science 27, no. 2 (2016): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr16015.

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Robert William Bilger was born in Rustenburg, in the North-west Province of South Africa on 22 April 1935 and died in Sydney, New South Wales, on 2 October 2015. He had a distinguished academic career at the University of Sydney. His most important contribution to combustion research was the pioneering of conditional moment closure methods as a reliable predictive tool for turbulent reacting flows. He also made significant contributions to environmental flows and combustion chemistry.

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Bamisaiye, Oluwaseyi Adunola. "Geo-Spatial Mapping of the Western Bushveld Rustenburg Layered Suite (Rls) in South Africa." Journal of Geography and Geology 7, no. 4 (December 2, 2015): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v7n4p88.

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Trend surface analysis (TSA) was used to investigate the structure and thickness variation pattern and to resolve trend and residual component of the structure contours and isopach maps of the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) across the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). The TSA technique was also employed in extracting meter scale structures from the regional structural trends. This enables small-scale structures that could only be picked through field mapping to be observed and scrupulously investigated. Variation in the structure and thickness was used in timing the development of some of the delineated structural features. This has helped to unravel the progressive development of structures within the RLS. The results indicate that present day structures shows slight changes in both regional and local trends throughout the stratigraphic sequence from the base of the Main Zone to the top of the Achaean floor. Structures around the gap areas are also highlighted. This paper represents the third of a three-part article in Trend Surface analysis of the three major limbs of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). This first part focused on the Northern Bushveld Complex, while the second part focused on the Eastern Bushveld Limbs.

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Bamisaiye, O. A., P. G. Eriksson, J. L. Van Rooy, H. M. Brynard, and S. Foya. "Geo-Spatial Mapping of the Eastern Bushveld Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) in South Africa." Open Journal of Geology 06, no. 05 (2016): 285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2016.65025.

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Bamisaiye, O. A., P. G. Eriksson, J. L. Van Rooy, H. M. Brynard, and S. Foya. "Geo-Spatial Mapping of the Northern Bushveld Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) in South Africa." Open Journal of Geology 06, no. 05 (2016): 302–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2016.65026.

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28

Reid, D. L., and I. J. Basson. "Iron-rich ultramafic pegmatite replacement bodies within the Upper Critical Zone, Rustenburg Layered Suite, Northam Platinum Mine, South Africa." Mineralogical Magazine 66, no. 6 (December 2002): 895–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461026660066.

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Abstract Discordant veins, pipes and occasionally subconcordant sheets of iron-rich ultramafic pegmatite disrupt the layered cumulate sequence of the Upper Critical Zone, Rustenburg Layered Suite, Bushveld Complex. These pegmatite bodies have been studied where they replace the Merensky Reef footwall at Northam Platinum Mine, situated in the Swartklip Facies of the western lobe of the Rustenburg Layered Suite. Composed chiefly of ferroaugite and fayalitic olivine, the pegmatites appear to be formed by the preferential replacement of plagioclase-rich cumulates within the layered sequence. Fe-Ti oxides, sulphide (pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite) and plagioclase also occur in variable quantities. Differentiation within the pegmatite is observed where it has spread laterally beneath the impervious Merensky chromitite layer, with the development of subparallel cm-scale layers of massive magnetitite, massive sulphide and sulphide pegmatite. While some Fe-rich mobile phase must have been responsible for the pegmatites, it is concluded that the pegmatite bulk composition does not represent the original liquid. Furthermore the mode of occurrence precludes the injection of a crystal mush. Rather it is argued, mainlyon geochemical and isotopic grounds, that Fe-rich residual melts derived from the Upper Zone in the downward crosscutting gap areas migrated laterallyand upwards into the adjacent Upper Critical Zone. Variable reaction with the layered cumulates produced the anastomosing pegmatite bodies.

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Evans, Allison D., and Rudra Sil. "The Dynamics of Labor Militancy in the Extractive Sector: Kazakhstan’s Oilfields and South Africa’s Platinum Mines in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Political Studies 53, no. 6 (October 16, 2019): 992–1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414019879715.

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This article investigates why, in two very different regimes, similarly high levels of labor militancy are evident in Kazakhstan’s oilfields and South Africa’s platinum belt. It also explores the common dynamics leading up to the massacres at Zhanaozen (2011) and Marikana (2012). The hypothesis-generating most different systems comparison highlights the challenges of labor relations where extraction at fixed sites combines with volatile prices and shareholder pressures in a globalized economy to raise the stakes for business, labor, and state. Also significant are blockages in existing channels for bargaining linked to quiescent unions. These jointly necessary conditions account for increased militancy in extractive industries in Kazakhstan and South Africa. To account for the Zhanaozen and Marikana massacres, timing and sequence are considered. Both standoffs came later in the strike wave, prompting impatient state and business elites to criticize the protests as “criminal” acts, and priming security personnel to employ violent repression.

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Cole, Janine, Carol A. Finn, and Susan J. Webb. "Overview of the magnetic signatures of the Palaeoproterozoic Rustenburg Layered Suite, Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Precambrian Research 236 (October 2013): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2013.07.017.

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31

Ololade, Olusola O., and Harold J. Annegarn. "Dynamics of land use/cover changes and landscape fragmentation analysis in Rustenburg area, South Africa." African J. of Economic and Sustainable Development 4, no. 3 (2015): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ajesd.2015.071908.

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JORDAAN, MARIE, and ABRAHAM E. VAN WYK. "Gymnosporia sekhukhuniensis (Celastraceae), a new species from South Africa." Phytotaxa 408, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.408.1.5.

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Gymnosporia sekhukhuniensis, a new species from north-eastern South Africa, is described, illustrated, mapped, and compared with closely related species. It belongs to Gymnosporia sect. Buxifoliae, more specifically Group 1, the members of which are characterized by the capsules being (2)3(4)-valved, rugose or verrucose, and the seeds partially covered by the aril. The new species has a restricted distribution range and is near-endemic to the Sekhukhuneland Centre of Endemism. This biogeographical region rich in restricted-range plants is more or less congruent with surface outcrops of mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks belonging to the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the eastern Bushveld Complex. The range of the new species shows marginal intrusion into the far northern part of the nearby Wolkberg Centre of Endemism, where it is associated with dolomites of the Malmani Subgroup. Gymnosporia sekhukhuniensis is a suffrutex mainly associated with rocky outcrops in open savannah. Diagnostic characters include its dwarf habit (up to 1.6 m tall), capsules that are relatively small (5–8 mm long), woody, scaly-rugose, with hard pointed apices, and leaves that are very laxly arranged on the stems, with some often present on the thorns. Also included is a key to the 10 currently accepted species in G. sect. Buxifoliae Group 1. The taxonomic significance of capsule and seed characters for demarcating sections and species in the genus Gymnosporia is emphasized.

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Dzvinamurungu, T., K. S. Viljoen, M. W. Knoper, and A. Mulaba-Bafubiandi. "Geometallurgical characterisation of Merensky Reef and UG2 at the Marikana Mine, Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Minerals Engineering 52 (October 2013): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2013.04.010.

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Moeletsi, R. S., and S. G. Tesfamichael. "ASSESSING LAND COVER CHANGES CAUSED BY GRANITE QUARRYING USING REMOTE SENSING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W2 (November 16, 2017): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w2-119-2017.

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Dimension stone quarrying in the area between Rustenburg and Brits in the North West Province of South Africa has been in existence for over 70 decades. The unique characteristics of the granite deposits in South Africa resulted in making the country a global producer of the granite rocks. This led to intensified quarrying activities between Rustenburg and Brits town. However, this surface mining method, has a potential to impact the environment in a negative way causing loss in vegetation, depletion of natural resources, loss of scenic beauty and contamination of surface water resources. To assess the land cover changes caused by granite quarrying activities, remotely sensed data in the form of Landsat images between 1998 and 2015 were used. Supervised classification was used to create maps. Accuracy assessment using Google Earth<sup>TM</sup> as a reference data yielded an overall accuracy of 78&thinsp;%. The post classification change detection method was used to assess land cover changes within the granite quarries. Granite quarries increased by 1174.86 ha while formation of quarry lakes increased to 5.3 ha over the 17-year period. Vegetation cover decreased by 1308 ha in area while 18.3 ha bare land was lost during the same period. This study demonstrated the utility of remote sensing to detect changes in land cover within granite quarries.

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Longridge, Luke, Roger L. Gibson, and Paul A. M. Nex. "Structural controls on melt segregation and migration related to the formation of the diapiric Schwerin Fold in the contact aureole of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 100, no. 1-2 (March 2009): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691009016119.

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ABSTRACTPartial melting of metapelitic rocks beneath the mafic–ultramafic Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex in the vicinity of the periclinal Schwerin Fold resulted in a structurally controlled distribution of granitic leucosomes in the upper metamorphic aureole. In the core of the pericline, subvertical structures facilitated the rise of buoyant leucosome through the aureole towards the contact with the Bushveld Complex, with leucosomes accumulating in en-echelon tension gashes. In a subhorizontal syn-metamorphic shear zone to the southeast of the pericline, leucosomes accumulated in subhorizontal dilational structural sites. The kinematics of this shear zone are consistent with slumping of material off the southeastern limb of the rising Schwerin pericline. The syndeformational timing of leucosome emplacement supports a syn-intrusive, density-driven origin for the Schwerin Fold. Modelling of the cooling of the Rustenburg Layered Suite and heating of the floor rocks using a multiple intrusion model indicates that temperatures above the solidus were maintained for >600,000 years up to 300 m from the contact, in agreement with rheological modelling of floor-rock diapirs that indicate growth rates on the order of 8 mm/year for the Schwerin Fold.

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CHIROMO, SJ, and GV NANI. "The role of locally-owned Small, Medium and Micro enterprises on poverty reduction, Rustenburg South Africa." Journal of Contemporary Management 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 653–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35683/jcm19056.51.

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Mudau, Naledzani, Dennis Mwaniki, Lesiba Tsoeleng, Morwapula Mashalane, Donatien Beguy, and Robert Ndugwa. "Assessment of SDG Indicator 11.3.1 and Urban Growth Trends of Major and Small Cities in South Africa." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 29, 2020): 7063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177063.

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Geospatial technologies play an important role in understanding and monitoring of land cover and land use change which is critical in achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 and related goals. In this study, we assessed SDG Indicator 11.3.1, Ratio of Land Consumption Rate to Population Growth Rate (LCRPGR) and other urban growth trends of four cities in South Africa using Landsat 5 TM and SPOT 2&5 satellite images and census data collected in 1996, 2001 and 2011. The 2011 built-up areas were mapped using South Africa’s SPOT 5 Global Human Settlements Layer (GHSL) system whereas the 1996 and 2001 built-up areas were extracted from Landsat 5 and SPOT 2 satellite imagery using a kNN object-based image analysis technique that uses textural and radiometric features. We used the built-up area layer to calculate the land consumption per capita and total urban change for each city, both of which have been identified as being important explanatory indicators for the ratio of LCRPGR. The assessment shows that the two major cities, Johannesburg and Tshwane, recorded a decline in the ratio of LCRPGR between the periods 1996–2001 and 2001–2011. In contrast, the LCRPGR ratios for secondary cities, Polokwane and Rustenburg increased during the same periods. The results further show that Tshwane recorded an increase in land consumption per capita between 1996 and 2001 followed by a decrease between 2001 and 2011. Over the same time, Johannesburg experienced a gradual decrease in land consumption per capita. On the other hand, Polokwane and Rustenburg recorded a unique growth trend, in which the overall increase in LCRPGR was accompanied by a decrease in land consumption per capita. In terms of land consumption, Tshwane experienced the highest urban growth rate between 1996 and 2001, whereas Johannesburg and Polokwane experienced the highest urban growth rates between 2001 and 2011. The information derived in this study shows the significance of Indicator 11.3.1 in understanding the urbanization trends in cities of different sizes in South Africa and creates a baseline for nationwide assessment of SDG 11.3.1.

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Bond, Patrick. "Debt, Uneven Development and Capitalist Crisis in South Africa: from Moody’s macroeconomic monitoring to Marikana microfinancemashonisas." Third World Quarterly 34, no. 4 (May 2013): 569–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.786283.

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Neocosmos, Michael. "Editorial Introduction: The Marikana Moment, Worker Political Subjectivity and State Violence in Post-Apartheid South Africa." Journal of Asian and African Studies 51, no. 2 (December 2, 2015): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909615605531.

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Bongongo, T., John Tumbo, and Indiran Govender. "Depressive features among adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for HIV in Rustenburg district, SA." South African Journal of Psychiatry 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v19i2.418.

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<div class="column"><p><strong>Background. </strong><span>Globally, it is estimated that depressive features occur in 15 - 36% of people suffering from chronic diseases and 60% of people with HIV/AIDS. A high prevalence of mental disorders among HIV-infected individuals has been shown in South Africa and other parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Untreated depression leads to poor adherence to treatment and poor quality of life for patients with chronic diseases. </span></p><p><strong>Methods. </strong><span>Using the Zung self-rating scale, we screened for depressive features among adult patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) who attended primary healthcare facilities in the Rustenburg district of North West Province in South Africa during December 2009. </span></p><p><strong>Results. </strong><span>Among 117 participants, 81 (69.2 %) had mild depressive features, 2 (1.7%) had moderate depressive features, 1 (0.9 %) had severe depressive features and 33 (28.2%) did not have depressive features. Depressive features were more common in males (77.1%) than in females (69.5%), and were most common in patients taking the combination of efavirenz, lamivudine and stavudine.<br /> </span></p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong><span>Depressive features seem to be common among adult patients receiving HAART and attending primary healthcare facilities in the Rustenburg district. </span></p></div>

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Rauwane, Molemi E., Laurette M. Marais, Oluwatosin G. Oladipo, Cornelius C. Bezuidenhout, and Mark S. Maboeta. "Spatio-seasonal dynamics of bacteria and metal composition of a platinum mine tailings dam, Rustenburg, South Africa." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 35, no. 2 (September 14, 2017): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2017.1345017.

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Pietersen, G., and J. Morris. "Natural Occurrence of Groundnut ringspot virus on Soybean in South Africa." Plant Disease 86, no. 11 (November 2002): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.11.1271c.

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Mechanically transmissible viruses were isolated from two soybean (Glycine max Merr.) plants from Rustenburg, Northwest Province and Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, respectively (2). Viruses were isolated by two serial local-lesion transmissions on Chenopodium quinoa. Ringspot symptoms on Nicotiana benthamiana suggested the presence of tospoviruses. This was supported by the detection of typical tospoviruslike particles in ultrathin sections of infected plants. Serological analysis of samples using various tospovirus antisera in a number of enzymelinked immunosorbent assay formats suggested the two isolates had epitopes in common with Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV), and Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV). Nucleotide sequences were determined using reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for 857 bp of the nucleoprotein gene of the two isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. AF487516 and AF 487517). These revealed a 99% nucleotide identity with each other. Sequence comparison with cognate regions of TSWV (GenBank Accession No. D00645), GRSV-SA-05 (GenBank Accession No. S54327), and TCSV (GenBank Accession No. S54325) revealed that both isolates share 97% nucleotide sequence identity with GRSV (SA-05) from peanut also originally from South Africa (1). Both isolates are therefore considered GRSV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the natural occurrence of GRSV on soybean worldwide. References: (1) A. C. de Avila et al. J. Gen. Virol. 74:153, 1993. (2) G. Pietersen et al. Afr. Plant Prot. 4:65, 1998.

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Mesthrie, Rajend. "Fanakalo as a mining language in South Africa: A new overview." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2019, no. 258 (August 27, 2019): 13–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2019-2027.

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Abstract Fanakalo pidgin rose to prominence when it was selected for use as the lingua franca of the highly multilingual mines of South Africa. This article examines the properties of Fanakalo as a mining language, in contrast to its uses on farms, suburban households and in urban employment. Fanakalo has evolved a special register of technical terms pertaining to the mining industry from various sources (chiefly Zulu, English and Afrikaans). This article characterizes lexical innovations in this mining register and corrects previous estimates of the sources of innovation by differentiating the major parts of speech. The article also draws attention to the complexity of Fanakalo in pamphlets put out by mining management, in sharp contrast to the more usual kind of Fanakalo documented in earlier sources. As far as mining language policy is concerned, there have been calls in the last few decades to discontinue its use on the mines on the grounds of its associations with colonial and racial domination. Whereas Fanakalo has been invariably denigrated by intellectuals as a language of oppression rather than culture, there have been some surprising recent developments. In the wake of the tragedy at Marikana mines in 2012, where 34 workers on strike were shot and killed by police, Fanakalo has come to prominence as the language preferred by the strikers for mass meetings and negotiations with management. This process offers possibilities of the linguistic elaboration of the pidgin and raises questions about possible creolization.

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Sebetha, E. T., and A. T. Modi. "Influence of Management Practices on Selected Cowpea Growth Attributes and Soil Organic Carbon." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 11 (October 11, 2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n11p20.

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<p>Cowpea is a multi-purpose nitrogen fixing crop that can be grown as a vegetable, grain legume and a fodder. The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth response of cowpea to different cropping systems at different locations and determine nitrogen fertilization on cowpea growth and soil organic carbon content. Three cropping systems were used, namely, maize-cowpea rotation, cowpea monocropping and maize-cowpea intercropping at three locations (Potchefstroom, Taung, and Rustenburg) in South Africa during 2011/12 and 2012/13 planting seasons. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at two rates where no application was the control at all locations and application according to soil analysis recommendation for maize requirement was applied at each location. The variables measured for cowpea growth were days to 100% flowering and physiological maturity, number of leaves and nodules per cowpea plant. Soil organic carbon was determined for each treatment. The results showed that, maize-cowpea rotation and monocropping reached days to 100% flowering and maturity significantly earlier compared to intercropping. Cowpea planted at Potchefstroom and Rustenburg reached days to 100% flowering and physiological maturity significantly earlier than cowpea planted at Taung. Cowpea planted at Taung had significantly higher number of nodules per plant than cowpea planted at Potchefstroom and Rustenburg. There was also a positive correlation between soil organic carbon and cowpea growth. It is concluded that the positive effect of cowpea in agronomic systems is enhanced by the correct cropping system, although it is affected by location.</p>

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Bumby, A. J., P. G. Eriksson, and R. Van der Merwe. "Compressive deformation in the floor rocks to the Bushveld Complex (South Africa): evidence from the Rustenburg Fault Zone." Journal of African Earth Sciences 27, no. 3-4 (October 1998): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(98)00065-7.

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Mosiane, Ben. "Livelihoods and the transformative potential of cities: Challenges of inclusive development in Rustenburg, North West Province, South Africa." Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 32, no. 1 (March 2011): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.2011.00420.x.

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Broster, Philip. "Luke Sinwell with Siphiwe Mbatha, The spirit of Marikana: the rise of insurgent trade unionism in South Africa." SA Crime Quarterly, no. 58 (2016): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2016/v0n58a5366.

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Prevec, Stephen A. "Igneous Rock Associations 23. The Bushveld Complex, South Africa: New Insights and Paradigms." Geoscience Canada 45, no. 3-4 (January 28, 2019): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2018.45.138.

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SUMMARYThe Bushveld Complex has continued to serve as the basis for study into the fundamental nature of petrological processes for layered intrusion formation and for oxide and sulphide hosted Platinum Group Element (PGE)–Cu–Ni ore deposits. These studies have included discoveries in terms of the physical extent of Bushveld magmatism, both laterally and internally. Lateral variations in the mafic to ultramafic Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Northern Lobe of the complex have also revealed petrologically distinctive Upper Critical Zone equivalent rocks (the so-called Flatreef) with enhanced contamination and mineralization traits that reflect a transition between Eastern and Western Lobe equivalent stratigraphy and Platreef-style complexity. Traditional magma mixing models have been re-examined in light of radiogenic isotopic evidence for crustal involvement early in the chromite precipitation or formation process, combined with evidence for associated heterogeneous fluid contents, cryptic layering profiles, and textural evidence. A wide variety of alternative ore-genesis models have been proposed as a consequence. The fundamental mechanics of magma chamber processes and the existence of the magma chamber as an entity have been called into question through various lines of evidence which have promoted the concept of progressive emplacement of the complex as a stack of not-necessarily-quite-sequentially intruded sills (with or without significant quantities of transported phenocrysts), emplaced into variably crystallized and compacted crystal-liquid mush mixtures, modified by compaction-driven late magmatic fluid (silicate and aqueous) activity. Alternatively, petrological and geochemical observations have been used to discount these interpretations in favour of more conventional cooling and gravity-driven accumulation of silicate and ore minerals in a large, liquid-dominated system.RÉSUMÉLe complexe de Bushveld a demeuré à la base d’études sur la nature fondamentale des processus pétrologiques de formation d’intrusions litées et des gîtes des éléments du groupe platine (ÉGP)-Cu-Ni hébergés dans les oxydes et les sulfures. Ces études ont comporté des découvertes sur l’étendue physique, à la fois latérale et interne, du magmatisme de Bushveld. Les variations latérales de la suite stratifiée et mafique à ultramafique Rustenburg du lobe nord du complexe ont également révélé des roches équivalentes pétrologiquement distinctes de la zone critique supérieure (le communément désigné Flatreef) avec des traits de contamination et de minéralisation accrus qui reflètent une transition entre la stratigraphie équivalente des lobes est et ouest et la complexité de type Platreef. Les modèles traditionnels de mélanges magmatiques ont été réexaminés à la lumière de preuves isotopiques radiogéniques indiquant une implication de la croûte au début du processus de précipitation ou de formation de la chromite, combinées à des preuves de contenu fluide hétérogène associé, de profils de litage cryptique et de preuves texturales. Ainsi, une grande variété de modèles alternatifs de genèse de minerai a été proposée. La mécanique fondamentale des processus de la chambre magmatique et l'existence de la chambre magmatique en tant qu'entité ont été remises en question au moyen de divers éléments de preuve qui ont mis en avant le concept de mise en place progressive du complexe sous forme d'un empilement non-nécessairement séquentiel de sills injectés (avec ou sans quantités significatives de phénocristaux transportés) mis en place dans des mélanges de bouillie cristaux/liquide à cristallisation et compaction variable, modifiés par une activité tardive de fluide magmatique (silicaté et aqueux) induite par la compaction. Alternativement, des observations pétrologiques et géochimiques ont été utilisées pour écarter ces interprétations en faveur d'un processus plus conventionnel de refroidissement et d’accumulation de minérais silicatés et minéralisés induite par la gravité dans un vaste système à dominance liquide.

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Setera, Jacob B., Jill A. VanTongeren, Brent D. Turrin, and Carl C. Swisher. "Rapid cooling of the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex (South Africa): Insights from biotite 40Ar/39Ar geochronology." Geology 48, no. 8 (May 10, 2020): 834–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46865.1.

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Abstract Despite their importance to understanding magma chamber processes and the formation of economically viable precious metal deposits, the cooling histories of layered mafic intrusions remain enigmatic due to limited geochronologic constraints. We provide a comprehensive 40Ar/39Ar study of biotite throughout the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Analyses of individual biotite grains from 10 samples, encompassing ∼5.5 km of RLS stratigraphy, yielded weighted mean plateau ages that all overlap at 2σ (α-95% confidence level) and range from 2056.3 ± 3.2 Ma to 2052.0 ± 7.6 Ma (2σ). A weighted mean of all biotite plateau ages yielded an age of 2054.47 ± 0.84 Ma (2σ, n = 30, mean square of weighted deviates = 0.23, P = 1.00; ±21 Ma fully propagated). The overlap between our 40Ar/39Ar biotite and published U-Pb zircon ages suggests that the RLS cooled rapidly to the closure temperature of biotite, with cooling rates on the order of 1000 °C m.y.–1 throughout the stratigraphy. Thermal modeling requires enhanced heat loss, due to the hydrothermal system associated with the emplacement of the RLS, to produce the inferred rapid cooling rates. Previously reported young 40Ar/39Ar biotite ages from the UG-2 and MG-1 chromitite seams and the Merensky Reef are likely a product of localized late-stage circulation of hydrothermal fluids. The lack of similarly young 40Ar/39Ar biotite ages from the remainder of the stratigraphy suggests that late-stage hydrothermal events were potentially localized to chromitites and the Merensky Reef.

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van Heerden, Daléne, Peet Jansen van Rensburg, Mikko Nikinmaa, and André Vosloo. "Gill damage, metallothionein gene expression and metal accumulation inTilapia sparrmaniifrom selected field sites at Rustenburg and Potchefstroom, South Africa." African Journal of Aquatic Science 31, no. 1 (January 2006): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085910609503875.

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