To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Marine environmental pollution.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Marine environmental pollution'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Marine environmental pollution.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Richards, Jonathan Peter. "Implementing marine pollution policy : proposals for change." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/389.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to determine the factors that affect the implementation of marine pollution policy, especially with regard to regulation of the hazardous substances which contaminate the marine environment- The purpose is to identify weaknesses in the current regulatory regime and to propose improvements. The study also aims to develop a new strategic framework for the implementation of the recent international policy commitments, which call for the complete cessation of discharges of hazardous substances into the marine environment by the year 2020. Furthermore, the study seeks to provide evidence to support or challenge current theories relating to regulation and policy implementation. Examination was made of the attitudes of environmental managers from the UK chemical industry and inspectors from the environmental agencies towards the regulatory system. These are the key personnel who operate at the regulatory interface where the policy outcome is determined. The methodology combined both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Structured interviews helped define the issues for subsequent investigation using a questionnaire survey which was sent to over 700 key personnel. Focus groups were then used to explain the survey findings and develop solutions to key regulatory problems. Statistical analysis of the survey response data revealed similarities and significant differences between the views of industry and the regulator on the effectiveness of the current Integrated Pollution Control regime. The strength of the system was perceived as its practical and pragmatic approach, coupled with a convenient and familiar bureaucracy. The weaknesses identified related to the derivation and enforcement of standards. The Environmental Quality Standards system, which underpins the regime, was acknowledged to be flawed by both operators and regulators who agreed it should be improved by the expansion in the number of priority listed chemicals, the introduction of sediment Environmental Quality Standards and Direct Toxicity Assessment of effluents. Focus groups supported the expansion of the system, but recognised that it would create a regime that was both complex and impractical. The findings were used to construct a revised model of the existing regime. Multivariate analysis of the industry response data identified 3 cluster types and significant differences were revealed between their knowledge of policy developments, their implications and the need for changes to the current system of hazardous chemical control. Operators and regulators acknowledged the existence of the mutual interdependency which has created and maintained a tight policy network (community) at the regulatory interface. Further evidence to support the existence of this community and of regulatory capture, was provided by the study data. Focus group discussions also identified the requirement for a more fundamental reappraisal of the regulatory system in order to deliver the OSPAR strategy. A new regulatory model, which incorporates process and product substitution, is proposed as a strategic framework to ensure that future policy commitments are implemented. This approach may lead to the opening up of the current tight policy network with resultant benefits for policy implementation and reduced regulatory capture. The new model could be applied by other countries within the OSPAR region and in other regions of the world, in order to improve environmental protection.
2
Scotland, W. R. "Luminescence techniques in environmental analysis." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/877.
Full text
3
Jarvis, Stephen C. "Phytal meiofauna as biomonitors of environmental water quality." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283173.
Full text
4
Thorpe, John Paul. "Modeling marine environmental impacts in Hong Kong with GIS." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17456952.
Full text
5
Chetty, Sarika. "Legal measures for the prevention of oil pollution by ships and civil liability for oil pollution damage in South African marine and coastal waters." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15169.
Full textAbstract:
This paper will look at whether the legislation passed in South Africa aimed at preventing and prohibiting oil pollution, as well as current civil liability regimes for oil pollution accidents are adequate or if they fail to meet the standard required by international law. For instance, compensation for the damage and harm caused to the environment is vital in order to restore the sea and prevent further accidents. In terms of civil liability, South Africa ratified the Convention on Civil Liability, but failed to enact domestic legislation in terms of the Convention to regularly update current legislation so that the standards are high and enforceable in national law. The result was that South Africa was left financially unprepared to deal with future oil spills and prevention thereof.
6
Cho, Tat-wing Asam. "Environmental impact assessment (water pollution) of a floating dock in Yam O /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18734832.
Full text
7
Yu, Pui-shan. "The potential for using biomonitoring in the Hong Kong marine environment /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457622.
Full text
8
Gavouneli, Maria. "Pollution from offshore installations : a case-study of marine pollution in the context of general environmental law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319429.
Full text
9
Tsui, Man-leung. "Biological monitoring and its value in assessing the marine environment of Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18040056.
Full text
10
Moodley, Alecia Genise. "Analysing the international civil liability regime for oil pollution damage caused by ships and aligning with it the South African civil liability regime for oil pollution damage cause by ships." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29257.
Full textAbstract:
Oil-fouled beaches, dying seabirds and severe economic loss from the closure of fishing grounds and holiday resorts is the picture painted by oil spills, and these consequences often arouse public outrage. Oil spills cause extensive damage to the marine environment and to human society. Indeed, the economic consequences are often extensive, and it is for this reason that the internationalisation of a civil liability regime for oil pollution damage was initially proposed. The first move towards an international civil liability regime came when states which were affected by an unprecedented oil spill made it clear that individual states could not cope alone with these negative effects. The tanker held responsible for the oil spill which has been described as ‘the greatest peace-time menace ever to have confronted Britain’s shores’ was Liberian-registered tanker, the Torrey Canyon About 6 000 nautical miles south of Pollard rock, which was struck by the Torrey Canyon in 1967, lays the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa (SA). The route that runs through the Cape of Good Hope is one of the busiest oil tanker routes in the world and this contributes to the large volume of oil traffic in this route. The Cape of Good Hope is also known as the ‘Cape of Storms’ and many vessels have faltered off this hazardous coastline of SA. The 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78) to address pollution prevention, the 1969 Intervention Convention to deal with emergency response, the 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969 CLC), and the 1971 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (1971 Fund convention) were enacted after the Torrey Canyon disaster, once it was clear that the international regime was not sufficient to deal with such an immense oil spill. 8 In addition, and of paramount importance, is the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which is known as the “framework” or ”umbrella” convention in the international law of the sea. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse and compare the International and the South African civil liability regimes on oil pollution damage caused by ships. This comparative analogy will be done with the view of ascertaining whether the legal regime of South Africa (SA) is in line with the international civil liability regime and to ascertain what improvements can be made to SA’s civil liability regime. During this analysis, any inadequacies identified in these regimes will be addressed briefly. South Africa gave effect to the 1969 CLC and the 1971 Fund convention by enacting the Marine Pollution (Control and Civil Liability) Act 6 of 1981 (MPA)(own emphasis). SA, however, only acceded to the 1992 protocols of amendment on 1 October 2005 (own emphasis) and, subsequently, did not implement these amendments domestically. Eight years later, the government finally updated the domestic law by providing for the domestic enactment of the provisions as contained in the 1992 protocols. In December 2013 (own emphasis), the Merchant Shipping (Civil Liability Convention) Act 25 of 2013 (“MSCLC act”), the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Act 24 of 2013 (“the IOPC act”), the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Administrations Act 35 of 2013 (“Administrations act”), and the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Contributions Act 36 of 2013 (“Contributions act”) was enacted by Parliament. This dissertation serves to explore these laws of SA against the backdrop of the relevant international conventions including the UNCLos which provides a general framework. Prior to these amendment laws, SA’s regime was outdated and provided insufficient compensation for a major oil spill. The primary research question of this dissertation is: Is SA’s civil liability regime consistent with, aligned with and adequate in light of, the international civil liability regime? In order to answer the abovementioned research question, this dissertation adopts the following structure: It is divided into five chapters which will follow one another as the civil liability regime is being unpacked and analysed. Chapter 1 contains an introduction, background, and sets out the scope and limits of this topic; It furthermore provides a brief literature review on civil liability to aid in understanding the main topic of this dissertation. In Chapter 2 it will be beneficial to look at the brief history behind the international regulation of marine oil pollution in order to grasp the reasoning behind the existing international regime. Therefore, the international history will first be addressed, and thereafter a comprehensive analysis of the various conventions that make up the international regime will be done. There will also be an indication of certain inadequacies which may be contained therein, before concluding and moving the focus to SA in the next chapter. It will then be of importance to address SA’s liability regime critically. In Chapter 3 the new marine pollution acts are dissected whilst keeping in mind the broad themes that originate in the international conventions. This third chapter also addresses whether the MSCLC act has strengthened the South African regime and whether SA will have access to the compensation funds after the enactment of the IOPC Fund Act. Chapter 4 will accordingly look at the laws of general application in SA with a view of ascertaining how these laws complement the civil liability regime and how reliance on them could improve the South African regime. Furthermore, recommendations will be made with regards to improving SA’s regime. Finally, this dissertation will come to a conclusion in Chapter 5 which will also briefly summarise the findings of the previous chapters.
11
Romeliotou, Vassiliki. "Mechanisms of control over compliance with international law on the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368693.
Full text
12
Hamidian, Amir Hossein, and n/a. "Cadmium in the marine environment." University of Otago. Department of Chemistry, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090728.100026.
Full textAbstract:
Cadmium in the ocean has a nutrient-like cycling pattern: with biological uptake at the surface, subsequent sinking in particulate form and then regeneration as dissolved species in deeper waters. Many measurements have been made over time of the ratio of the concentrations of dissolved Cd to those of PO₄ (Cd/PO₄) in the world ocean and this has become one of the best relationships documented between a trace metal and a nutrient. Combined with the measurements of the Cd/Ca ratio in foraminifera, the Cd/PO₄ ratio has been used to reconstruct the oceanographic circulation patterns that existed during past glacial periods and hence provides information on past climate changes.
In the present study Cd/PO₄ ratios of the Southern Indian Ocean in surface and deep waters were investigated. The slopes of the relationships between Cd and PO₄ concentrations in waters of this region are high compared to the global correlations, and lie between those reported for other parts of the Southern Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. In surface waters of the Southern Indian Ocean, Cd/PO₄ ratios decrease from regions exhibiting high nutrient-low chlorophyll (HNLC) characteristic in the south to oligotrophic waters further north. It is also found that particulate Cd plays an important role in regulating the high Cd/PO₄ ratios reported in waters south of the Polar Front.
Very low Cd/PO₄ ratios were measured in waters associated with the Subtropical Front southeast of New Zealand compared to other Southern Ocean and global oceanic waters. Seasonal variations in the Cd/PO₄ ratios measured for these waters strongly suggest they are associated with a significant biological uptake of dissolved Cd particularly during the phytoplankton growth season in summer.
Dissolved Fe concentrations in the Southern Indian Ocean and seasonal variations of Fe in waters off the Otago Coast (southeast of New Zealand) suggest that Fe may stimulate phytoplankton growth and this might result in lower Cd/PO₄ ratios in surface waters through enhanced Cd uptake relative to PO₄ by the phytoplankton. However there is no distinct relationship between dissolved Fe concentrations and the dissolved Cd/PO₄ ratios measured in these surface waters. This finding is in disagreement with the recent 2006 hypothesis put forward by J.T. Cullen, which proposed that waters exhibiting low dissolved Cd/PO₄ ratios were associated with the HNLC regions. From a consideration of the potential Zn concentrations calculated from Si concentration measurements reported for these waters, it would appear that Zn may play a more important role than Fe in regulating Cd/PO₄ ratios in these waters.
Measurements of dissolved and total Cd concentrations relative to those of PO₄ were also undertaken in the Otago Harbour and immediate surrounding coastal waters. These exhibited higher Cd concentrations and higher Cd/PO₄ ratios than open ocean waters further off the Otago Coast. The particulate Cd concentrations showed a negative correlation with Cd concentrations measured in cockle species (Austrovenus stuchburyi) collected in the harbour, suggesting that particulate Cd is not the source of Cd measured in the tissue of this species.
The concentrations of Cd and other trace metals were also measured in samples of green mussel (Perna canaliculus), ribbed mussel (Aulacomya atra maoriana) and oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) collected from Otago Harbour and possible correlations explored between these concentrations and other parameters such as the shellfish condition indices and environmental gradients in the harbour.
In summary, measurements of dissolved and particulate Cd concentrations in the water column can provide unique information on a number of processes occurring in the global marine environment.
13
Skouras, Andreas. "The use of piscine innate immune responses as indicators for environmental pollution in marine ecosystems." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968000460.
Full text
14
Enwere, Rita. "Environmental risk management of contamination of marine biota by hydrocarbons specifically those arising following an oil spill." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/376.
Full textAbstract:
Marine pollution resulting from oil spillage has received much attention mostly due to the damaging effects it has on fisheries and aquacultures. One component of oil that is widely studied due to its toxic and carcinogenic properties is the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The physical and chemical properties of these compounds control their distribution into the various phases of the environment. The rates of elimination of these compounds from impacted organisms were investigated in laboratory and field experiments using selected marine organisms (Mytilus edulis and Salmo salar). The elimination of individual PAH compounds followed first order kinetics. Elimination rate varied among compounds and generally decreased with increase in molecular weight and degree of alkylation. Elimination rate constants (k2) and biological half-lives (t1/2) evaluated from chronically exposed mussels (collected from Aberdeen harbour) in separate laboratory and field studies were comparable but differed from those evaluated from acutely exposed mussels. Shorter t1/2 were obtained from acutely exposed mussels. The t1/2 ranged between 0.5- 22 d (acute exposure) and 3.8- 31.5 d (chronic exposure).The longer apparent t1/2 calculated for the chronically impacted mussels was attributed to the retention of the compounds in a stable compartment due to long period of exposure that limited exchange with the surrounding water. Contrary to expectation, t1/2 for similar compounds was higher in salmon than in mussels. The reason for this was unknown but attributed to the route of elimination. A good correlation (r2 > 0.72) was found between PAHs tissue concentration and taint intensity in salmon. Comparison of the results from this study with literature data showed that tank water replacement time and exposure duration affects rate of PAHs elimination. The data generated in this study and some of the reviewed studies will find application in different oil spill scenarios. The usefulness and limitations of the n-alkanes profile, PAH distribution and concentration ratios, and specific biomarker ratios from organisms in oil spill source identification was also demonstrated.
15
Piola, Richard Fabio Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Differential tolerance of introduced & native marine invertebrates to heavy metal pollution." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40673.
Full textAbstract:
In near-shore marine environments, two of the most prevalent anthropogenic disturbances affecting ecosystem diversity and function are the invasion of exotic species, and the release of toxic chemicals. Estuarine and harbour environments worldwide are dually subjected to high levels of toxic disturbance and ever increasing rates of invasion, via activities such as boating and shipping. It is not clear, however, whether the success of invasive species is influenced by the presence of toxic contaminants in these impacted environments. In particular, nonindigenous marine species (NIS) may be advantaged in chemically disturbed environments if they are more tolerant of toxicants. This thesis examines whether nonindigenous and native sessile invertebrate species have differential tolerance to a common aquatic contaminant, copper (Cu), which has links to both the invasion process (via its use in antifouling paints and the vector of hull fouling) and the modification of recipient environments (via human-mediated pollution). A series of laboratory- and field-based experiments showed that the cosmopolitan invasive bryozoans Watersipora subtorquata, Bugula neritina and Schizoporella errata are highly tolerant of copper pollution. The larvae and adults of W. subtorquata and B. neritina in particular were able to survive and grow in copper-polluted environments far exceeding most observed real-world levels (< 100 /??g 1-1). These nonindigenous species also showed very strong postexposure recovery. In contrast, the co-occurring native bryozoans Celleporaria nodulosa and Fenestrulina mutabilis demonstrated comparatively low tolerance to copper, with markedly reduced survival and fitness under Cu contaminated conditions, and inferior recovery abilities post-exposure. These findings were further supported by a long-term manipulative field experiment, examining the effect that varying levels of Cu exposure have on the structure and diversity of developing sessile invertebrate assemblages. Cu exposure decreased native species diversity by up to 50%, yet had no effect on NIS numbers. Consequently, in the presence of copper contamination, NIS dominated sessile communities, often resulting in substantial changes to community structure. Important insights were also gained into the nature of metal tolerance in NIS. Toxicity studies on larvae of the introduced bryozoan Bugula neritina revealed intraspecific differences in tolerance to Cu, associated with the level of pollution experienced by the adult source populations. There was also evidence of fitness costs related with increased Cu tolerance. In summary, we have found evidence that the success of invasive species is influenced by chemical contamination. NIS may be advantaged in contaminated estuaries relative to native species and this may assist in their establishment and persistence in new habitats.
16
Wraige, Emma Jane. "Studies of the synthesis, environmental occurrence and toxicity of unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) of hydrocarbons." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/465.
Full textAbstract:
The occurrence of unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons (UCMs) in the aliphatic fraction of marine sediments and organisms from areas impacted by petroleum hydrocarbons is well documented and widely accepted as an indication of fossil fuel contamination. In contrast, the presence of an aromatic UCM is often ignored and environmental concentrations of aromatic UCM hydrocarbons in marine biota and sediments are rarely reported. The aims of this study were to establish the quantitative significance of aromatic UCMs in environmental samples and to assess the toxicological significance of both aliphatic and aromatic UCMs. A reproducible method was developed and validated for the analysis and quantification of petroleum hydrocarbons in mussel (Mytilus edulis) tissue. Emphasis was placed upon development of a method which minimized losses of more volatile, lower molecular weight, toxicologically significant hydrocarbons, without compromising recovery of higher molecular weight compounds which are useful for source identification in environmental monitoring schemes. Analysis of mussels from a small number of U. K. coastal locations indicated that aromatic hydrocarbon UCMs may form a significant proportion (ca 20 %) of the total hydrocarbon body burden of mussels from areas contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Aromatic UCM hydrocarbons were not observed in mussels from relatively uncontaminated areas but concentrations of 430 μg g'' (dry wt tissue) were measured in mussels from heavily impacted areas. Aliphatic UCM concentrations ranged from 7- 3445 μg gg' (dry wt tissue). For the purposes of toxicological studies, a low molecular weight model aliphatic UCM hydrocarbon, 4-propyloctane (4-PO) was synthesised. Two low molecular weight model aromatic hydrocarbons 7- cyclohexyltetralin and 7-cyclohexyl-l-propyltetralin were also synthesised using a modification of the Haworth synthesis. All three target compounds and synthetic intermediates were characterised by NMR, MSandIR. Exposure of M. edulis to 4-PO caused a significant reduction in mussel ciliary feeding activity indicating that 4-PO was indeed toxic as measured by this bioassay. The demonstrable narcotic activity of 4-PO is presumably related to the greater aqueous solubility of branched hydrocarbons compared with similar straight chain hydrocarbons. Further experiments investigating the effect of 4- PO over exposure periods up to 120h provided a unique and detailed insight into the relationship between concentration of toxicant in the gills of M. edulis and observed feeding rate. The established method of mussel feeding rate determination was modified in light of this relationship to produce an " improved rapid and reproducible screening technique. Both of the model aromatic UCM hydrocarbons were also found to be toxic to mussel ciliary feeding activity. This appears to be the first report of investigations into the toxicity of the aromatic UCM and suggests that previous studies have ignored an environmental burden of toxicological significance. Estimates of the tissue effective concentration (TEC50) for the model UCM hydrocarbons gave comparable values with those reported for the effect of other narcotic hydrocarbons upon mussel feeding rate, providing support for the theory that non-specific narcosis occurs at a relatively constant tissue concentration of toxicant. The demonstrated narcotic activity of each of the three model UCM hydrocarbons has extended the molecular weight range of narcotic hydrocarbons studied to date. The results presented herein suggest that a small proportion of low molecular weight aliphatic UCMs and perhaps a greater proportion of aromatic UCMs are of toxicological significance.
17
Sipic, Toni 1981. "Political economy of environmental disasters and voluntary approaches in environmental policy." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11581.
Full textAbstract:
xix, 187 p. : ill. (some col.)In Chapter II I analyze eco-labeling in the tourism industry, specifically the impact of the Blue Flag label for marinas and beaches on prices of marina slip rentals, weekly sailboat charter prices and hotel accommodation prices. The principal findings include that Blue Flag certified marinas appear to enjoy an average premium between 6.6% and 22% for their daily slip rental prices, between 40% and 49% for their monthly slip rental prices, and 23% for their yearly slip rental prices. Within the sailboat charter sector, vessels whose home marina is awarded the Blue Flag on average carry a price premium between 14% and 20% on a weekly sailboat rental. When it comes to hotel accommodation, hotels managing a Blue Flag certified beach enjoy a price premium between 45% and 270%. In Chapter III I employ a dataset on the global frequency of climate-change-related natural disasters to explain the probability of the start and occurrence, in a given year, of civil war and civil war durations during the last half of the 20th century. Extreme cold events are found to have a measurable positive effect on the probability of civil war starting in the affected countries, previous years' extreme heat events have a positive effect on the probability of a civil war occurring in a given year, and droughts have a positive effect on civil war duration. These findings can be used by policymakers as they contemplate climate change mitigation policies. In Chapter IV I investigate the determinants of ratification delay of a major oil pollution international environmental agreement, MARPOL. Importantly, I analyze the impact of oil spills, as well as various country characteristics, on the time a country takes to ratify MARPOL. The major contribution lies in the examination of impacts of environmental pollution events on international political decision making. I find that the amount of oil spilled decreases the time to ratify MARPOL. This is the first study that seeks to address this issue in a quantitative fashion. The results should inform policymakers by giving them insight into relevant determinants of legislative delay in ratifying treaties.
Committee in charge: Dr. Trudy Ann Cameron, Chairperson; Dr. Wesley W. Wilson, Member; Dr. Benjamin Hansen, Member; Dr. Ronald Mitchell, Outside Member
18
Cantwell, Francine L. "An investigation of relationships between mass media coverage of ocean pollution and New Jersey ocean pollution legislation." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1991. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1991.Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2705. Abstract precedes thesis as 2 preliminary leaves. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-48).
19
Bergman, Anders. "Pathological changes in seals in Swedish waters : the relation to environmental pollution : tendencies during a 25-year period /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/2007131.pdf.
Full text
20
Cho, Tat-wing Asam, and 曹達榮. "Environmental impact assessment (water pollution) of a floating dock in Yam O." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253714.
Full text
21
Ghosn, Micheline. "Chemical contamination in different marine organisms along the Lebanese coast : Environmental implications and health risks." Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0552.
Full textAbstract:
La consommation mondiale des produits de la mer est en perpétuelle croissance et les produits de la pêche sont devenus parmi les produits les plus marchandés à travers le monde. Cependant, la qualité de ces derniers soulève une problématique au niveau de la santé humaine avec l’augmentation des pressions anthropiques menaçant les écosystèmes côtiers et les organismes marins. Par la suite, malgré les qualités nutritionnelles des produits de la pêche, leur consommation peut être une voie d’exposition de l’homme à différents types de contaminants chimiques dont les éléments traces métalliques (ETMs). Dans ce contexte, l’évaluation du niveau de contamination dans ces produits et les risques qu’ils peuvent engendrer s’avère être une nécessité surtout en l’absence de normes locales et de programmes de surveillance. Les objectifs de cette étude sont de deux ordres : i) l’évaluation la qualité environnementale du littoral Libanais à travers les organismes marins et, ii) l’estimation du niveau des risques sanitaires liés à la consommation d’une sélection des produits de la pêche. Le premier objectif, était d’évaluer les niveaux de contaminants métalliques (20 éléments traces) chez six espèces marines de différents niveaux du réseau trophique (algues, moules, crevettes et poissons) représentatif des eaux côtières libanaises. Les résultats ont révélé que les espèces accumulent les métaux différemment soulignant ainsi l’importance d’une approche multi-espèce pour mieux refléter le niveau de contamination du milieu. Des variations inter-sites ont été également trouvées surtout durant la période pluvieuse de l’année indiquant l’effet des apports des rivières vers la zone côtière. Les niveaux des ETMs obtenus dans les muscles et les tissus comestibles dans le cadre de notre étude étaient du même ordre de grandeur que ceux mesurés dans d’autres régions du bassin Levantin. Cependant, les foies ont montré des concentrations supérieures comparées à d’autres études, suggérant ainsi que la côte libanaise est soumise à des pressions environnementales importantes. Le deuxième objectif, concerne l’évaluation des risques sanitaires liés à la consommation de différents produits de la pêche échantillonnés le long du littoral Libanais. Pour cela, cinq espèces consommées localement (1 bivalve, 1 crustacé et 3 espèces de poisson) et échantillonnés le long du littoral Libanais au niveau de trois sites soumis à différents niveaux de pressions anthropiques ont été sélectionnés. Tous les échantillons ont été analysés pour leur contenu en éléments traces. Des métaux comme le mercure (Hg) se retrouvent sous plusieurs formes chimiques, sa forme la plus toxique étant le méthylmercure (MeHg). La voie principale de l’exposition humaine au MeHg est la consommation de produits de la pêche. Pour cela, une méthode de spéciation du Hg dans les produits de la pêche a été optimisée et validée par profil d’exactitude. Les résultats ont montré que les niveaux des ETMs et du MeHg dans les espèces concernées, étaient largement inférieurs aux limites maximales admissibles fixées par la Commission Européenne et que leur consommation ne présente pas de risques pour la santé humaineGlobal food fish consumption has been in continuous increase and fishery products have become some of the most traded items in the world. However, the quality of these products is becoming an issue of concern to human health with the increase of anthropogenic activities threatening marine coastal ecosystems. Therefore, despite the well-known health benefits of fishery products, their consumption may be a route of human exposure to different kinds of chemical contaminants including trace elements. In this context, evaluating the contamination levels in these products and the risks they may engender to human health proves to be a necessity in the absence of local guidelines and monitoring programs. Thus, the thesis has 2 main objectives: i) the evaluation of environmental quality through marine organisms and, ii) the assessment of health risks related to the consumption of a selection of fishery products.The first objective was to study the levels of metallic contaminants (20 trace elements) in six marine species from different trophic levels of a food web (algae, mussel, shrimp and fish), representative of Lebanese coastal waters. The results showed that species accumulated metals differently underlining the importance of a multi-specific approach to reflect the contamination level of a certain site. Inter-site variations have been found mainly during the rainy period of the year while they were less prominent during the dry season, highlighting the effect of land-based sources and riverine effluents on the marine coastal area. Levels of trace elements in the muscles and edible tissues in species from our study, were similar to the ones reported in the Eastern Mediterranean (Levantine Basin) whereas livers showed higher levels compared to other studies suggesting that the Lebanese coast is exposed to strong environmental pressure. The second objective was to evaluate the health risks related to the consumption of different fishery products sampled along the Lebanese coast. In this prospect, five commonly consumed local species belonging to different compartments of the food chain, (1 bivalve, 1 crustacean and 3 fish species) sampled from three sites with different levels of anthropogenic pressures were selected. The samples were all analyzed for their content of trace elements. Metals such as mercury (Hg) are found in several chemical forms, the most toxic form being methylmercury (MeHg). The main route of human exposure to MeHg is the consumption of fishery products. That’s why, a method for the speciation of mercury in fishery products by HPLC-ICP-MS was optimized and validated based on an accuracy profile. The results showed that the levels of trace elements and MeHg in the selected species were all below the allowed maximum levels set by the European commission and so their consumption is not likely to cause any adverse effects to human health
22
Kadiri, Temitope Emmanuela. "Regulating land-based sources and activities causing pollution of the coastal and marine environment in South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria within the context of integrated coastal zone management." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16685.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical referencesThis thesis outlines and critically assesses the regulation of land-based sources and activities causing pollution (LBSA) in the coastal and marine environment in two broad areas of sub-Saharan Africa, the West and Central African Region (WACAF) and the West Indian Ocean (WIO) region. These two regions are both endowed with a diversity of life forms and resources that support large populations of coastal communities. The legal and institutional aspects are outlined and examined against the theoretical backdrop of the relatively new concept of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), the goals of which are to ensure that decisions taken in all sectors regarding the environment and at all levels of government are harmonized and consistent with countries' coastal policies in order to achieve sustainable development of coastal and marine areas. More specifically, the work examines the international soft and hard law developments as well as regional legal developments, paying particular attention to the two UNEP initiated Conventions in the regions namely the 1985 Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African region (Nairobi Convention) and the 1981 Convention for the Cooperation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region and its Protocol concerning Cooperation in Combating Pollution in Cases of Emergency (Abidjan Convention), as well as their respective Protocols. The work concludes by examining the extent to which these international and regional developments have been incorporated in the legal and institutional framework structures of three select countries namely, Kenya (representing the WIO) region, Nigeria (representing the WACAF region) and South Africa on the interface of both regions. This study reflects the laws and policies as of December 2013.
23
Hemming, Jon Michael. "Evaluation of the Use of the Bivalves Ischadium recurvum Rafinesque, 1820 and Corbicula fluminea Muller, 1774 as Biological Indicators of Relative Water Quality in Terms of Growth and Upper Temperature Tolerance." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278827/.
Full textAbstract:
Growth of mussels under laboratory conditions was examined under various food regimes in different water types and temperatures. Growth was less than would be useful as an indicator and comparisons with field exposures were of minimal value. The effects of organophosphates on bivalves were examined via toxicity tests, tissue concentration, and by controlling exposure through the use of physical constraints. Upper temperature tolerance of both bivalve species was examined with respect to different acclimation temperatures and organophosphate exposures. Deviations from control exposures occurred at some temperatures. Copper effectively lowered the mean heat coma temperatures of C. fluminea at some concentrations, however, chlorine exposures did not alter heat coma temperature.
24
Wong, Mark Vee-Meng. "Examining the presence and prevalence of key human enteric viruses in environmental samples using cultivation, molecular and array-based tools for detection." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
Find full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Crops and Soil Sciences, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Aug. 18, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-171). Also issued in print.
25
Watson, Jay L. "Collective action problems and cumulative effects : addressing pollution of marine waters in Hood Canal, Washington /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5515.
Full text
26
Boelaert-Suominen, Sonja Ann Jozef. "International environmental law and naval war : the effect of marine safety and pollution conventions during international armed conflict." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2608/.
Full textAbstract:
The cornerstone of modern International Environmental Law is the prohibition of transfrontier pollution, according to which States have the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States, or of areas beyond national jurisdiction. In addition, there is now a substantial body of international treaties laying down detailed regimes for various environmental sectors. Recent international conflicts have raised fundamental questions about the relationship between International Environmental Law and armed conflict. The notion that the rules of general International Environmental Law continue to apply during armed conflict is now well accepted. But the principles which are usually cited, remain at a very high level of abstraction. This thesis examines the extent to which international law has developed more detailed rules to protect the environment in international armed conflict. After a discussion of the main legal issues, the thesis concentrates on the marine environment, examining the relationship between naval warfare on the one hand, and multilateral environmental treaties on marine safety and prevention of marine pollution on the other. It concludes that the majority of these treaties do not apply during armed conflict, either because war damage is expressly excluded, or because the treaties do not apply to warships. As for the treaties that are in principle applicable during armed conflict, the analysis shows that, under international law, belligerent and neutral States have the legal right to suspend those treaties, wholly or partially. Finally, the author concludes that very few of the treaties considered take the new law of armed conflict into account, and that there remains a need for more detailed rules on environmental standards for military operations.
27
Parramon, Marie. "Regulation of land-based marine pollution in South Africa and France [electronic resource] / by Marie Parramon." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5229.
Full textAbstract:
The South African coastal and marine environment is an essential ecologic and
economic asset. Its associated services and products are substantially contributing to
economic growth and sustainable development of the country. However, it is
internationally and nationally recognised that land-based marine pollution (LBMP) is
the most important single risk to the health and sustainability of coastal and marine
waters and the associated ecosystems. The regulation of LBMP at the national level
is still difficult and challenging. The issue of LBMP management has only recently
been introduced in South Africa with the development of the National Programme of
Action to Protect Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, 2008. South Africa
is only starting to consider the question of LBMP regulation. This thesis aims to
conduct a critical analysis of the South African regulatory framework pertaining to
LBMP in comparison to international best practice and the French regulatory
framework, in order to identify the key South African challenges in this regard and to
make recommendations to address them.
In order to do so, this research commences by providing an analysis of LBMP and
the theoretical foundations associated with LBMP regulation, as promoted by
international best practice. The study identifies and assesses the main regulatory
features to be considered in the development, implementation and/or assessment of
a regulatory framework pertaining to LBMP. These features will form the
methodological framework to conduct the comparative legal assessment between the
French and South African regulatory frameworks pertaining to LBMP.
This thesis then provides a detailed and thorough legal analysis of the French and
South African regulatory frameworks pertaining to LBMP using the methodological
framework developed using guidance from international best practice.
Finally, based on lessons learnt from the comparative legal study, this study
concludes with a set of recommendations for the South African context.Thesis (LL.D.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
28
Harders, Johannes Enno. "Environmental protection of the circumpolar arctic waters : A comparative study and an appraisal of the National Regulatory Systems." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27764.
Full textAbstract:
Canada, the United States-Alaska, the Soviet Union-RSFSR, Norway, and Denmark/Greenland have non-specific laws apply for the environmental protection of their Arctic lands, waters, and marine spaces. But the piecemeal approaches employed neglect the need for environmentally sound management in respect of the multiple uses of the polar sea's delicate ecosystems. Convenient component elements of Arctic pollution are chosen for examination
-- (1) land-based sources of freshwater pollution and (2) marine-borne pollution resulting from offshore drilling and Arctic shipping. This comparative study moreover serves three objectives: (1) the exposition of the statutory instruments and administrative materials; (2) the evaluation of the national approaches taken for environmental protection generally and Arctic protection specifically; and (3) the appraisal of the accommodation and resolution of conflicts over interests concerning economic uses vis-a-vis environmental protection.
In the chapter on each state a background makes reference
to the national socio-legal and international legal conditions affecting municipal Arctic pollution control. The next section on the national regulatory framework follows the territorial and jurisdictional zones of the coastal state: from land-based operations affecting the freshwaters, to the coastal area, the body of law on shipping and navigation, the environmental provisions
of a 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf activities, to the regime on deep sea-bed mining. The latter of which ends this section and provides for the evaluation given in the concluding section on the country in question. The states have taken different avenues in their pollution control enactments: (1) blanket prohibition or the regulation of pollution; (2) the enforcement and supervision of statutory provisions; and/or (3) civil and criminal liability for violations of respective measures. Every state provides precedences for a number of recommendations
in order to facilitate resource uses, environmental
protection, and the integration of the Arctic natives in an ecosystem management approach to environmental protection. Examples are such like Norway's integrated statute on pollution prevention, the United States' legislation on coastal zone management and environmental impact assessments, and Canada's framework on Arctic shipping and Arctic pollution prevention.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
29
Lasmoles, Olivier. "La gestion des risques maritimes environnementaux : contribution au renforcement de la protection de l'environnement marin." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010261/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le retentissement des catastrophes maritimes de ces dernières années, Erika, Prestige, Deepwater Horizon, a confirmé l’importance des enjeux de pollution marine, tant auprès du grand public que des décideurs politiques. Aucune leçon n’aurait-elle été tirée de ces précédents? Les appels à une prise en compte accrue de la protection de l’environnement n’auraient eu que peu d’impact sur les pratiques des transporteurs et armateurs. Les atteintes à l’environnement marin doivent être au plus vite jugulées et ce grâce à des outils adaptés et efficaces. Or, le droit maritime, droit relatif à la navigation qui se fait sur la mer, ne serait plus en mesure de protéger correctement son environnement car fondé sur des principes de responsabilité civile. L’évolution des nécessités recommanderait que lui soient substitués les principes issus du droit commun de l’environnement, fondé sur la responsabilité pénale. Dans un premier temps, l’identification des risques maritimes, anciens comme contemporains, démontre que malgré une évolution certaine des technologies et un accroissement de leur complexité, ceux-ci demeurent fondamentalement identiques, avec en toile de fond le marin, le naviguant agissant dans le cadre d’une organisation. Dans un second temps, l’analyse du traitement des risques techniques démontre, en premier lieu, la capacité du droit maritime à se réformer en s’inspirant des bonnes pratiques issues de l’industrie offshore., L’analyse des risques juridiques confirme, en second lieu, que le droit maritime, malgré ses imperfections, possède les ressources pour se réformer et répondre aux attentes contemporaines en matière environnementaleThe impact of the maritime catastrophes of recent years such as Erika, Prestige, and Deepwater Horizon, has confirmed the concerns regarding marine pollution, both with the general public and political decision-makers. Has no lesson been learned from these events? Calls for greater awareness for environmental protection have had little impact on the practices of transporters and shipowners. Violations of the marine environment must be halted as soon as possible, using suitable and effective methods. Maritime law, which relates to navigation by sea, is no longer able to protect the environment because it is based on principles of civil responsibility. Changes in obligations suggest that this should be replaced by principles derived from common law on the environment, based on criminal responsibility. In the first part, the identification of maritime risks, both old and contemporary, demonstrates that in spite of some developments in technology and an increase in its complexity, it remains fundamentally identical, with the backdrop of the sailor, the navigator, acting within the framework of an organization. In the second part, the analysis of the treatment of technical risks demonstrates, firstly, the capacity of maritime law to reform, taking the lead from good practice derived from the offshore industry. Secondly, the analysis of legal risks confirms that maritime law, in spite of its imperfections, has the resources to reform and respond to contemporary expectations in environmental matters
30
Albuquerque, Ruth Margaret. "The environmental effects of CCA-treated wood use in the sea." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1998. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.714464.
Full text
31
Tu, Wai-ki Alex, and 杜偉麒. "Hong Kong marine sediment contamination with Tributyltin and its impacts." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254780.
Full text
32
Poon, Sau-man Anne, and 潘秀文. "Dredging and reclamation impact on marine environment in Deep Bay." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253866.
Full text
33
Apraiz, Larrucea Itxaso. "Development and application of a proteomic approach to the assessment of pollution in the marine environment." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för biokemi och biofysik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-26150.
Full textAbstract:
Today, assessment of the health of coastal waters is recognized as being important for both the conservation of nature and well-being of humans. Anthropogenic pollution has been the focus of extensive research for some time and a variety of programs for the monitoring and assessment of environmental pollution have been developed. Determination of the levels of pollution in sensitive ‘sentinels’ such as mussels, allows monitoring of these levels in a given area over a prolonged period of time. Furthermore, the biological effects of pollution are reflected in a series of biomarkers, none of which provides a general picture of the sentinel’s state of health and all of which are individually specific for certain pollutants and influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors. In an attempt to improve biomonitoring of marine pollution, we have developed two proteomic approaches here. In the first portion of the thesis, a proteomic analysis was performed on peroxisomes isolated from mussels exposed either to one of three model anthropogenic pollutants, or two different types of crude oil, or from mussels exposed to the Prestige oil spill. Application of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) provided protein expression signatures (PES) for exposure to these different pollutants.Furthermore, several individual protein components of these PES could be putatively identified. In the second portion of this work, such analysis of subproteomes was developed further in order to improve the applicability of this approach to biomonitoring. A simple fractionation procedure in combination with liquid chromatography and 2-DE provided samples from mussels residing in different regions of a pollution gradient around the harbor of Gothenburg, as well as from mussels exposed to two types of fuel oil similar to that of the Prestige that were suitable for environmental proteomics. In addition, we constructed a model for this approach that can be cross-validated in the future and applied to assess sources of fuel oil pollution in connection with biomonitoring programs.
34
Seebach, Rudi Dieter. "The application of integrated environmental management to improve storm water quality and reduce marine pollution at Jeffreys Bay (South Africa)." Thesis, Link to this resource, 2006. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/779/.
Full text
35
Degger, Natalie. "Disruption of steroidogenesis and reproduction in marine medaka (oryzias melastigma) upon water and dietary exposure to silver nanoparticles." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/211562.
Full text
36
Tsui, Man-leung, and 徐文亮. "Biological monitoring and its value in assessing the marine environment of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125357X.
Full text
37
Garza, Martínez Paulina. "Mytilus edulis as Bioindicator for Coastal Zone Environmental Assessment : A study of Kosterhavets Marine National Park." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33052.
Full textAbstract:
Mollusks growth is a very important and sensitive response to environmental stresses sincethey are good indicators of the available amount of contaminants in the water; reduced growth represents adverse environmental effects and possible effects on the population.Sweden has about 3,000 Natural Reserves and 28 National Parks. Kosterhavets is the first National Marine Park and it is located on the west coast of Sweden, it is also considered one of the most vulnerable areas since 6000 marine species can be found here and about200 are found nowhere else. It is not only a touristic destination; it is also a home and a work place to many people. The type of pollutants and environmental impacts that areproduced by recreation activities on marinas on such park depend very much on the amount of boats. Mytilus edulis has been widely used to monitor the biological effects of contamination by different ways, such as chemical analysis and biological responses. Themain goal of this project was to assess the status of three different marinas with high and low boat traffic and use the shell length of the blue mussel M. edulis as a potential bioindicator to detect effects from boating activities pressures. The main findings arising from this study are that the sizes of the mussels from the three areas with high boat traffic are significantly smaller than the area with little boat traffic.www.ima.kth.se
38
Lock, Lillie Marlén. "Future fuel for worldwide tankershipping in spot market." Thesis, KTH, Marina system, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-121509.
Full textAbstract:
Ship exhausts contain high levels of sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide and particles dueto the heavy fuel oil, HFO, used for combustion and the combustion characteristics of the engine.As a result of upcoming stricter regulations for shipping pollution, as well as growing attentionto greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution and uncertainty of future petroleum oil supply, a shifttowards a cleaner burning fuel is needed.This work explores potential alternative fuels, both conventional and unconventional, and abatementtechnologies, to be used by tankers in the worldwide spot market to comply with upcomingenvironmental regulations in the near and coming future. As a reference the product tanker M/TGotland Marieann is used and recommendations for which fuel that shall be used by the referenceship in 2015 and 2020 are presented.The environmental assessment and evaluation of the fuels are done from a life cycle perspective usingresults from Life Cycle Assessment, LCA, studies.This study illustrates that, of the various alternatives, methanol appears to be the best candidatefor long-term, widespread replacement of petroleum-based fuels within tanker shipping. It does notemit any sulphur oxides nor particles and the nitrogen oxides are shown to be lower than those ofmarine gas oil, MGO. The global warming potential of the natural gas produced methanol is notlower than that of MGO, but when gradually switching to bio-methanol the greenhouse gas emissionsare decreasing and with methanol the vision of a carbon free society can be reached.For 2015 a switch towards methanol is not seen as realistic. Further research and establishment ofregulations and distribution systems are needed, however there are indications that a shift will bepossible sometime between 2015 and 2020. For 2015 a shift towards MGO is suggested as it involveslow investment costs and there is no need for infrastructure changes. As MGO is more expensivethan methanol, a shift is preferable as soon as the market, technology and infrastructure are ready.
39
Momplaisir, Georges-Marie. "Development of analytical methods for the speciation of arsenic in the marine environment." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40201.
Full textAbstract:
Several biologically important arsenic compounds including methylarsonate, trimethylarsine oxide, tetramethylarsonium ion, arsenobetaine and arsenocholine were prepared, in good yields, from sodium arsenite, or dimethylarsinic acid. These organoarsenic compounds together with arsenite, arsenate and dimethylarsinic acid were used as standards for the development of analytical methods for determining the levels of individual arsenic compounds (arsenic speciation) present in natural matrices.Arsenobetaine, arsenocholine and tetramethylarsonium ion were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with on-line detection by thermochemical hydride generation (THG)-AAS. The analytes were eluted from the cyanopropyl bonded phase HPLC column with a 1% acetic acid methanolic mobile phase which also contained diethyl ether triethylamine, and trimethylsulfonium iodide or picrylsulfonic acid. A surface response methodology and a univariate optimization procedure were used to determine the optimum concentration of solvent modifiers in the methanolic mobile phase. Limits of detection in the range 4-5 ng (as As) were obtained for the arsonium analytes under optimum chromatographic conditions.
A simple phenol extraction procedure was developed to isolate arsonium analytes from edible marine tissues (lobster tail muscle, peeled and deveined shrimp, and cod fillet), cod liver oil and human urine. The crude extracts were separated on the cyanopropyl column using a methanolic mobile phase and detected on-line by THG-AAS. Recoveries from tissues or from urine which had been spiked at 0.1-3.4 $ mu$g of As cation/g of fresh weight were 80% or greater for each of five sample types.
An improved HPLC-AAS interface which was compatible with either aqueous or organic mobile phases was also developed. The interface provided approximately equivalent responses to different arsenic oxidation states which resulted in low to subnanogram chromatographic limits of detection for arsenic oxyanions and arsonium cations in an aqueous or methanolic mobile phase. Nascent As anions and As cations were conveniently coextracted from aqueous solution or from fish muscle by phenol extraction and quantified in the same chromatographic run. This method has been applied to a standard reference sample of dogfish muscle (DORM-1), a marine reference sediment sample (PACS-1) and to sediment porewaters (SAG-15) from the Saguenay Fjord.
40
Larsson, Josefine. "Genetic Aspects of Environmental Disturbances in Marine Ecosystems : Studies of the Blue Mussel in the Baltic Sea." Doctoral thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-33697.
Full textAbstract:
Anthropogenic environmental changes can serve as drivers for evolutionary responses in wild populations. To predict the long-term impact of anthropogenic changes on populations, it is crucial to understand the genetic effects caused by these disturbances. The Baltic Sea is considered to be one of the world’s most contaminated seas, and the increase of anthropogenic chemical pollution is a major threat to its ecosystems. This thesis assesses the impact of harbors and sewage treatment plants on physiological traits and genetic structure of resident populations of blue mussels at replicated sites in the Baltic Sea. The initial evaluation of the overall genetic pattern in blue mussel populations in the Swedish West Coast, the Baltic Proper and the Bothnian Sea found genetic differentiation between the three water basins and a low genetic differentiation within each basin, especially within the Baltic Proper. Despite the low genetic differentiation among blue mussels within the Baltic Proper, a parallel genetic differentiation associated with sewage treatment plant effluents was found in this basin. This included genomic regions with a high degree of differentiation between reference sites and sites affected by sewage plants effluent. This genetic differentiation is suggested to be due to post-dispersal selection acting in each generation. In contrast, no parallel genetic differentiation was associated with harbors. We identified five genomic regions in blue mussels, showing strong signs of selection, shared among three out of four replicated reference sites and sites affected by sewage effluents in the Baltic Proper i.e. Askö, Tvärminne and Karlskrona. An initial characterization of these genomic regions revealed functions related to immune and endocrine responses, oxidative stress and shell formation. Our results indicate that selection caused by sewage effluents involves multiple loci. The same genomic regions are found across different locations in the Baltic Proper but there are also unique genomic regions at each location. No genotoxic or histopathological effects were found among blue mussels from sewage effluent-affected areas but a higher frequency of histological abnormalities in the digestive gland were observed in mussels from harbors.Evolutionära anpassningar till miljöstörningar i marina ekosystem: genetisk ekotoxikologi i Östersjön
41
吳茵茵 and Yan-yan Ng. "The significance of runoff pollution to coastal water quality in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31225019.
Full text
42
Roberts, Julian Peter. "Marine environment protection and biodiversity conservation the application and future development of the IMO's particularly sensitive sea area concept /." Access electronically, 2006. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20061204.153018/index.html.
Full text
43
Naigaga, Irene. "Bioaccumulation and histopathology of copper in Oreochromis mossambicus." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005077.
Full textAbstract:
Cu is one of the most toxic elements that affect fish populations when the fish are exposed to concentrations exceeding their tolerance. To investigate the effects of elementary Cu on aspects of bioconcentration, histology and behaviour, O. mossambicus were exposed to 0 and 0.75 ± 0.20 mg/l of Cu for 96 hours (short-term study), and 0, 0.11 ± 0.02, 0.29 ± 0.02, and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l of Cu for 64 days (longterm study) under controlled conditions in the laboratory. For the long-term study fish were sampled for gills, liver, and kidney Cu accumulation analysis after 1, 32 and 64 days of exposure and after 1, 2, 4, 16, 32, and 64 days for gills, liver and spleen histology analysis. Cu accumulation was concentration-duration dependent with the highest accumulation capacity in the liver. A multifactor linear model was developed for the relationship between exposure dose, exposure duration and Cu accumulation in the organs with the liver model: Log L = 3.35 + 0.85W + 0.31T (r² = 0.892) giving a better fit than the gills: G = −35.09 + 10.58W + 17.58T (r² = 0.632). Where L = Cu accumulation values in the liver, G = Cu accumulation values in the gills (both in μg/g dry mass); W = exposure dose in water (mg/l); and T = exposure time (days). Using this model Cu accumulation in organs can be estimated when exposure concentration and duration is known. This model should be tested under different conditions to determine the potential of the model in monitoring Cu toxicity in the environment. Lesions were observed in the liver, gills and spleen in all Cu treatments at all exposure concentration and exposure durations. However, the incidence and the degree of alteration was related to the concentration of Cu and duration of exposure. The sequential appearance of lesions in the order of, hepatic vacuolar degeneration, fatty degeneration and necrosis indicated a gradual increase in liver damage with larger duration of exposure time and increasing Cu concentration. The initial lesions in the gills were manifested as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the gill epithelium causing increase in the thickness of the secondary lamellae, mucous cell hypertrophy and proliferation, mucous hypersecretion, proliferation of eosinophilic granule cells and hyperplasia of interlamellar cells. With increase in exposure time, necrosis of the eosinophilic granule cells, lamellar oedema, epithelial desquamation and increase in severity of lamellar hyperplasia were observed. These lesions indicated an initial defence mechanism of the fish against Cu toxicity followed by advanced histological changes that were related to Cu concentration and duration of exposure. Changes in the spleen were haemosiderosis, increase in the white pulp and macrophage centres, reduction in the red pulp, and necrosis suggesting that fish exposed to environmentally relevant levels of Cu may be histopathologically altered leading to anaemia and immunosuppression. Regression analysis was used to quantify the relationship between the total activity of the fish, and duration of exposure. There was a gradual decline in fish activity related to Cu concentration and duration of exposure before introducing food into the tanks. There was a constant activity after introducing food in the tanks at the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu exposure levels irrespective of exposure time. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test for the difference in slopes between treatments. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between slopes of the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu, and between 0.29 ± 0.02 and 47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu before and after introducing food in the tanks. The slopes of both the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu were significantly different from those of 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in the mean opercular movements per minute between treatments (p < 0.05). There was hyperventilation at 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu i.e. 87 ± 18 opercular movements per minute (mean ± standard deviation) and hypoventilation at 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu i.e. 37 ± 34 and 13 ± 6 opercular movements per minute compared to the control. Hypo- and hyperventilation were related to the lesser and greater gill damage, respectively. In conclusion Cu accumulation and effects on histology of the liver, gills and were related to the concentration of Cu in the water and duration of exposure showing a gradual increase in incidence and intensity with larger duration of exposure time and increasing Cu concentration. The fish were initially able to homeostatically regulate and detoxify Cu. However, as the exposure continued, the homeostatic mechanism appears to have failed to cope with the increasing metal burden causing advanced histological changes.
44
Gross, Benjamin. "Lithogenic, Marine and Anthropogenic Aerosols in an Ice Core from the Saint Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada: Lead-Aerosol Provenance and Seasonal Variability." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/GrossB2008.pdf.
Full text
45
Ma, Kit-cheong James, and 馬傑昌. "Hong Kong Government criteria for assessing contamination levels of dredged marine sediments." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254718.
Full text
46
Ng, Cheuk-kin Jacky, and 伍焯健. "A review of mitigation methods to reduce the impact on the marine environment by underwater works: a case studyof submersible cable laying." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255954.
Full text
47
Chan, Ho-yin, and 陳浩賢. "The impacts of marine traffic on the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in Hong Kong waters." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207613.
Full textAbstract:
Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) is one of the residential cetaceans in Hong Kong. It is threatened by different anthropogenic activities and one of the threats is the vessel disturbance. According to the past research studies and scientific data, the heavy marine traffic has caused negative impacts to the dolphins, by increasing the risk of boat collisions; creating a noisy environment within the dolphin habitats; causing short-term behavioural changes of dolphins and dolphins may have potential to displace from the Hong Kong waters in the long-term. The current conservation and mitigation measures are inadequate and ineffective towards this situation. An action plan is formulated based on the literature review of the practices from other countries and the results of the questionnaire survey. Mitigation measures such as speed restriction, re-routing or use of technology tools are common measures used by other countries such as the United States or Spain. From the results of the questionnaire survey, the high-speed ferry passengers were willing to spend 23.5 minutes more of their trips for a speed restriction or a longer ferry route in order to reduce the vessel impacts to the dolphins. At the same time, they were willing to pay for HKD 9.26 extra as a surcharge on the ferry fare to serve as a financial support to the dolphin or marine conservation in Hong Kong. It reflected the public had a high willingness to pay for the dolphin conservation in Hong Kong. The action plan summarized the practical mitigation measures according to these findings in order to suggest sound conservation and management measures to the related authorities to mitigate the impacts and to stop the declining trends of dolphin abundance in Hong Kong waters.published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management
48
劉卓. "海洋環境污染犯罪刑法規制問題研究 :以渤海環境污染為視角 = A study on criminal regulation of marine environmental pollution : from the perspective of environmental pollution in Bohai Sea." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3952067.
Full text
49
Olsson, Qvist Jennie. "Orenat avloppsutsläpp på Svalbard : En studie om ansvarstagande över marina miljöer i Arktis." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-30691.
Full textAbstract:
Svalbard är en arktisk ögrupp i Norra ishavet som förvaltas av Norge och huvudorten är Longyearbyen. I Longyearbyen och som på alla andra platser pågår förorenande aktiviteter, denna rapport är avgränsad till utsläpp via avloppsvatten till marina miljöer. I Arktis märks klimatförändringarna tydligt, det finns många olika styrmedel som skulle kunna förhindra föroreningen av dessa sårbara områden. Styrmedel som det visat sig under arbetet med den här rapporten inte fungerar som det var tänkt, med åsyftan på avloppshanteringen i Longyearbyen. Det finns inget avloppsreningsverk i byn där det bor ca 2300 fastboende och gästdygnen uppgick år 2015 till 128 000. Utsläppet av det orenade avloppsvattnet ut i Adventfjorden tillåts av det kravställande organet Sysselmannen på Svalbard, som gett kommunen tillstånd med lagstöd i Svalbardmiljöloven, att systematiskt släppa ut det förorenade avloppsvattnet. Målet med denna rapport är att undersöka den nuvarande utsläppssituationen med gällande styrmedel och att förstå varför tillståndet till utsläppet av det orenade avloppsvattnet getts. Resultatet visar att formuleringen av handlingsregler och avsaknad av delmål, indikatorer och återkopplingsmekanismer för genomdrivande av styrmedel, är anledningen till varför styrmedlet inte fungerar som tänkt. Detta viktiga resultat kan leda till en förändring vid genomdrivandet av styrmedlet, så att det kan uppnå sin fulla potential. Med klara och tydliga målsättningar vid utformandet av styrmedel uppnår de sina syften. Kontentan av den här rapporten är att styrmedel som används på rätt sätt kan beskydda de sårbara Arktiska marina miljöerna.Svalbard is an Arctic Archipelago in the Arctic Ocean that is governed by Norway and the main city is Longyearbyen. In Longyearbyen, much like any other place, there is contaminating activities going on. This report is concentrated on the emissions via sewage water into marine environments. In the Arctic, climate change is very noticeable and there are many different instruments that could prevent the pollution of these vulnerable areas. During the time working on this report these instruments have shown that they are not functioning as supposed, with regards to the sewage management in Longyearbyen. There is no sewerage in the town which inhabits 2300 permanent residents and where there were, in the year of 2015, 128 000 overnight stays of tourists. The pollution of the unfiltered sewage water allowed into Adventfjorden has been permitted by the governing organisation, Sysselmannen on Svalbard. Sysselmannen has given the municipality permission with support from the environmental protection law of Svalbard (Svalbardmiljøloven) to systematically release the polluted water into the marine environments. The goal with this report is to examine the current pollution situation with the existing governance and to understand why it has been permitted to release untreated sewage water into the fjord. The result shows that the reason there is an implementation deficit is because of the formulation of the action rules, no clear milestones and the lack of feedback mechanisms in the enforcement. This important result can lead to changed governance so that it could reach its full potential. By keeping the goals clear when designing the enforcement they can achieve their goals. The conclusion of this report is that an implementation of governance can protect the vulnerable Arctic marine environments.
2016-06-29
50
Tcaciuc, Alexandra Patricia. "Using passive samplers to assess bioavailability, toxicity, and reactivity of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs)." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99608.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) are a class of environmental contaminants responsible for numerous acute and chronic health effects in humans and wildlife. This thesis illustrates three applications of polyethylene (PE) passive sampling, which enhance our toolbox for estimating environmental hazards associated with HOCs. First, we present a methodology that can be used to estimate the bioaccumulation potential of numerous organic chemicals based on passive sampling and comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC). Using GC x GC retention times, we show that lipid-water and samplerwater partition coefficients can be estimated within a factor of 2 and 3, respectively. The method was then applied to estimate body burdens of various HOCs in benthic organisms from GC x GC analysis of PE equilibrated with contaminated sediment. Empirical observations of accumulation in the Nereis virens polychaete were in good agreement with PE-based predictions for PCBs, but were lower by at least an order of magnitude for other classes of HOCs (such as PAHs) presumably due to metabolism. Second, we applied the same methodology to a set of contaminated sediments and estimated the cumulative baseline toxicity associated with environmental mixtures of HOCs. The predictions were compared against empirical measurements of baseline toxicity using the water flea Daphnia magna. The estimated total body burdens of HOCs were in good agreement with measured toxicity, with toxicity occurring at body burdens larger than 30 mg/gipid. In contrast, the toxicity estimated based on priority pollutants severely underestimated the observed toxicity, emphasizing the importance of cumulative effects. Lastly, to advance our understanding of the processes that affect passive sampling results in situ (when they are operating away from equilibrium), a mathematical model was developed for reactive chemicals transferring between PE and sediment beds. The reaction diffusion model was used to infer in situ degradation rates of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), which in the sediments of a freshwater lake were found to be between 0.09 and 0.9 d-1. A second mathematical model describing the kinetics of exchange between passive samplers and water was also developed, which can be used in both field (infinite baths) and laboratory (finite baths) conditions.
by Alexandra Patricia Tcaciuc.
Ph. D.