Academic literature on the topic 'Marine artisanal fishing'

Abstract Cadiou, G., Boudouresque, C. F., Bonhomme, P., and Le Diréach, L. 2009. The management of artisanal fishing within the Marine Protected Area of the Port-Cros National Park (northwest Mediterranean Sea): a success story? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 41–49. The Port-Cros National Park, France (northwest Mediterranean Sea), established in 1963, is a Marine Protected Area (MPA) where, unlike no-take areas, artisanal fishing has been permitted (except trawling), owing to social and economic pressures. Nevertheless, restrictions on artisanal fishing have increased through a fishing charter (1999). In the meantime, recreational fishing was progressively banned, which has helped as a management tool to make the restrictions on artisanal fishing acceptable in social terms. Monitoring of the artisanal fishing (2000–2005) reveals the stability of the fishing fleet (9–13 vessels); of the fishing effort [number of fishing sets per day between 3.4 (±2.1) and 6.9 (±3.4) in spring, and 3.0 (±1.7) and 5.2 (±2.7) in summer]; and of yields [catch per unit effort between 1.27 (±0.72) and 1.68 (±1.44) kg 100 m of net−1 d−1]. Furthermore, based on an analysis of available data, artisanal fishing does not jeopardize the conservation objectives of the MPA, so that, from 1963 to date, the issue has changed from “What can be done to ban commercial fishing?” to “Is there any reason to ban commercial fishing?”.

In the Mediterranean, fishing is an ancient tradition and signs of its presence can be found everywhere along its coasts. In early times, most fishing was carried out from land with small nets and traps and only a portion of the fishing operations was carried out from boats away from the coast. Over time, growth of human populations along the Mediterranean coasts led to the expansion of sea fishing and gradual depletion of many near-shore stocks. Until recently, fishing in the Mediterranean retained its artisanal character. The type of small vessels, the fishing gears and labour-intensive character of the operations had changed little from generation to generation. However, some fishing practices benefited greatly from the advent of new technologies, such as those that replaced sails by powered engines, or the incorporation of fish-finding devices and efficient gear-handling techniques. These developments added to a growing market demand from the booming Mediterranean population, and led to overfishing of the most vulnerable target populations.

Previous reconstructions of marine fishing fleets have aggregated data without regard to the artisanal and industrial sectors. Engine power has often been estimated from subsets of the developed world, leading to inflated results. We disaggregated data into three sectors, artisanal (unpowered/powered) and industrial, and reconstructed the evolution of the fleet and its fishing effort. We found that the global fishing fleet doubled between 1950 and 2015—from 1.7 to 3.7 million vessels. This has been driven by substantial expansion of the motorized fleet, particularly, of the powered-artisanal fleet. By 2015, 68% of the global fishing fleet was motorized. Although the global fleet is dominated by small powered vessels under 50 kW, they contribute only 27% of the global engine power, which has increased from 25 to 145 GW (combined powered-artisanal and industrial fleets). Alongside an expansion of the fleets, the effective catch per unit of effort (CPUE) has consistently decreased since 1950, showing the increasing pressure of fisheries on ocean resources. The effective CPUE of most countries in 2015 was a fifth of its 1950s value, which was compared with a global decline in abundance. There are signs, however, of stabilization and more effective management in recent years, with a reduction in fleet sizes in developed countries. Based on historical patterns and allowing for the slowing rate of expansion, 1 million more motorized vessels could join the global fleet by midcentury as developing countries continue to transition away from subsistence fisheries, challenging sustainable use of fisheries' resources.

AbstractRocklin, D., Santoni, M-C., Culioli, J-M., Tomasini, J-A., Pelletier, D., and Mouillot, D. 2009. Changes in the catch composition of artisanal fisheries attributable to dolphin depredation in a Mediterranean marine reserve. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 699–707. There is increasing evidence from previous studies, and from fishers’ observations, that coastal dolphins use fishing nets as an easily accessible feeding source, damaging or depredating fish caught in the nets. This study investigates the impact of dolphin depredation on artisanal trammelnets by analysing the catch composition of 614 artisanal fishing operations in the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve (France). Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) attacked, on average, 12.4% of the nets and damaged 8.3% of the catch. However, attacked nets were characterized by statistically significantly higher catch per unit effort than unattacked ones. Catch composition also differed significantly after dolphin attacks; bentho-pelagic fish were more represented and reef-associated fish less represented. Our results suggest that (i) dolphins are attracted by high fish densities in the fishing area and/or nets, and (ii) their attacks induce specific fish-avoidance behaviour, according to the fish position in the water column. Although dolphins depredate a small part of the catch, damage to nets, not yet assessed in this area, could weaken the benefits that reserves can provide to artisanal fisheries.

Abstract Forcada, A., Valle, C., Sánchez-Lizaso, J. L., Bayle-Sempere, J. T., and Corsi, F. 2010. Structure and spatio-temporal dynamics of artisanal fisheries around a Mediterranean marine protected area. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 191–203. Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been proposed and established throughout the world, but few studies have adequately assessed the spatial adaptations of fishers to the limitations imposed by their placement. The main objectives of this work were to identify and describe the characteristics of the artisanal fisheries around Tabarca Marine Reserve (western Mediterranean Sea) and to define their activity in space and time. Data were collected through questionnaires to fishers and onboard sampling. The artisanal fisheries were complex owing to the multispecific nature of the landings, the variety of gears involved, and their marked seasonality. All boats of the three harbours around the MPA were assessed, for a total of 32 boats. The fishers exploit 18 fishing grounds with eight gear types, for a total of 17 métiers. Mullus trammelnet, Sepia trammelnet, and sparid longline are the most frequently used métiers. The main factors determining the spatial distribution of the fishing effort are proximity to home harbour, habitat heterogeneity, and closeness to the MPA. Total fishing effort appeared slightly concentrated around the MPA, but each métier showed different patterns of effort distribution. Although the sparid gillnet and the sparid longline concentrated along MPA boundaries, the Sepia trammelnet and the Mullus trammelnet did not.

This paper does a comparative study of the socio-economic condition of the artisanal subsistence marine fishers of the three locations of India namely Sundarbans, Chennai and Paradeep. The small-scale artisanal marine fishers of Chandrapur, Gobindapur, Kalinagar, Ganeshpur villages of Kakdwip Subdivision, Sundarbans along with that of Badakalikhada, Bijaychandrapur, Light House and Kharinali, of Paradeep and Nochi Nagar, Light House, Foreshore Estate, Mandaveli, Mylapore of Chennai were asked the standardised questions. Sundarbans, Paradeep and Chennai have three distinct socio-economic conditions prevailing due to the privatisation of the fishery industry and the distinct difference in income.The purpose of this study is to find the socio-economic condition of the artisanal marine fishers of the Sundarbans, Paradeep and Chennai. A descriptive rapid sampling method has been followed, where the fishers have been questioned about their respective socio-economic status. The paper studies the income difference and the effect of the usages of motorised boats in two three-year slots 2015-2018 and 2018-2020 affluence due to more exposure to the technical changes. The study found that the Chennai fishers were more adept to take the advantage of the new technologies of marine fishing thus far more economical stable, the Paradeep fishers were second in economic stability due to their comparative adaptability. The Sundarbans fishers were least adept with the technological changes in marine fishing, consequently they are least affluent.

The anchovy (Engraulis ringens) fishery in central-southern Chile, like many fisheries worldwide, is overexploitation mainly due to poor and short-term management by fishing authorities and communities. This study proposes and evaluates marine reserves as a possible tool to apply since there is a current marine reserve law in Chile. The study's methodology is the simulation of a bioeconomic model that includes two areas: one is the protected, and the other is the artisanal fishing, in which the protected area transfers biomass to the artisanal fishing area. The reserve is incorporated as a decision variable in the management of this resource. It is determined as a percentage of protection of the total fish population related to fishing effort, which quantifies and evaluates the impact of protecting a stock of parental fish on the fishery's sustainability. Biomass data used is from 2000-2006, during which the anchovy fishery was fully exploited. The carrying capacity and intrinsic growth rate are estimated, and biomass is projected at different protection and effort levels. Results show that if a marine reserve with a protection level of 30% had been applied as a management policy in the anchovy fishery of central-southern Chile in the early 2000s, the fishing activity would be in a state of full exploitation rather than overexploitation as it is today. This model's fundamental contribution is that it makes possible fishery evaluation with real data from the same fishing activity.

The effect of artisanal fishing on the abundance and diversity of coral reef fish assemblages was investigated in the Kisite Marine National Park and Mpunguti Marine National Reserve at Shimoni, Kenya. Fishing is prohibited within the Park whereas in the Reserve artisanal fishing using traditional methods is practised. Visual censuses of six representative reef fish families (Chaetodontidae, Lethrinidae, Lutjanidae and Serranidae in 1992 and 1994, and Labridae and Pomacentridae in 1994 only) were undertaken along 250×10 m band transects on two similar pairs of reefs subject to differing fishing pressure. The abundance of commercial species (Lethrinidae, Lutjanidae and Serranidae) was depressed in the Reserve. The unfished butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) and damselfishes (Pomacentridae) also showed a greater abundance in the Park than in the Reserve. However, neither species number nor Shannon diversity (H′) of any of these families was affected by fishing pressure. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed. The abundance of commercial species, though not of non-commercial unfished species, increased significantly in the Reserve between 1992 and 1994, suggesting that the unfished Park may be acting as a source of larvae or supply of emigrating adults for the depleted Reserve. The results are comparable with other recent studies describing the effects of fishing pressure and also with those studies detailing the effects of habitat refugia in coral reef areas.

Background: Ghana’s marine artisanal fisheries, particularly the small pelagic fisheries, are in a state of crisis. The decline in the number of small pelagic fish are attributable to overfishing, climate variability and unsustainable fishing methods. Similarly, in the wake of climate change, shellfishes (particularly oysters, scallops and mussels) are highly vulnerable. Methods: A total of 55 years’ worth of data from Ghana’s marine artisanal fisheries were studied in relation to climate indices. The primary objective was to develop a simple linear regression model for predicting shellfish catch in Ghana. Key informant interviews were employed in soliciting data on changes in climate along the coastline and trends in marine artisanal shell fish catch. Results: The predictor variable that significantly explained shellfish production was temperature. Hence, the model is a valuable tool to predict future trends in the shellfish catch in marine artisanal fisheries. Conclusions: Increases in sea surface temperature will adversely affect shellfish production. It is therefore important that the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development and other stakeholders should, in their decision-making processes, ensure the formulation of climate smart policies and management strategies for sustainable use of the resource.

Los objetivos de la tesis fueron estudiar los factores que pueden explicar la variabilidad existente en la distribución e intensidad de la pesca artesanal en torno a una reserva marina (RM), valorar el efecto de la protección sobre la pesca y analizar y valorar los efectos bio-económicos de configuraciones alternativas de diseño y gestión. Los resultados revelaron que las embarcaciones artesanales calan más artes, de menor longitud, en zonas de elevada diversidad de hábitats. El rendimiento pesquero depende del nivel de protección, la distancia a la RM y la diversidad de artes por unidad de área. La protección está teniendo resultados positivos sobre las poblaciones de peces explotadas y beneficiando a la economía local. El aumento de superficie protegida, distribuido en varias reservas integrales en emplazamientos adecuados, distanciadas unas decenas kilómetros, más que la reducción del esfuerzo, tendría efectos positivos sobre el poblamiento de peces y la economía local.
The aim of the present work is to study the factors that may explain the variability in distribution and intensity of artisanal fishing around a marine reserve, evaluate the reserve effect and analyze and assess the biological and economic effects of alternative configurations of a marine protected area. The results revealed that artisanal vessels used more fishing gears, but shorter, in high habitat diversity areas. The fishing yield depends of protection level, distance to marine reserve and diversity of fishing gears per unit area. The protection measures have had positive results on exploited fish populations and in the local economy. The increase of protected area surface, distributed on several no take zones at appropriate locations, a few kilometers apart, more than the reduction of the fishing effort, would have positive effects on the population of commercial fishes and the local economy.

A ecologia humana analisa as relações entre populações humanas e os recursos naturais e pode gerar informações úteis para o manejo das atividades de pesca em áreas costeiras. Este estudo foi realizado nos anos de 2007 e 2008 em duas comunidades de pescadores do litoral sul do Brasil, localizadas nas praias da Guarda do Embaú (GE) e Pinheira (PP), no estado de Santa Catarina. Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram: analisar as estratégias de pesca e as interações entre diferentes grupos humanos nas atividades da pesca artesanal de subsistência; identificar as decisões e estratégias utilizadas pelos pescadores na pesca artesanal comercial e registrar o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) dos pescadores de duas comunidades sobre os peixes, comparando-o com o conhecimento científico e comparando o CEL entre as comunidades. Na praia da GE foi registrado o número de pescadores e obtidas as seguintes variáveis da pesca através de entrevistas realizadas com estes pescadores: procedência, atividade econômica, petrechos e técnicas utilizadas, tempo gasto pescando e pontos de pesca utilizados, além da composição e biomassa de peixes capturados. Na época de migração de tainhas e paratis (Mugil platanus e M. curema), pescadores locais e ocasionais (de outras regiões) intensificaram a atividade da pesca, registrando um maior rendimento pesqueiro. As técnicas de pesca (espía e sarraio utilizadas com tarrafas e a vara de pesca) utilizadas pelos pescadores (n=163), apresentaram diferenças quanto à produtividade e seletividade. A espía foi a técnica mais produtiva. O sarraio e a espía foram técnicas mais seletivas, quando comparadas à vara de pesca. Foi evidenciada a partilha de nicho entre os pescadores locais e ocasionais quanto ao uso do espaço de pesca e das estratégias de captura utilizadas. Foram observados indícios de regras de uso do espaço de pesca: o respeito dos pescadores ocasionais sobre o ponto de pesca utilizado apenas pelos pescadores locais, além de um comportamento territorial dos pescadores locais que defenderam o ponto de pesca através de sanções sociais (intimidação). Foram registrados os fatores sócio-ecológicos que favorecem planos de co-manejo pesqueiro, como a presença da associação de pescadores dentre outros. A pesca na praia da Pinheira foi analisada através do modelo de forrageio ótimo a partir de um “lugar central” (ponto de saída das embarcações de pesca), que prevê que os pescadores procurarão maximizar os ganhos (biomassa de peixe capturada) em pontos de pesca mais distantes intensificando o esforço de captura. Foram registrados os seguintes dados dos desembarques pesqueiros (n=285): técnicas e áreas de pesca, tempo de viagem até as áreas de pesca (custos), tempo de permanência nas áreas de pesca (esforço) e espécies capturadas (benefícios). O comportamento dos pescadores não seguiu as premissas do modelo de forrageio ótimo. Os pescadores das técnicas de pesca caceio e fundeio visitaram as áreas de pesca de maior probabilidade de boas capturas, independente da distância do “lugar central”. Para encontrar esses lugares os pescadores utilizaram técnicas de sondagem que indicaram as áreas de pesca de maior produtividade. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com pescadores das praias da GE (n=28) e PP (n=31), com mais de dez anos de experiência na atividade, com o objetivo de registrar o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) e compará-lo com a literatura científica e com estudos biológicos. Foi registrado o CEL dos pescadores sobre a abundância, período de reprodução e itens alimentares ingeridos por 7 espécies de peixes na GE e 13 espécies na PP. Foram coletados peixes de cinco espécies junto aos pescadores da PP para análises dos aspectos reprodutivos e alimentares. Os pescadores das duas comunidades possuem um conhecimento detalhado sobre as espécies de peixes, que foi influenciado por fatores como a utilidade e a abundância dos peixes e esteve de acordo com a literatura científica, na maioria das vezes. Algumas informações obtidas pelo CEL não foram encontradas na literatura científica e outras não condizentes com a literatura serviram para formular hipóteses para futuras investigações. Foram registradas diferenças no CEL dos pescadores quanto à biologia das espécies de mugilídeos e da anchova (Pomatomus saltatrix), quando comparadas as duas comunidades de pesca. O reconhecimento das particularidades das diferentes comunidades de pescadores permite conduzir as estratégias de manejo dos recursos de uma forma participativa e mais eficiente, através de práticas de co-manejo pesqueiro.
Human ecology examines the relationships between human populations and natural resources and can generate useful information for management of fishing activities in coastal areas. This study was conducted in the years 2007 and 2008 in two fishing communities of southern Brazilian coast, located at Guarda do Embaú (GE) and Pinheira beaches (PP), state of Santa Catarina. The main objectives of this study were: analyze the strategies of fisheries and interactions between different groups in the activities of artisanal fisheries subsistence, identifying the decisions and strategies used by fishermen on the fishing trade and register the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers of two communities over the fish, comparing it with scientific knowledge and comparing the LEK between communities. On the beach GE was the number of registered fishers and the following variables of fishing through interviews with fishers: origin, economic activity, fishing gear and techniques, time spent fishing and fishing spots used in addition to the composition and biomass fishes. At the time of migration of mullets (Mugil platanus and M. curema), local fishers and fishers occasional (other regions) have intensified the activity of fishing, logging a higher yield fishery. The fishing techniques (espia and sarraio used with cast nets and fishing pole) used by fishers (n = 163) differed in yield and selectivity. The espia was the most productive technique. The sarraio and espia techniques were more selective when compared to the fishing pole. There was evidence for niche sharing between local fishers and occasional about the use of the area of fisheries and capture strategies used. Indication, rules of use of space fishing: respect for the occasional fishers on the fishing spot only used by local fishermen, and a territorial behavior of the local fishers who defended the fishing spot through social sanctions (intimidation). Were recorded the socio-ecological factors that promote co-management plans for fisheries, as the presence of the fishermen's association and others. Fishing on the beach Pinheira was analyzed using the model of optimal foraging from a "central place" (point of exit of fishing vessels), which provides that the fishers seek to maximize gains (biomass of fish caught) in points more distant fishing intensifying the fishing effort. Were recorded the following data of fishing landings (n = 285): techniques and fishing areas, travel time to the fishing areas (costs), time in the fishing areas (effort) and species caught (benefits). The behavior of the fishers did not follow the model assumptions of optimal foraging. The fishers of the fishing techniques caceio and fundeio, visited the fishing areas with the highest probability of good catches, regardless of distance from the "central place". To find these places the fishers used probing techniques indicated that the fishing areas of higher productivity. Were also conducted interviews with fishers from the beaches of GE (n = 28) and PP (n = 31), with over ten years experience in the activity, in order to register the local ecological knowledge (LEK) and compare it with the scientific literature and other biological studies. Were registered fishers LEK on the abundance, breeding period and food items eaten by 7 species of fish and 13 species at GE in the PP. Were collected five species of fish of the fishers at PP for analysis of the reproductive aspects and feeding. Fishers from both communities have a detailed knowledge about the species of fish, which was influenced by such factors as the usefulness and abundance of fish and was in accordance with the scientific literature, most of the time. Some information obtained from LEK was not found in the literature and others not consistent with the literature used to formulate hypotheses for future investigations. Differences in the KEL were fishermen on the biology of the species of mullets and bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), compared to the two fishing communities. The recognition of the particularities of different fishing communities allows driving the strategies for managing resources in a participatory manner and more efficiently, through practices of comanagement fisheries.

Submitted by Leonardo Cavalcante (leo.ocavalcante@gmail.com) on 2018-04-17T14:38:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2899186 bytes, checksum: 1514ed37935ed49e7f5cb98a73c26440 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-17T14:38:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2899186 bytes, checksum: 1514ed37935ed49e7f5cb98a73c26440 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10
There is a significant diversity of social movements, forming networks of solidarity that need to be studied, strengthened or even created, in order to prevent many territories from succumbing to the force of capital and their ways of transcending the urban, Creating the false idea that traditional peoples or communities are incompatible with urban space and its urbanity. The urban model and its complexity, in the way that reaches the traditional communities of artisanal fishing are contributing to generate the disinterest of the artisanal fisherman for the fishing activity and other activities related to the sea. The lack of planning and management of the authorities with the housing situation of the fishermen and their work situation have taken the fishermen and the authorities to an imaginary of disbelief in this economic activity exerted centuries ago in the Brazilian coast. The most viable solution can be found in a sea management system that contains elements that benefit fishermen in their most diversified work and income possibilities related to the sea, notably the coast of Paraíba. In this sense, in the search for fomenting a discussion about a new look at artisanal fishing and the professionals who execute it aims, in a general way, to propose a model of marine artisanal fishing development in Paraíba. To do so, the research is qualitative because it presents the historical materialist way of looking at reality, the research method is case study, the methodological procedures and the research instrument interview are considered the most satisfactory mechanisms to arrive at a truth and consequently, the thesis. In this perspective, some priorities for the implementation of fisheries management are considered essential, such as ice factory, fuel subsidy, production outflow guarantee, small company benefiting production, as well as implementation of fisheries for fishermen, are some examples of the real needs of the artisanal fishermen of Paraíba. As a solution it is possible to discuss the creation of small fishing terminals on beaches with a greater concentration of fishermen, which would serve as propellants for fishing, at the same time as they would serve as areas for processing and sale of production, as well as inspection and training for professionals With regard to empowerment, fisheries, aquaculture and tourism-related activities. From this perspective, the vision of artisanal fisheries is Covered to the management of the sea, because it is considered here that economic activities must be diversified to guarantee work and income throughout the year, just as a model of management of the sea must propose its Zoning, considering areas of fishing, diving, aquaculture and bathing, both on the beaches and on the sand banks. The management of the sea linked to the territorialisation of traditional fishing communities tends to bring an organization and dynamics to the artisanal fishing sector and its complexity.
Existe uma diversidade significativa de movimentos sociais, formando redes solidárias que precisam ser estudadas, fortalecidas ou mesmo criadas, no sentido de impedir que muitos territórios venham a sucumbir à força do capital e suas formas de se travestir no urbano, criando a falsa ideia de que os povos ou comunidades tradicionais são incompatíveis com o espaço urbano e sua urbanidade. O modelo urbano e sua complexidade, da maneira que alcança as comunidades tradicionais de pesca artesanal estão contribuindo para gerar o desinteresse do pescador artesanal pela atividade pesqueira e demais atividades relacionadas ao mar. A falta de planejamento e gestão das autoridades com a situação de moradia dos pescadores e sua situação de trabalho têm levado os pescadores e as autoridades a um imaginário de descrença nesta atividade econômica exercida há séculos na costa brasileira. A solução mais viável pode ser encontrada num sistema de gestão do mar, que contenha elementos que beneficiem os pescadores em suas diversas possiblidades de trabalho e renda relacionadas com o mar, notadamente o mar da costa paraibana. Neste sentido, na busca por fomentar uma discussão sobre um novo olhar em relação à pesca artesanal e os profissionais que a executam, se objetiva, de forma geral, propor um modelo de desenvolvimento da pesca artesanal marinha na Paraíba. Para tanto, a pesquisa é qualitativa por apresentar a forma materialista histórica de ver a realidade, o método de pesquisa Estudo de Caso, os procedimentos metodológicos e o instrumento de pesquisa entrevista são considerados os mecanismos mais satisfatórios para se chegar a uma verdade e consequentemente, a tese. Nesta perspectiva, algumas prioridades para a implementação da gestão da pesca são consideradas essenciais, como fábrica de gelo, subsídio para combustível, garantia de escoamento da produção, pequena empresa que beneficie a produção, como também implementação de pesqueiros para os pescadores, são alguns exemplos das reais necessidades dos pescadores artesanais da Paraíba. Como solução é possível discutir a criação de pequenos terminais pesqueiros por praias com maior concentração de pescadores, que serviriam como propulsores da pesca, ao mesmo tempo em que serviriam como espaços para beneficiamento e venda da produção, como também de fiscalização e formação para os profissionais no tocante à empoderamento, pesca, aquicultura e atividades ligadas ao turismo. Nesta perspectiva, a visão sobre a pesca artesanal é abrangida para a uma gestão do mar, pois aqui se considera que atividades econômicas devem ser diversificadas para garantir trabalho e renda ao longo do ano, assim como um modelo de gestão do mar deve propor o seu zoneamento, considerando áreas de pesca, mergulho, aquícolas e banhos, tanto nas praias como nos bancos de areais. A gestão do mar atrelada à territorialização das comunidades tradicionais de pesca tende a trazer uma organização e dinâmica ao setor da pesca artesanal e sua complexidade.

La participation des pêcheurs artisanaux a longtemps été écartée de la gestion institutionnelle des activités halieutiques marines côtières dans la zone intertropicale, notamment au sein des États centralisés d'Amérique Centrale. L'objectif majeur de cette thèse était de déterminer le potentiel de cogestion des activités halieutiques artisanales au sein du Golfo Dulce (Pacifique Sud du Costa Rica). La réflexion s'organise en deux parties. La première est consacrée à l'étude de la gestion des activités halieutiques artisanales exploitant les ressources marines côtières, ressources communes, dans les pays en développement tropicaux, et la seconde, à une étude de cas du Golfo Dulce. Dans un premier temps, le secteur halieutique artisanal costaricain a été caractérisé, notamment au travers de son évolution historique et de sa gestion déconcentrée et pluri-institutionnelle. Les différentes modalités de participation des pêcheurs artisanaux à la gestion de leurs activités halieutiques sont illustrées par plusieurs études de cas (Cahuita, Marino-Ballena, Palito, Tárcoles, Golfo Dulce). Dans un second temps, les pratiques de pêche et le profil socio-économique des pêcheurs artisanaux des trois communautés de Bahía Pavones (sud-est du Golfo Dulce) ont été caractérisés. L'activité de pêche artisanale y repose sur huit espèces, dont les deux principales, Lutjanus gutattus (vivaneau rose) et L. peru (vivaneau garance) seraient surexploitées. La participation des pêcheurs artisanaux aux organisations locales est importante malgré un déficit de confiance envers ces dernières. Enfin, la comparaison des différentes études de cas a mis en évidence l'existence de huit conditions nécessaires au développement d'un processus de cogestion d'activités halieutiques artisanales au Costa Rica. Au sein de l'Aire Marine de Pêche Responsable du Golfo Dulce, malgré la volonté des pêcheurs artisanaux de participer à une pêche durable, c'est la manipulation de ces derniers par divers acteurs qui entrave le processus de cogestion.

Aquesta tesi doctoral ha demostrat que els esculls artificials (ARs) de les Balears presentaren una colonització del 74% de les espècies en els primers 17 mesos de fondeig, i que el substrat original del lloc determinà la velocitat de colonització. El principal efecte dels ARs ha estat el de concentrar peixos de mida mitjana i grossa, si bé s’ha demostrat que aquest efecte no ha incrementat el risc de sobreexplotació en l’àrea d’influència. Les reserves marines de Balears han servit per recuperar les poblacions de peixos d’interès pesquer, tant a zones de màxima protecció com a zones parcialment protegides. La determinació de la capacitat de càrrega a les zones de màxima protecció i la determinació dels factors ambientals que la determinen ha permès avaluar l’estat de conservació del litoral pel que respecta els peixos amb interès pesquer.
Esta tesis doctoral ha demostrado que los arrecifes artificiales (ARs) de Baleares presentaron una colonización del 74% de las especies en los primeros 17 meses de fondeo, si bien el substrato original del lugar determinó la velocidad de colonización. El principal efecto de los ARs ha sido el de concentrar peces de tamaño medio y grande, si bien se ha demostrado que este efecto no ha incrementado el riesgo de sobreexplotación en el área de influencia. Las reservas marinas de Baleares han servido para recuperar las poblaciones de especies de interés pesquero, tanto en las zonas de máxima protección como en zonas parcialmente protegidas. La determinación de la capacidad de carga en las zonas de máxima protección y el análisis de los factores ambientales que la determinan ha permitido evaluar el estado de conservación del litoral balear por lo que respecta a las especies de peces con interés pesquero

La mortalitat per captura accidental en les pesqueres de palangre representa una de les principals amenaces per a nombroses espècies d’ocells marins a nivell mundial. En el Mediterrani, aquesta mortalitat esta afectant seriosament a la viabilitat d’algunes poblacions d’ocells, en particular de les baldrigues endèmiques d’aquesta conca. No obstant això, la informació disponible sobre la intensitat i extensió del seu impacte és escassa i fragmentada. Així mateix, encara no s’ha implementat cap tipus de mesura per evitar aquesta mortalitat. La present tesis pretén avaluar i contribuir al coneixement sobre la problemàtica de les captures accidentals d’ocells marins en la pesca de palangre de l’oest del Mediterrani, així com identificar l’estratègia de mitigació més adient per a la flota estudiada. En particular, l’estudi s’ha focalitzat en els palangrers de fons ja que fan servir arts més perillosos per als ocells i, a més, existeix una menor informació disponible. En primer lloc, aquest estudi demostra una elevada mortalitat d’ocells marins als palangres, en particular de les 3 espècies endèmiques de baldrigues: cendrosa (Calonectris diomedea), balear (Puffinus mauretanicus) i mediterrània (P. yelkouan), la qual cosa posa de manifest la necessitat urgent de desenvolupar accions efectives per reduir les captures accidentals d’aquestes espècies. A més, s’ha pogut identificar diversos factors temporals, operacionals, espacials i meteorològics que influeixen en el risc de captura accidental, encara que destaca particularment l’estació de l’any i el moment del dia que es realitza la calada. Altres factors influents són el tipus d’esquer, les condicions de vent, la configuració del palangre, el nombre d’hams calats i la distància a les colònies de cria. En segon lloc, s’ha observat que la falta de disponibilitat dels descarts proveïts per la pesca d’arrossegament incita a que les baldrigues cendroses acudeixin amb major intensitat als palangrers, incrementant així el risc de captura accidental. Consegüentment, la imminent normativa adoptada per la Unió Europea, la qual pretén prohibir els descarts, podria agreujar el problema de les captures accidentals. En tercer lloc, l’examen de les baldrigues capturades accidentalment als palangres demostra l’existència d’una mortalitat desigual a nivell poblacional. Els adults són la classe d’edat més afectada. Així mateix, existeix un biaix cap a un dels sexes que varia entre períodes de cria i espècies. També s’ha trobat que la mortalitat als palangres en l’àrea d’estudi està afectant fonamentalment a les poblacions locals (Illes Balears), encara que també són capturades baldrigues provinents d’altres colònies, especialment durant l’època de migració. Per últim, l’assaig de diversos mètodes de mitigació adaptats als palangrers demersals, demostra que, fins al moment, la calada nocturna seria el mètode més eficaç per reduir les captures accidentals sense afectar les captures objectiu o altres espècies no comercials quan la pesca va dirigida al lluç europeu. Tanmateix, seria necessari confirmar els seus efectes sobre altres espècies objectiu de la flota. A més, una restricció temporal de l’activitat durant els mesos més conflictius podria reduir considerablement aquesta problemàtica, encara que s’hauria d’avaluar els seus efectes sobre el rendiment pesquer. Altres mètodes serien l’increment de la taxa d’enfonsament del palangre o evitar l’ús d’esquers atractius per als ocells. Malgrat tot, la alta diversitat d’estratègies i arts de pesca dificulta la identificació dels mètodes que puguin ser aplicables al conjunt de la flota. Consegüentment, es recomana constituir un joc de diferents mesures de mitigació que puguin ser adaptades a la major part dels mètodes de pesca.
Bycatch mortality in longline fisheries is considered the main threat for numerous seabirds worldwide. In the Mediterranean, this mortality is seriously affecting the viability of some populations. However, the information available on the level and extent of its impact is scarce. Likewise, no mitigation strategy has yet been implemented in the fleet. The present thesis aims to asses and contribute to the knowledge about the seabird bycatch in longline fisheries of western Mediterranean, as well as to identify the most appropriate mitigation strategy for the fleet. The study has focused on demersal longliners, since they use the most dangerous gear for seabirds and also because there is little information available. This study shows a high seabird mortality on longlines, in particular of the three endemic shearwaters: Scopoli’s (Calonectris diomedea), Balearic (Puffinus mauretanicus) and Mediterranean (P. yelkouan), calling for urgent actions to reduce their bycatch rates. There are several factors influencing on bycatch risk, but the most important are the season and the setting time. Other influential factors are the bait type, wind conditions, longline configuration, proximity to the colonies and the number of hooks set. Moreover, in Scopoli’s shearwater, the reduction of discards by trawlers led to increased interaction between these seabirds and longliners, thus increasing the bycatch risk. Consequently, the incoming legislation that intends to ban discards will likely aggravate this problem. This study also shows adult- and sex-biased mortality in longline fisheries. In addition, this mortality is more pronounced but not limited to the local colonies. It appears that night setting would be the most effective method to reduce bycatch without compromising target or non-commercial species. However, this should be confirmed in longliners targeting species other than European hake. A temporal closure of the fishery is also a promising strategy, although its effects on fishing activity should be carefully evaluated. Others methods include increasing the longline sink rate and avoiding baits attractive to seabirds. The high diversity of strategies and gears hampers the identification of solutions applicable to the whole fleet. Consequently, it would be necessary to establish a set of different measures that can be adapted to the majority of fishing methods.

Fishing, and artisanal fishing in particular, plays a key role in the provision of rural employment and more importantly, household food security in the developing nations. The importance of artisanal fishery is shown in Malawi where artisanal fishery produces between 85-95% of the total fish production, and about 70% of the animal protein in human consumption comes from fish. About 43,000 people are employed directly in artisanal fisheries and approximately 100,000150,000 are indirectly employed within the artisanal fishery. Owing to increasing human population in the developing countries coupled with the common property, open-access nature of the fish resource, the resource has not been able to cope with the ever-increasing socio-economic demand placed on it. The resource is so degraded that it is has started to decline beyond capacity to sustain itself. This study was an attempt to examine and understand the artisanal fishery as it contributes to the socio-economic well being of the rural population particularly, the enclave communities of Lake Malawi National Park. The present study used structured interviews, focus group interviews, key informant interviews and personal observation to collect socio-economic information of the fishery. These research tools revealed that among the enclave communities income levels are low and unsustainable due to declining productivity of fishing. The decline may be a result of increasing human population, weak community-based institutions, limited agriculture, poor infrastructure with regard to processing and marketing of fish, limited supplementary and alternatives economic activities, and the fishing methods. Documentary information was used to contextualize artisanal fishery, to examine and understand the common-property and open-access nature of the fish resource as it relates to the exploitation Of fish among the enclave communities. Integrated development that brings together conservation and socio-economic development is the only option that will increase the income of the enclave communities to sustainable levels and achieve the Park's conservation objectives. The socio-economic intervention options should include provision of basic social facilities such as education, health, safe water etc, increase the economic power of the enclave communities through irrigation, adding more value to the fishery, engaging in aquarium trade, community-based eco-tourism and beekeeping. These options would lead to socio-economic sustainability among the enclave communities and would bring about the conservation objectives of the Park.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.

Marine fish stocks are under serious threat of depletion due to increasing numbers of resource users with competing interests, resulting in degradation and the decline of fish catch. Using qualitative and quantitative techniques such as in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, household surveys and remote sensing and GIS, this study addresses: (1) the complex and inter-related nature of resource dependency, (2) the role of assets in determining survival strategies of households in artisanal fishing communities in Ponnani, India, (3) how asset degradation impacts resource-dependent households, (4) how households develop survival strategies, and (5) considers access to social, political, physical, human and financial assets. Information is organized using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) with modifications to suite the local complexities. Results show that households - engaged in diverse activities, including fishing, fish processing/marketing/culture and daily labour - evolved property rights of natural resources over generations. The Pathemari cargo business’s limited knowledge of fisheries compared to artisanal fishers, and the government led modernization resulted in resource degradation. Therefore, artisanal fishers living in coastal wards threatened by intense erosion, abandoned traditional occupations in pursuit of livelihood security. Results from image analysis and derived thematic maps indicate increased erosion of 0.35 sq km shoreline coinciding with government development initiatives. To improve livelihood options, the results indicate that 50% surveyed accessed political assets such as fishers’ cooperatives and only 20% accessed financial assets such as government sponsored schemes and loans. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions revealed many limiting factors of access, specifically marginalization and lack of financial assets: only 6% surveyed could raise enough money to migrate. With changes in technology, from harvesting to processing, gender roles are being radically altered. Women are losing jobs and income. Politically, the study revealed that local participation helped governing bodies prioritize on housing, roads, water and sanitation. Analysis of the information through the modified SLF suggests three strategies to enhance the asset base of coastal poor: strengthening grassroots organizations; transforming state relations; and developing new alternatives to conventional coastal development practice. Finally, the study suggests resource management policies to improve the households’ livelihood options and well-being.

Cette recherche a porté sur quelques enjeux importants liés à la gestion des aires marines protégées (AMP) en Indonésie en examinant comment celles-ci sont en mesure d'adapter leurs politiques afin de mieux répondre à l'évolution des conditions socioéconomiques et écologiques, quels ont été les impacts socioéconomiques de ces aires, et quelles sont les préoccupations environnementales des acteurs locaux dont les moyens de subsistance dépendent des ressources règlementées. Le «livelihoods framework » a servi de guide pour notre analyse des changements socioéconomiques dans la région, tandis que la notion d’« environmentality » d’Agrawal a fourni les bases théoriques pour l'examen de la formation de sujets environnementaux au parc national de Karimunjawa. Cette étude a montré que les changements de politique apportés au plan de la gestion du parc sont un pas dans la bonne direction, mais que les objectifs importants liés sa cogestion n'ont jamais été entièrement réalisés dans la pratique. Les résultats montrent également que d'importants changements socioéconomiques surviennent dans le parc, de nombreux pêcheurs se tournent vers des moyens de subsistance alternatifs, afin de compenser la baisse des prises de poissons. Enfin, cette étude a révélé que d'importants changements positifs dans les préoccupations environnementales sont survenus depuis la modification du zonage du parc, mais que ceux-ci ne se sont pas entièrement traduits en conformité avec les règles et règlements de l'AMP.
This research examined a few important issues related to marine protected area (MPA) management in Indonesia by looking at how MPAs are able to adapt their policies in order to better suit evolving socioeconomic and ecological conditions, what socioeconomic impacts have been felt as a result of MPA implementation, and what are the environmental subjectivities of local actors whose livelihoods are dependent on the resources that are being regulated. The livelihoods framework served as a guide when examining local socioeconomic changes in the region, while Agrawal’s concept of environmentality provided the theoretical underpinnings when examining the formation of environmental subjects in Karimunjawa National Park. This study found that the policy changes brought about in KNP’s reworked management plan are a step in the right direction, but that important goals related to park co-management were never fully realized in practice. The results also show that significant socioeconomic changes are occurring within the park, with many fishermen turning to alternative livelihoods in order to offset declining fish catches. Lastly, this study uncovered that significant positive shifts in environmental subjectivities have occurred since the re-zoning of the park, but that these have not fully translated into compliance towards the rules and regulations of the MPA.

In the context of current fisheries crisis, this study aimed describing the characteristics of the artisanal fisheries in the Gulf of Lion Marine Natural Park located north-western Mediterranean. Catch Per Unit Effort and fishing effort were described on a spatio-temporal scale. Data were collected through questionnaires to fishers at landing sites for a one-year between 2019 and 2020. The most frequently used métiers were the hake gillnet and the sparids trammel net and gillnet, targeting two predominant species: hake (Merluccius merluccius) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata).

AbstractThe Philippines remains one of the top suppliers of seafarers to the global merchant fleet. In the 2015 BIMCO Manpower Report on seafarer supply countries, the Philippines ranked first for ratings and second for officers with 363,832 Filipino seafarers deployed to ocean-going merchant vessels in 2014 and accounting for 28% of the global supply of seafarers (MARINA 2015). Seafarers are crucial in keeping the Philippine economy afloat and in 2018, Filipino seafarers sent home USD 6.14 billion (Hellenic Shipping News 2019), accounting for about a fifth of the USD 32.2 billion overseas workers sent home that year (Inquirer 2019). The Philippines has developed as a major player in the crewing sector of the global maritime industry primarily because of its maritime history (Giraldez 2015; Mercene 2007; Schurz 1939), its maritime geography and the continued centrality of the sea to many people’s lives (as attested to by the presence of the myriad fishing communities dotted around the many islands of the country) (Warren 2003, 2007), the economic liberalisation of the 1970s and the concomitant institutionalisation of the labour export policies as enacted by Philippine governments since the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos whose latter policy saw many Filipinos seeking employment overseas (Asis 2017; Kaur 2016; Wozniak 2015).

This chapter presents and discusses updated information related to fishing in the NE Atlantic and Mediterranean from a perspective that focuses on three main interchangeable and multidisciplinary issues: a) local/artisanal fisheries, b) recreational fishing and c) marine protected areas. A comprehensive introduction is followed by an updated literature review. Perspectives and solutions show that recreational and artisanal fisheries are clearly understudied and possibly have several impacts that are being unmeasured and often unknown. Another major issue is the lack of a serious long term European compromise to standardize these fisheries since a strong political interference does dominate the whole issue. No solution is possible without knowledge. No knowledge is possible if countries within the Mediterranean basin and NE Atlantic are not strongly and apolitically committed to a wider research scale with the overall interest of small fisheries sustainability and maintenance of healthy stocks as a major goal.

<em>Abstract.</em>—Mexican coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico serve as nursery areas for many shark species and traditional fishing grounds for artisanal fishermen. To characterize the use of these areas as shark nurseries, obtain information on the biology of juvenile sharks and understand the fishing pressure on these resources, a multiyear study was conducted in Laguna Yalahau, a shallow coastal lagoon located on the northeastern corner of the Yucatán Peninsula. Using primarily gill-net surveys and tagging of juvenile sharks during the late spring months of May–June, our binational research team conducted six expeditions inside the lagoon from 1995 to 2001. Sixty-seven species of teleosts, elasmobranchs, and other marine vertebrates consisting of 5,590 individuals were collected during the surveys. We captured 1,384 sharks of which 99% were neonate, young-of-the-year, or older juvenile blacktip sharks <em>Carcharhinus limbatus</em>, confirming that Laguna Yalahau is a primary nursery for that species. Other sharks collected were lemon shark <em>Negaprion brevirostris</em>, bonnethead <em>Sphyrna tiburo</em>, nurse shark <em>Ginglymostoma cirratum</em>, and Atlantic sharpnose shark <em>Rhizoprionodon terraenovae</em>. Using the Petersen method during 2000 and 2001, we estimated the sampled population size of newborn blacktip sharks in the lagoon to be 726 and 1,066, respectively, born to approximately 189 and 277 maternal females, respectively. Over the course of the study, 1,155 sharks were tagged and released. The recapture rate of tagged sharks by artisanal fishermen was 21.9%, more than five times the rate for similar sharks off the Florida coast, and all recaptures came from the coast of the Yucatán Peninsula. In light of this high recapture rate, it appears that Laguna Yalahau serves as a primary nursery for sharks that have been heavily exploited by Mexican artisanal fishermen.