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1
Taylor, Gordon T., and Jeanne D. Gulnick. "Enhancement of marine bacterial growth by mineral surfaces." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m96-117.
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The effects of sorptive inert surfaces on growth of marine bacteria and metabolism, as well as partitioning of organic substrates, were examined in microcosms inoculated with bacterioplankton from a local salt marsh. Introduction of organic-free glass beads to a dilute seawater medium (tryptic soy broth) increased yields of ATP, a surrogate for bacterial biomass, by 187% within the entire microcosm (attached + free-living). Growth efficiencies (bacterial C/media C) were 30% for bacteria grown in microcosms with beads compared with 16% without beads. Surface enrichment increased rates of proteolytic enzyme activity and cell-specific [3H]leucine incorporation into protein by factors of 6.8 and 2.2, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed obvious organic coatings on all beads after 2 h of exposure, but few strongly attached bacteria were evident, even after 40 h of exposure. Results support the hypothesis that mineral surfaces facilitate bacterial utilization of complex organic matter through physical–chemical processes that increase conversion efficiencies of labile substrate despite possible kinetic limitations. Furthermore, firm attachment by bacteria to these surfaces is apparently not a requirement to produce surface-enhanced activity.Key words: epibacteria, sorption, interfaces, hydrolytic enzymes, growth efficiency.
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Long, Richard A., and Farooq Azam. "Antagonistic Interactions among Marine Pelagic Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 4975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.11.4975-4983.2001.
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ABSTRACT Recent studies suggest that bacterial abundance and species diversity in the ocean's water column are variable at the millimeter scale, apparently in response to the small-scale heterogeneity in the distribution of organic matter. We hypothesized that bacterium-bacterium antagonistic interactions may contribute to variations in community structure at the microscale. We examined each of the 86 isolates for their inhibition of growth of the remaining 85 isolates by the Burkholder agar diffusion assay. More than one-half of the isolates expressed antagonistic activity, and this trait was more common with particle-associated bacteria than with free-living bacteria. This was exemplified by members of the α subclass of the class Proteobacteria (α-proteobacteria), in which production of antagonistic molecules was dominated by attached bacteria. We found that γ-proteobacteria (members of the ordersAlteromonadales and Vibrionales) are the most prolific producers of inhibitory materials and also the most resilient to them, while members of the Bacteriodetes were the organisms that were least productive and most sensitive to antagonistic interactions. Widespread interspecies growth inhibition is consistent with the role of this phenomenon in structuring bacterial communities at the microscale. Furthermore, our results suggest that bacteria from pelagic marine particles may be an underutilized source of novel antibiotics.
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Pratama Novian, Dewan, Irwan Effendi, and Feliatra Feliatra. "GROWTH OF HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA IN SEA WATER POLLUTED BY SURF DETERGENT." Asian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.1.1.29-34.
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The research was conducted from February 2016 to April 2017, aimed to determine the effect of adding different concentrations of detergent namely SURF on the growth of bacterial populations in the seawater column. This research used experimental method with Completely Randomized Design. Seawater samples were analyzed at Marine Microbiology Laboratory, Fisheries and Marine Faculty of Riau University. Based on the results of the study, from day 0 untill day 10 after given detergent with different concentrations, bacteria experienced a decreasing trend of growth, in day 15 untill day 20, the trend of bacterial growth contaminated by detergent with different concentration relatively increased to stagnant. Based on the result of this study the addition of different detergent concentration in each treatment affect the growth of heterotrophic bacteria population in the sea water, where the higher concentration of detergent added the lower the ability of bacteria to grow and the ability of heterotrophic bacteria to survive at different concentrations of detergent, it can be concluded that the ability of heterotrophic bacteria to grow from days 0 to 20 has decreased in each of its concentrations.
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Hopkinson, Brian M., Kelly L. Roe, and Katherine A. Barbeau. "Heme Uptake by Microscilla marina and Evidence for Heme Uptake Systems in the Genomes of Diverse Marine Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 20 (August 29, 2008): 6263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00964-08.
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ABSTRACT The ability to acquire diverse and abundant forms of iron would be expected to confer a survival advantage in the marine environment, where iron is scarce. Marine bacteria are known to use siderophores and inorganic iron, but their ability to use heme, an abundant intracellular iron form, has only been examined preliminarily. Microscilla marina, a cultured relative of a bacterial group frequently found on marine particulates, was used as a model organism to examine heme uptake. Searches of the genome revealed analogs to known heme transport proteins, and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis of these genes showed that they were expressed and upregulated under iron stress and during growth on heme. M. marina was found to take up heme-bound iron and could grow on heme as a sole iron source, supporting the genetic evidence for heme transport. Similar putative heme transport components were identified in the genomes of diverse marine bacteria. These systems were found in the genomes of many bacteria thought to be particle associated but were lacking in known free-living organisms (e.g., Pelagibacter ubique and marine cyanobacteria). This distribution of transporters is consistent with the hydrophobic, light-sensitive nature of heme, suggesting that it is primarily available on phytoplankton or detritus or in nutrient-rich environments.
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Qi, Yu Hong, Zhan Ping Zhang, and Wen Long Li. "Effects of Tourmaline Powder on Growth Activity of Marine Bacteria and Diatoms." Advanced Materials Research 842 (November 2013): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.130.
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The effect of tourmaline on growth activity of marine bacterium and the diatomNavicula perminutawas investigated by testing number of bacteria in fresh nature seawater and chlorophyll a of the diatom suspension. The concentrations of magnesium, iron and lithia tourmaline powders were controlled from 1 g/L to 15 g/L. The results showed that bacterial cells in seawater and chlorophyll a of diatom solution were reduced with increase of tourmaline powder. Tourmaline could inhibit obviously the growth activity of marine bacteria and diatom. The inhibiting effect of lithia tourmaline is strongest, that of magnesium stronger, and that of iron weakest. Whatever the tourmaline type, the higher the negative ion release rate is, the stronger is the inhibiting effect of tourmaline on growth activity of marine bacteria and diatom. Tourmaline mineral materials are expected to use as an additive to antifouling coatings from this work.
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Mirzoyan, Natella, and Harold J. Schreier. "Effect of sulfide on growth of marine bacteria." Archives of Microbiology 196, no. 4 (March 9, 2014): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-014-0968-0.
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Mukherjee, Ananya. "Compounds derived from bacteria enhance marine diatom growth." Plant Physiology 186, no. 2 (March 27, 2021): 827–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab139.
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Grossart, Hans-Peter, Thomas Ki�rboe, Kam Tang, and Helle Ploug. "Bacterial Colonization of Particles: Growth and Interactions." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 6 (June 2003): 3500–3509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.6.3500-3509.2003.
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ABSTRACT Marine particles in the ocean are exposed to diverse bacterial communities, and colonization and growth of attached bacteria are important processes in the degradation and transformation of the particles. In an earlier study, we showed that the initial colonization of model particles by individual bacterial strains isolated from marine aggregates was a function of attachment and detachment. In the present study, we have investigated how this colonization process was further affected by growth and interspecific interactions among the bacteria. Long-term incubation experiments showed that growth dominated over attachment and detachment after a few hours in controlling the bacterial population density on agar particles. In the absence of grazing mortality, this growth led to an equilibrium population density consistent with the theoretical limit due to oxygen diffusion. Interspecific interaction experiments showed that the presence of some bacterial strains (“residents”) on the agar particles either increased or decreased the colonization rate of other strains (“newcomers”). Comparison between an antibiotic-producing strain and its antibiotic-free mutant showed no inhibitory effect on the newcomers due to antibiotic production. On the contrary, hydrolytic activity of the antibiotic-producing strain appeared to benefit the newcomers and enhance their colonization rate. These results show that growth- and species-specific interactions have to be taken into account to adequately describe bacterial colonization of marine particles. Changes in colonization pattern due to such small-scale processes may have profound effects on the transformation and fluxes of particulate matter in the ocean.
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Shieh, Wung Yang, Usio Simidu, and Yoshiharu Maruyama. "New marine nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from an eelgrass (Zostera marina) bed." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 886–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-153.
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Four strains of marine nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated from the roots of eelgrass (Zostera marina) and from sediments in an eelgrass bed in Aburatsubo Inlet, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Significant levels of nitrogenase activity were detected in all four strains after a few hours of incubation under anaerobic conditions. Nitrogenase activity in all cases was Na+ dependent. These strains grew anaerobically or under conditions of low oxygen, using molecular nitrogen as the sole nitrogen source. Bacterial growth in liquid nitrogen-free medium was accompanied by a marked pH decrease during the exponential growth phase. Neither yeast extract nor vitamins were required for the nitrogen fixation activity of these strains. Taxonomically, all strains were facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative rods. They were motile in liquid medium by means of a single polar flagellum and required NaCl for their growth. These characteristics, as well as the guanine + cytosine content of their DNA (43.5 – 44.8 mol%), placed them in the family Vibrionaceae. These strains, however, could not be identified to the genus level because they were distinct from the two halophilic genera Vibrio and Photobacterium of the family Vibrionaceae by a variety of characteristics.
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Effendi, Irwan, Elizal Elizal, and Cahyani Fitrah Tanjung. "GROWTH OF HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA IN SEA WATER CONTAMINATED WITH RINSO DETERGENT." Asian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.1.1.40-44.
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This research was conducted in March-April 2017 at Marine Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine University of Riau. The purpose of this study is to determine the different concentration of detergent (0 ml/L, 1.5 ml/L, 3 ml/L, 4.5 ml/L, 6 ml/L) in different observation time (0, 5, 10, 15, 20) on the growth of heterotrophic bacteria in sea water. Completely randomized design was used in this experimental method. The results showed that bacterial growth of all treated samples decreased on the 5th day of incubation. However, the population began to increase on the 10th day of incubation. The count of maximum bacterial growth was 1.46 x 109 found in the 4.5 ml/L treated detergent, and the lowest growth was 3.73 x 107 in the 1.5 ml/L treated detergent. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed that the concentrations in different observation times on the growth of heterotrophic bacteria showed significant effect and the value was (P <0.005).
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Fitrah Tanjung, Cahyani, Irwan Effendi, and Elizal Elizal. "GROWTH OF HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA IN SEA WATER POLLUTED BY RINSO DETERGENT." Asian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.1.1.58-65.
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This research was conducted in March-April 2017 at Marine Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine University of Riau. The purpose of this study is to determine the different concentration of detergent (0 ml/L, 1.5 ml/L, 3 ml/L, 4.5 ml/L, 6 ml/L) in different observation time (0, 5, 10, 15, 20) on the growth of heterotrophic bacteria in sea water. Completely randomized design was used in this experimental method. The results showed that bacterial growth of all treated samples decreased on the 5th day of incubation. However, the population began to increase on the 10th day of incubation. The count of maximum bacterial growth was 1.46 x 109 found in the 4.5 ml/L treated detergent, and the lowest growth was 3.73 x 107 in the 1.5 ml/L treated detergent. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed that the concentrations in different observation times on the growth of heterotrophic bacteria showed significant effect and the value was (P <0.005).
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Seymour, Justin R., and Jean-Baptiste Raina. "Swimming in the sea: chemotaxis by marine bacteria." Microbiology Australia 39, no. 1 (2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18005.
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Like many organisms, bacteria regularly inhabit environments characterised by spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the availability of resources required for growth and energy generation, meaning they must either tune their metabolism to prevailing conditions or have the capacity to migrate to favourable microenvironments1. To achieve the latter, bacteria measure their resource landscape and suitably direct their locomotion using a behaviour called chemotaxis, which is the ability to guide movement up or down chemical gradients. The capacity to perform chemotaxis is widespread across the bacterial domain, although most of our understanding of this phenotype is derived from enteric bacteria2,3. In the ocean, marine bacteria are often motile4, and in fact capable of much higher swimming speeds5 and chemotactic precision6 than these enteric models for chemotaxis2. Here we discuss the underlying motives and purposes for bacterial chemotaxis in the ocean, by noting that marine bacteria experience a surprisingly heterogeneous chemical seascape7,8, whereby chemotaxis can provide substantial fitness advantages and even influence large-scale processes including marine ecosystem productivity, biogeochemical cycling and disease.
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Tang, Kam W., and Hans-Peter Grossart. "Iron effects on colonization behavior, motility, and enzymatic activity of marine bacteria." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, no. 8 (August 2007): 968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w07-059.
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Iron availability in the ocean has been shown to affect the growth and production of phytoplankton and free-living bacteria. A large fraction of marine bacteria are specialized in colonizing and living on particles and aggregates, but the effects of iron limitation on these bacteria are not fully known. We conducted laboratory experiments to study the effects of iron availability on particle colonization behavior, motility, and enzymatic activities of 4 strains of marine bacteria. Iron depletion reduced the bacterial particle colonization rate by 1.7%–43.1%, which could be attributed to reduced swimming speeds in 2 of the 4 strains. Protease activity was not affected by iron availability. However, attached bacteria did show higher protease activities than their free counterparts. Our results suggest that iron limitation in the ocean could in some cases reduce bacteria–particle interactions by reducing bacterial motility and colonization rate.
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CONTRERAS-CASTRO, LUIS, SERGIO MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA, JUAN C. CANCINO-DIAZ, LUIS A. MALDONADO, CLAUDIA J. HERNÁNDEZ-GUERRERO, SERGIO F. MARTÍNEZ-DÍAZ, BÁRBARA GONZÁLEZ-ACOSTA, and ERIKA T. QUINTANA. "Marine Sediment Recovered Salinispora sp. Inhibits the Growth of Emerging Bacterial Pathogens and other Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria." Polish Journal of Microbiology 69, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-035.
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Marine obligate actinobacteria produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites with biological activity, notably those with antibiotic activity urgently needed against multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Seventy-five marine actinobacteria were isolated from a marine sediment sample collected in Punta Arena de La Ventana, Baja California Sur, Mexico. The 16S rRNA gene identification, Multi Locus Sequence Analysis, and the marine salt requirement for growth assigned seventy-one isolates as members of the genus Salinispora, grouped apart but related to the main Salinispora arenicola species clade. The ability of salinisporae to inhibit bacterial growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacer baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. was evaluated by cross-streaking plate and supernatant inhibition tests. Ten supernatants inhibited the growth of eight strains of S. epidermidis from patients suffering from ocular infections, two out of the eight showed growth inhibition on ten S. epidermidis strains from prosthetic joint infections. Also, it inhibited the growth of the remaining six multi-drug-resistant bacteria tested. These results showed that some Salinispora strains could produce antibacterial compounds to combat bacteria of clinical importance and prove that studying different geographical sites uncovers untapped microorganisms with metabolic potential.
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Chaerun, S. K., K. Tazaki, and M. Okuno. "Montmorillonite mitigates the toxic effect of heavy oil on hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial growth: implications for marine oil spill bioremediation." Clay Minerals 48, no. 4 (September 2013): 639–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2013.048.4.17.
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AbstractThe ability of montmorillonite to mitigate the toxic effect of heavy oil from theNakhodkaoil spill, by growth of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and enable bioremediation was studied. Montmorillonite enhanced the bacterial growth significantly (P< 0.05) in the main treatment containing heavy oil+bacteria+montmorillonite (OBM), because the specific growth rate (μ) was greater than that in the biotic control treatment containing heavy oil+bacteria (OB). Significant amounts of Si and Al (major constituents of montmorillonite) were not released in the aqueous phase over the ∽24-day experiment (P> 0.05). Transmission electron microscopic observation showed that the hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial cells were covered and encrusted with montmorillonite particles. Scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) also showed that the surrounding of the bacterial cells was frequently rich in Si but not in Al. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that the heavy oil-bacterial cell-montmorillonite particle complex retained the composition of both water and heavy oil. X-ray powder diffractrometery (XRD) analysis revealed that heavy oil and heavy oil-bacteria did not change the basal spacing of montmorillonite over a period of 24 days. The enhancement of hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial growth is attributed to montmorillonite likely serving as both bacterial growth-supporting carrier and protective outer layer against high concentrations of heavy oil that inhibit growth. These results shed light on the interactions in oil-bacteria-clay complexes and could potentially be used in marine oil spill bioremediation.
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Delille, D., and N. Vaillant. "The influence of crude oil on the growth of subantarctic marine bacteria." Antarctic Science 2, no. 2 (June 1990): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102090000153.
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The short term degradation of ‘Arabian light’ crude oil was followed under various seasonal conditions in coastal seawater at Iles Kerguelen. Artificial degradation experiments were carried out in 3 m3 tanks. In situ experiments were conducted in free-floating, semi-enclosed chambers permitting direct contact between the crude oil and the marine environment. Daily sampling allowed a regular survey of the bacterial changes of the oil contaminated seawater. All samples were analysed for total bacteria, heterotrophic viable microflora and hydrocarbon utilizing microflora. At the end of experiments, the remaining oil was carefully collected for rough quantitative estimation of hydrocarbon degradation. All the results clearly revealed a significant increase in the three types of bacterial microflora after the addition of crude oil. However, the data suggest that the initial state of the bacterial communities is important. Thus, the seasonal variations in the bacterial responses to hydrocarbon addition can be related to the differences in the natural bacterial populations involved. In all cases the wall effects observed in batch systems were reduced with in situ incubations.
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Smriga, Steven, Vicente I. Fernandez, James G. Mitchell, and Roman Stocker. "Chemotaxis toward phytoplankton drives organic matter partitioning among marine bacteria." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 6 (January 22, 2016): 1576–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512307113.
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The microenvironment surrounding individual phytoplankton cells is often rich in dissolved organic matter (DOM), which can attract bacteria by chemotaxis. These “phycospheres” may be prominent sources of resource heterogeneity in the ocean, affecting the growth of bacterial populations and the fate of DOM. However, these effects remain poorly quantified due to a lack of quantitative ecological frameworks. Here, we used video microscopy to dissect with unprecedented resolution the chemotactic accumulation of marine bacteria around individualChaetoceros affinisdiatoms undergoing lysis. The observed spatiotemporal distribution of bacteria was used in a resource utilization model to map the conditions under which competition between different bacterial groups favors chemotaxis. The model predicts that chemotactic, copiotrophic populations outcompete nonmotile, oligotrophic populations during diatom blooms and bloom collapse conditions, resulting in an increase in the ratio of motile to nonmotile cells and in the succession of populations. Partitioning of DOM between the two populations is strongly dependent on the overall concentration of bacteria and the diffusivity of different DOM substances, and within each population, the growth benefit from phycospheres is experienced by only a small fraction of cells. By informing a DOM utilization model with highly resolved behavioral data, the hybrid approach used here represents a new path toward the elusive goal of predicting the consequences of microscale interactions in the ocean.
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Tripp, H. James, Joshua B. Kitner, Michael S. Schwalbach, John W. H. Dacey, Larry J. Wilhelm, and Stephen J. Giovannoni. "SAR11 marine bacteria require exogenous reduced sulphur for growth." Nature 452, no. 7188 (March 12, 2008): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06776.
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Jeya Praka, P., E. Poorani, P. Anantharam, and T. Balasubram. "L-Glutaminase Production and the Growth of Marine Bacteria." Research Journal of Microbiology 4, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jm.2009.168.172.
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Zhuang, W. Q., J. H. Tay, A. M. Maszenan, and S. T. L. Tay. "Isolation of naphthalene-degrading bacteria from tropical marine sediments." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0071.
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Oil pollution is a major environmental concern in many countries, and this has led to a concerted effort in studying the feasibility of using oil-degrading bacteria for bioremediation. Although many oil-degrading bacteria have been isolated from different environments, environmental conditions can impose a selection pressure on the types of bacteria that can reside in a particular environment. This study reports the successful isolation of two indigenous naphthalene-degrading bacteria from oil-contaminated tropical marine sediments by enrichment culture. Strains MN-005 and MN-006 were characterized using an extensive range of biochemical tests. The 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) sequence analysis was also performed for the two strains. Their naphthalene degradation capabilities were determined using gas chromatography and DAPI counting of bacterial cells. Strains MN-005 and MN-006 are phenotypically and phylogenetically different from each other, and belong to the genera Staphylococcus and Micrococcus, respectively. Strains MN-005 and MN-006 had maximal specific growth rates (μmax) of 0.082 ± 0.008 and 0.30 ± 0.02 per hour, respectively, and half-saturation constants (Ks) of 0.79 ± 0.10 and 2.52 ± 0.32 mg per litre, respectively. These physiological and growth studies are useful in assessing the potential of these indigenous isolates for in situ or ex situ naphthalene pollutant bioremediation in tropical marine environments.
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Ki�rboe, Thomas, Kam Tang, Hans-Peter Grossart, and Helle Ploug. "Dynamics of Microbial Communities on Marine Snow Aggregates: Colonization, Growth, Detachment, and Grazing Mortality of Attached Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 6 (June 2003): 3036–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.6.3036-3047.2003.
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ABSTRACT We studied the dynamics of microbial communities attached to model aggregates (4-mm-diameter agar spheres) and the component processes of colonization, detachment, growth, and grazing mortality. Agar spheres incubated in raw seawater were rapidly colonized by bacteria, followed by flagellates and ciliates. Colonization can be described as a diffusion process, and encounter volume rates were estimated at about 0.01 and 0.1 cm3 h−1 for bacteria and flagellates, respectively. After initial colonization, the abundances of flagellates and ciliates remained approximately constant at 103 to 104 and ∼102 cells sphere−1, respectively, whereas bacterial populations increased at a declining rate to >107 cells sphere−1. Attached microorganisms initially detached at high specific rates of ∼10−2 min−1, but the bacteria gradually became irreversibly attached to the spheres. Bacterial growth (0 to 2 day−1) was density dependent and declined hyperbolically when cell density exceeded a threshold. Bacterivorous flagellates grazed on the sphere surface at an average saturated rate of 15 bacteria flagellate−1 h−1. At low bacterial densities, the flagellate surface clearance rate was ∼5 � 10−7 cm2 min−1, but it declined hyperbolically with increasing bacterial density. Using the experimentally estimated process rates and integrating the component processes in a simple model reproduces the main features of the observed microbial population dynamics. Differences between observed and predicted population dynamics suggest, however, that other factors, e.g., antagonistic interactions between bacteria, are of importance in shaping marine snow microbial communities.
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Simu, Karin, Karin Holmfeldt, Ulla Li Zweifel, and Åke Hagström. "Culturability and Coexistence of Colony-Forming and Single-Cell Marine Bacterioplankton." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 8 (August 2005): 4793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.8.4793-4800.2005.
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ABSTRACT Culturability and coexistence of bacterioplankton exhibiting different life strategies were investigated in the Baltic Sea and Skagerrak Sea. Bacterial numbers were estimated using a dilution-to-extinction culturing assay (DCA) and calculated as the most probable number, based on six different methods to detect bacterial growth in the DCA. Irrespective of the method used to detect growth, the fraction of multiplying cells never exceeded 10%, using the total count of 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-stainable cells as a reference. Furthermore, the data also showed that non-colony-forming bacteria made up the majority of the viable cells, confirming molecular results showing dominance of non-colony-forming bacteria in clone libraries. The results obtained are in agreement with previous observations, indicating that bacterial assemblages in seawater are dominated by small, active subpopulations coexisting with a large group of inactive cells. The ratio of colony-forming to non-colony-forming bacteria was approximately 10 to 20 times higher in the brackish Baltic Sea than in the Skagerrak Sea. These two sea areas differ in (for example) their levels of bacterial production, dissolved organic carbon, and salinity. We suggest that the relative importance of colony-forming versus non-colony-forming bacterioplankton may be linked to environmental characteristics.
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Miyasaka, Hitoshi, Aoi Koga, Yusaku Tani, Ken-ichi Ozaki, Takaaki Maki, Shuhei Hayashi, and Shinjiro Yamamoto. "The effects of a marine photosynthetic bacteria Rhodovulum sulfidophilum on the growth and survival rate of Marsupenaeus japonicus (kuruma shrimp)." SDRP Journal of Aquaculture, Fisheries & Fish Science 3, no. 2 (2021): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25177/jaffs.3.2.ra.10713.
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The sustainability of the shrimp aquaculture depends largely on disease control and the health status of shrimp. Probiotics, which make shrimps healthier and more resistant to pathogens, are promising countermeasure for shrimp diseases. In this study, the effects of the marine purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium (PNSB) Rhodovulum sulfidophilum on Marsupenaeus japonicus (kuruma shrimp) growth and survival were examined in 177 m2 aquaria (140 tons of water) for 70 days. The shrimp received feed containing 0.01 % fresh weight (106 colony forming unit/g) of R. sulfidophilum cells. The survival rate significantly improved (P < 0.001) (R. sulfidophilum-fed = 81.9 %; control = 71.5 %), the feed conversion rate improved (R. sulfidophilum-fed = 1.83; control = 2.11), and there was no difference in the shrimp average body weight. The approximate bacterial cell cost was $0.003 to $0.005 per 1 kg feed, indicating that the R. sulfidophilum approach is economically feasible and a promising candidate for probiotic bacteria in shrimp aquaculture. Keywords: photosynthetic bacteria, Rhodovulum sulfidophilum, Marsupenaeus japonicus, shrimp, probiotics
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Krupovič, Mart, Rimantas Daugelavičius, and Dennis H. Bamford. "Polymyxin B Induces Lysis of Marine Pseudoalteromonads." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 11 (August 20, 2007): 3908–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00449-07.
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ABSTRACT Polymyxin B (PMB) is a cationic antibiotic that interacts with the envelopes of gram-negative bacterial cells. The therapeutic use of PMB was abandoned for a long time due to its undesirable side effects; however, the spread of resistance to currently used antibiotics has forced the reevaluation of PMB for clinical use. Previous studies have used enteric bacteria to examine the mode of PMB action, resulting in a somewhat limited understanding of this process. This study examined the effects of PMB on marine pseudoalteromonads and demonstrates that the frequently accepted view that “what is true for Escherichia coli is true for all bacteria” does not hold true. We show here that in contrast to the growth inhibition observed for enteric bacteria, PMB induces lysis of pseudoalteromonads, which is not prevented by high concentrations of divalent cations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a high membrane voltage is required for the interaction of PMB with the cytoplasmic membranes of pseudoalteromonads, further elucidating the mechanisms by which PMB interacts with the cell envelopes of those gram-negative bacteria.
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Dang, Hongyue, and Charles R. Lovell. "Numerical Dominance and Phylotype Diversity of Marine Rhodobacter Species during Early Colonization of Submerged Surfaces in Coastal Marine Waters as Determined by 16S Ribosomal DNA Sequence Analysis and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 2 (February 2002): 496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.2.496-504.2002.
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ABSTRACT Early stages of surface colonization in coastal marine waters appear to be dominated by the marine Rhodobacter group of the α subdivision of the division Proteobacteria (α-Proteobacteria). However, the quantitative contribution of this group to primary surface colonization has not been determined. In this study, glass microscope slides were incubated in a salt marsh tidal creek for 3 or 6 days. Colonizing bacteria on the slides were examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization by employing DNA probes targeting 16S or 23S rRNA to identify specific phylogenetic groups. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was then used to quantify and track the dynamics of bacterial primary colonists during the early stages of surface colonization and growth. More than 60% of the surface-colonizing bacteria detectable by fluorescence staining (Yo-Pro-1) could also be detected with the Bacteria domain probe EUB338. Archaea were not detected on the surfaces and did not appear to participate in surface colonization. Of the three subdivisions of the Proteobacteria examined, the α-Proteobacteria were the most abundant surface-colonizing organisms. More than 28% of the total bacterial cells and more than 40% of the cells detected by EUB338 on the surfaces were affiliated with the marine Rhodobacter group. Bacterial abundance increased significantly on the surfaces during short-term incubation, mainly due to the growth of the marine Rhodobacter group organisms. These results demonstrated the quantitative importance of the marine Rhodobacter group in colonization of surfaces in salt marsh waters and confirmed that at least during the early stages of colonization, this group dominated the surface-colonizing bacterial assemblage.
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Pinhassi, Jarone, Edward F. DeLong, Oded Béjà, José M. González, and Carlos Pedrós-Alió. "Marine Bacterial and Archaeal Ion-Pumping Rhodopsins: Genetic Diversity, Physiology, and Ecology." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 80, no. 4 (September 14, 2016): 929–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00003-16.
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SUMMARYThe recognition of a new family of rhodopsins in marine planktonic bacteria, proton-pumping proteorhodopsin, expanded the known phylogenetic range, environmental distribution, and sequence diversity of retinylidene photoproteins. At the time of this discovery, microbial ion-pumping rhodopsins were known solely in haloarchaea inhabiting extreme hypersaline environments. Shortly thereafter, proteorhodopsins and other light-activated energy-generating rhodopsins were recognized to be widespread among marine bacteria. The ubiquity of marine rhodopsin photosystems now challenges prior understanding of the nature and contributions of “heterotrophic” bacteria to biogeochemical carbon cycling and energy fluxes. Subsequent investigations have focused on the biophysics and biochemistry of these novel microbial rhodopsins, their distribution across the tree of life, evolutionary trajectories, and functional expression in nature. Later discoveries included the identification of proteorhodopsin genes in all three domains of life, the spectral tuning of rhodopsin variants to wavelengths prevailing in the sea, variable light-activated ion-pumping specificities among bacterial rhodopsin variants, and the widespread lateral gene transfer of biosynthetic genes for bacterial rhodopsins and their associated photopigments. Heterologous expression experiments with marine rhodopsin genes (and associated retinal chromophore genes) provided early evidence that light energy harvested by rhodopsins could be harnessed to provide biochemical energy. Importantly, some studies with native marine bacteria show that rhodopsin-containing bacteria use light to enhance growth or promote survival during starvation. We infer from the distribution of rhodopsin genes in diverse genomic contexts that different marine bacteria probably use rhodopsins to support light-dependent fitness strategies somewhere between these two extremes.
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Wang, W., M. Zhang, J. Fang, L. Zhang, X. Zou, and X. Wang. " Improved detection of Ochratoxin A by marine bioluminescent bacteria V. harveyi BA." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 31, No. 1 (January 10, 2013): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/18/2012-cjfs.
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We applicate the bioluminescent assay system for evaluating the toxicity of Ochratoxin A (OTA). The optimum conditions for the growth and bioluminescence of V. harveyi BA were investigated, including NaCl concentration and pH in the medium, incubation temperature, and OTA action time. The growth and luminescence reached the perfect phase with the NaCl concentration in the range of 1% to 2%, pH 8–9, incubation temperature 25–30°C, and OTA acting for1 hour. Based on these optimum conditions for bioluminescence, the inhibitory effect of OTA on luminosity was pursued. When OTA concentration fell into the range of 0.1–1.0 µg/l, bioluminescence inhibition followed a linear pattern with a good correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.944). The calculated recovery percentages fell into the range of 81–102% within the spiking range of 20–200 µg/kg. This system provided a screening method for the measurement of toxic OTA by monitoring the changes in luminescence.
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Lennon, Jay T. "Diversity and Metabolism of Marine Bacteria Cultivated on Dissolved DNA." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 9 (March 2, 2007): 2799–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02674-06.
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ABSTRACT Dissolved DNA (dDNA) is a potentially important source of energy and nutrients in aquatic ecosystems. However, little is known about the identity, metabolism, and interactions of the microorganisms capable of consuming dDNA. Bacteria from Eel Pond (Woods Hole, MA) were cultivated on low-molecular-weight (LMW) or high-molecular-weight (HMW) dDNA, which served as the primary source of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed that distinct bacterial assemblages with comparable levels of taxon richness developed on LMW and HMW dDNA. Since the LMW and HMW dDNA used in this study were stoichiometrically identical, the results confirm that the size alone of dissolved organic matter can influence bacterial community composition. Variation in the growth and metabolism of isolates provided insight into mechanisms that may have generated differences in bacterial community composition. For example, bacteria from LMW dDNA enrichments generally grew better on LMW dDNA than on HMW dDNA. In contrast, bacteria isolated from HMW dDNA enrichments were more effective at degrading HMW dDNA than bacteria isolated from LMW dDNA enrichments. Thus, marine bacteria may experience a trade-off between their ability to compete for LMW dDNA and their ability to access HMW dDNA via extracellular nuclease production. Together, the results of this study suggest that dDNA turnover in marine ecosystems may involve a succession of microbial assemblages with specialized ecological strategies.
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Pernthaler, Annelie, Jakob Pernthaler, Heike Eilers, and Rudolf Amann. "Growth Patterns of Two Marine Isolates: Adaptations to Substrate Patchiness?" Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 4077–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.9.4077-4083.2001.
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ABSTRACT During bottle incubations of heterotrophic marine picoplankton, some bacterial groups are conspicuously favored. In an earlier investigation bacteria of the genusPseudoalteromonas rapidly multiplied in substrate-amended North Sea water, whereas the densities ofOceanospirillum changed little (H. Eilers, J. Pernthaler, and R. Amann, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:4634–4640, 2000). We therefore studied the growth patterns of two isolates affiliating withPseudoalteromonas and Oceanospirillum in batch culture. Upon substrate resupply, Oceanospirillum lagged threefold longer than Pseudoalteromonas but reached more than fivefold-higher final cell density and biomass. A second, mobile morphotype was present in the starved Oceanospirillumpopulations with distinctly greater cell size, DNA and protein content, and 16S rRNA concentration. Contrasting cellular ribosome concentrations during stationary phase suggested basic differences in the growth responses of the two strains to a patchy environment. Therefore, we exposed the strains to different modes of substrate addition. During cocultivation on a single batch of substrates, the final cell densities of Oceanospirillum were reduced three times as much as those Pseudoalteromonas, compared to growth yields in pure cultures. In contrast, the gradual addition of substrates to stationary-phase cocultures was clearly disadvantageous for the Pseudoalteromonas population. Different growth responses to substrate gradients could thus be another facet affecting the competition between marine bacteria and may help to explain community shifts observed during enrichments.
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Apriyola, Nadya, Feliatra Feliatra, and Yuana Nurulita. "SECONDARY METABOLITE CHARACTERISTIC OF HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA PRODUCTION AS ANTIMICROBIA AT DIFFERENT SALINITY." Asian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 3, no. 2 (August 4, 2020): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.3.2.147-157.
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This research was conducted from March-June 2019. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of secondary metabolites prduced by of heterotrophic bacterial from sea water Sungai Kayu Ara Village, Siak Regency as an antimicrobial and to determine the storage time of these bacteria by measuring at the optimal growth time. Five bacterial secondary metabolite extracts used were B, C, D, and H (B. cereus) and J (V. fluvialis) obtained from the collection of Marine Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine sciences, University of Riau. phytochemical test showed that extracts of isolates B, D, and H contained saponin compounds, while isolate J contained flavonoid compounds, however, all extracts contained alkaloid compounds. Antimicrobial test indicated that J extract inhibited A. Hydrophila at concentration 500 µg/ml but the extract could not inhibit V. algynolyticus and Pseudomonas sp concentrations determined. In the bacterial storage time test, the optimal growth of each bacterial concentration at was 7th day incubation and decreased on the 14th day.
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Poremba, Knut, Wilfried Gunkel, Siegmund Lang, and Fritz Wagner. "Marine Biosurfactants, III. Toxicity Testing with Marine Microorganisms and Comparison with Synthetic Surfactants." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 46, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1991): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1991-3-409.
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Eight synthetic and nine biogenetic surfactants were tested on their toxicity. Because of their possible application as oil dispersants against oil slicks on sea. the test organisms used were marine microorganisms (mixed and pure cultures of bacteria, microalgae, and protozoa). Bacterial growth was hardly effected or stimulated, whilst that of algae and flagellates was reduced. All substances tested were biodegradaded in sea water. The bioluminescence of Photobacter phosphoreum (Microtox test) was the most sensitive test system used. A ranking shows that most biogenetic surfactants were less toxic than synthetic surfactants. No toxicity could be detected with the glucose-lipid GL. produced by the marine bacterium Alcaligenes sp. MM 1.
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Agogué, Hélène, Fabien Joux, Ingrid Obernosterer, and Philippe Lebaron. "Resistance of Marine Bacterioneuston to Solar Radiation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 9 (September 2005): 5282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.9.5282-5289.2005.
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ABSTRACT A total of 90 bacterial strains were isolated from the sea surface microlayer (i.e., bacterioneuston) and underlying waters (i.e., bacterioplankton) from two sites of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. The strains were identified by sequence analysis, and growth recovery was investigated after exposure to simulated solar radiation. Bacterioneuston and bacterioplankton isolates were subjected to six different exposure times, ranging from 0.5 to 7 h of simulated noontime solar radiation. Following exposure, the growth of each isolate was monitored, and different classes of resistance were determined according to the growth pattern. Large interspecific differences among the 90 marine isolates were observed. Medium and highly resistant strains accounted for 41% and 22% of the isolates, respectively, and only 16% were sensitive strains. Resistance to solar radiation was equally distributed within the bacterioneuston and bacterioplankton. Relative contributions to the highly resistant class were 43% for γ-proteobacteria and 14% and 8% for α-proteobacteria and the Cytophaga/Flavobacterium/Bacteroides (CFB) group, respectively. Within the γ-proteobacteria, the Pseudoalteromonas and Alteromonas genera appeared to be highly resistant to solar radiation. The majority of the CFB group (76%) had medium resistance. Our study further provides evidence that pigmented bacteria are not more resistant to solar radiation than nonpigmented bacteria.
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Sullivan, Amy L., and Anne E. Murdaugh. "The Effects of Marine Bacteria on Barite Growth and Morphology." Biophysical Journal 106, no. 2 (January 2014): 799a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.4381.
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Hayashi, Shuhei, Shinjiro Yamamoto, and Hitoshi Miyasaka. "Effect of Freshwater and Marine Photosynthetic Bacteria on Plant Growth." Acta Scientific Microbiology 4, no. 8 (July 16, 2021): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2021.04.0890.
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Yoshikawa, Kazuhiro, Kyoko Adachi, Miyuki Nishijima, Takahide Takadera, Seiji Tamaki, Ken-ichi Harada, Kenichi Mochida, and Hiroshi Sano. "β-Cyanoalanine Production by Marine Bacteria on Cyanide-Free Medium and Its Specific Inhibitory Activity toward Cyanobacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.2.718-722.2000.
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ABSTRACT In screening the culture broth of marine bacteria collected at Yap (Micronesia), Palau (Belau), and Okinawa (the southwest islands of Japan) for antimicroalgal activity, 37 out of 2,594 bacterial isolates tested were found to produce anticyanobacterial substances against Oscillatoria amphibia NIES-361. One strain, C-979, identified as a Vibrio sp., was selected and cultured in 2.4 liters of marine broth 2216 to identify the bioactive compound produced by the strain. The purified very hydrophilic compound (16.4 mg) was determined to be β-cyano-l-alanine (l-CNAla) by instrumental analyses and the application of the advanced Marfey method. l-CNAla did not inhibit the growth of bacteria, yeast, or eukaryotic microalgae, but some cyanobacteria were found to be sensitive to l-CNAla at a concentration of 0.4 to 25 μg/ml. The effect of l-CNAla on some other environmental organisms, including invertebrates and a macroalgae, is discussed. CNAla production in marine broth was examined by thin-layer chromatography for the 37 bacterial isolates which produced an anticyanobacterial substance. The broth of 36 of these strains contained CNAla, suggesting the wide distribution of CNAla production by marine bacteria. This is the first report on bacteria that produce CNAla without a supply of the cyanide ion in the medium.
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Long, Richard A., David C. Rowley, Eric Zamora, Jiayuan Liu, Douglas H. Bartlett, and Farooq Azam. "Antagonistic Interactions among Marine Bacteria Impede the Proliferation of Vibrio cholerae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 12 (December 2005): 8531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.12.8531-8536.2005.
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ABSTRACT Changes in global climate have raised concerns about the emergence and resurgence of infectious diseases. Vibrio cholerae is a reemerging pathogen that proliferates and is transported on marine particles. Patterns of cholera outbreaks correlate with sea surface temperature increases, but the underlying mechanisms for rapid proliferation of V. cholerae during ocean warming events have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that autochthonous marine bacteria impede the spread of V. cholerae in the marine environment. It was found that some marine bacteria are capable of inhibiting the growth of V. cholerae on surfaces and that bacterial isolates derived from pelagic particles show a greater frequency of V. cholerae inhibition than free-living bacteria. Vibrio cholerae was less susceptible to antagonism at higher temperatures, such as those measured during El Niño-Southern Oscilliation and monsoonal events. Using a model system employing green fluorescent protein-labeled bacteria, we found that marine bacteria can directly inhibit V. cholerae colonization of particles. The mechanism of inhibition in our model system was linked to the biosynthesis of andrimid, an antibacterial agent. Antibiotic production by the model antagonistic strain decreased at higher temperatures, thereby explaining the increased competitiveness of V. cholerae under warmer conditions. These findings suggest that bacterium-bacterium antagonism is a contributing mechanism in regulating the proliferation of V. cholerae on marine particles.
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Rontani, Jean-Francois, Patricia C. Bonin, and John K. Volkman. "Production of Wax Esters during Aerobic Growth of Marine Bacteria on Isoprenoid Compounds." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.1.221-230.1999.
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ABSTRACT This paper describes the production of isoprenoid wax esters during the aerobic degradation of 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one and phytol by four bacteria (Acinetobacter sp. strain PHY9,Pseudomonas nautica [IP85/617],Marinobacter sp. strain CAB [DSMZ 11874], andMarinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus [ATCC 49840]) isolated from the marine environment. Different pathways are proposed to explain the formation of these compounds. In the case of 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one, these esters result from the condensation of some acidic and alcoholic metabolites produced during the biodegradation, while phytol constitutes the alcohol moiety of most of the esters produced during growth on this isoprenoid alcohol. The amount of these esters formed increased considerably in N-limited cultures, in which the ammonium concentration corresponds to conditions often found in marine sediments. This suggests that the bacterial formation of isoprenoid wax esters might be favored in such environments. Although conflicting evidence exists regarding the stability of these esters in sediments, it seems likely that, under some conditions, bacterial esterification can enhance the preservation potential of labile compounds such as phytol.
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Park, Bum Soo, Won-Ji Choi, Ruoyu Guo, Hansol Kim, and Jang-Seu Ki. "Changes in Free-Living and Particle-Associated Bacterial Communities Depending on the Growth Phases of Marine Green Algae, Tetraselmis suecica." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020171.
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Bacteria are remarkably associated with the growth of green algae Tetraselmis which are used as a feed source in aquaculture, but Tetraselmis-associated bacterial community is characterized insufficiently. Here, as a first step towards characterization of the associated bacteria, we investigated the community composition of free-living (FLB) and particle-associated (PAB) bacteria in each growth phase (lag, exponential, stationary, and death) of Tetraselmis suecica P039 culture using pyrosequencing. The percentage of shared operational taxonomic units (OTUs) between FLB and PAB communities was substantially high (≥92.4%), but their bacterial community compositions were significantly (p = 0.05) different from each other. The PAB community was more variable than the FLB community depending on the growth phase of T. suecica. In the PAB community, the proportions of Marinobacter and Flavobacteriaceae were considerably varied in accordance with the cell number of T. suecica, but there was no clear variation in the FLB community composition. This suggests that the PAB community may have a stronger association with the algal growth than the FLB community. Interestingly, irrespective of the growth phase, Roseobacter clade and genus Muricauda were predominant in both FLB and PAB communities, indicating that bacterial communities in T. suecica culture may positively affect the algae growth and that they are potentially capable of enhancing the T. suecica growth.
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Srinivasan, Ramanathan, Arunachalam Kannappan, Chunlei Shi, and Xiangmin Lin. "Marine Bacterial Secondary Metabolites: A Treasure House for Structurally Unique and Effective Antimicrobial Compounds." Marine Drugs 19, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19100530.
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The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance reduces the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs in preventing and treating infectious diseases caused by pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Because of the burgeoning growth of microbes with antimicrobial-resistant traits, there is a dire need to identify and develop novel and effective antimicrobial agents to treat infections from antimicrobial-resistant strains. The marine environment is rich in ecological biodiversity and can be regarded as an untapped resource for prospecting novel bioactive compounds. Therefore, exploring the marine environment for antimicrobial agents plays a significant role in drug development and biomedical research. Several earlier scientific investigations have proven that bacterial diversity in the marine environment represents an emerging source of structurally unique and novel antimicrobial agents. There are several reports on marine bacterial secondary metabolites, and many are pharmacologically significant and have enormous promise for developing effective antimicrobial drugs to combat microbial infections in drug-resistant pathogens. In this review, we attempt to summarize published articles from the last twenty-five years (1996–2020) on antimicrobial secondary metabolites from marine bacteria evolved in marine environments, such as marine sediment, water, fauna, and flora.
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Guan, Le Luo, Kaneo Kanoh, and Kei Kamino. "Effect of Exogenous Siderophores on Iron Uptake Activity of Marine Bacteria under Iron-Limited Conditions." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1710–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.4.1710-1717.2001.
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ABSTRACT More than 60% of species examined from a total of 421 strains of heterotrophic marine bacteria which were isolated from marine sponges and seawater were observed to have no detectable siderophore production even when Fe(III) was present in the culture medium at a concentration of 1.0 pM. The growth of one such non-siderophore-producing strain, alpha proteobacterium V0210, was stimulated under iron-limited conditions with the addition of an isolated exogenous siderophore,N,N′-bis (2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-O-serylserine from aVibrio sp. Growth was also stimulated by the addition of three exogenous siderophore extracts from siderophore-producing bacteria. Radioisotope studies using 59Fe showed that the iron uptake ability of V0210 increased only with the addition of exogenous siderophores. Biosynthesis of a hydroxamate siderophore by V0210 was shown by paper electrophoresis and chemical assays for the detection of hydroxamates and catechols. An 85-kDa iron-regulated outer membrane protein was induced only under iron-limited conditions in the presence of exogenous siderophores. This is the first report of bacterial iron uptake through an induced siderophore in response to exogenous siderophores. Our results suggest that siderophores are necessary signaling compounds for growth and for iron uptake by some non-siderophore-producing marine bacteria under iron-limited conditions.
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Gasol, Josep M., Ulla Li Zweifel, Francesc Peters, Jed A. Fuhrman, and Åke Hagström. "Significance of Size and Nucleic Acid Content Heterogeneity as Measured by Flow Cytometry in Natural Planktonic Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 4475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.10.4475-4483.1999.
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ABSTRACT Total bacterial abundances estimated with different epifluorescence microscopy methods (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole [DAPI], SYBR Green, and Live/Dead) and with flow cytometry (Syto13) showed good correspondence throughout two microcosm experiments with coastal Mediterranean water. In the Syto13-stained samples we could differentiate bacteria with apparent high DNA (HDNA) content and bacteria with apparent low DNA (LDNA) content. HDNA bacteria, “live” bacteria (determined as such with the Molecular Probes Live/Dead BacLight bacterial viability kit), and nucleoid-containing bacteria (NuCC) comprised similar fractions of the total bacterial community. Similarly, LDNA bacteria and “dead” bacteria (determined with the kit) comprised a similar fraction of the total bacterial community in one of the experiments. The rates of change of each type of bacteria during the microcosm experiments were also positively correlated between methods. In various experiments where predator pressure on bacteria had been reduced, we detected growth of the HDNA bacteria without concomitant growth of the LDNA bacteria, such that the percentage contribution of HDNA bacteria to total bacterial numbers (%HDNA) increased. This indicates that the HDNA bacteria are the dynamic members of the bacterial assemblage. Given how quickly and easily the numbers of HDNA and LDNA bacteria can be obtained, and given the similarity to the numbers of “live” cells and NuCC, the %HDNA is suggested as a reference value for the percentage of actively growing bacteria in marine planktonic environments.
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Koyongian, Silvia E., Deiske A. Sumilat, Rosita A. J. Lintang, Stenly Wullur, Sandra O. Tilaar, and Henneke Pangkey. "ISOLASI BAKTERI YANG BERSIMBION DENGAN ASCIDIAN Herdmania momus YANG MEMILIKI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI." JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 8, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.8.2.2020.28766.
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Ascidian is marine invertebrates in coral reef ecosystems that produce many bioactive compounds for pharmacology. The presence of symbiotic bacteria with marine organisms is protected the host biota by producing secondary metabolites. The purpose of this study is to obtain symbiotic bacterial isolates with Herdmania momus ascidian, then to observe the antibacterial activity of these bacterial isolates against Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Isolation and culture of the symbiotic bacteria were made on Nutrient Agar and Zobell Marine Broth media. The antibacterial screening showed that the Herdmania momus symbiotic bacteria were able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.Keywords: ascidians, Herdmania momus, bacteria, isolation, antibacterialAbstak Ascidian adalah avetebrata laut di ekosistem terumbu karang yang banyak menghasilkan senyawa bioaktif untuk bidang farmakologi. Keberadaan bakteri yang bersimbion dengan organisme laut pada umumnya untuk melindungi biota yang ditumpanginya dan dirinya dengan cara menghasilkan senyawa metabolit sekunder. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkan isolat bakteri yang bersimbion dengan ascidian Herdmania momus, kemudian mengamati aktivitas antibakteri dari isolat bakteri tersebut terhadap Escherichia coli, dan Staphylococcus aureus. Isolasi dan kultur bakteri yang bersimbion dengan ascidian dibuat pada media Nutrient Agar dan Zobell Marine Broth. Skrining aktivitas antibakteri menunjukkan isolat bakteri yang bersimbion dengan ascidian Herdmania momus mampu menghambat pertumbuhan organisme uji Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli.Kata kunci: ascidian, Herdmania momus, bakteri, isolasi, antibakteri
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Rotua Silitonga, Lamtiur, Nursyirwani Nursyirwani, and Irwan Effendi. "ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND SENSITIVITY OF AMILOLITIC BACTERIA FROM MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM SEDIMENT IN PURNAMA MARINE STATION DUMAI ON THE PATHOGENIC BACTERIA." Asian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 2, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.2.3.257-266.
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Litter from the weathering of dead mangrove stems and leaves contains a lot of starch which has potential to be degraded by amylolytic bacteria into simple compounds with the help of the amylase enzyme. Amylolytic bacteria are bacteria that hydrolyze starch into simpler compounds namely glucose with the help of the amylase enzyme. This study aims to 1) isolate, identify and test sensitivity of amylolytic bacterial isolates found at the Purnama Dumai Marine Station, 2) the ability of amylolytic bacterial isolates to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio alginolyticus) and 3) to determine the of amylolytic bacterial species by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The results showed 10 bacterial isolates (TR 2, TR 6, TR 7, TR 9, TR 11, TR 13, TR 15, TR 16, TR 18 and TR 20) were able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria (E.coli, P.aeruginosa and V.alginolyticus). The sensitivity test of isolate TR 20 against E.coli was categorized into weak with inhibition zone diameter of 4.65 mm. Sensitivity of isolate TR 6 against P.aeruginosa was categorized into medium with inhibition zone diameter of 5.22 mm. Then sensitivity of isolate TR 11 against V.algynolyticus was categorized into medium with inhibition zone diameter of 5.55 mm. DNA analysis using 16S rRNA method and BLAST analysis showed similarity of each isolate. Isolate TR 6 was similar to Bacillus paramycoides strain MCCC 1A04098, isolate TR 11 was in a group of Enterobacter cloacae strain ATCC 13047 and TR 20 was in a group of Vibrio harveyi strains of NBRC 15634.
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Al-Naamani, Laila S. H., Sergey Dobretsov, Jamal Al-Sabahi, and Bassam Soussi. "Identification and characterization of two amylase producing bacteria Cellulosimicrobium sp. and Demequina sp. isolated from marine organisms." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 20 (January 1, 2015): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol20iss0pp8-15.
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Marine sources have been known to yield novel compounds with a wide range of bioactivity with various commercial applications. In this study, the abilities of bacteria isolated from eight marine organisms to produce α-amylase were examined. All eight organisms were found to harbor amylase producing bacteria. Two bacterial species isolated from the green alga Ulva rigida and the sponge Mycale sp. were further identified and their α-amylases were purified and characterized. The bacterial species isolated from U. rigida and Mycale sp. were identified by DNA sequencing as Cellulosimicrobium sp. and Demequina sp., respectively. Cellulosimicrobium sp. obtained maximum cell growth and amylase production at 29.C and in the presence of lactose as a carbon source. Optimal cell growth and amylase production by Demequina sp. was observed at 35.C. While lactose enhanced cell growth of Demequina sp., maximum amylase production was found when fructose and glycerol were the available sources of carbon. Both strains grew better in the presence of tryptone, whilst peptone stimulated amylase production. Maximal cell growth and amylase production by both of the strains was found at a medium salinity of 3% NaCl.
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Girguis, Peter R., Aaron E. Cozen, and Edward F. DeLong. "Growth and Population Dynamics of Anaerobic Methane-Oxidizing Archaea and Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in a Continuous-Flow Bioreactor." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 7 (July 2005): 3725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.7.3725-3733.2005.
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ABSTRACT The consumption of methane in anoxic marine sediments is a biogeochemical phenomenon mediated by two archaeal groups (ANME-1 and ANME-2) that exist syntrophically with sulfate-reducing bacteria. These anaerobic methanotrophs have yet to be recovered in pure culture, and key aspects of their ecology and physiology remain poorly understood. To characterize the growth and physiology of these anaerobic methanotrophs and the syntrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria, we incubated marine sediments using an anoxic, continuous-flow bioreactor during two experiments at different advective porewater flow rates. We examined the growth kinetics of anaerobic methanotrophs and Desulfosarcina-like sulfate-reducing bacteria using quantitative PCR as a proxy for cell counts, and measured methane oxidation rates using membrane-inlet mass spectrometry. Our data show that the specific growth rates of ANME-1 and ANME-2 archaea differed in response to porewater flow rates. ANME-2 methanotrophs had the highest rates in lower-flow regimes (μANME-2 = 0.167 · week−1), whereas ANME-1 methanotrophs had the highest rates in higher-flow regimes (μANME-1 = 0.218 · week−1). In both incubations, Desulfosarcina-like sulfate-reducing bacterial growth rates were approximately 0.3 · week−1, and their growth dynamics suggested that sulfate-reducing bacterial growth might be facilitated by, but not dependent upon, an established anaerobic methanotrophic population. ANME-1 growth rates corroborate field observations that ANME-1 archaea flourish in higher-flow regimes. Our growth and methane oxidation rates jointly demonstrate that anaerobic methanotrophs are capable of attaining substantial growth over a range of environmental conditions used in these experiments, including relatively low methane partial pressures.
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Dion, P. "Utilization of octopine by marine bacteria isolated from mollusks." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 32, no. 12 (December 1, 1986): 959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m86-177.
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Three bacteria were isolated from mussels and oysters by selection on octopine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. The isolates exhibited an absolute requirement for sodium ions that established their marine character. Morphological and physiological tests indicated that they were related to the marine pseudomonads. They differed from each other with respect to growth patterns on octopine.
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Ferrera, Isabel, Josep M. Gasol, Marta Sebastián, Eva Hojerová, and Michal Koblížek. "Comparison of Growth Rates of Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria and Other Bacterioplankton Groups in Coastal Mediterranean Waters." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 21 (July 1, 2011): 7451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00208-11.
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ABSTRACTGrowth is one of the basic attributes of any living organism. Surprisingly, the growth rates of marine bacterioplankton are only poorly known. Current data suggest that marine bacteria grow relatively slowly, having generation times of several days. However, some bacterial groups, such as the aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria, have been shown to grow much faster. Two manipulation experiments, in which grazing, viruses, and resource competition were reduced, were conducted in the coastal Mediterranean Sea (Blanes Bay Microbial Observatory). The growth rates of AAP bacteria and of several important phylogenetic groups (theBacteroidetes, the alphaproteobacterial groupsRoseobacterand SAR11, and theGammaproteobacteriagroup and its subgroups theAlteromonadaceaeand the NOR5/OM60 clade) were calculated from changes in cell numbers in the manipulation treatments. In addition, we examined the role that top-down (mortality due to grazers and viruses) and bottom-up (resource availability) factors play in determining the growth rates of these groups. Manipulations resulted in an increase of the growth rates of all groups studied, but its extent differed largely among the individual treatments and among the different groups. Interestingly, higher growth rates were found for the AAP bacteria (up to 3.71 day−1) and for theAlteromonadaceae(up to 5.44 day−1), in spite of the fact that these bacterial groups represented only a very low percentage of the total prokaryotic community. In contrast, the SAR11 clade, which was the most abundant group, was the slower grower in all treatments. Our results show that, in general, the least abundant groups exhibited the highest rates, whereas the most abundant groups were those growing more slowly, indicating that some minor groups, such the AAP bacteria, very likely contribute much more to the recycling of organic matter in the ocean than what their abundances alone would predict.
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Iwabuchi, Noriyuki, Michio Sunairi, Makoto Urai, Chiaki Itoh, Hiroshi Anzai, Mutsuyasu Nakajima, and Shigeaki Harayama. "Extracellular Polysaccharides of Rhodococcus rhodochrous S-2 Stimulate the Degradation of Aromatic Components in Crude Oil by Indigenous Marine Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 5 (May 2002): 2337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.5.2337-2343.2002.
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ABSTRACT Rhodococcus rhodochrous S-2 produces extracellular polysaccharides (S-2 EPS) containing d-glucose, d-galactose, d-mannose, d-glucuronic acid, and lipids, which is important to the tolerance of this strain to an aromatic fraction of (AF) Arabian light crude oil (N. Iwabuchi, N. Sunairi, H. Anzai, M. Nakajima, and S. Harayama, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:5073-5077, 2000). In the present study, we examined the effects of S-2 EPS on the growth of indigenous marine bacteria on AF. Indigenous bacteria did not grow significantly in seawater containing AF even when nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron nutrients were supplemented. The addition of S-2 EPS to seawater containing nutrients and AF resulted in the emulsification of AF, promotion of the growth of indigenous bacteria, and enhancement of the degradation of AF by the bacteria. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses show that addition of S-2 EPS to the seawater containing nutrients and AF changed the composition of the bacterial populations in the seawater and that bacteria closely related to the genus Cycloclasticus became the major population. These results suggest that Cycloclasticus was responsible for the degradation of hydrocarbons in AF. The effects of 15 synthetic surfactants on the degradation of AF by indigenous marine bacteria were also examined, but enhancement of the degradation of AF was not significant. S-2 EPS was hence the most effective of the surfactants tested in promoting the biodegradation of AF and may thus be an attractive agent to use in the bioremediation of oil-contaminated marine environments.
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Hamasaki, K., RA Long, and F. Azam. "Individual cell growth rates of marine bacteria, measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 35 (2004): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame035217.
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Zheng, Airong, Min Chen, Xuehong Zheng, Haiwei Shen, and Lei Zhang. "The effect of marine colloids on the growth of photosysthetic bacteria." Marine Pollution Bulletin 45, no. 1-12 (September 2002): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00103-0.
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