Academic literature on the topic 'Marine ecosystem processes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Marine ecosystem processes"
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Murawski, Steven A., John H. Steele, Phillip Taylor, Michael J. Fogarty, Michael P. Sissenwine, Michael Ford, and Cynthia Suchman. "Why compare marine ecosystems?" ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 1 (August 30, 2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp221.
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Abstract Murawski, S. A., Steele, J. H., Taylor, P., Fogarty, M. J., Sissenwine, M. P., Ford, M., and Suchman, C. 2010. Why compare marine ecosystems? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1–9. Effective marine ecosystem-based management (EBM) requires understanding the key processes and relationships controlling the aspects of biodiversity, productivity, and resilience to perturbations. Unfortunately, the scales, complexity, and non-linear dynamics that characterize marine ecosystems often confound managing for these properties. Nevertheless, scientifically derived decision-support tools (DSTs) are needed to account for impacts resulting from a variety of simultaneous human activities. Three possible methodologies for revealing mechanisms necessary to develop DSTs for EBM are: (i) controlled experimentation, (ii) iterative programmes of observation and modelling (“learning by doing”), and (iii) comparative ecosystem analysis. We have seen that controlled experiments are limited in capturing the complexity necessary to develop models of marine ecosystem dynamics with sufficient realism at appropriate scales. Iterative programmes of observation, model building, and assessment are useful for specific ecosystem issues but rarely lead to generally transferable products. Comparative ecosystem analyses may be the most effective, building on the first two by inferring ecosystem processes based on comparisons and contrasts of ecosystem response to human-induced factors. We propose a hierarchical system of ecosystem comparisons to include within-ecosystem comparisons (utilizing temporal and spatial changes in relation to human activities), within-ecosystem-type comparisons (e.g. coral reefs, temperate continental shelves, upwelling areas), and cross-ecosystem-type comparisons (e.g. coral reefs vs. boreal, terrestrial vs. marine ecosystems). Such a hierarchical comparative approach should lead to better understanding of the processes controlling biodiversity, productivity, and the resilience of marine ecosystems. In turn, better understanding of these processes will lead to the development of increasingly general laws, hypotheses, functional forms, governing equations, and broad interpretations of ecosystem responses to human activities, ultimately improving DSTs in support of EBM.
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Fabry, Victoria J., Brad A. Seibel, Richard A. Feely, and James C. Orr. "Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 3 (April 1, 2008): 414–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn048.
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Abstract Fabry, V. J., Seibel, B. A., Feely, R. A., and Orr, J. C. 2008. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 414–432. Oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is altering the seawater chemistry of the world’s oceans with consequences for marine biota. Elevated partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is causing the calcium carbonate saturation horizon to shoal in many regions, particularly in high latitudes and regions that intersect with pronounced hypoxic zones. The ability of marine animals, most importantly pteropod molluscs, foraminifera, and some benthic invertebrates, to produce calcareous skeletal structures is directly affected by seawater CO2 chemistry. CO2 influences the physiology of marine organisms as well through acid-base imbalance and reduced oxygen transport capacity. The few studies at relevant pCO2 levels impede our ability to predict future impacts on foodweb dynamics and other ecosystem processes. Here we present new observations, review available data, and identify priorities for future research, based on regions, ecosystems, taxa, and physiological processes believed to be most vulnerable to ocean acidification. We conclude that ocean acidification and the synergistic impacts of other anthropogenic stressors provide great potential for widespread changes to marine ecosystems.
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Hidalgo, Manuel, David H. Secor, and Howard I. Browman. "Observing and managing seascapes: linking synoptic oceanography, ecological processes, and geospatial modelling." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 7 (May 5, 2016): 1825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw079.
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Abstract The capacity to observe, retrieve, and model the physiographical and hydrographical features of the sea (i.e. seascapes) has surpassed our ability to integrate this information into the assessment and stewardship of marine ecosystems. However, current marine policy that mandates integrated ecosystem assessments demands temporally intensive and spatially extensive predictions of key populations and ecosystem processes and services, particularly those related to habitat use and distribution. In this sense, seascape ecology represents an operational linkage between basic oceanography and applied ecology and management that embraces spatially explicit models of the dynamic distributions of populations, communities and foodwebs through a joint consideration of observational data and ecological processes. For these reasons, the ICES Journal of Marine Science solicited contributions to the article theme set, “Frontiers in seascape ecology”. In this introduction, we present current concepts and developments in seascape ecology, briefly summarize the 10 articles that appear herein, and discuss the most relevant challenges to this nascent discipline. The contributions included in this theme set illustrate the growing relevance of seascape ecology in the multidisciplinary management of marine ecosystems.
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Kirby, Richard R., and Gregory Beaugrand. "Trophic amplification of climate warming." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1676 (September 9, 2009): 4095–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1320.
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Ecosystems can alternate suddenly between contrasting persistent states due to internal processes or external drivers. It is important to understand the mechanisms by which these shifts occur, especially in exploited ecosystems. There have been several abrupt marine ecosystem shifts attributed either to fishing, recent climate change or a combination of these two drivers. We show that temperature has been an important driver of the trophodynamics of the North Sea, a heavily fished marine ecosystem, for nearly 50 years and that a recent pronounced change in temperature established a new ecosystem dynamic regime through a series of internal mechanisms. Using an end-to-end ecosystem approach that included primary producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, and detritivores, we found that temperature modified the relationships among species through nonlinearities in the ecosystem involving ecological thresholds and trophic amplifications. Trophic amplification provides an alternative mechanism to positive feedback to drive an ecosystem towards a new dynamic regime, which in this case favours jellyfish in the plankton and decapods and detritivores in the benthos. Although overfishing is often held responsible for marine ecosystem degeneration, temperature can clearly bring about similar effects. Our results are relevant to ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM), seen as the way forward to manage exploited marine ecosystems.
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Buonocore, Elvira, Umberto Grande, Pier Paolo Franzese, and Giovanni F. Russo. "Trends and Evolution in the Concept of Marine Ecosystem Services: An Overview." Water 13, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 2060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152060.
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The biotic and abiotic assets of the marine environment form the “marine natural capital” embedded in the global ocean. Marine natural capital provides the flow of “marine ecosystem services” that are directly used or enjoyed by people providing benefits to human well-being. They include provisioning services (e.g., food), regulation and maintenance services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage, and coastal protection), and cultural services (e.g., tourism and recreational benefits). In recent decades, human activities have increased the pressures on marine ecosystems, often leading to ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss and, in turn, affecting their ability to provide benefits to humans. Therefore, effective management strategies are crucial to the conservation of healthy and diverse marine ecosystems and to ensuring their long-term generation of goods and services. Biophysical, economic, and sociocultural assessments of marine ecosystem services are much needed to convey the importance of natural resources to managers and policy makers supporting the development and implementation of policies oriented for the sustainable management of marine resources. In addition, the accounting of marine ecosystem service values can be usefully complemented by their mapping to enable the identification of priority areas and management strategies and to facilitate science–policy dialogue. Given this premise, this study aims to review trends and evolution in the concept of marine ecosystem services. In particular, the global scientific literature on marine ecosystem services is explored by focusing on the following main aspects: the definition and classification of marine ecosystem services; their loss due to anthropogenic pressures, alternative assessment, and mapping approaches; and the inclusion of marine ecosystem services into policy and decision-making processes.
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Link, Jason S., Jon K. T. Brodziak, Steve F. Edwards, William J. Overholtz, David Mountain, Jack W. Jossi, Tim D. Smith, and Michael J. Fogarty. "Marine ecosystem assessment in a fisheries management context." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-115.
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We examined a suite of abiotic, biotic, and human metrics for the northeast U.S. continental shelf ecosystem at the aggregate, community, and system level (>30 different metrics) over three decades. Our primary goals were to describe ecosystem status, to improve understanding of the relationships between key ecosystem processes, and to evaluate potential reference points for ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM). To this end, empirical indicators of ecosystem status were examined and standard multivariate statistical methods were applied to describe changes in the system. We found that (i) a suite of metrics is required to accurately characterize ecosystem status and, conversely, that focusing on a few metrics may be misleading; (ii) assessment of ecosystem status is feasible for marine ecosystems; (iii) multivariate points of reference can be determined for EBFM; and (iv) the concept of reference directions could provide an ecosystem level analog to single-species reference points.
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Trenkel, Verena M., Nils Olav Handegard, and Thomas C. Weber. "Observing the ocean interior in support of integrated management." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 8 (July 31, 2016): 1947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw132.
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Abstract Active- and passive-acoustic methods are widely used tools for observing, monitoring, and understanding marine ecosystems. From 25 to 28 May 2015, 214 scientists from 31 nations gathered for an ICES symposium on Marine Ecosystem Acoustics (SoME Acoustics) to discuss three major themes related to acoustic observations of marine ecosystems: (i) recent developments in acoustic and platform technologies; (ii) acoustic characterisation of aquatic organisms, ecosystem structure, and ecosystem processes; and (iii) contribution of acoustics to integrated ecosystem assessments and management. The development of, and access to new instruments, such as broad bandwidth systems, enables insightful ecological studies and innovative management approaches. Unresolved ecological questions and the increasing move towards ecosystem based management pose further challenges to scientists and instrument developers. Considering the SoME Acoustics presentations in the context of three previous ICES symposia on fisheries acoustics, topics increasingly emphasize ecosystem studies and management. The continued expansion of work and progress in marine ecosystem acoustics is due to the cross-disciplinary work of fisheries acousticians, engineers, ecologists, modellers, and others. An analysis of the symposium co-authorship network reveals a highly connected acoustic science community collaborating around the globe.
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Tittensor, Derek P., Tyler D. Eddy, Heike K. Lotze, Eric D. Galbraith, William Cheung, Manuel Barange, Julia L. Blanchard, et al. "A protocol for the intercomparison of marine fishery and ecosystem models: Fish-MIP v1.0." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 4 (April 13, 2018): 1421–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1421-2018.
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Abstract. Model intercomparison studies in the climate and Earth sciences communities have been crucial to building credibility and coherence for future projections. They have quantified variability among models, spurred model development, contrasted within- and among-model uncertainty, assessed model fits to historical data, and provided ensemble projections of future change under specified scenarios. Given the speed and magnitude of anthropogenic change in the marine environment and the consequent effects on food security, biodiversity, marine industries, and society, the time is ripe for similar comparisons among models of fisheries and marine ecosystems. Here, we describe the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project protocol version 1.0 (Fish-MIP v1.0), part of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP), which is a cross-sectoral network of climate impact modellers. Given the complexity of the marine ecosystem, this class of models has substantial heterogeneity of purpose, scope, theoretical underpinning, processes considered, parameterizations, resolution (grain size), and spatial extent. This heterogeneity reflects the lack of a unified understanding of the marine ecosystem and implies that the assemblage of all models is more likely to include a greater number of relevant processes than any single model. The current Fish-MIP protocol is designed to allow these heterogeneous models to be forced with common Earth System Model (ESM) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) outputs under prescribed scenarios for historic (from the 1950s) and future (to 2100) time periods; it will be adapted to CMIP phase 6 (CMIP6) in future iterations. It also describes a standardized set of outputs for each participating Fish-MIP model to produce. This enables the broad characterization of differences between and uncertainties within models and projections when assessing climate and fisheries impacts on marine ecosystems and the services they provide. The systematic generation, collation, and comparison of results from Fish-MIP will inform an understanding of the range of plausible changes in marine ecosystems and improve our capacity to define and convey the strengths and weaknesses of model-based advice on future states of marine ecosystems and fisheries. Ultimately, Fish-MIP represents a step towards bringing together the marine ecosystem modelling community to produce consistent ensemble medium- and long-term projections of marine ecosystems.
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Frölicher, Thomas L., Luca Ramseyer, Christoph C. Raible, Keith B. Rodgers, and John Dunne. "Potential predictability of marine ecosystem drivers." Biogeosciences 17, no. 7 (April 16, 2020): 2061–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2061-2020.
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Abstract. Climate variations can have profound impacts on marine ecosystems and the socioeconomic systems that may depend upon them. Temperature, pH, oxygen (O2) and net primary production (NPP) are commonly considered to be important marine ecosystem drivers, but the potential predictability of these drivers is largely unknown. Here, we use a comprehensive Earth system model within a perfect modeling framework to show that all four ecosystem drivers are potentially predictable on global scales and at the surface up to 3 years in advance. However, there are distinct regional differences in the potential predictability of these drivers. Maximum potential predictability (>10 years) is found at the surface for temperature and O2 in the Southern Ocean and for temperature, O2 and pH in the North Atlantic. This is tied to ocean overturning structures with “memory” or inertia with enhanced predictability in winter. Additionally, these four drivers are highly potentially predictable in the Arctic Ocean at the surface. In contrast, minimum predictability is simulated for NPP (<1 years) in the Southern Ocean. Potential predictability for temperature, O2 and pH increases with depth below the thermocline to more than 10 years, except in the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans, where predictability is also 3 to 5 years in the thermocline. This study indicating multi-year (at surface) and decadal (subsurface) potential predictability for multiple ecosystem drivers is intended as a foundation to foster broader community efforts in developing new predictions of marine ecosystem drivers.
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Higgins, Jonathan, John Zablocki, Amy Newsock, Andras Krolopp, Phillip Tabas, and Michael Salama. "Durable Freshwater Protection: A Framework for Establishing and Maintaining Long-Term Protection for Freshwater Ecosystems and the Values They Sustain." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041950.
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Long-term protection is needed to secure threatened freshwater ecosystems and the social and biodiversity values they provide. In the face of existing and future pressures, current approaches to freshwater protection are often inadequate for maintaining ecosystem values into the future. While terrestrial and marine ecosystem protection are well recognized and have area-based protection goals in global conventions, freshwater ecosystem characteristics have remained poorly represented in these goals. Freshwater ecosystems are commonly secondary or unaddressed components of area-based terrestrial protection. The design and management for terrestrial-based protection are generally inadequate for addressing freshwater ecosystem processes and attributes critical for maintaining their natural patterns and the values they provide to people and nature. Given that freshwater-dependent species are declining at a faster rate than marine and terrestrial species, and the reliance and use of freshwater ecosystems by people living around such areas, approaches to protect them must balance the needs of people and nature and accommodate these complexities.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Marine ecosystem processes"
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Dyson, Kirstie E. "Biodiversity and ecosystem processes in heterogeneous environments." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/698.
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The decline in biodiversity over the last decade has motivated researchers to investigate the relationship between species richness (biodiversity) and ecosystem function. Empirical approaches are becoming more realistic as more factors have been included. Spatial heterogeneity is an example. Heterogeneity is an inherent part of the environment and apparent in all habitat types creating a patchy, mosaic of natural landscape. Researchers have reported the extent of heterogeneity in the landscape, but surprisingly not yet included heterogeneity into biodiversity and ecosystem function (BEF) studies. In recent years, empirical studies of marine systems have enhanced the BEF debate. Depauperate estuarine systems are ideal candidates for establishing model systems. In this study, estuarine microphytobenthos (MPB) were used as a response variable since the relationship between MPB and primary productivity is well-known. This relationship was exploited to employ MPB biomass as a proxy for primary productivity. Benthic chambers were used to assess the effect of macrofauna in single species and multi-species treatments on both ecosystem function and net macrofaunal movement. Heterogeneity was created through enriching sediment ‘patches’ with Enteromorpha intestinalis, providing areas of high and low nutrient. Heterogeneity, macrofaunal biomass, species richness, species diversity and flow were all varied in order to assess combined effects on the functioning of the system. Heterogeneity was found to have a significant influence on ecosystem functioning and on macrofaunal movement, however, patch arrangement did not. MPB biomass was highest in patches containing organic enrichment suggesting that nutrients were obtained locally from the sediment/water interface rather than the water column. There was variation in MPB biomass with macrofaunal species, probably resulting from differences in behavioural traits. It was also evident that flow altered species behaviour, as there was a significant difference between static and flow treatments. This work shows the importance of heterogeneity for BEF relationships.
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Henderson, Christopher. "Seascape Context and Marine Reserves in Seagrass Ecosystems: Managing Harvested Fish Communities." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365948.
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Marine ecosystems are undergoing rapid change from a suite of human-induced stressors including overexploitation of resources, habitat fragmentation and loss, reduced habitat quality and changes to ecosystem functioning. Reserves are implemented and designed to reduce these influences, by preserving biodiversity, conserving marine habitats, increasing resilience of biota to disturbances, enhancing productivity, and facilitating the recovery of exploited fishery species. Although marine reserves can alter the structure and functioning of ecosystems, other factors such as seascape context and temporal variability can influence fish communities, ultimately determining the effectiveness of marine reserves. Ecosystem processes, abundances of harvested species and the spatial use of marine reserves can be largely influenced by the spatial properties that make up an ecosystem and other environmental factors such as climate. Although there is growing recognition of these processes, many of the key ecological characteristics that occur in protected seagrass ecosystems remain hitherto unstudied. I, therefore, aim to assess the influence of seascape context and temporal variability relative to the effectiveness of marine reserves for the protection of harvested seagrass fish species and the functions they provide. Ultimately, this thesis aims to determine the most suitable form of management of fish communities within seagrass ecosystems.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Tian, Tian [Verfasser]. "Spring bloom dynamics in a coastal marine ecosystem : identification of key processes / Tian Tian." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1020166770/34.
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Näslund, Johan. "The importance of biodiversity for ecosystem processes in sediments : experimental examples from the Baltic Sea." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Systemekologiska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-38893.
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Aquatic sediments are, by surface, the largest habitat on Earth. A wide diversity of organisms inhabit these sediments and by their actions they have a large influence on and also mediate many ecosystem processes. Several of these processes, such as decomposition and remineralisation of organic matter are important on a global scale and are essential to sustain life on Earth. The main aim of this thesis was to use an experimental ecosystem ecology approach in order to study some of these ecosystem processes in marine sediments and how they are linked to biodiversity. Paper I and II found that an increased species richness of sediment deposit feeders increases the processing of organic matter from phytoplankton settled on the sea-floor, and that species-rich communities have a more efficient resource utilization of deposited organic matter. The results in paper IV and V also suggest that there is a link between microbial diversity in sediments and the degradation of organic contaminants. Paper V also shows that antibiotic pollution is a potential threat to natural microbial diversity and microbially mediated ecosystem services. The introduction of invasive species to ecosystems is another major threat to biodiversity and was studied in Paper II and III, by investigating the ecology of Marenzelleria arctia, a polychaete worm recently introduced in the Baltic Sea. Paper II suggests that M. arctia mainly utilize food resources not used by native deposit feeders, thus potentially increasing the benthic production in the Baltic Sea by increasing resource use efficiency. Paper III, however, show that M. arctia is protected from predation by the native benthic invertebrate predators, due to its ability to burrow deep in the sediment, suggesting that predation on M. arctia by higher trophic levels is restricted, thereby limiting trophic transfer. In conclusion, this thesis gives some examples of the importance of marine biodiversity for the generation of a few key ecosystem processes, such as organic matter processing and the degradation of harmful contaminants.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: In press.
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Buzzelli, Christopher P. "Integrative analysis of ecosystem processes in the littoral zone of lower Chesapeake Bay: A modeling study of the Goodwin Islands National Estuarine Research Reserve." W&M ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616592.
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Approximately 40% of the bottom of Chesapeake Bay is less than 2.0 m in depth and many of these broad shoal environments are bordered by wetlands. The vegetated and nonvegetated subtidal and intertidal environment is a dynamic mosaic of highly productive estuarine habitats linked by the exchange of waterborne materials. This study developed simulation models of primary production and material exchange for four littoral zone habitats of the Goodwin Islands National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) in lower Chesapeake Bay. Field studies were conducted to determine the sediment biogeochemical and biomass characteristics of sandy shoal, seagrass, silt-mud, and marsh habitats. Ecological models were developed for each habitat based upon their position and ecological characteristics. The models simulate the dynamics of phytoplankton, particulate and dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, sediment microalgae, Zostera marina, and Spartina alterniflora. Following sensitivity analysis and validation the models were used to estimate annual primary production, nitrogen processes, and material exchange. The net annual rate of phytoplankton production was 66.0, sediment microalgae ranged 101-169, Zostera marina community production was approximately 350 gC m&\sp{lcub}-2{rcub}& yr&\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}&, and Spartina alterniflora shoots and root-rhizomes produced 1150 gC m&\sp{lcub}-2{rcub}& yr&\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}& (gC m&\sp{lcub}-2{rcub}& yr&\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}&). Nitrogen uptake was in excess of demand in phytoplankton while the reverse was true for the macrophytes. The marsh habitat accounted for 43% of the total annual primary production for the ecosystem despite being the smallest habitat while the largest habitat (nonvegetated subtidal) required 52% of the total ecosystem nitrogen demand. All four habitats imported phytoplankton, particulate organic carbon, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen annually. While the intertidal habitats imported dissolved organic carbon the subtidal habitats showed net annual export. These models were developed to assess ecosystem structure, function, and change in the littoral zone of Chesapeake Bay. Ecosystem structure was assessed through field research and model development. Ecosystem function was assessed by using the model to generate annual producer, habitat, and ecosystem carbon and nitrogen budgets. The model is currently being used to investigate the interactive effects of water quality, primary production, and habitat composition in order to assess potential change in the estuary.
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Orejas, Saco del Valle Covadonga. "Role of benthic cnidarians in energy transfer processes in the Southern Ocean marine ecosystem (Antarctica) = Rolle der bodenlebenden Nesseltiere im Stofffluß des marinen Ökosystems des Südpolarmeeres (Antarktis) /." Bremerhaven : Alfred-Wegener-Inst. für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/331656124.pdf.
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Menke, Valerie [Verfasser], and Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmiedl. "Impacts of short-term climate change and anthropogenic activity on marine ecosystem variability and biogeochemical processes in the Gulf of Taranto (central Mediterranean Sea) / Valerie Menke ; Betreuer: Gerhard Schmiedl." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1156462053/34.
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Romera, Castillo Cristina. "Optical propertiers of the dissolved organic matter as tracers of microbiological and geochemical processes in marine ecosystems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/131222.
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Oceans store 685 Pg of organic carbon of which 662 Pg are in a dissolved form. The diversity of compounds that make up the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool and the low concentration of each compound make the chemical characterization of this material a difficult task. For that reason, less than 11% of the oceanic DOM has been identified. A variable fraction of the DOM ¿between 20% in the open ocean and 70% in coastal areas- absorbs UV and visible radiation and it is known as coloured DOM (CDOM). A sub-fraction of the CDOM emits the absorbed radiation as fluorescence, although with a low quantum yield (around 1%), and this is called fluorescent DOM (FDOM). The study of the CDOM and FDOM pools, combining the spectroscopy of absorption and fluorescence, allows us to obtain knowledge about (i) the molecular structure of the DOM (i.e., aromaticity and average molecular weigh) and (ii) its biological and photochemical reactivity in a relatively simple, fast and economic way. This can be done through the study of the production, utilization and/or chemical alteration of the different chromophores and fluorophores in response to the activity of the microorganisms and the solar radiation in the ocean.
The work that has resulted in this thesis has involved both laboratory experiments and field studies. Some experiments have deepened our knowledge of (or focused on??) the microbiological sources of the CDOM and FDOM. For example, our work has shown that marine phytoplankton produces a fluorophore at Ex/Em 320/410 nm which is consumed by marine bacteria which at the same time produce another absorbing fluorophore at Ex/Em 340/440. These ¿humic-like¿ fluorophores, known in the literature as ¿pico-M¿ and ¿pico-C¿, are considered to be characteristic of marine and continental ecosystems, respectively. This work suggests that differentiation is mostly due to the type of cells that produce them: eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
Furthermore, DOM isolated by tangential ultrafiltration (> 1 KDa) from different aquatic environments has also been characterized. Significant changes were observed in the aromaticity and average molecular weigh of the samples depending on whether they were of continental or marine origin and also on the exposition to the sunlight before sampling. Moreover, controlled experiments were performed in order to study the response of these materials to natural radiation. These experiments showed degradation of the humic-like fluorophores ¿peak-M¿ and ¿peak-C¿ and the formation of another protein-like fluorophores, known in literature as ¿pico-T¿. When the marine bacteria were cultivated using the irradiated materials as substrate a rapid recovery of the humic-like fluorophores was observed. This recovery was proportional to the initial fluorescence of the materials before irradiation.
Finally, we have also studied the relative importance of the processes that involve the mixing between water masses of continental and marine origin, microbial production and photochemical degradation on the CDOM and FDOM distribution of two distinct coastal ecosystem: the ¿Ría de Vigo¿ and the Blanes Bay. The Ría de Vigo, enclosed in the Iberian upwelling system, is periodically affected by downwelling and upwelling events. Microbial production was the dominant process during the donwelling period while the photochemical decomposition predominated during upwellings. On the other hand, Blanes Bay, in the oligotrophic Northwest Mediterranean Sea, possesses a seasonal cycle determined by natural radiation. This is characterized by the accumulation of chromophores and fluorophores absorbing at < 300 nm and the photochemical decomposition of those absorbing at > 300nm during the summer season.Los océanos albergan 685 Pg de carbono orgánico, de los que 662 Pg están en forma disuelta. La enorme diversidad de compuestos que constituyen la materia orgánica disuelta (DOM) y la baja concentración en que se encuentra cada uno de ellos, hace de la caracterización química y estructural de este material una ardua tarea. Es por eso que menos del < 11% de la DOM está identificado en la actualidad. Una fracción variable de la DOM –entre el 20% en océano abierto y el 70% en zonas costeras– absorbe luz UV y visible, por lo que se conoce como DOM coloreada (CDOM). Parte de la CDOM, emite la radiación absorbida en forma de fluorescencia, si bien con un rendimiento cuántico bajo (en torno al 1%) y es conocida como DOM fluorescente (FDOM). El estudio simultaneo de la CDOM y FDOM combinando espectroscopia de absorción y fluorescencia permite –de forma relativamente simple, rápida y barata– ahondar en el conocimiento de (i) la estructura molecular de la DOM, en aspectos tales como su aromaticidad y peso molecular medio; y (ii) su reactividad biológica y fotoquímica, a través del estudio de la producción, consumo y/o alteración química de diferentes grupos cromóforos y fluoróforos en respuesta a la actividad de los microorganismos y la radiación solar en los océanos. En esta Tesis se han realizado tanto experimentos de laboratorio como estudios de campo. En una serie de experimentos se ha profundizado en las fuentes microbiológicas de la CDOM y FDOM en condiciones controladas, demostrando que el fitoplancton marino produce un fluoróforo a Ex/Em = 320 nm/410 nm que es consumido por las bacterias marinas, que a su vez producen otro fluoróforo a Ex/Em = 340 nm/440 nm. Estos fluoróforos de naturaleza húmica, conocidos en la literatura especializada como “pico-M” y “pico-C”, se consideraban característicos de ecosistemas marinos y continentales, respectivamente. Este trabajo sugiere que la diferenciación tiene más que ver con el tipo de células que las producen: eucariotas o procariotas. Se ha caracterizado ópticamente DOM aislada por filtración tangencial (> 1 KDa) de diversas aguas naturales, observándose cambios significativos en la aromaticidad y peso molecular medio de las muestras en función de su origen continental o marino y de su exposición a la luz natural antes de ser colectadas. Igualmente, se realizaron experimentos controlados para estudiar la respuesta de estos materiales a la radiación natural, observándose degradación de los fluoróforos de naturaleza húmica “pico-M” y “pico-C” y generación de un fluoróforo de naturaleza protéica, conocido en la literatura como “pico-T”. Al cultivar bacterias marinas usando los materiales irradiados como substrato se observa una rápida recuperación de los fluoróforos de naturaleza húmica, proporcional a la fluorescencia inicial de los materiales antes de ser irradiados. Finalmente, se ha estudiado la importancia relativa de los procesos de mezcla de masas de agua de origen continental y marino, producción microbiana y degradación fotoquímica sobre la distribución de CDOM y FDOM en dos ecosistemas costeros con distintas condiciones: la Ría de Vigo y la Bahía de Blanes. La Ría de Vigo, sistema eutrófico enclavado en el afloramiento ibérico, se ve afectada periódicamente por episodios de afloramiento y hundimiento, resultando la producción microbiana el proceso dominante en condiciones de afloramiento y la descomposición fotoquímica en condiciones de hundimiento. Por otro lado, la Bahía de Blanes, en el oligotrófico Mediterráneo Nororiental, describe un marcado ciclo estacional dictado por la radiación natural incidente caracterizado por la acumulación estival de cromóforos y fluoróforos que absorben a <300 nm y la descomposición fotoquímica de los que lo hacen a > 300 nm.
Els oceans alberguen 685 Pg de carboni orgànic, dels quals 662 Pg estan en forma dissolta. L’enorme diversitat de compostos que constitueixen la matèria orgànica dissolta (DOM) i la baixa concentració en què es troba cadascun d’ells, fa de la caracterització química i estructural d’aquest material una àrdua tasca. És per això que menys del < 11% de la DOM està identificat a dia d’avui. Una fracció variable de la DOM –entre el 20% a l’oceà obert i el 70% a zones costaneres– absorbeix llum UV i visible, per la qual cosa es coneix com DOM acolorida (CDOM). Part de la CDOM, emet la radiació absorbida en forma de fluorescència, si bé amb un rendiment quàntic baix (entorn del 1%) i és coneguda com DOM fluorescent (FDOM). L’estudi simultanei de la CDOM i la FDOM combinant espectroscòpia d’absorció i fluorescència permet –de forma relativament simple, ràpida i barata– aprofundir en el coneixement de (i) l’estructura molecular de la DOM, en aspectes tals com la seva aromaticitat i el pes molecular mitjà; i (ii) la seva reactivitat biològica i fotoquímica, a través de l’estudi de la producció, consum i/o alteració química de diferents grups cromòfors i fluoròfors en resposta a l’activitat dels microorganismes i la radiació solar en els oceans. En aquesta Tesi s’han realitzat tant experiments de laboratori com estudis de camp. En una sèrie d’experiments s’ha aprofundit en les fonts microbiològiques de la CDOM i FDOM en condicions controlades, demostrant que el fitoplàncton marí produeix un fluoròfors a Ex/Em = 320 nm/410 nm que és consumit pels bacteris marins, que al seu torn produeixen un altre fluoròfors a Ex/Em = 340 nm/440 nm. Aquests fluoròfors de naturalesa húmica, coneguts en la literatura especialitzada com “pic-M” i “pic-C”, es consideraven característics d’ecosistemes marins i continentals, respectivament. Aquest treball suggereix que la diferenciació té més a veure amb el tipus de cèl·lules que les produeixen: eucariotes o procariotes. S’ha caracteritzat òpticament DOM aïllada per filtració tangencial (> 1 KDa) de diverses aigües naturals, observant-se canvis significatius en la aromaticitat i pes molecular mitjà de les mostres en funció del seu origen continental o marí i de la seva exposició a la llum natural abans de ser mostrejadas. Igualment, es van realitzar experiments controlats per estudiar la resposta d’aquests materials a la radiació natural, observant-se degradació dels fluoròfors de naturalesa húmica “pic-M” i “pic-C” i generació d’un fluoròfors de naturalesa protéica, conegut en la literatura com “pic-T”. En cultivar bacteris marins utilizant els materials irradiats com a substrat s’observa una ràpida recuperació dels fluoròfors de naturalesa húmica, proporcional a la fluorescència inicial dels materials abans de ser irradiats. Finalment, s’ha estudiat la importància relativa dels processos de barreja de masses d’aigua d’origen continental i marí, producció microbiana i degradació fotoquímica sobre la distribució de CDOM i FDOM en dos ecosistemes costaners diferents: la Ria de Vigo i la Badia de Blanes. La Ria de Vigo, sistema eutròfic enclavat en l’aflorament ibèric, es veu afectada periòdicament per episodis d’aflorament i enfonsament, resultant la producció microbiana el procés dominant en condicions d’aflorament i la descomposició fotoquímica en condicions d’enfonsament. D’altra banda, la Badia de Blanes, en el oligotròfic Mediterrani Nord-oriental, descriu un marcat cicle estacional dictat per la radiació natural incident caracteritzat per l’acumulació estival de cromòfors i fluoròfors que absorbeixen a <300 nm i la descomposició fotoquímica dels quals que ho fan a > 300 nm.
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Asdar, Sarah. "Climate change impact on ecosystems of Prince Edward Islands : role of oceanic mesoscale processes." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0037/document.
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L’archipel du Prince Édouard est situé dans le Courant Circumpolaire Antarctique, entre le Front Subantarctique (SAF) et le front polaire (PF). Les positions de ces fronts se sont révélées très variables aux échelles interannuelles et mensuelles et ont montré une tendance à long terme à migrer vers le sud dans la région. L'activité tourbillonnaire, observée à la dorsale sud-ouest indienne, en amont de l’archipel, a également affiché une variabilité interannuelle et intra-annuelle ainsi qu’une tendance à la baisse sur ces 24 dernières années. A une échelle plus locale, nous avons souligné que les conditions aux îles sont impactées par ces tourbillons mésoéchelle produits en amont. La marée a également été mise en évidence comme jouant un rôle non négligeable dans la variabilité de la circulation entre les îles. Une configuration idéalisée a été mise en place pour la région afin d’étudier les propriétés des tourbillons et les mécanismes physiques à l’origine de leur formation. L'énergie potentielle tourbillonnaire disponible a révélé un maximum d'énergie aux alentours de 800 m de profondeur, confirmant le caractère « deep-reaching » des tourbillons. Cette activité tourbillonnaire a été montrée comme étant le résultat d'une combinaison d’instabilités barotropes et baroclines. Enfin, nous avons enquêté sur les conséquences potentielles d'une migration vers le sud du SAF dans la région des îles. Le modèle étant idéalisé, il nous a permis de simuler un déplacement vers le sud en déplaçant les conditions initiales ainsi que les conditions aux limites. Le principal résultat a été la nette diminution de l'activité mésoéchelle dans la région, ce qui pourrait avoir un impact sur les écosystèmes de l’archipel du Prince ÉdouardThe subantarctic Prince Edward Islands lie in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, between the Subantarctic Front (SAF) and the Polar Front (PF). These fronts positions were found to be highly variable at interannual and monthly time scales and revealed a significant long-term southward trend in the region. The intense mesoscale activity, observed upstream the islands at the South West Indian Ridge, also showed an interannual and intra-annual variability as well a decrease in eddy kinetic energy over 24 years. At a more local scale, we highlighted that the archipelago’s environment was impacted by the mesoscale features produced upstream.Tides appeared to be another important driver of variability of the circulation in between the two islands.An idealised model configuration was designed for the Prince Edward Islands region to study the mesoscale eddy properties and the physical mechanisms of their formation at the ridge. The Eddy Available Potential Energy revealed a maximum of energy around 800 m depth, confirming the deep reaching characteristic of the eddy originated in the region and suggested the presence of a local energy source at this depth. This eddies activity was shown to be the result of a combination of barotropic and baroclinic instabilities occurring at the ridge.Finally, we investigated on the potential consequences of a southward shift of the SAF in the region of the islands.Because the model was idealised, it allowed us to simulate an SAF southward shift by shifting the initial and boundary conditions. The main result was the clear decrease of mesoscale activity in the region which could potentially impact the ecosystems of the Prince Edward Islands
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Marre, Jean-Baptiste. "Quantifying economic values of coastal and marine ecosystem services and assessing their use in decision-making : applications in New Caledonia and Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/76132/1/Jean-Baptiste_Marre_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis deals with the issues of quantifying economic values of coastal and marine ecosystem services and assessing their use in decision-making. The first analytical part of the thesis focuses on estimating non-market use and non-use values, with an application in New-Caledonia using Discrete Choice Experiment. The second part examines how and to what extent the economic valuation of ecosystem services is used in coastal management decision-making with an application in Australia. Using a multi-criteria analysis, the relative importance of ecological, social and economic evaluation criteria is also assessed in the context of coastal development.
Books on the topic "Marine ecosystem processes"
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Covadonga Orejas Saco del Valle. Role of benthic cnidarians in energy transfer processes in the southern ocean marine ecosystem (Antarctica): Rolle der bodenlebenden Nesseltiere im Stofffluss des marinen Ökosystems des Südpolarmeeres (Antarktis). Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2001.
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1932-, Sherman Kenneth, Alexander Lewis M. 1921-, Gold Barry D, and American Association for the Advancement of Science., eds. Large marine ecosystems: Patterns, processes, and yields. Washington, D.C: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Marine ecosystem processes"
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Valiela, Ivan. "Nutrient Cycles and Ecosystem Stoichiometry." In Marine Ecological Processes, 425–66. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4125-4_14.
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Moraes, Rosane B. C., and Leticia Maria Mayr. "Strombus pugilis (Mollusc: Gastropode) as a Potential Indicator of Co-60 in a Marine Ecosystem." In Radionuclides in the Study of Marine Processes, 385. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3686-0_61.
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Küfeoğlu, Sinan. "SDG-14: Life Below Water." In Emerging Technologies, 453–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07127-0_16.
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AbstractGlobal systems and processes that assure the supply of rainwater, drinking water and oxygen are regulated by oceanic temperature chemistry, currents and life. Pollution, diminished fisheries and the loss of coastal habitats all have negative impacts on the ocean’s sustainability. Such activities have severely impacted around 40% of the world’s oceans. SDG-14, Life Below Water, aims to conserve marine ecosystems by establishing regulations for removing pollutants from the sea, decreasing sea acidification and regulating the fishing sector to ensure sustainable fishing. As a result, the major incentive for this goal is to protect and utilise marine ecosystem services sustainably. This chapter presents the business models of 36 companies and use cases that employ emerging technologies and create value in SDG-14. We should highlight that one use case can be related to more than one SDG and it can make use of multiple emerging technologies.
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Ulloa, Osvaldo, and Carolina Grob. "Marine pelagic ecosystems." In Surface Ocean—Lower Atmosphere Processes, 119–37. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gm000867.
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Valiela, Ivan. "Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems." In Marine Ecological Processes, 529–76. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79070-1_17.
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Valiela, Ivan. "Seasonal Changes in Marine Ecosystems." In Marine Ecological Processes, 467–97. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4125-4_15.
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Asman, Willem A. H., and Søren E. Larsen. "Atmospheric processes." In Eutrophication in Coastal Marine Ecosystems, 21–49. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ce052p0021.
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Valiela, Ivan. "Changing Marine Ecosystems and Processes: Trajectories and Recovery." In Marine Ecological Processes, 577–93. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79070-1_18.
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Valiela, Ivan. "Long-Term and Large-Scale Change in Marine Ecosystems." In Marine Ecological Processes, 499–544. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4125-4_16.
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Fava, Giancarlo, and Bruno Battaglia. "Processes of Differentiation Between Mediterranean Populations of the Super-Species Tisbe clodiensis Battaglia and Fava (1968) (Copepoda)." In Mediterranean Marine Ecosystems, 333–46. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2248-9_15.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Marine ecosystem processes"
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Barbieri, Maurizio. "THE HUMAN IMPACT ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT: ELEMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY OF A MSW LANDFILL AS A TOOL TO TRACE CHANGES IN ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b31/s12.096.
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Yamazaki, Tetsuo, Daisuke Monoe, Tomoaki Oomi, Kisaburo Nakata, and Tomohiko Fukushima. "Application of Methane Supply Process Unit in Mass Balance Ecosystem Model Around Cold Seepage." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57498.
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Natural cold seepages are characterized as rapid upward transports of methane from deeper parts of geological structures to the seafloor. The original methane supply source is expected to locate below BSR (Bottom Simulating Reflector). The methane moved up to seafloor is mainly consumed by microorganisms living in anoxic marine sediments. When the methane supply is very large or rapid, remaining unconsumed methane escapes into the water column and is consumed by oxidizing bacteria. The supply mechanism of methane from the supply source to the cold seepages has not yet being clarified. In order to integrate the methane consumption processes in sediments and water column, a simple methane supply mechanism is developed.
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Medinets, V., Ye Gazyetov, E. Cherkez, S. Snihirov, S. Medinets, N. Kovalova, T. Kozlova, and O. Konareva. "Geomorphological research as basis for spatial integrated marine ecosystems monitoring." In XIV International Scientific Conference “Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment”. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202056059.
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Semenova, Inna. "ON USE OF DROUGHT INDICES IN MODELLING HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b31/s12.065.
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Kavka, P. "EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF SOIL EROSION PROCESSES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b32/s13.018.
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Pyankov, Sergey. "A DISTRIBUTED MODEL OF SNOWMELT PROCESSES (ON EXAMPLE OF VOTKINSKOE RESERVOIR CATCHMENT AREA)." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b31/s12.001.
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Khantadze, Archil. "THEORETICAL MODEL OF DESERTIFICATION PROCESS." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b32/s13.038.
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Zelenakova, Martina. "PROCESS OF FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT." In 13th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS. Stef92 Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2013/bc3/s12.034.
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Kovacsova, Silvia. "ENZYME ACTIVITIES AS A COMPONENT OF NUTRIENT CYCLING PROCESSES IN SOIL AMENDED WITH PESTICIDES." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b32/s13.015.
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Minda, Codruta Badaluta. "PROCESS ECOHYDROLOGICAL MODELLING IN BEGA CATCHEMNT." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b31/s12.072.
Full textReports on the topic "Marine ecosystem processes"
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Eisemann, Eve, Catherine Thomas, Matthew Balazik, Damarys Acevedo-Mackey, and Safra Altman. Environmental factors affecting coastal and estuarine submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42185.
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Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) growing in estuarine and coastal marine systems provides crucial ecosystem functions ranging from sediment stabilization to habitat and food for specific species. SAV systems, however, are sensitive to a number of environmental factors, both anthropogenic and natural. The most common limiting factors are light limitation, water quality, and salinity, as reported widely across the literature. These factors are controlled by a number of complex processes, however, varying greatly between systems and SAV populations. This report seeks to conduct an exhaustive examination of factors influencing estuarine and coastal marine SAV habitats and find the common threads that tie these ecosystems together. Studies relating SAV habitats in the United States to a variety of factors are reviewed here, including geomorphological and bathymetric characteristics, sediment dynamics, sedimentological characteristics, and water quality, as well as hydrologic regime and weather. Tools and methods used to assess each of these important factors are also reviewed. A better understanding of fundamental environmental factors that control SAV growth will provide crucial information for coastal restoration and engineering project planning in areas populated by SAVs.
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Veland, Siri, and Christine Merk. Lay person perceptions of marine carbon dioxide removal (CDR) – Working paper. OceanNETs, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d3.3.
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This working paper presents first insights on lay public perceptions of marine carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approaches. In seven focus groups, three in Germany and four in Norway (including one pilot) the researchers asked members of the lay public to share their views of the ocean and the effects of climate change, four CDR approaches, as well as their reflections on responsible research and innovation (RRI) of marine CDR. The four CDR methods were ocean iron fertilization, ocean alkalinity enhancement, artificial upwelling, and blue carbon management through restoration of coastal and marine ecosystems. In addition, respondents were asked to compare the four approaches. Our findings indicate that the public will be very supportive of blue carbon management irrespective of its actual carbon sequestration potential, due in part to the perceived bad state of marine ecosystems worldwide. Participants were skeptical whether any of the CDR approaches could have relevant effect on carbon sequestration and long-term storage; they reasoned about issues such as the ability to scale up treatments in time and space, unforeseen or unforeseeable effects on ecosystems in time and space, and the role of industry in the implementation process. They argued that despite the potential availability of marine CDR, industry and the general public should stop polluting behaviors and practices. Nevertheless, the participants universally agreed that further research on all four CDR methods should be pursued to better understand effects on climate, ecosystems, local communities, and the economy.
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Crystal, Victoria, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Yucca House National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293617.
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Yucca House National Monument (YUHO) in southwestern Colorado protects unexcavated archeological structures that were constructed by the Ancestral Puebloan people between 1050 and 1300 CE. It was established by Woodrow Wilson by presidential proclamation in 1919 and named “Yucca House” by archeologist Jesse Fewkes as a reference to the names used for this area by the local Ute, Tewa Pueblo, and other Native groups. It was originally only 3.9 ha (9.6 ac) of land, but in 1990, an additional 9.7 ha (24 ac) of land was donated by Hallie Ismay, allowing for the protection of additional archeological resources. Another acquisition of new land is currently underway, which will allow for the protection of even more archeological sites. The archeological resources at YUHO remain unexcavated to preserve the integrity of the structures and provide opportunities for future generations of scientists. One of the factors that contributed to the Ancestral Puebloans settling in the area was the presence of natural springs. These springs likely provided enough water to sustain the population, and the Ancestral Puebloans built structures around one of the larger springs, Aztec Spring. Yet, geologic features and processes were shaping the area of southwest Colorado long before the Ancestral Puebloans constructed their dwellings. The geologic history of YUHO spans millions of years. The oldest geologic unit exposed in the monument is the Late Cretaceous Juana Lopez Member of the Mancos Shale. During the deposition of the Mancos Shale, southwestern Colorado was at the bottom of an inland seaway. Beginning about 100 million years ago, sea level rose and flooded the interior of North America, creating the Western Interior Seaway, which hosted a thriving marine ecosystem. The fossiliferous Juana Lopez Member preserves this marine environment, including the organisms that inhabited it. The Juana Lopez Member has yielded a variety of marine fossils, including clams, oysters, ammonites, and vertebrates from within YUHO and the surrounding area. There are four species of fossil bivalves (the group including clams and oysters) found within YUHO: Cameleolopha lugubris, Inoceramus dimidius, Inoceramus perplexus, and Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. There are six species of ammonites in three genera found within YUHO: Baculites undulatus, Baculites yokoyamai, Prionocyclus novimexicanus, Prionocyclus wyomingensis, Scaphites warreni, and Scaphites whitfieldi. There is one unidentifiable vertebrate bone that has been found in YUHO. Fossils within YUHO were first noticed in 1875–1876 by W. H. Holmes, who observed fossils within the building stones of the Ancestral Puebloans’ structures. Nearly half of the building stones in the archeological structures at YUHO are fossiliferous slabs of the Juana Lopez Member. There are outcrops of the Juana Lopez 0.8 km (0.5 mi) to the west of the structures, and it is hypothesized that the Ancestral Puebloans collected the building stones from these or other nearby outcrops. Following the initial observation of fossils, very little paleontology work has been done in the monument. There has only been one study focused on the paleontology and geology of YUHO, which was prepared by paleontologist Mary Griffitts in 2001. As such, this paleontological resource inventory report serves to provide information to YUHO staff for use in formulating management activities and procedures associated with the paleontological resources. In 2021, a paleontological survey of YUHO was conducted to revisit previously known fossiliferous sites, document new fossil localities, and assess collections of YUHO fossils housed at the Mesa Verde National Park Visitor and Research Center. Notable discoveries made during this survey include: several fossils of Cameleolopha lugubris, which had not previously been found within YUHO; and a fossil of Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. that was previously unknown from within YUHO.
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Taucher, Jan, and Markus Schartau. Report on parameterizing seasonal response patterns in primary- and net community production to ocean alkalinization. OceanNETs, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d5.2.
Full textAbstract:
We applied a 1-D plankton ecosystem-biogeochemical model to assess the impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) on seasonal changes in biogeochemistry and plankton dynamics. Depending on deployment scenarios, OAE should theoretically have variable effects on pH and seawater pCO2, which might in turn affect (a) plankton growth conditions and (b) the efficiency of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) via OAE. Thus, a major focus of our work is how different magnitudes and temporal frequencies of OAE might affect seasonal response patterns of net primary productivity (NPP), ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycling. With our study we aimed at identifying a parameterization of how magnitude and frequency of OAE affect net growth rates, so that these effects could be employed for Earth System Modell applications. So far we learned that a meaningful response parameterization has to resolve positive and negative anomalies that covary with temporal shifts. As to the intricacy of the response patterns, the derivation of such parameterization is work in progress. However, our study readily provides valuable insights to how OAE can alter plankton dynamics and biogeochemistry. Our modelling study first focuses at a local site where time series data are available (European Station for Time series in the Ocean Canary Islands ESTOC), including measurements of pH, concentrations of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). These observational data were made available by Andres Cianca (personal communication, PLOCAN, Spain), Melchor Gonzalez and Magdalena Santana Casiano (personal communication, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). The choice of this location was underpinned by the fact that the first OAE mesocosm experiment was conducted on the Canary Island Gran Canaria, which will facilitate synthesizing our modelling approach with experimental findings. For our simulations at the ESTOC site in the Subtropical North Atlantic we found distinct, non-linear responses of NPP to different temporal modes of alkalinity deployment. In particular, phytoplankton bloom patterns displayed pronounced temporal phase shifts and changes in their amplitude. Notably, our simulations suggest that OAE can have a slightly stimulating effect on NPP, which is however variable, depending on the magnitude of OAE and the temporal mode of alkalinity addition. Furthermore, we find that increasing alkalinity perturbations can lead to a shift in phytoplankton community composition (towards coccolithophores), which even persists after OAE has stopped. In terms of CDR, we found that a decrease in efficiency with increasing magnitude of alkalinity addition, as well as substantial differences related to the timing of addition. Altogether, our results suggest that annual OAE during the right season (i.e. physical and biological conditions), could be a reasonable compromise in terms of logistical feasibility, efficiency of CDR and side-effects on marine biota. With respect to transferability to global models, the complex, non-linear responses of biological processes to OAE identified in our simulations do not allow for simple parameterizations that can easily adapted. Dedicated future work is required to transfer the observed responses at small spatiotemporal scales to the coarser resolution of global models.