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Peterson, Sarah H., Joshua T. Ackerman, and Daniel P. Costa. "Marine foraging ecology influences mercury bioaccumulation in deep-diving northern elephant seals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1810 (July 7, 2015): 20150710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0710.
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Mercury contamination of oceans is prevalent worldwide and methylmercury concentrations in the mesopelagic zone (200–1000 m) are increasing more rapidly than in surface waters. Yet mercury bioaccumulation in mesopelagic predators has been understudied. Northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris ) biannually travel thousands of kilometres to forage within coastal and open-ocean regions of the northeast Pacific Ocean. We coupled satellite telemetry, diving behaviour and stable isotopes (carbon and nitrogen) from 77 adult females, and showed that variability among individuals in foraging location, diving depth and δ 13 C values were correlated with mercury concentrations in blood and muscle. We identified three clusters of foraging strategies, and these resulted in substantially different mercury concentrations: (i) deeper-diving and offshore-foraging seals had the greatest mercury concentrations, (ii) shallower-diving and offshore-foraging seals had intermediate levels, and (iii) coastal and more northerly foraging seals had the lowest mercury concentrations. Additionally, mercury concentrations were lower at the end of the seven-month-long foraging trip ( n = 31) than after the two-month- long post-breeding trip ( n = 46). Our results indicate that foraging behaviour influences mercury exposure and mesopelagic predators foraging in the northeast Pacific Ocean may be at high risk for mercury bioaccumulation.
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Chittenden, Cedar M., Richard J. Beamish, and R. Scott McKinley. "A critical review of Pacific salmon marine research relating to climate." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 10 (June 23, 2009): 2195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp174.
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Abstract Chittenden, C. M., Beamish, R. J., and McKinley, R. S. 2009. A critical review of Pacific salmon marine research relating to climate. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2195–2204. Several studies in the North Pacific Ocean have documented the consequences of rising sea surface temperatures and the advancement of the spring freshet on ocean productivity. The altering of ocean productivity has also been correlated with changes in the marine survival and geographic occurrence of some Pacific salmon populations. Knowledge of the marine survival and position of salmon in the Pacific Ocean are derived typically from mark-recapture studies. As a result, the migratory behaviour and associated survival estimates of salmon in real time are not known. Major information gaps also exist in terms of stock-specific marine behaviour and survival—especially as they relate to recent changes in climate. Acoustic telemetry and other modern tools enable researchers to answer specific questions about environmental, physiological, and genetic effects on individual salmon survival and behaviour, which had not been possible previously. As climate trends increasingly exceed those found in historical records, there is an urgent need for information that will improve fishery management and conservation decisions. International, multidisciplinary research teams using modern technologies could accomplish this.
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Irvine, James R., and Masa-aki Fukuwaka. "Pacific salmon abundance trends and climate change." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 6 (March 2, 2011): 1122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq199.
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Abstract Irvine, J. R., and Fukuwaka, M. 2011. Pacific salmon abundance trends and climate change. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1122–1130. Understanding reasons for historical patterns in salmon abundance could help anticipate future climate-related changes. Recent salmon abundance in the northern North Pacific Ocean, as indexed by commercial catches, has been among the highest on record, with no indication of decline; the 2009 catch was the highest to date. Although the North Pacific Ocean continues to produce large quantities of Pacific salmon, temporal abundance patterns vary among species and areas. Currently, pink and chum salmon are very abundant overall and Chinook and coho salmon are less abundant than they were previously, whereas sockeye salmon abundance varies among areas. Analyses confirm climate-related shifts in abundance, associated with reported ecosystem regime shifts in approximately 1947, 1977, and 1989. We found little evidence to support a major shift after 1989. From 1990, generally favourable climate-related marine conditions in the western North Pacific Ocean, as well as expanding hatchery operations and improving hatchery technologies, are increasing abundances of chum and pink salmon. In the eastern North Pacific Ocean, climate-related changes are apparently playing a role in increasing chum and pink salmon abundances and declining numbers of coho and Chinook salmon.
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Jensen, Paul R., Erin Gontang, Chrisy Mafnas, Tracy J. Mincer, and William Fenical. "Culturable marine actinomycete diversity from tropical Pacific Ocean sediments." Environmental Microbiology 7, no. 7 (July 2005): 1039–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00785.x.
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Morris, R. M., M. S. Rappé, E. Urbach, S. A. Connon, and S. J. Giovannoni. "Prevalence of the Chloroflexi-Related SAR202 Bacterioplankton Cluster throughout the Mesopelagic Zone and Deep Ocean." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 5 (May 2004): 2836–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.5.2836-2842.2004.
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ABSTRACT Since their initial discovery in samples from the north Atlantic Ocean, 16S rRNA genes related to the environmental gene clone cluster known as SAR202 have been recovered from pelagic freshwater, marine sediment, soil, and deep subsurface terrestrial environments. Together, these clones form a major, monophyletic subgroup of the phylum Chloroflexi. While members of this diverse group are consistently identified in the marine environment, there are currently no cultured representatives, and very little is known about their distribution or abundance in the world's oceans. In this study, published and newly identified SAR202-related 16S rRNA gene sequences were used to further resolve the phylogeny of this cluster and to design taxon-specific oligonucleotide probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization. Direct cell counts from the Bermuda Atlantic time series study site in the north Atlantic Ocean, the Hawaii ocean time series site in the central Pacific Ocean, and along the Newport hydroline in eastern Pacific coastal waters showed that SAR202 cluster cells were most abundant below the deep chlorophyll maximum and that they persisted to 3,600 m in the Atlantic Ocean and to 4,000 m in the Pacific Ocean, the deepest samples used in this study. On average, members of the SAR202 group accounted for 10.2% (±5.7%) of all DNA-containing bacterioplankton between 500 and 4,000 m.
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Xie, Le, Wei Wei, Lanlan Cai, Xiaowei Chen, Yuhong Huang, Nianzhi Jiao, Rui Zhang, and Ya-Wei Luo. "A global viral oceanography database (gVOD)." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): 1251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1251-2021.
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Abstract. Virioplankton are a key component of the marine biosphere in maintaining diversity of microorganisms and stabilizing ecosystems. They also contribute greatly to nutrient cycles/cycling by releasing organic matter after lysis of hosts. In this study, we constructed the first global viral oceanography database (gVOD) by collecting 10 931 viral abundance (VA) data and 727 viral production (VP) data, along with host and relevant oceanographic parameters when available. Most VA data were obtained in the North Atlantic (32 %) and North Pacific (29 %) oceans, while the southeast Pacific and Indian oceans were quite undersampled. The VA in the global ocean was 1.17(±3.31)×107 particles mL−1. The lytic and lysogenic VP in the global ocean was 9.87(±24.16)×105 and 2.53(±8.64)×105 particlesmL-1h-1, respectively. Average VA in coastal oceans was higher than that in surface open oceans (3.61(±6.30)×107 versus 0.73(±1.24)×107 particles mL−1), while average VP in coastal and surface open oceans was close. Vertically, VA, lytic VP and lysogenic VP deceased from surface to deep oceans by about 1 order of magnitude. The total number of viruses in the global ocean estimated by bin-averaging and the random forest method was 1.56×1030 and 1.49×1030 particles, leading to an estimate of global ocean viral biomass at 35.9 and 34.4 Tg C, respectively. We expect that the gVOD will be a fundamental and very useful database for laboratory, field and modeling studies in marine ecology and biogeochemistry. The full gVOD database (Xie et al., 2020) is stored in PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.915758).
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Dunlop, JN, RD Wooller, and NG Cheshire. "Distribution and abundance of marine birds in the Eastern Indian Ocean." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 5 (1988): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880661.
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A survey of pelagic seabird distribution in the eastern Indian Ocean was conducted during October 1987. Five seabird assemblages were identified, associated with different marine environments. Sea surface salinity appeared to be the most important factor in tropical, oceanic waters and sea surface temperature in shelf waters. A distinct and relatively species-rich community occurred over the South Equatorial Current, where seabird biomasses were relatively high, albeit patchily distributed. Overall, the patterns of abundance of pelagic seabirds north-west of Australia reflected the known patterns of nutrient enrichment and marine productivity. There was evidence of some biogeographic commonality in seabirds between the tropical Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans, resulting from a 'throughflow' of water types.
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Abdel-Wahab, Mohamed A., E. B. Gareth Jones, and Ali H. Bahkali. "Mar ine fungi recorded from Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. and their secondary product potential." Nova Hedwigia 111, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 357–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2020/0600.
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In this review, we compiled a list of marine fungi reported from the lower parts of Avicennia marina, which are permanently or intermittently inundated with sea water from different geographical regions of the world. From 1955 to 2020 a total of 41 publications reporting marine mycota of A. marina were published that include: 12 studies reporting taxa along with their frequency of occurrence, 10 studies without frequency of occurrence and 19 studies described new taxa from the host. A total of 149 marine fungi (120 ascomycetes, 24 asexual ascomycetes and 5 basidiomycetes) were reported from intertidal and submerged wood, pneumatophores and leaves of Avicennia marina from different geographical locations. This figure is the highest number of marine fungi reported from a single mangrove host. Two new families, 11 new genera and 39 new species were described as new to science from A. marina. The highest number of species were recorded from the Indian Ocean (117), while only 75 taxa were recorded from the Pacific Ocean with 43 fungi common to both oceans. However, fewer studies have been carried out in the latter ocean. Intertidal samples of A. marina were collected from nine countries of which India supported the highest fungal diversity from the host with 68 species, followed by Malaysia (57) and Egypt (42). Marine mycota of A. marina were latitudinally distributed with species from subtropics differing largely from those from tropical regions, but were less investigated. Sordariomycetes, Pleosporales and Halosphaeriaceae were the most-species rich class, order and family, respectively. The high percentages of new species recorded from only a single location (67%) indicate that marine fungi from A. marina and other mangrove plants are understudied. Twenty-six species were recorded exclusively from A. marina, of which 23 were described fairly recently as new taxa from the host and this supports the non-specific nature of the saprobic marine fungi. This review represents the first exclusive list of marine fungi from a single mangrove tree species. Out of the 149 species reported from A. marina, only fourteen fungi were explored for their secondary products. Explored species produced new bioactive compounds; many of them have antimicrobial, cytotoxic, phytotoxic, antimalarial and antidiabetic effects.
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Pan, Jie, Cong Sun, Xin-Qi Zhang, Ying-Yi Huo, Xu-Fen Zhu, and Min Wu. "Paracoccus sediminis sp. nov., isolated from Pacific Ocean marine sediment." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_8 (August 1, 2014): 2512–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.051318-0.
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Strain CMB17T was a short rod-shaped bacterium isolated from marine sediment of the Pacific Ocean. Cells were Gram-stain-negative and non-motile. Optimal growth occurred at 25–30 °C, pH 6.5–7 and 0.5–1 % (w/v) NaCl. The major fatty acid was C18 : 1ω7c (87.59 %), and ubiquinone-10 was detected as the only isoprenoid quinone. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CMB17T is most closely related to Paracoccus stylophorae KTW-16T (96.7 %), P. solventivorans DSM 6637T (96.4 %) and P. saliphilus YIM 90738T (96.4 %). Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain CMB17T is proposed to represent a novel species, denominated Paracoccus sediminis sp. nov. (type strain CMB17T = JCM 18467T = DSM 26170T = CGMCC 1.12681T).
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Carballo, José Luis, Jose María Aguilar-Camacho, Ingrid S. Knapp, and James J. Bell. "Wide distributional range of marine sponges along the Pacific Ocean." Marine Biology Research 9, no. 8 (October 2013): 768–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2013.765581.
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Garcia, Catherine A., George I. Hagstrom, Alyse A. Larkin, Lucas J. Ustick, Simon A. Levin, Michael W. Lomas, and Adam C. Martiny. "Linking regional shifts in microbial genome adaptation with surface ocean biogeochemistry." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1798 (March 23, 2020): 20190254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0254.
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Linking ‘omics measurements with biogeochemical cycles is a widespread challenge in microbial community ecology. Here, we propose applying genomic adaptation as ‘biosensors’ for microbial investments to overcome nutrient stress. We then integrate this genomic information with a trait-based model to predict regional shifts in the elemental composition of marine plankton communities. We evaluated this approach using metagenomic and particulate organic matter samples from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. We find that our genome-based trait model significantly improves our prediction of particulate C : P (carbon : phosphorus) across ocean regions. Furthermore, we detect previously unrecognized ocean areas of iron, nitrogen and phosphorus stress. In many ecosystems, it can be very challenging to quantify microbial stress. Thus, a carefully calibrated genomic approach could become a widespread tool for understanding microbial responses to environmental changes and the biogeochemical outcomes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Conceptual challenges in microbial community ecology’.
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Frölicher, Thomas L., Luca Ramseyer, Christoph C. Raible, Keith B. Rodgers, and John Dunne. "Potential predictability of marine ecosystem drivers." Biogeosciences 17, no. 7 (April 16, 2020): 2061–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2061-2020.
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Abstract. Climate variations can have profound impacts on marine ecosystems and the socioeconomic systems that may depend upon them. Temperature, pH, oxygen (O2) and net primary production (NPP) are commonly considered to be important marine ecosystem drivers, but the potential predictability of these drivers is largely unknown. Here, we use a comprehensive Earth system model within a perfect modeling framework to show that all four ecosystem drivers are potentially predictable on global scales and at the surface up to 3 years in advance. However, there are distinct regional differences in the potential predictability of these drivers. Maximum potential predictability (>10 years) is found at the surface for temperature and O2 in the Southern Ocean and for temperature, O2 and pH in the North Atlantic. This is tied to ocean overturning structures with “memory” or inertia with enhanced predictability in winter. Additionally, these four drivers are highly potentially predictable in the Arctic Ocean at the surface. In contrast, minimum predictability is simulated for NPP (<1 years) in the Southern Ocean. Potential predictability for temperature, O2 and pH increases with depth below the thermocline to more than 10 years, except in the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans, where predictability is also 3 to 5 years in the thermocline. This study indicating multi-year (at surface) and decadal (subsurface) potential predictability for multiple ecosystem drivers is intended as a foundation to foster broader community efforts in developing new predictions of marine ecosystem drivers.
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Smith, Julian A. C., Moira Galbraith, Kelly Young, R. Ian Perry, Akash Sastri, and R. John Nelson. "Acartia arbruta (previously A. tonsa) in British Columbia: a bioindicator of climate-driven ecosystem variability in the northeast Pacific Ocean." Journal of Plankton Research 43, no. 4 (June 12, 2021): 546–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbab040.
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Abstract Climate change is driving biogeographic shifts in marine zooplankton. In the northeast (NE) Pacific, the distribution of the estuarine copepod, Acartia tonsa ( Dana, 1849), is generally limited to California except during marine warming events where it is found as far north as British Columbia (BC). Documentation of such events relies on accurate species identification. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus Acartia using 768 mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) sequences collected worldwide demonstrates that NE Pacific A. tonsa is distinct from all conspecifics and congeners. Males of NE Pacific A. tonsa are larger with slight differences in the fifth pair of legs as compared to geographically isolated conspecifics. Accordingly, we propose NE Pacific A. tonsa be reclassified to Acartia arbruta. Analysis of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA DNA sequences from 154 specimens of A. arbruta collected from California, Oregon and BC suggests that A. arbruta detected in BC is a mixture of southern populations. Southern populations are likely driven north during “warm” phases of the oceanographic processes indexed by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which is positively correlated with A. arbruta biomass anomalies on the continental shelf of Vancouver Island, BC. The presence of A. arbruta in BC waters is a useful bioindicator of marine warming events.
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Ainsworth, C. H., J. F. Samhouri, D. S. Busch, W. W. L. Cheung, J. Dunne, and T. A. Okey. "Potential impacts of climate change on Northeast Pacific marine foodwebs and fisheries." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 6 (April 22, 2011): 1217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr043.
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Abstract Ainsworth, C. H., Samhouri, J. F., Busch, D. S., Cheung, W. W. L., Dunne, J., and Okey, T. A. 2011. Potential impacts of climate change on Northeast Pacific marine foodwebs and fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1217–1229. Although there has been considerable research on the impacts of individual changes in water temperature, carbonate chemistry, and other variables on species, cumulative impacts of these effects have rarely been studied. Here, we simulate changes in (i) primary productivity, (ii) species range shifts, (iii) zooplankton community size structure, (iv) ocean acidification, and (v) ocean deoxygenation both individually and together using five Ecopath with Ecosim models of the northeast Pacific Ocean. We used a standardized method to represent climate effects that relied on time-series forcing functions: annual multipliers of species productivity. We focused on changes in fisheries landings, biomass, and ecosystem characteristics (diversity and trophic indices). Fisheries landings generally declined in response to cumulative effects and often to a greater degree than would have been predicted based on individual climate effects, indicating possible synergies. Total biomass of fished and unfished functional groups displayed a decline, though unfished groups were affected less negatively. Some functional groups (e.g. pelagic and demersal invertebrates) were predicted to respond favourably under cumulative effects in some regions. The challenge of predicting climate change impacts must be met if we are to adapt and manage rapidly changing marine ecosystems in the 21st century.
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Glencross, JS, JL Lavers, and EJ Woehler. "Breeding success of short-tailed shearwaters following extreme environmental conditions." Marine Ecology Progress Series 672 (August 19, 2021): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13791.
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Extreme weather events are increasing in frequency, causing disruption to global ecosystems. Large-scale events, such as marine heatwaves, can impact the abundance of prey species, which consequently influences the behaviour of top-level predators such as seabirds. The short-tailed shearwater Ardenna tenuirostris is a trans-hemispheric migrant with typically a highly synchronous breeding phenology. Here, we document short-tailed shearwater colony occupancy for the period 2011-2020, with a focussed assessment of their breeding success in the 2019/20 season, which followed a marine heatwave that occurred predominantly in the non-breeding areas in the North Pacific Ocean. The return of the birds to their breeding colonies in southeast Australia was delayed by approximately 2 wk in October 2019, and the subsequent breeding season ended with only 34% breeding success, with nest abandonment beginning in the incubation phase. A North Pacific marine heatwave in 2019, associated with a mass mortality event of over 9000 birds (‘wreck’ of beach-washed birds), led to reduced adult body condition and carry-over effects causing egg and chick failures during the subsequent breeding season. Localised weather events (i.e. flooding of burrows due to heavy rainfall) also influenced breeding outcomes of the 2019/20 season. The relationship between wreck events and seabird breeding ecology is an understudied area, partly due to the difficulties around quantifying the scale of wrecks. Our study is one of few that documents poor seabird breeding success following the extreme marine conditions which have persisted in the North Pacific Ocean since 2013.
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Pitman, Robert L. "Seabird Associations with Marine Turtles in the Eastern Pacific Ocean." Colonial Waterbirds 16, no. 2 (1993): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521438.
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Zhou, Ming yu, Shao jin Yang, Farn P. Parungo, and Joyce M. Harris. "Chemistry of marine aerosols over the western Pacific Ocean." Journal of Geophysical Research 95, no. D2 (1990): 1779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jd095id02p01779.
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Smith, Timothy M., Paul H. York, Bernardo R. Broitman, Martin Thiel, Graeme C. Hays, Erik van Sebille, Nathan F. Putman, Peter I. Macreadie, and Craig D. H. Sherman. "Rare long-distance dispersal of a marine angiosperm across the Pacific Ocean." Global Ecology and Biogeography 27, no. 4 (January 9, 2018): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12713.
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Harvey, Ben P., Sylvain Agostini, Koetsu Kon, Shigeki Wada, and Jason M. Hall-Spencer. "Diatoms Dominate and Alter Marine Food-Webs When CO2 Rises." Diversity 11, no. 12 (December 16, 2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11120242.
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Diatoms are so important in ocean food-webs that any human induced changes in their abundance could have major effects on the ecology of our seas. The large chain-forming diatom Biddulphia biddulphiana greatly increases in abundance as pCO2 increases along natural seawater CO2 gradients in the north Pacific Ocean. In areas with reference levels of pCO2, it was hard to find, but as seawater carbon dioxide levels rose, it replaced seaweeds and became the main habitat-forming species on the seabed. This diatom algal turf supported a marine invertebrate community that was much less diverse and completely differed from the benthic communities found at present-day levels of pCO2. Seawater CO2 enrichment stimulated the growth and photosynthetic efficiency of benthic diatoms, but reduced the abundance of calcified grazers such as gastropods and sea urchins. These observations suggest that ocean acidification will shift photic zone community composition so that coastal food-web structure and ecosystem function are homogenised, simplified, and more strongly affected by seasonal algal blooms.
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Beman, J. Michael, Cheryl-Emiliane Chow, Andrew L. King, Yuanyuan Feng, Jed A. Fuhrman, Andreas Andersson, Nicholas R. Bates, Brian N. Popp, and David A. Hutchins. "Global declines in oceanic nitrification rates as a consequence of ocean acidification." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 1 (December 20, 2010): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011053108.
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Ocean acidification produced by dissolution of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in seawater has profound consequences for marine ecology and biogeochemistry. The oceans have absorbed one-third of CO2emissions over the past two centuries, altering ocean chemistry, reducing seawater pH, and affecting marine animals and phytoplankton in multiple ways. Microbially mediated ocean biogeochemical processes will be pivotal in determining how the earth system responds to global environmental change; however, how they may be altered by ocean acidification is largely unknown. We show here that microbial nitrification rates decreased in every instance when pH was experimentally reduced (by 0.05–0.14) at multiple locations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Nitrification is a central process in the nitrogen cycle that produces both the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide and oxidized forms of nitrogen used by phytoplankton and other microorganisms in the sea; at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series and Hawaii Ocean Time-series sites, experimental acidification decreased ammonia oxidation rates by 38% and 36%. Ammonia oxidation rates were also strongly and inversely correlated with pH along a gradient produced in the oligotrophic Sargasso Sea (r2= 0.87,P< 0.05). Across all experiments, rates declined by 8–38% in low pH treatments, and the greatest absolute decrease occurred where rates were highest off the California coast. Collectively our results suggest that ocean acidification could reduce nitrification rates by 3–44% within the next few decades, affecting oceanic nitrous oxide production, reducing supplies of oxidized nitrogen in the upper layers of the ocean, and fundamentally altering nitrogen cycling in the sea.
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Hansen, L. P., and T. P. Quinn. "The marine phase of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) life cycle, with comparisons to Pacific salmon." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, S1 (January 1, 1998): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/d98-010.
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Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are distributed over large areas in the north Atlantic Ocean. They usually move very quickly from freshwater to oceanic areas, whereas there is considerable variation among Pacific salmon in early marine movements. In some areas, Atlantic salmon of exploitable size are sufficiently abundant that commercial high seas fisheries have developed. Such areas are off west Greenland, where North American and European fish are harvested, and in the Norwegian Sea, north of the Faroe Islands, where mainly European fish are exploited. Atlantic salmon feed on a wide range of large crustaceans, pelagic fish, and squid in the marine environment, supporting the hypothesis that Atlantic salmon are opportunistic feeders. In the ocean the salmon grow relatively quickly and the sea age when they become sexually mature depends on both genetics and on growing conditions. Natural marine mortality of salmon is highest during the first few months at sea and the major mortality factor is probably predation. However, marine mortality of Atlantic salmon has increased in recent years, apparently correlated with a decline in sea surface temperatures. Similar relationships between environmental conditions and the growth and survival of Pacific salmon have been reported. Atlantic salmon life histories most closely mimic stream-type chinook salmon or steelhead trout among the Pacific species. Finally, Atlantic and Pacific salmon return to their home rivers with high precision and possible mechanisms controlling the oceanic homing migration are presented and discussed.
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Paluch, I. R., G. McFarquhar, D. H. Lenschow, and Y. Zhu. "Marine boundary layers associated with ocean upwelling over the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 104, no. D24 (December 1, 1999): 30913–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900990.
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Moller, Andersen N. "Cladistic biogeography of marine water striders (Insecta, Hemiptera) in the Indo-Pacific." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 1 (1991): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910151.
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More than 120 species of marine water striders (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha), representing three families and eight genera, are distributed throughout the lndo-Pacific region. They live in marine habitats such as mangroves, intertidal coral reef flats and the sea surface near coral and rocky coasts. Five species of sea skaters, Halobates (Gerridae), have colonised the surface of the open ocean. Adult marine water striders are wingless but may disperse along coasts, chains of islands and possibly across wider stretches of open sea. Although some species of coral bugs, Halovelia (Veliidae) and Halobates are widespread, most species of marine water striders have rather restricted distributions. Cladistic hypotheses are now available for the genera Halovelia, Xenobates (Veliidae) and Halobates. Based upon distributional data for about 110 species, a number of areas of endemism can be delimited within the Indo-Pacific region. The results of component analyses of taxon-area cladograms for several monophyletic species-groups of marine water striders are presented. The faunas of northern New Guinea, the Bismarck and Solomon Islands (Papuasia) are closely related and show much greater affinity with Maluku, Sulawesi and the Philippines than with the fauna of northern Australia. Relationships between the faunas of Papuasia + Sulawesi + the Philippines and those of Borneo + Jawa + Malaya are relatively weak. Marine water striders endemic to islands of the western Pacific show relationships among themselves and with Australia. Most marine water striders from the Indian Ocean (East Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Maldives) can be derived from the Indian-South-east Asian fauna. Composite faunas of marine water striders (either of different age or origin) are found in New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji Islands, the Philippines, tropical Australia and East Africa. The biogeography of marine water striders does not support the traditional division of the Indo- Pacific into the Ethiopian, Oriental and Australian regions. The distributional patterns are more compatible with a set of hierarchical relationships between more restricted areas of endemism.
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Han, Zhiqiang, Wei Zheng, Wenbin Zhu, Cungen Yu, Bonian Shui, and Tianxiang Gao. "A barrier to gene flow in the Asian paddle crab, Charybdis japonica, in the Yellow Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 5 (February 17, 2015): 1440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv020.
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Abstract Three primary factors affecting genetic patterns of marine species in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean have been proposed: isolation and population expansion during Pleistocene glacial cycles, ocean currents facilitating the gene flow, and the Yangtze River outflow imposing a physical barrier to gene flow. Here, we examined these factors affecting population structuring of the Asian paddle crab, Charybdis japonica, in the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and adjacent areas. Genetic variation in nine populations of C. japonica (n = 169) was determined from partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences. Among the 14 haplotypes identified, a dominant haplotype H1 was present in all populations, and a relatively abundant localized haplotype H2 was found in four of the northern populations. Furthermore, the frequency of the common haplotype H1 decreased from south to north. A genetic discontinuity was detected in Haizhou Bay, which divided species into two groups (north group and south group). The lack of genetic structure in the south and north groups indicates high dispersal of C. japonica within groups. Local marine gyres in Haizhou Bay might be responsible for the divergence of the north and south groups. Our study highlights the importance of local marine gyres for influencing genetic structure in marine coastal species in the Northwestern Pacific, especially in species spawning inshore.
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Rosales-Nanduca, H., T. Gerrodette, J. Urbán-R, G. Cárdenas-Hinojosa, and L. Medrano-González. "Macroecology of marine mammal species in the Mexican Pacific Ocean: diversity and distribution." Marine Ecology Progress Series 431 (June 9, 2011): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09120.
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Sasse, T. P., B. I. McNeil, R. J. Matear, and A. Lenton. "Quantifying the influence of CO<sub>2</sub> seasonality on future aragonite undersaturation onset." Biogeosciences 12, no. 20 (October 22, 2015): 6017–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6017-2015.
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Abstract. Ocean acidification is a predictable consequence of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and is highly likely to impact the entire marine ecosystem – from plankton at the base of the food chain to fish at the top. Factors which are expected to be impacted include reproductive health, organism growth and species composition and distribution. Predicting when critical threshold values will be reached is crucial for projecting the future health of marine ecosystems and for marine resources planning and management. The impacts of ocean acidification will be first felt at the seasonal scale, however our understanding how seasonal variability will influence rates of future ocean acidification remains poorly constrained due to current model and data limitations. To address this issue, we first quantified the seasonal cycle of aragonite saturation state utilizing new data-based estimates of global ocean-surface dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity. This seasonality was then combined with earth system model projections under different emissions scenarios (representative concentration pathways; RCPs 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) to provide new insights into future aragonite undersaturation onset. Under a high emissions scenario (RCP 8.5), our results suggest accounting for seasonality will bring forward the initial onset of month-long undersaturation by 17 ± 10 years compared to annual-mean estimates, with differences extending up to 35 ± 16 years in the North Pacific due to strong regional seasonality. This earlier onset will result in large-scale undersaturation once atmospheric CO2 reaches 496 ppm in the North Pacific and 511 ppm in the Southern Ocean, independent of emission scenario. This work suggests accounting for seasonality is critical to projecting the future impacts of ocean acidification on the marine environment.
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Sasse, T. P., B. I. McNeil, R. J. Matear, and A. Lenton. "Quantifying the influence of CO<sub>2</sub> seasonality on future ocean acidification." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 8 (April 22, 2015): 5907–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-5907-2015.
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Abstract. Ocean acidification is a predictable consequence of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and is highly likely to impact the entire marine ecosystem – from plankton at the base to fish at the top. Factors which are expected to be impacted include reproductive health, organism growth and species composition and distribution. Predicting when critical threshold values will be reached is crucial for projecting the future health of marine ecosystems and for marine resources planning and management. The impacts of ocean acidification will be first felt at the seasonal scale, however our understanding how seasonal variability will influence rates of future ocean acidification remains poorly constrained due to current model and data limitations. To address this issue, we first quantified the seasonal cycle of aragonite saturation state utilizing new data-based estimates of global ocean surface dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity. This seasonality was then combined with earth system model projections under different emissions scenarios (RCPs 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) to provide new insights into future aragonite under-saturation onset. Under a high emissions scenario (RCP 8.5), our results suggest accounting for seasonality will bring forward the initial onset of month-long under-saturation by 17 years compared to annual-mean estimates, with differences extending up to 35 ± 17 years in the North Pacific due to strong regional seasonality. Our results also show large-scale under-saturation once atmospheric CO2 reaches 486 ppm in the North Pacific and 511 ppm in the Southern Ocean independent of emission scenario. Our results suggest that accounting for seasonality is critical to projecting the future impacts of ocean acidification on the marine environment.
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Noakes, Donald J., and Richard J. Beamish. "Synchrony of Marine Fish Catches and Climate and Ocean Regime Shifts in the North Pacific Ocean." Marine and Coastal Fisheries 1, no. 1 (January 2009): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/c08-001.1.
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Fassbender, Andrea J., Simone R. Alin, Richard A. Feely, Adrienne J. Sutton, Jan A. Newton, Christopher Krembs, Julia Bos, et al. "Seasonal carbonate chemistry variability in marine surface waters of the US Pacific Northwest." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 3 (July 30, 2018): 1367–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1367-2018.
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Abstract. Fingerprinting ocean acidification (OA) in US West Coast waters is extremely challenging due to the large magnitude of natural carbonate chemistry variations common to these regions. Additionally, quantifying a change requires information about the initial conditions, which is not readily available in most coastal systems. In an effort to address this issue, we have collated high-quality publicly available data to characterize the modern seasonal carbonate chemistry variability in marine surface waters of the US Pacific Northwest. Underway ship data from version 4 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas, discrete observations from various sampling platforms, and sustained measurements from regional moorings were incorporated to provide ∼ 100 000 inorganic carbon observations from which modern seasonal cycles were estimated. Underway ship and discrete observations were merged and gridded to a 0.1° × 0.1° scale. Eight unique regions were identified and seasonal cycles from grid cells within each region were averaged. Data from nine surface moorings were also compiled and used to develop robust estimates of mean seasonal cycles for comparison with the eight regions. This manuscript describes our methodology and the resulting mean seasonal cycles for multiple OA metrics in an effort to provide a large-scale environmental context for ongoing research, adaptation, and management efforts throughout the US Pacific Northwest. Major findings include the identification of unique chemical characteristics across the study domain. There is a clear increase in the ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to total alkalinity (TA) and in the seasonal cycle amplitude of carbonate system parameters when moving from the open ocean North Pacific into the Salish Sea. Due to the logarithmic nature of the pH scale (pH = −log10[H+], where [H+] is the hydrogen ion concentration), lower annual mean pH values (associated with elevated DIC : TA ratios) coupled with larger magnitude seasonal pH cycles results in seasonal [H+] ranges that are ∼ 27 times larger in Hood Canal than in the neighboring North Pacific open ocean. Organisms living in the Salish Sea are thus exposed to much larger seasonal acidity changes than those living in nearby open ocean waters. Additionally, our findings suggest that lower buffering capacities in the Salish Sea make these waters less efficient at absorbing anthropogenic carbon than open ocean waters at the same latitude.All data used in this analysis are publically available at the following websites: Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas version 4 coastal data, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.866856 (Bakker et al., 2016a);National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) West Coast Ocean Acidification cruise data, https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/otg.CLIVAR_NACP_West_Coast_Cruise_2007 (Feely and Sabine, 2013); https://doi.org/10.7289/V5JQ0XZ1 (Feely et al., 2015b); https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0157445 (Feely et al., 2016a); https://doi.org/10.7289/V5C53HXP (Feely et al., 2015a);University of Washington (UW) and Washington Ocean Acidification Center cruise data, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1184657 (Fassbender et al., 2018);Washington State Department of Ecology seaplane data, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1184657 (Fassbender et al., 2018);NOAA Moored Autonomous pCO2 (MAPCO2) buoy data, https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.TSM_LAPUSH_125W_48N (Sutton et al., 2012); https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.TSM_WA_125W_47N (Sutton et al., 2013); https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.TSM_DABOB_122W_478N (Sutton et al., 2014a); https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.TSM_TWANOH_123W_47N (Sutton et al., 2016a);UW Oceanic Remote Chemical/Optical Analyzer buoy data, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1184657 (Fassbender et al., 2018);NOAA Pacific Coast Ocean Observing System cruise data, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1184657 (Fassbender et al., 2018).
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Trumble, Robert J., and Robert D. Humphreys. "Management of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, S1 (December 19, 1985): s230—s244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-277.
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Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) fishery management in the eastern Pacific Ocean is under jurisdiction of the federal governments of the United States and Canada and the states of Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California. In Canada, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans is responsible for all Canadian marine fisheries. United States fisheries management is a federal responsibility in waters beyond 5.6 km (3 nautical miles), provided that a Fishery Management Plan is in effect. As no such plan currently exists for herring in the eastern Pacific, individual states manage offshore waters as well as territorial waters. The dominant product from herring fishing on the west coasts of the United States and Canada is "sac-roe," or mature egg skeins, which are used as a caviar product. Other uses include human food, king crab and other commercial bait, bait for recreational fishermen, herring spawn-on-kelp, and animal food. In-season and post-season standing stock estimates are based on direct observation or measurement. Quotas are based directly on standing stock estimates, using one of two philosophies. The first, used mainly in Canada, sets a spawning escapement goal designed to maximize average larval production, and allows harvest of all herring in excess of this goal. The second sets a harvest in proportion to the standing stock, to allow spawning escapement to fluctuate cyclically as in an unfished population. Serious management problems are caused by the large catching capacity of the herring fleets and by the short time period during which satisfactory roe maturity occurs before spawning. Fishing is often limited to several hours or several days, primarily to maintain catches within quota limits, and secondarily to prevent overloading processing facilities. An equitable allocation of the harvest among various users is difficult, compounding management problems.
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Ouverney, Cleber C., and Jed A. Fuhrman. "Marine Planktonic Archaea Take Up Amino Acids." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 4829–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.11.4829-4833.2000.
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ABSTRACT Archaea are traditionally thought of as “extremophiles,” but recent studies have shown that marine planktonic Archaea make up a surprisingly large percentage of ocean midwater microbial communities, up to 60% of the total prokaryotes. However, the basic physiology and contribution of Archaea to community microbial activity remain unknown. We have studied Archaea from 200-m depths of the northwest Mediterranean Sea and the Pacific Ocean near California, measuring the archaeal activity under simulated natural conditions (8 to 17°C, dark and anaerobic) by means of a method called substrate tracking autoradiography fluorescence in situ hybridization (STARFISH) that simultaneously detects specific cell types by 16S rRNA probe binding and activity by microautoradiography. In the 200-m-deep Mediterranean and Pacific samples, cells binding the archaeal probes made up about 43 and 14% of the total countable cells, respectively. Our results showed that the Archaea are active in the uptake of dissolved amino acids from natural concentrations (nanomolar) with about 60% of the individuals in the archaeal communities showing measurable uptake. Bacteria showed a similar proportion of active cells. We concluded that a portion of these Archaea is heterotrophic and also appears to coexist successfully with Bacteria in the same water.
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Ward, Bess B., and Gregory D. O'Mullan. "Worldwide Distribution of Nitrosococcus oceani, a Marine Ammonia-Oxidizing γ-Proteobacterium, Detected by PCR and Sequencing of 16S rRNA and amoA Genes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 8 (August 2002): 4153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.8.4153-4157.2002.
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ABSTRACT Diversity of cultured ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the γ-subdivision of the Proteobacteria was investigated by using strains isolated from various parts of the world ocean. All the strains were very similar to each other on the basis of the sequences of both the 16S rRNA and ammonia monooxygenase genes and could be characterized as a single species. Sequences were also cloned directly from environmental DNA from coastal Pacific and Atlantic sites, and these sequences represented the first Nitrosococcus oceani-like sequences obtained directly from the ocean. Most of the environmental sequences clustered tightly with those of the cultivated strains, but some sequences could represent new species of Nitrosococcus. These findings imply that organisms similar to the cultivated N. oceani strains have a worldwide distribution.
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Boeuf, D., F. Humily, and C. Jeanthon. "Diversity of Arctic Pelagic Prokaryotes with an emphasis on photoheterotrophic bacteria: a review." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 2 (February 12, 2014): 2419–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-2419-2014.
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Abstract. The Arctic Ocean is a unique marine environment with respect to seasonality of light, temperature, perennial ice cover and strong stratification. Other important distinctive features are the influence of extensive continental shelves and its interactions with Atlantic and Pacific water masses and freshwater from sea ice melt and rivers. These characteristics have major influence on the biological and biogeochemical processes occurring in this complex natural system. Heterotrophic bacteria are crucial components of marine food webs and have key roles in controlling carbon fluxes in the oceans. Although it was previously thought that these organisms relied on the organic carbon in seawater for all of their energy needs, several recent discoveries now suggest that pelagic bacteria can depart from a strictly heterotrophic lifestyle by obtaining energy through unconventional mechanisms that are linked to the penetration of sunlight into surface waters. These photoheterotrophic mechanisms may play a significant role in the energy budget in the euphotic zone of marine environments. We can suspect that this role could be of greater importance in the Arctic Ocean where environmental changes triggered by climate change could favor the photoheterotrophic lifestyle. Here we review advances in our knowledge of the diversity of marine photoheterotrophic bacteria and discuss their significance in the Arctic Ocean gained in the framework of the Malina cruise.
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Lin, Yun-Chi, Tracy Campbell, Chih-Ching Chung, Gwo-Ching Gong, Kuo-Ping Chiang, and Alexandra Z. Worden. "Distribution Patterns and Phylogeny of Marine Stramenopiles in the North Pacific Ocean." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 9 (February 17, 2012): 3387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.06952-11.
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ABSTRACTMarine stramenopiles (MASTs) are a diverse suite of eukaryotic microbes found in marine environments. Several MAST lineages are thought to contain heterotrophic nanoflagellates. However, MASTs remain uncultured and data on distributions and trophic modes are limited. We investigated MASTs in provinces on the west and east sides of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, specifically the East China Sea (ECS) and the California Current system (CALC). For each province, DNA was sampled from three zones: coastal, mesotrophic transitional, and more oligotrophic euphotic waters. Along with diatoms, chrysophytes, and other stramenopiles, sequences were recovered from nine MAST lineages in the six ECS and four CALC 18S rRNA gene clone libraries. All but one of these libraries were from surface samples. MAST clusters 1, 3, 7, 8, and 11 were identified in both provinces, with MAST cluster 3 (MAST-3) being found the most frequently. Additionally, MAST-2 was detected in the ECS and MAST-4, -9, and -12 were detected in the CALC. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that some subclades within these lineages differ along latitudinal gradients. MAST-1A, -1B, and -1C and MAST-4 size and abundance estimates obtained using fluorescencein situhybridization on 79 spring and summer ECS samples showed a negative correlation between size of MAST-1B and MAST-4 cells and temperature. MAST-1A was rarely detected, but MAST-1B and -1C and MAST-4 were abundant in summer and MAST-1C and MAST-4 were more so at the coast, with maximum abundances of 543 and 1,896 cells ml−1, respectively. MAST-4 andSynechococcusabundances were correlated, and experimental work showed that MAST-4 ingestsSynechococcus. Together with previous studies, this study helps refine hypotheses on distribution and trophic modes of MAST lineages.
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Moravec, F., and Kazuya Nagasawa. "Some anisakid nematodes from marine fishes of Japan and the North Pacific Ocean." Journal of Natural History 34, no. 8 (August 2000): 1555–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930050117486.
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Waugh, SM, H. Weimerskirch, Y. Cherel, U. Shankar, PA Prince, and PM Sagar. "Exploitation of the marine environment by two sympatric albatrosses in the Pacific Southern Ocean." Marine Ecology Progress Series 177 (1999): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps177243.
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Martinez-Rey, J., L. Bopp, M. Gehlen, A. Tagliabue, and N. Gruber. "Oceanic N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in the 21st century." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 12 (December 4, 2014): 16703–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-16703-2014.
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Abstract. The ocean is a substantial source of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere, but little is known on how this flux might change in the future. Here, we investigate the potential evolution of marine N2O emissions in the 21st century in response to anthropogenic climate change using the global ocean biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES. We implemented two different parameterizations of N2O production, which differ primarily at low oxygen (O2) conditions. When forced with output from a climate model simulation run under the business-as-usual high CO2 concentration scenario (RCP8.5), our simulations suggest a decrease of 4 to 12% in N2O emissions from 2005 to 2100, i.e., a reduction from 4.03/3.71 to 3.54/3.56 Tg N yr−1 depending on the parameterization. The emissions decrease strongly in the western basins of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, while they tend to increase above the Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs), i.e., in the Eastern Tropical Pacific and in the northern Indian Ocean. The reduction in N2O emissions is caused on the one hand by weakened nitrification as a consequence of reduced primary and export production, and on the other hand by stronger vertical stratification, which reduces the transport of N2O from the ocean interior to the ocean surface. The higher emissions over the OMZ are linked to an expansion of these zones under global warming, which leads to increased N2O production associated primarily with denitrification. From the perspective of a global climate system, the averaged feedback strength associated with the projected decrease in oceanic N2O emissions amounts to around −0.009 W m−2 K−1, which is comparable to the potential increase from terrestrial N2O sources. However, the assesment for a compensation between the terrestrial and marine feedbacks calls for an improved representation of N2O production terms in fully coupled next generation of Earth System Models.
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Beaty, Teresa, Christoph Heinze, Taylor Hughlett, and Arne M. E. Winguth. "Response of export production and dissolved oxygen concentrations in oxygen minimum zones to <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and temperature stabilization scenarios in the biogeochemical model HAMOCC 2.0." Biogeosciences 14, no. 4 (February 22, 2017): 781–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-781-2017.
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Abstract. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the ocean is an important component of marine biogeochemical cycles and will be greatly altered as climate change persists. In this study a global oceanic carbon cycle model (HAMOCC 2.0) is used to address how mechanisms of oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) expansion respond to changes in CO2 radiative forcing. Atmospheric pCO2 is increased at a rate of 1 % annually and the model is stabilized at 2 ×, 4 ×, 6 ×, and 8 × preindustrial pCO2 levels. With an increase in CO2 radiative forcing, the OMZ in the Pacific Ocean is controlled largely by changes in particulate organic carbon (POC) export, resulting in increased remineralization and thus expanding the OMZs within the tropical Pacific Ocean. A potential decline in primary producers in the future as a result of environmental stress due to ocean warming and acidification could lead to a substantial reduction in POC export production, vertical POC flux, and thus increased DO concentration particularly in the Pacific Ocean at a depth of 600–800 m. In contrast, the vertical expansion of the OMZs within the Atlantic is linked to increases POC flux as well as changes in oxygen solubility with increasing seawater temperature. Changes in total organic carbon and increase sea surface temperature (SST) also lead to the formation of a new OMZ in the western subtropical Pacific Ocean. The development of the new OMZ results in dissolved oxygen concentration of ≤ 50 µmol kg−1 throughout the equatorial Pacific Ocean at 4 times preindustrial pCO2. Total ocean volume with dissolved oxygen concentrations of ≤ 50 µmol kg−1 increases by 2.4, 5.0, and 10.5 % for the 2 ×, 4 ×, and 8 × CO2 simulations, respectively.
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Gutiérrez, MH, J. Vera, B. Srain, RA Quiñones, L. Wörmer, KU Hinrichs, and S. Pantoja-Gutiérrez. "Biochemical fingerprints of marine fungi: implications for trophic and biogeochemical studies." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 84 (March 26, 2020): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01927.
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Fungi are ubiquitous in the marine environment, but their role in carbon and nitrogen cycling in the ocean, and in particular the quantitative significance of fungal biomass to ocean biogeochemistry, has not yet been assessed. Determination of the biochemical and stable isotope composition of marine fungi can provide a basis for identifying fungal patterns in relation to other microbes and detritus, and thus allow evaluation of their contribution to the transformation of marine organic matter. We characterized the biochemical composition of 13 fungal strains isolated from distinct marine environments in the eastern South Pacific Ocean off Chile. Proteins accounted for 3 to 21% of mycelial dry weight, with notably high levels of the essential amino acids histidine, threonine, valine, lysine and leucine, as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids, ergosterol, and phosphatidylcholine. Elemental composition and energetic content of these marine-derived fungi were within the range reported for bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton and other metazoans from aquatic environments, but a distinct pattern of lipids and proteins was identified in marine planktonic fungi. These biochemical signatures, and an elemental composition indicative of a marine planktonic source, have potential applications for the assessment of fungal contribution to marine microbial biomass and organic matter reservoirs, and the cycling of carbon and nutrients.
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Boeuf, D., F. Humily, and C. Jeanthon. "Diversity of Arctic pelagic <i>Bacteria</i> with an emphasis on photoheterotrophs: a review." Biogeosciences 11, no. 12 (June 20, 2014): 3309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3309-2014.
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Abstract. The Arctic Ocean is a unique marine environment with respect to seasonality of light, temperature, perennial ice cover, and strong stratification. Other important distinctive features are the influence of extensive continental shelves and its interactions with Atlantic and Pacific water masses and freshwater from sea ice melt and rivers. These characteristics have major influence on the biological and biogeochemical processes occurring in this complex natural system. Heterotrophic bacteria are crucial components of marine food webs and have key roles in controlling carbon fluxes in the oceans. Although it was previously thought that these organisms relied on the organic carbon in seawater for all of their energy needs, several recent discoveries now suggest that pelagic bacteria can depart from a strictly heterotrophic lifestyle by obtaining energy through unconventional mechanisms that are linked to the penetration of sunlight into surface waters. These photoheterotrophic mechanisms may play a significant role in the energy budget in the euphotic zone of marine environments. Modifications of light and carbon availability triggered by climate change may favor the photoheterotrophic lifestyle. Here we review advances in our knowledge of the diversity of marine photoheterotrophic bacteria and discuss their significance in the Arctic Ocean gained in the framework of the Malina cruise.
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Farrant, Gregory K., Hugo Doré, Francisco M. Cornejo-Castillo, Frédéric Partensky, Morgane Ratin, Martin Ostrowski, Frances D. Pitt, et al. "Delineating ecologically significant taxonomic units from global patterns of marine picocyanobacteria." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 24 (June 2, 2016): E3365—E3374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1524865113.
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ProchlorococcusandSynechococcusare the two most abundant and widespread phytoplankton in the global ocean. To better understand the factors controlling their biogeography, a reference database of the high-resolution taxonomic markerpetB, encoding cytochromeb6, was used to recruit reads out of 109 metagenomes from theTaraOceans expedition. An unsuspected novel genetic diversity was unveiled within both genera, even for the most abundant and well-characterized clades, and 136 divergentpetBsequences were successfully assembled from metagenomic reads, significantly enriching the reference database. We then defined Ecologically Significant Taxonomic Units (ESTUs)—that is, organisms belonging to the same clade and occupying a common oceanic niche. Three major ESTU assemblages were identified along the cruise transect forProchlorococcusand eight forSynechococcus. AlthoughProchlorococcusHLIIIA and HLIVA ESTUs codominated in iron-depleted areas of the Pacific Ocean, CRD1 and the yet-to-be cultured EnvB were the prevalentSynechococcusclades in this area, with three different CRD1 and EnvB ESTUs occupying distinct ecological niches with regard to iron availability and temperature. Sharp community shifts were also observed over short geographic distances—for example, around the Marquesas Islands or between southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans—pointing to a tight correlation between ESTU assemblages and specific physico-chemical parameters. Together, this study demonstrates that there is a previously overlooked, ecologically meaningful, fine-scale diversity within some currently defined picocyanobacterial ecotypes, bringing novel insights into the ecology, diversity, and biology of the two most abundant phototrophs on Earth.
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Trites, A. W., V. Christensen, and D. Pauly. "Competition Between Fisheries and Marine Mammals for Prey and Primary Production in the Pacific Ocean." Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 22 (December 1997): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2960/j.v22.a14.
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Beamish, Richard J., and Daniel R. Bouillon. "Pacific Salmon Production Trends in Relation to Climate." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 1002–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-116.
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Pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), chum (O. keta), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) represent approximately 90% of the commercial catch of Pacific salmon taken each year by Canada, Japan, the United States, and Russia. Annual all-nation catches of the three species and of each species, from 1925 to 1989, exhibited long-term parallel trends. National catches, in most cases, exhibited similar but weaker trends. The strong similarity of the pattern of the all-nation pink, chum, and sockeye salmon catches suggests that common events over a vast area affect the production of salmon in the North Pacific Ocean. The climate over the northern North Pacific Ocean is dominated in the winter and spring by the Aleutian Low pressure system. The long-term pattern of the Aleutian Low pressure system corresponded to the trends in salmon catch, to copepod production, and to other climate indices, indicating that climate and the marine environment may play an important role in salmon production.
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Ryan, Peter G., and John Cooper. "Rockhopper penguins and other marine life threatened by driftnet fisheries at Tristan da Cunha." Oryx 25, no. 2 (April 1991): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300035109.
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The oriental driftnet fleet, which is responsible for the large-scale mortality of non-target species in the Pacific Ocean, has extended its range to include the South Atlantic Ocean. Relatively little is known about the areas of operation and impacts of driftnetting in the South Atlantic as yet, but it is emerging that driftnetting is equally devastating to the fauna of this ocean. This paper reviews the impact of the driftnet fishery on non-target species in the central South Atlantic Ocean. Several lines of evidence suggest that fishing effort is focused on Tristan da Cunha, apparently resulting in considerable mortality of rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome and other marine organisms. Britain should take steps to curb this destructive fishing technique in Tristan waters.
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Welch, D. W., Y. Ishida, and K. Nagasawa. "Thermal limits and ocean migrations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): long-term consequences of global warming." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 937–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-023.
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Ocean surveys show that extremely sharp thermal boundaries have limited the distribution of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Pacific Ocean and adjacent seas over the past 40 years. These limits are expressed as a step function, with the temperature defining the position of the thermal limit varying between months in an annual cycle. The sharpness of the edge, the different temperatures that define the position of the edge in different months of the year, and the subtle variations in temperature with area or decade for a given month probably all occur because temperature-dependent metabolic rates exceed energy intake from feeding over large regions of otherwise acceptable habitat in the North Pacific. At current rates of greenhouse gas emissions, predicted temperature increases under a doubled CO2 climate are large enough to shift the position of the thermal limits into the Bering Sea by the middle of the next century. Such an increase would potentially exclude sockeye salmon from the entire Pacific Ocean and severely restrict the overall area of the marine environment that would support growth.
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Misumi, K., K. Lindsay, J. K. Moore, S. C. Doney, F. O. Bryan, D. Tsumune, and Y. Yoshida. "The iron budget in ocean surface waters in the 20th and 21st centuries: projections by the Community Earth System Model version 1." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 5 (May 22, 2013): 8505–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-8505-2013.
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Abstract. We investigated the simulated iron budget in ocean surface waters in the 1990s and 2090s using the Community Earth System Model version 1 and the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 future CO2 emission scenario. We assumed that exogenous iron inputs did not change during the whole simulation period; thus, iron budget changes were attributed solely to changes in ocean circulation and mixing in response to projected global warming. The model simulated the major features of ocean circulation and dissolved iron distribution for the present climate reasonably well. Detailed iron budget analysis revealed that roughly 70% of the iron supplied to surface waters in high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions is contributed by ocean circulation and mixing processes, but the dominant supply mechanism differed in each HNLC region: vertical mixing in the Southern Ocean, upwelling in the eastern equatorial Pacific, and deposition of iron-bearing dust in the subarctic North Pacific. In the 2090s, our model projected an increased iron supply to HNLC surface waters, even though enhanced stratification was predicted to reduce iron entrainment from deeper waters. This unexpected result could be attributed largely to changes in the meridional overturning and gyre-scale circulations that intensified the advective supply of iron to surface waters, especially in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The simulated primary and export productions in the 2090s decreased globally by 6% and 13%, respectively, whereas in the HNLC regions, they increased by 11% and 6%, respectively. Roughly half of the elevated production could be attributed to the intensified iron supply. The projected ocean circulation and mixing changes are consistent with recent observations of responses to the warming climate and with other Coupled Model Intercomparison Project model projections. We conclude that future ocean circulation and mixing changes will likely elevate the iron supply to HNLC surface waters and will potentially buffer future reductions in ocean productivity. External inputs of iron to the oceans are likely to be modified with climate change. Future work must incorporate robust estimates of these processes affecting the marine iron cycle.
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Gould, Patrick, Peggy Ostrom, and William Walker. "Trophic relationships of albatrosses associated with squid and large-mesh drift-net fisheries in the North Pacific Ocean." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-068.
Full textAbstract:
The diets of Laysan (Diomedea immutabilis) and black-footed albatrosses (D. nigripes) killed in squid and large-mesh drift nets in the transitional zone of the North Pacific Ocean were investigated by examining the contents of the digestive tracts and determining δ13C and δ15N values in breast-muscle tissue. The results show that (i) the combined prey of the two species of albatross consists of over 46 species of marine organisms including coelenterates, arthropods, mollusks, fish, and marine mammals; (ii) both species supplement their traditional diets with food made available by commercial fishing operations (e.g., net-caught squid and offal); (iii) while obtained from drift nets, diets of nonbreeding Laysan and black-footed albatrosses are dominated by neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartrami); (iv) in the absence of drift-net-related food, Laysan albatrosses feed most heavily on fish and black-footed albatrosses feed most heavily on squid; and (v) based on δ15N values, nonbreeding adult Laysan albatrosses from the transitional zone of the North Pacific Ocean and Laysan albatross nestlings fed by adults from Midway Island in the subtropical Pacific feed at one trophic level and one-third of a trophic level lower than black-footed albatrosses, respectively.
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Ulloa, Osvaldo, Carlos Henríquez-Castillo, Salvador Ramírez-Flandes, Alvaro M. Plominsky, Alejandro A. Murillo, Connor Morgan-Lang, Steven J. Hallam, and Ramunas Stepanauskas. "The cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus has divergent light-harvesting antennae and may have evolved in a low-oxygen ocean." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 11 (March 11, 2021): e2025638118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025638118.
Full textAbstract:
Marine picocyanobacteria of the genus Prochlorococcus are the most abundant photosynthetic organisms in the modern ocean, where they exert a profound influence on elemental cycling and energy flow. The use of transmembrane chlorophyll complexes instead of phycobilisomes as light-harvesting antennae is considered a defining attribute of Prochlorococcus. Its ecology and evolution are understood in terms of light, temperature, and nutrients. Here, we report single-cell genomic information on previously uncharacterized phylogenetic lineages of this genus from nutrient-rich anoxic waters of the eastern tropical North and South Pacific Ocean. The most basal lineages exhibit optical and genotypic properties of phycobilisome-containing cyanobacteria, indicating that the characteristic light-harvesting antenna of the group is not an ancestral attribute. Additionally, we found that all the indigenous lineages analyzed encode genes for pigment biosynthesis under oxygen-limited conditions, a trait shared with other freshwater and coastal marine cyanobacteria. Our findings thus suggest that Prochlorococcus diverged from other cyanobacteria under low-oxygen conditions before transitioning from phycobilisomes to transmembrane chlorophyll complexes and may have contributed to the oxidation of the ancient ocean.
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Chang, YLK, G. Dall’Olmo, and R. Schabetsberger. "Tracking the marine migration routes of South Pacific silver eels." Marine Ecology Progress Series 646 (July 30, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13398.
Full textAbstract:
It is still a mystery how catadromous eels find their way through the seemingly featureless open ocean to their spawning areas. Three catadromous Pacific eels (2 Anguilla marmorata, 1 A. megastoma) from the Archipelago of Vanuatu were tagged with pop-up satellite archival transmitters, and their migration tracks towards their presumed spawning area approximately 870 km northeast of the point of release were reconstructed in order to evaluate their movements in relation to oceanographic conditions. We used the timing of diel vertical migrations to derive the eels’ positions. The 2 A. marmorata exhibited steep-angled turns resulting in a zig-zag migration path along the east-west axis, while the A. megastoma took a relatively straight course towards the presumed spawning area. They migrated with a speed over ground of 21-23 km d-1. In this region, the eastward flow of the South Equatorial Counter Current (SECC, ~5°-10°S) separates the westward flowing South Equatorial Current (SEC; ~0°-5°S and 10°-18°S) into 2 branches. During shallower nighttime migration depths around 150 m, eels crossed a variable flow field through the southern branch of the westward SEC with westward propagating mesoscale eddies and the eastward SECC, but stayed south of the stronger northern branch of the SEC, possibly increasing retention time of larvae within this area. The eels headed towards a tongue of high-salinity Subtropical Underwater (STUW). The eels did not move beyond a salinity front of 35.9-36.0 at a depth of 100-200 m, which may have provided cues for orientation towards the spawning area.
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Masotti, I., C. Moulin, S. Alvain, L. Bopp, A. Tagliabue, and D. Antoine. "Large-scale shifts in phytoplankton groups in the Equatorial Pacific during ENSO cycles." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 2 (April 8, 2010): 2523–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-2523-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives important changes in the marine productivity of the Equatorial Pacific, in particular during major El Niño/La Niña transitions. Changes in environmental conditions associated with these climatic events also likely impact phytoplankton composition. In this work, the distribution of four major phytoplankton groups (nanoeucaryotes, Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and diatoms) was examined between 1996 and 2007 by applying the PHYSAT algorithm to the ocean color data archive from the Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor (OCTS) and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). Coincident with the decrease in chlorophyll concentrations, a large-scale shift in the phytoplankton composition of the Equatorial Pacific, that was characterized by a decrease in Synechococcus and an increase in nanoeucaryotes dominance, was observed during the early stages of both the strong El Niño of 1997 and the moderate El Niño of 2006. A significant increase in diatoms dominance was observed in the Equatorial Pacific during the 1998 La Niña and was associated with elevated marine productivity. An analysis of the environmental variables using a coupled physical-biogeochemical model (NEMO-PISCES) suggests that the Synechococcus dominance decrease during the two El Niño events was associated with an abrupt decline in nutrient availability (−0.9 to −2.5 μM NO3 month−1). Alternatively, increased nutrient availability (3 μM NO3 month−1) during the 1998 La Niña resulted in Equatorial Pacific dominance diatom increase. Despite these phytoplankton community shifts, the mean composition is restored after a few months, which suggests resilience in community structure. Such rapid changes to the composition of phytoplankton groups should be considered in future modeling approaches to represent variability of the marine productivity in the Equatorial Pacific and to quantify its potential implications on food-web and on global carbon cycle.