Academic literature on the topic 'Marine fishes – Geographical distribution'
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Journal articles on the topic "Marine fishes – Geographical distribution"
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Liu, Sheng-fa, Wen-feng Peng, Peng Gao, Ming-jun Fu, Han-zhou Wu, Ming-ke Lu, Ji-qing Gao, and Jun Xiao. "Digenean parasites of Chinese marine fishes: a list of species, hosts and geographical distribution." Systematic Parasitology 75, no. 1 (December 11, 2009): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-009-9211-9.
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Francis, Malcolm P. "Geographic distribution of marine reef fishes in the New Zealand region." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 30, no. 1 (March 1996): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1996.9516695.
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Hsieh, Chih-hao, Christian S. Reiss, Roger P. Hewitt, and George Sugihara. "Spatial analysis shows that fishing enhances the climatic sensitivity of marine fishes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 947–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-017.
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We compare the changes in geographic distribution of exploited fish species versus unexploited ones living in the same environment. For this comparative study, we use the 50-year larval fish time series from the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations, which allows us to view fishing as a treatment effect in a long-term ecological experiment. Our results indicate that exploited species show a clearer distributional shift in response to environmental change than unexploited species, even after accounting for life history and ecological traits and phylogeny. The enhanced response (improved signal–noise ratio) to environmental change in exploited species may be a consequence of reduced spatial heterogeneity caused by fishery-induced age (size) truncation and the constriction of geographic distribution that accompanies fishing pressure. We suggest that reduced spatial heterogeneity can cause exploited populations to be more vulnerable to climate variability, an effect that could have considerable importance in the management of fish stocks. This is the first study to compare the geographic distributions of a large suite of exploited and unexploited fish species from the northeastern Pacific in response to climate variability.
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Bates, Amanda E., Catherine M. McKelvie, Cascade J. B. Sorte, Simon A. Morley, Nicholas A. R. Jones, Julie A. Mondon, Tomas J. Bird, and Gerry Quinn. "Geographical range, heat tolerance and invasion success in aquatic species." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1772 (December 7, 2013): 20131958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1958.
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Species with broader geographical ranges are expected to be ecological generalists, while species with higher heat tolerances may be relatively competitive at more extreme and increasing temperatures. Thus, both traits are expected to relate to increased survival during transport to new regions of the globe, and once there, establishment and spread. Here, we explore these expectations using datasets of latitudinal range breadth and heat tolerance in freshwater and marine invertebrates and fishes. After accounting for the latitude and hemisphere of each species’ native range, we find that species introduced to freshwater systems have broader geographical ranges in comparison to native species. Moreover, introduced species are more heat tolerant than related native species collected from the same habitats. We further test for differences in range breadth and heat tolerance in relation to invasion success by comparing species that have established geographically restricted versus extensive introduced distributions. We find that geographical range size is positively related to invasion success in freshwater species only. However, heat tolerance is implicated as a trait correlated to widespread occurrence of introduced populations in both freshwater and marine systems. Our results emphasize the importance of formal risk assessments before moving heat tolerant species to novel locations.
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Leis, Jeffrey M., Richard F. Piola, Amanda C. Hay, Colin Wen, and Kun-Ping Kan. "Ontogeny of behaviour relevant to dispersal and connectivity in the larvae of two non-reef demersal, tropical fish species." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 3 (2009): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08186.
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In demersal marine fishes, the dispersal of larvae determines the geographical scale of population connectivity, and larval behaviour may influence dispersal. Yet, little is known of the ontogeny of behaviours that can influence dispersal. The present study examined the development of these behaviours in pelagic larvae of tropical marine fishes (4–21 mm) that occupy non-reef habitats as adults: Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Polynemidae) and Leiognathus equulus (Leiognathidae). In the laboratory, critical speed (Ucrit) increased from 3 to 34 cm s–1 at 1.3–1.7 cm s–1 per mm of size, with the fastest larvae up to 50% faster. In situ speed increased from 4 to 25 cm s–1 at 0.7–2.2 cm s–1 per mm, and was 10–14 body length s–1 (60–90% of Ucrit). Endurance increased from 0 to >40 km at 2.4–4.7 km per mm. In the sea, orientation precision did not change ontogenetically, both species tended to swim in loops, and neither significant overall directionality nor ontogenetic change in orientation was present. Larval orientation of these non-reef species was less precise than that of reef fishes. The two species differed in depth distribution, and one ascended ontogenetically. These behaviours can potentially influence dispersal outcomes over the full size range of these larvae.
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Xu, Guang-Hui, Li-Jun Zhao, and Michael I. Coates. "The oldest ionoscopiform from China sheds new light on the early evolution of halecomorph fishes." Biology Letters 10, no. 5 (May 2014): 20140204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0204.
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The Halecomorphi are a major subdivision of the ray-finned fishes. Although living halecomorphs are represented solely by the freshwater bowfin, Amia calva , this clade has a rich fossil history, and the resolution of interrelationships among extinct members is central to the problem of understanding the origin of the Teleostei, the largest clade of extant vertebrates. The Ionoscopiformes are extinct marine halecomorphs that were inferred to have originated in the Late Jurassic of Europe, and subsequently dispersed to the Early Cretaceous of the New World. Here, we report the discovery of a new ionoscopiform, Robustichthys luopingensis gen. et sp. nov., based on eight well-preserved specimens from the Anisian (242–247 Ma), Middle Triassic marine deposits of Luoping, eastern Yunnan Province, China. The new species documents the oldest known ionoscopiform, extending the stratigraphic range of this group by approximately 90 Ma, and the geographical distribution of this group into the Middle Triassic of South China, a part of eastern Palaeotethys Ocean. These new data provide a minimum estimate for the split of Ionoscopiformes from its sister clade Amiiformes and shed new light on the origin of ionoscopiform fishes.
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LAKSHMI, T. TRIVENI, and R. MADHAVI. "Paradeontacylix megalaspium n. sp. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from the carangid fish, Megalaspis cordyla of Bay of Bengal." Zootaxa 1512, no. 1 (June 21, 2007): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1512.1.4.
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Sanguinicolids are blood flukes infecting marine and freshwater fishes in many parts of the world. Smith (1997a, 1997b) furnished a list of sanguinicolids reported to that date, together with their hosts and geographic distribution. Subsequently, many new genera and species of sanguinicolids were reported. According to the recent review of Smith (2002), the family contains 19 genera.
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Ma, Xin-Ying, Guang-Hui Xu, and Bing-He Geng. "Feroxichthys panzhouensis sp. nov., a hump-backed colobodontid (Neopterygii, Actinopterygii) from the early Middle Triassic of Panzhou, Guizhou, China." PeerJ 9 (April 7, 2021): e11257. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11257.
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Neopterygii is a taxonomically diverse clade of ray-finned fishes, including Teleostei, Holostei and closely related fossil taxa. The Colobodontidae is a stem group of large-sized neopterygians with a durophagous feeding adaption from the Middle to Late Triassic marine ecosystems in Europe and South China. Here, we report the discovery of a new colobodontid, Feroxichthys panzhouensis sp. nov., based on a well-preserved specimen from the early Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Panzhou (formerly known as Panxian), Guizhou, China. The discovery extends the geographical distribution of Feroxichthys from eastern Yunnan into western Guizhou, and demonstrates a more rapid diversification of early colobodontids than previously thought. The new species possesses diagnostic features of Feroxichthys (e.g., a fused lacrimal-maxilla), but it is easily distinguished from the type species Feroxichthys yunnanensis and other colobodontids by some derived features on the skull and, especially, the relatively short and deep body with a prominent postcranial hump. This body form, previously unknown in colobodontids, implicates a morphological adaptation to structurally complex habitats in light of ecological studies of modern ray-finned fishes with a similar body form. In addition, the feeding apparatus suggests a more obligate durophagous diet for F. panzhouensis sp. nov. than other colobodontids. Results of a cladistic analysis recover the new species as a sister taxon of F. yunnanensis within the Colobodontidae, and suggest that a hump-backed body form has independently evolved multiple times in Triassic neopterygians. As such, the new finding provides an important addition for our understanding of the morphological and ecological diversity of neopterygian fishes from the Triassic marine ecosystems in South China.
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Rincon-Sandoval, Melissa, Emanuell Duarte-Ribeiro, Aaron M. Davis, Aintzane Santaquiteria, Lily C. Hughes, Carole C. Baldwin, Luisángely Soto-Torres, et al. "Evolutionary determinism and convergence associated with water-column transitions in marine fishes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 52 (December 16, 2020): 33396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006511117.
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Repeatable, convergent outcomes are prima facie evidence for determinism in evolutionary processes. Among fishes, well-known examples include microevolutionary habitat transitions into the water column, where freshwater populations (e.g., sticklebacks, cichlids, and whitefishes) recurrently diverge toward slender-bodied pelagic forms and deep-bodied benthic forms. However, the consequences of such processes at deeper macroevolutionary scales in the marine environment are less clear. We applied a phylogenomics-based integrative, comparative approach to test hypotheses about the scope and strength of convergence in a marine fish clade with a worldwide distribution (snappers and fusiliers, family Lutjanidae) featuring multiple water-column transitions over the past 45 million years. We collected genome-wide exon data for 110 (∼80%) species in the group and aggregated data layers for body shape, habitat occupancy, geographic distribution, and paleontological and geological information. We also implemented approaches using genomic subsets to account for phylogenetic uncertainty in comparative analyses. Our results show independent incursions into the water column by ancestral benthic lineages in all major oceanic basins. These evolutionary transitions are persistently associated with convergent phenotypes, where deep-bodied benthic forms with truncate caudal fins repeatedly evolve into slender midwater species with furcate caudal fins. Lineage diversification and transition dynamics vary asymmetrically between habitats, with benthic lineages diversifying faster and colonizing midwater habitats more often than the reverse. Convergent ecological and functional phenotypes along the benthic–pelagic axis are pervasive among different lineages and across vastly different evolutionary scales, achieving predictable high-fitness solutions for similar environmental challenges, ultimately demonstrating strong determinism in fish body-shape evolution.
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Friedman, Matt, Benjamin P. Keck, Alex Dornburg, Ron I. Eytan, Christopher H. Martin, C. Darrin Hulsey, Peter C. Wainwright, and Thomas J. Near. "Molecular and fossil evidence place the origin of cichlid fishes long after Gondwanan rifting." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1770 (November 7, 2013): 20131733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1733.
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Cichlid fishes are a key model system in the study of adaptive radiation, speciation and evolutionary developmental biology. More than 1600 cichlid species inhabit freshwater and marginal marine environments across several southern landmasses. This distributional pattern, combined with parallels between cichlid phylogeny and sequences of Mesozoic continental rifting, has led to the widely accepted hypothesis that cichlids are an ancient group whose major biogeographic patterns arose from Gondwanan vicariance. Although the Early Cretaceous ( ca 135 Ma) divergence of living cichlids demanded by the vicariance model now represents a key calibration for teleost molecular clocks, this putative split pre-dates the oldest cichlid fossils by nearly 90 Myr. Here, we provide independent palaeontological and relaxed-molecular-clock estimates for the time of cichlid origin that collectively reject the antiquity of the group required by the Gondwanan vicariance scenario. The distribution of cichlid fossil horizons, the age of stratigraphically consistent outgroup lineages to cichlids and relaxed-clock analysis of a DNA sequence dataset consisting of 10 nuclear genes all deliver overlapping estimates for crown cichlid origin centred on the Palaeocene ( ca 65–57 Ma), substantially post-dating the tectonic fragmentation of Gondwana. Our results provide a revised macroevolutionary time scale for cichlids, imply a role for dispersal in generating the observed geographical distribution of this important model clade and add to a growing debate that questions the dominance of the vicariance paradigm of historical biogeography.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Marine fishes – Geographical distribution"
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Sampson, Mark Robert. "Modelling the distribution and abundance of several demersal fish species on the Agulhas Bank, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006207.
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The Agulhas Bank supports a speciose fish community, many of which are commercially important. Despite substantial research being conducted on aspects of their biology spatial aspects of their distribution and abundance in relation to environment parameters has been ignored. This study, therefore, addressed aspects related to the distribution and abundance of representative species on the Agulhas Bank within a Geographic Information System (GIS). Four candidate species were chosen due to their importance either in numbers or unit mass to the South African demersal trawl fishery. The species also shared morphological and taxonomic similarities. The candidate species chosen were the two Cape hake species, shallow-water hake Meluccius capensis, and deep-water hake Merluccius paradoxus, and the two pleuronectiform species being Agulhas sole Austroglossus pectoralis and redspotted tonguesole Cynoglossus zanzibarensis. The use of a GIS was appropriate and allowed for hidden spatial patterns be exposed and illustrated visually, while also facilitating the quantification of the relationships between distribution/abundance and certain environmental predictors using statistical methods The Department of Marine and Coastal Management, Cape Town, supplied biological data in the form of length frequency and biomass information from spring (AprillMay) and autumn (September/October) cruises conducted between 1986 and 1993 on the R. V. Africana. The Council for National Geoscience, Cape Town, supplied sediment data for the entire southern African coastline. Initial exploratory data analysis highlighted potential relationships between environmental variables and abundance for each specie's life-history stanzas. Variations in spatial distribution were found to be significantly different between each life-history stanzas within species. Fish density as a function of the additive effects of the various environmental parameters, including temperature, depth and sediment type, was assessed using a Poisson Generalized Additive Model (GAM), while distribution was analysed with a logistic GAM. A predictive logistic model was then created, taking into consideration the importance of the predictor variables for each species, allowing for predictive estimates to be made for each species by inputting environmental information within the study area. The importance of certain environmental variables influencing distribution and abundance were noted. General patterns indicated that sediment was the most important to both the distribution and abundance of the two pleuronectiform species and juvenile life-history stanzas, while the adult gadoids' distribution and abundance appeared to be depth dependent.
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Roux, Maryanne. "The diversity and distribution patterns of intertidal fish in the Agulhas bioregion." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019712.
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This study aimed to expand the existing knowledge on the diversity and distribution patterns of intertidal fishes in the Sardinia Bay MPA and adjacent open access areas. It focussed particularly on in intertidal fish communities along the Agulhas Bioregion coast which has been understudied, especially in recent years. Typical resident species belonging to the family Clinidae were the most abundant, conforming to previous studies. Species from the family Gobiidae were the second most abundant in this study but this family was not previously recorded as being abundant. Transient species were unimportant in the current study which is in contrast to previous studies in the region and suggests a change in species composition. Certain transient species utilised intertidal rockpools as part of their nursery areas in the Eastern Cape, as has previously been found around Algoa Bay. A decrease in species richness from east to west was recorded in this study which has been noted by previous authors and the diversity and distribution patterns of the intertidal fish in the current study conformed to patterns found previously. The position of the biogeographic boundary between the Agulhas and Natal Bioregions could not be confirmed but Wavecrest (along the Transkei coastline) appeared to be part of a transition zone rather than a fixed break. More sampling around this area is recommended to determine the location and understand the dynamic nature of this boundary. The fish species were found to be vertically distributed across the shore with most of the resident species being more abundant across the low shore while the transient species were more abundant in the middle to low shore pools. This vertical distribution has been found at many sites around the world. The volume of the pools proved to be the primary controlling factor while the effect of temperature on vertical distribution could not be demonstrated. The benefits of the Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area on this unexploited community of fishes could not be demonstrated but the long term benefit of protection has yet to be shown. Results from this study suggest that despite the correspondence with general biogeographic trends, the intertidal fish community has changed in composition (at least in terms of transient species) during the last 30 years and the cause for these changes may in part be reduced recruitment from exploited linefish.
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Scott, Lucy Elizabeth Powell. "The development of a geographic information systems based atlas of southern African freshwater fish, and its application to biogeographic analysis." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005099.
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A Geographic Information Systems (GIS) atlas of southern African freshwater fish was developed for the SADC countries from natural history collection specimens, hydrological, topographical and climatological data. The primary purpose of the development of the atlas of freshwater fish was the construction of a practical framework to transform vast amounts of existing biological data for use in research and management of aquatic resources. The database of freshwater fish collection specimens that was incorporated into the atlas, was developed in association with ALCOM (Aquatic Resources Management for Local Community Development Programme). The development of advanced computing and GIS technology has increased the scope of biological atlas projects by facilitating the integration of large amounts of spatial data to produce derived databases for specific applications. The atlas of freshwater fish was constructed using TNTmips GIS software as the most practical system available for managing and analysing biological data with a spatial component. The atlas contains 35 180 comprehensive distribution records of 735 species of fish. It has many applications as an inventory of ichthyofaunal spatial biodiversity, including those of conservation planning, environmental assessment and biogeographic research. Biogeographic studies have traditionally been subjective due to the logistical problems of working with large amounts of distribution data, although some small-scale quantitative research has been carried out in the past. The content of the atlas of freshwater fish is tested with respect to these previous studies, on known patterns of freshwater fish distributions, and the analytical capability of the atlas is tested and demonstrated with some new preliminary approaches to the analysis of freshwater fish distributions in southern Africa.
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Zapata, Fernando Alberto. "Local and regional patterns of distribution and abundance in marine reef fishes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184983.
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Local and regional patterns of distribution and abundance are documented in marine rocky-reef fishes. Chapter one describes limits of distribution and patterns of density variation of two fishes in a northern Gulf of California intertidal shore. The density of Sonora gobies (Gobiosoma chiquita) increases with tidal height over its intertidal range (-1.2 to 0.9 m), whereas the density of patchscale gobies (Gobiosoma sp.) decreases from the subtidal zone to 0.6 m above mean low water level. Both species exhibit higher densities during the warmer season when intertidal temperature gradients are weaker than during the colder season. Sonora gobies show a broader range of temperature tolerance than patchscale gobies but there is no evidence of shifts in distribution between seasons suggesting that the distributions of these species are not determined by temperature. Interspecific interactions may contribute to the patterns of intertidal distribution and abundance in these species despite the rigorous physical environment of the area. Chapter two documents a positive correlation between average local abundance and extent of geographic distribution in rocky-shore fishes from the Gulf of California. This correlation is not an artifact of sampling an arbitrarily defined region and is unlikely to be an artifact of sampling bias. The occurrence of this relationship in a variety of organisms suggests that the processes responsible for this pattern are likely to be similar in both terrestrial and marine environments despite fundamental differences between the two. Chapter three demonstrates that egg type and adult body size explain a considerable portion of the variation in extent of geographic range in marine reef fishes. Species with pelagic eggs have larger geographic ranges, longer larval lives, and larger body sizes than species with non-pelagic eggs. Small species with non-pelagic eggs show smaller geographic ranges than any other combination of body size and egg type. These biogeographic patterns predict a greater degree of genetic isolation among populations, and a greater species turnover over evolutionary time in clades of small species with non-pelagic eggs than in clades of species with other combinations of body size and egg type.
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Ter, Morshuizen Leslie David. "Distribution patterns of fishes in the head region of a turbid Eastern Cape estuary." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005105.
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Two and a half years of data were collected from the Great Fish River and estuary using seine nets and gill nets to determine the fish species composition within these regions. The head region of the Great Fish River estuary was found to have a rich fish fauna, with the euryhaline marine fish component totally dominating the catch in all three regions. Gilchristella aesiuaria was the single most common species and several euryhaline marine species were captured in freshwater for the first time. Physical parameters were also measured in an effort to ascertain the possible factors which may affect the distribution and length frequency of the most common species within this area. Salinity was found to be the single most important factor affecting the species composition, and the sampling area was consequently divided into three regions, viz. river (< I ‰), head (1-4 ‰) and estuary (> 4 ‰). In addition, it was determined that river flow rate during the month prior to sampling also had a profound effect on species composition in all three regions. Based on the available evidence it is suggested that for most species this is related to conductivity levels rather than flow per se.
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Gardezi, Tariq. "Spatial scale and the ecological determinants of the distribution and diversity of fishes in Ontario lakes." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115911.
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Data on the occurrence of freshwater fishes in Ontario lakes were used to evaluate the scale of the processes that are primarily responsible for shaping their distributions and patterns of diversity. In Chapter 2 it is shown that, regardless of the scale of analysis, the most important factors structuring their distributions are climatic measures of energy, suggesting that species tend to be able to survive heterogeneous conditions falling within large areas encompassing their climatic affinities. In Chapter 3 it is shown that the relationship between species richness and energy (annual potential evapotranspiration) changes according to the scale on which it is measured. The species-energy relationship is weak at the local scale and stronger and steeper at increasing regional scales. This scale dependence is due to the ability of high energy regions to accommodate relatively large numbers of rare or infrequent species, and reflects the regional scale at which species respond to environmental gradients, particularly those related to energy. In Chapter 4 the relationship between local and regional species richness is examined. It is found that mean richness of lakes is linearly related to the species richness of the watersheds in which they reside. Together, the results point to the importance of processes that are regional in scale for shaping species' distributions and patterns of diversity.
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Manning, Jane Elizabeth. "Patterns of spatial variation : bacteria and tintinnids in the North Atlantic ocean." Thesis, Swansea University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678684.
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Dudley, Sheldon Francis John. "Snoek Thyrsites atun in South African waters : aspects of its biology, distribution and fishery." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22189.
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Bibliography: pages 100-108.The snoek Thyrsites atun is an important fish predator in the southern Benguela region. It is exploited by both a handline and a demersal fishery. A survey of the Cape line fishery revealed that snoek line fishing effort is changing from the traditional harbour-based line-boat to the nomadic ski-boat. It was widely claimed that snoek catches are declining and that migration patterns are changing. Snoek constitute a by-catch of the hake-directed demersal fishery but nevertheless are seasonally important. The principle prey of snoek caught by handline off the Cape Peninsula were anchovy and mantis shrimp. Snoek caught in midwater trawls offshore were feeding primarily on anchovy, with pilchard, euphausiids and amphipods also important. Snoek trawled demersally had a more diverse diet, dominated by redeye roundberring, lightfish, lanternfish, hake, buttersnoek and euphausiids. Snoek were caught in the demersal environment throughout daylight hours, but may come off the bottom at night. The small degree of overlap between the diet of snoek caught demersally offshore and that of snoek caught in the pelagic zone, both inshore and offshore, indicates that snoek do not seem to move extensively on a diurnal basis between the two zones. Over the period 1970 to 1985 availability of snoek to the handline fishery was strongly seasonal, with catches peaking from May to July, although the traditional winter snoek run is a declining phenomenon along the South African coast. At Dassen Island, for which catch data have only been available since 1981, peak months were from November to January. The snoek seems to move offshore from July and is trawled demersally until September. The presence of snoek larvae offshore between June and September indicates an offshore spawning migration. With the exception of the summer presence in the region of Dassen Island, snoek appear to be present in the southern Benguela region between April and September. Handline catches of snoek have declined markedly since 1978, but demersal catches have remained more stable.
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Purchase, David Bryce. "Patterns of distribution, abundance and community composition of rock pool fishes in Goukamma Nature Reserve, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28158.
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Rock pools can be found in most rocky intertidal marine environments across the globe. Despite the vast body of literature describing the organization of ecological communities and biota inhabiting the greater rocky intertidal, very little effort has been given to rock pools. As a result they are far less understood than the adjacent emergent intertidal, particularly with respect to their fish communities. This is mostly due to the relative small size of rock pool fishes, their cryptic behaviour and morphologies, the relative difficulty in sampling intertidal fish utilizing conventional methods, and the low economic value of rock pool fishes. Rock pool fishes may have significant ecological value, as they are involved in structuring intertidal communities. Due to reduced environmental fluctuations within rock pools, these habitats may serve as crucial refuges from adjacent stressors. Furthermore, rock pools may play an important role in the early life histories of sub-littoral fish species that utilize these habitats as juveniles, some of which are valuable to fisheries as adults. It has been suggested that due to the lack of exposure at low tide, rock pools do not represent a true intertidal habitat, as organisms are not subject to the full range of environmental fluctuations seen in adjacent habitats. There is unequivocal evidence indicating that, like the surrounding emergent substrata, conditions in rock pools are highly regulated by the tidal cycle and that the degree of environmental fluctuations will vary greatly with intertidal height and degree of exposure of individual pools, much like patterns seen in adjacent habitats. Fishes inhabiting rock pools can be broadly categorised into groups based on their major zoographic provinces, life history traits and their behavioural affinities, on top of basic taxonomic categorizations. Global patterns indicate two main rock pool fish communities, those of Gondwanan origin and those of Laurasian origin. South African rock pools are relatively well studied from a taxonomic perspective compared to elsewhere, however, like the rest of the globe, factors influencing their fish communities are far less understood. The aim of this study was to determine which, if any, physical and biological rock pool characteristics have any significant influence on the Abundance, Diversity and Community of fishes at Goukamma MPA, South Africa. This site was chosen due to a lack of previous surveys of rock pool fishes at this site and because of a need for an inventory of faunal communities in protected areas in South Africa. The shoreline within the reserve is dominated by sandy shores and interspersed with mixed rock-based habitats. Aelonite platforms form mixed shores and are found along areas west of the Goukamma estuary. Hard, predominantly older Table Mountain Sandstone layers are found along the eastern shore near Buffalo Bay. Rock pools are found at both shore types. Aelonite platforms were formed geologically recently from sand dunes formed during the interglacial periods of the Pleistocene and as a result are relatively flat and easily eroded into circular pools by loose rocks. The hard table mountain sandstone pools formed in cracks and faults caused by geological tilting action, and tend to long and thin rather than circular. Fifty-five rock pools were sampled, to investigate the influence of spatial (Location and Headland), temporal (Season), abiotic (Area, Height, Depth, Rugosity) and biological (Rock, Algae,) characteristics of rock pools on the distribution, abundance, diversity and community composition of rock pool fishes. A total of 747 fishes, representing seven families and 16 species were collected, using a non-lethal anesthetic, clove oil. Clinus cottoides, Parablennius cornutus and Caffrogobius caffer were the most dominant species, together making up almost 85% of the fish community. Total fish Abundance was not found to significantly change with any of the variables. The Shannon-Wiener Species Diversity Index for the whole of Goukamma was 1.64, however, it differed significantly among Locations, was greatest in pools of larger Area, lower Heights and higher cover of Rock. Community was found to significantly change with Location and was significantly influenced by Area, Rugosity, Height and Depth. Rock pool fish communities in South Africa show clear biogeographical patterns. These patterns show five distinct bioregions along the South African coastline in that familial distributions tend to be broken by the same oceanographic barriers seen in the distributions of many other marine taxa. The results suggest that rock pool fishes tend to exhibit distinct preferences to pools of certain typology and will seldom move over even small distances in search of new pools. Overall the study followed past findings from studies of similar type, both within South African and elsewhere.
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Burger, Lynton Francois. "The distribution patterns and community structure of the Tsitsikamma rocky littoral ichthyofauna." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005104.
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The results of a community survey of the rocky intertidal and subtidal reef ichthyofauna of the Tsitsikamma National Park and adjacent areas are presented. An updated species checklist is given, comprising 116 species of 46 families, including a new genus and species of Tripterygiid. Single species are shown to dominate, in terms of numbers, both the cryptic and subtidal components for all the areas sampled down the vertical profile. Species richness, evenness and diversity are found to increase with depth for both the cryptic and suprabenthic components. A community level feeding study shows an increase in trophic specialisation with depth and food availability is found to be an important factor delimiting littoral fish vertical distribution. The nursery function of the Tsitsikamma rocky littoral area is assessed and it is shown that shallow littoral areas as a whole are more important than intertidal pools alone in functioning as nurseries. The results of the study are found to fit into the existing trend of an increase in species richness and diversity, from west to east, along the South African coast. A significant difference is shown between the observed frequencies of species on exploited reefs outside the Park and unexploited reefs inside the Park. The density of the key reef predator Petrus rupestris is shown to be nine times more abundant on deep reef inside the park compared to deep reef outside the park (0.0045 fish/m² and 0.0005 fish/m² respectively) and a paucity of larger individuals of this species on exploited reefs is noted. Marked differences in the relative abundance of other species between exploited and unexploited reefs are evident and it is hypothesised that community disruption has occurred on exploited reefs, either directly or indirectly because of the removal of P. rupestris. These results are discussed in the context of marine reserves as a conservation strategy and a recommendation is made to extend the 5.6km seaward boundary of the Tsitsikamma National Park westwards to include the large concentration of presently exploited rocky reefs between the Blaaukrans river mouth and Natures Valley.
Books on the topic "Marine fishes – Geographical distribution"
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S, Mishra S. Marine fishes of Pondichery and Karaikal. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India, 2003.
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MacCall, Alec D. Dynamic geography of marine fish populations. Seattle: Washington Sea Grant Program, 1990.
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Dynamic geography of marine fish populations. Seattle: Washington Sea Grant Program, 1989.
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Sukhanov, V. V. Soobshchestva nektona v severo-zapadnoĭ chasti I︠A︡ponskogo mori︠a︡: Communities of nekton in north-western part of the Sea of Japan. Vladivostok: TINRO-t︠s︡entr, 2009.
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Johnson, Scott W. An atlas on the distribution and habitat of common fishes in shallow nearshore waters of southeastern Alaska. Seattle, WA: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 2005.
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Quéro, Jean-Claude. Les poissons du golfe de Gascogne. Plouzané: Service de la documentation et des publications, IFREMER, Centre de Brest, 1989.
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Hixon, Mark A. Fish assemblages of rocky banks of the Pacific Northwest: Final report supplement \. Camarillo, Calif: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Pacific OCS Region, 1992.
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Hixon, Mark A. Fish assemblages of rocky banks of the Pacific Northwest: Final report. Camarillo, Calif: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Pacific OCS Region, 1991.
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1952-, Roberts Clive, and Museum of New Zealand, eds. The rockpool fishes of New Zealand =: Te ika aaria o Aotearoa. [Wellington, N.Z.]: Museum of New Zealand, 1992.
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Arkhipov, A. G. Dinamika chislennosti i osobennosti raspredelenii︠a︡ ikhtioplanktonnykh soobshchestv severnoĭ chasti T︠S︡entralʹno-Vostochnoĭ Atlantiki i moreĭ Sredizemnomorskogo basseĭna. Kaliningrad: Atlanticheskiĭ NII rybnogo khozi︠a︡ĭstva i okeanografii, 2006.
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Tortonese, Enrico. "Distribution and Ecology of Endemic Elements in the Mediterranean Fauna (Fishes and Echinoderms)." In Mediterranean Marine Ecosystems, 57–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2248-9_4.
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Yogesh Kumar, J. S., S. Geetha, and R. Sornaraj. "Diversity and Distribution of Reef Fishes in Gulf of Mannar Islands, India." In Ecology and Conservation of Tropical Marine Faunal Communities, 297–310. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38200-0_19.
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Bartsch, Ilse. "Geographical and ecological distribution of marine halacarid genera and species (Acari: Halacaridae)." In Aquatic Mites from Genes to Communities, 37–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0429-8_4.
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"Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment." In Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment, edited by Kimberly L. Howland, John A. Babaluk, Doug Chiperzak, Ross F. Tallman, and George Low. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874080.ch8.
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<em>Abstract</em>.-Several coregonid species in northern latitudes exhibit diadromous behavior and may share river/lake systems with conspecifics who are freshwater residents. Although both life history strategies have been reported in a variety of systems, little information on the extent and variability in diadromous behavior both within and among populations exists. We addressed this issue using inconnu <em>Stenodus leucichthys </em>from the Mackenzie River drainage (Northwest Territories, Canada) as a model. At the extremes of their distribution within this system, inconnu have been characterized by alternative life history strategies. Those in the north exhibit diadromous behavior, while those in the south demonstrate life history closure within the upper reaches of the system (i.e., freshwater residency). We examined the otolith strontium profiles of inconnu collected from 12 regions throughout the Mackenzie watershed to (1) determine the geographical range over which diadromy occurs in this system, (2) characterize the variability in diadromous behavior within and among populations, and (3) identify physical/ environmental factors that may influence choice between a diadromous or freshwater life history. Our results demonstrate that the degree of diadromy within populations of inconnu tends to gradually decrease with distance from marine waters, rather than showing an abrupt transition from diadromy to freshwater residency. We conclude that distance from a marine food source plays an important role in determining whether fish remain in freshwater or migrate to the sea to feed. Within diadromous populations of inconnu, there is a substantial level of flexibility in the extent and frequency of marine migration by individuals.
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"13. Geographical Distribution." In Advances in Marine Biology, 504–17. Elsevier, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2881(08)60246-1.
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"GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE PLANTS." In The Biology of Marine Plants, 139–55. Cambridge University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511623301.008.
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"Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing." In Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing, edited by W. Waldo Wakefield, Curt E. Whitmire, Julia E. R. Clemons, and Brian N. Tissot. American Fisheries Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569605.ch10.
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<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong>. Traditionally, estimates of the distribution and abundance of exploited groundfish species and their associated habitats are based on fishery-dependent sampling of catch and fishery-independent survey data using fishing gears such as trawls and a variety of fixed gears. Survey data are often collected as individual samples integrated over a scale of kilometers, compiled at a larger geographic scale (100 km), and extrapolated to an overall estimate of stock size. Considerations of the nonextractive effects of fishing on habitat are extremely limited. Within the past 15 years, a number of collaborations have developed among marine ecologists, fisheries scientists, and marine geologists hallmarked by an integration of sonar mapping of the seafloor with ground-truthing (verification of type of substratum) and direct observation and enumeration of fish and invertebrate populations in the context of their seafloor habitat. An example of such work, targeting a 725-km<sup>2</sup>, deepwater, rocky bank from the Oregon continental margin, Heceta Bank, is chronicled in this review. The approaches that have been applied to characterize groundfish–habitat relationships in this region have evolved from stand-alone, human-occupied submersible observations to fully interdisciplinary programs employing the most advanced technologies available to marine research. The combination of multibeam swath mapping sonars and accurate geographic positioning systems has enhanced mapping the seafloor and benthic habitats. The challenge now is to efficiently relate small-scale observations and assessments of animal–habitat associations to the large geographic scales on which fisheries operate. Large-scale benthic habitat characterization at appropriate scales is critical to the accurate assessment of fish stocks on a spatial scale pertinent to fisheries and those natural physical and biological processes and anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., fishing gear impacts) that influence them.
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Levêque, Christian, and Didier Paugy. "Geographical distribution and affinities of African freshwater fishes." In The inland water fishes of Africa, 97–114. IRD Éditions, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.25190.
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"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by Philip Roni, Laurie A. Weitkamp, and Joe Scordino. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch9.
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<em>Abstract.—</em> Freshwater and marine essential fish habitat (EFH) for chinook <em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</em> , coho <em>O. kisutch</em> , pink <em>O. gorbuscha</em> , and sockeye <em>O. nerka </em> salmon within Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho was described and identified using the available literature and databases on salmon distribution and life history. The diversity of freshwater habitats utilized by individual species of salmon coupled with the limitations of existing distribution maps precluded identification of specific stream reaches, wetlands, and other water bodies as EFH for Pacific salmon. A more holistic watershed approach consistent with the ecosystem method recommended by the revised Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act was necessary. Therefore, Pacific salmon freshwater EFH was delineated and described as all existing water bodies currently and historically utilized by Pacific salmon within selected watersheds defined by U.S. Geological Survey hydrologic units. Areas above some long-standing artificial barriers to juvenile and adult salmon migration were excluded from designation as Pacific salmon EFH. Delineation of marine EFH was also problematic because of the paucity of scientific studies on offshore Pacific salmon habitat use and distribution. However, available scientific data augmented by information from commercial fisheries indicate that juvenile salmon are found in high concentrations in the nearshore areas of the continental shelf off the Washington, Oregon, and California coasts from late spring through fall. Therefore, Pacific salmon marine EFH was identified as all waters within 60 km of the Washington, Oregon, and California coasts north of Point Conception, California. This initial effort to identify Pacific salmon EFH emphasized the need for accurate, fine-scale geographic information systems data on freshwater and marine salmon distribution and habitat quality and the need for compilation of uniform data sets. Future efforts should focus on developing accurate seasonal salmon distribution data at a 1:24,000 scale to aid in more precise and accurate delineation of Pacific salmon EFH. Furthermore, detailed information on winter distribution of Pacific salmon would be useful in delineating marine EFH.
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"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by Philip Roni, Laurie A. Weitkamp, and Joe Scordino. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch9.
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<em>Abstract.—</em> Freshwater and marine essential fish habitat (EFH) for chinook <em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</em> , coho <em>O. kisutch</em> , pink <em>O. gorbuscha</em> , and sockeye <em>O. nerka </em> salmon within Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho was described and identified using the available literature and databases on salmon distribution and life history. The diversity of freshwater habitats utilized by individual species of salmon coupled with the limitations of existing distribution maps precluded identification of specific stream reaches, wetlands, and other water bodies as EFH for Pacific salmon. A more holistic watershed approach consistent with the ecosystem method recommended by the revised Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act was necessary. Therefore, Pacific salmon freshwater EFH was delineated and described as all existing water bodies currently and historically utilized by Pacific salmon within selected watersheds defined by U.S. Geological Survey hydrologic units. Areas above some long-standing artificial barriers to juvenile and adult salmon migration were excluded from designation as Pacific salmon EFH. Delineation of marine EFH was also problematic because of the paucity of scientific studies on offshore Pacific salmon habitat use and distribution. However, available scientific data augmented by information from commercial fisheries indicate that juvenile salmon are found in high concentrations in the nearshore areas of the continental shelf off the Washington, Oregon, and California coasts from late spring through fall. Therefore, Pacific salmon marine EFH was identified as all waters within 60 km of the Washington, Oregon, and California coasts north of Point Conception, California. This initial effort to identify Pacific salmon EFH emphasized the need for accurate, fine-scale geographic information systems data on freshwater and marine salmon distribution and habitat quality and the need for compilation of uniform data sets. Future efforts should focus on developing accurate seasonal salmon distribution data at a 1:24,000 scale to aid in more precise and accurate delineation of Pacific salmon EFH. Furthermore, detailed information on winter distribution of Pacific salmon would be useful in delineating marine EFH.
Conference papers on the topic "Marine fishes – Geographical distribution"
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Peycheva, Katya, Katya Peycheva, Mona Stancheva, Mona Stancheva, Stanislava Georgieva, Stanislava Georgieva, Lubomir Makedosnki, and Lubomir Makedosnki. "HEAVY METALS IN WATER, SEDIMENTS AND MARINE FISHES FROM BULGARIAN BLACK SEA." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4315c12f92.
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In this study, the ecosystem marine water-sediment-biota was investigated and the pollution was assessed. The concentrations of eight elements were determined in marine water, sediments and four fish species collected from Black Sea (Varna), Bulgaria during 2013. Marine water recorded the highest concentrations of Zn (15-22 μg/L), As (1.1–1.2 μg/L) and Pb (0.7-0.8 μg/L) while Zn (31-52 μg/g), Pb (21-29 μg/g) and Cu (20-34 μg/g) and show the highest concentrations in sediments. Water and sediments showed similar spatial distribution patterns for the highest mean values of the different metals. In the analysed fish species, the highest concentration of the metals Cu and Zn were found in Trachurus Mediterrneus (0.42 mg/kg w.w) and in Sprattus Sprattus (12.7 mg/kg w.w), respectively while the heavy metals As and Hg were found with maximum values in Pseta Maxima (3.99 mg/kg w.w and 0.08 mg/kg w.w respectively). The results from this study were compared with our data for a previous period (2004-2006) and they show decrease in the levels of heavy metal.
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Peycheva, Katya, Katya Peycheva, Mona Stancheva, Mona Stancheva, Stanislava Georgieva, Stanislava Georgieva, Lubomir Makedosnki, and Lubomir Makedosnki. "HEAVY METALS IN WATER, SEDIMENTS AND MARINE FISHES FROM BULGARIAN BLACK SEA." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b93d4d78bb6.88545986.
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In this study, the ecosystem marine water-sediment-biota was investigated and the pollution was assessed. The concentrations of eight elements were determined in marine water, sediments and four fish species collected from Black Sea (Varna), Bulgaria during 2013. Marine water recorded the highest concentrations of Zn (15-22 μg/L), As (1.1–1.2 μg/L) and Pb (0.7-0.8 μg/L) while Zn (31-52 μg/g), Pb (21-29 μg/g) and Cu (20-34 μg/g) and show the highest concentrations in sediments. Water and sediments showed similar spatial distribution patterns for the highest mean values of the different metals. In the analysed fish species, the highest concentration of the metals Cu and Zn were found in Trachurus Mediterrneus (0.42 mg/kg w.w) and in Sprattus Sprattus (12.7 mg/kg w.w), respectively while the heavy metals As and Hg were found with maximum values in Pseta Maxima (3.99 mg/kg w.w and 0.08 mg/kg w.w respectively). The results from this study were compared with our data for a previous period (2004-2006) and they show decrease in the levels of heavy metal.
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Nyborg, Torrey, Brant Nyborg, Hal Fairfield, and Birgitta Jansen. "FOSSIL FISHES OF DEATH VALLEY NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA: RECONSTRUCTING THE ORIGINS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE INDIGENOUS ICHTHYOFAUNA OF SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-302235.
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Kozłowski, Krzysztof, Piotr Dynowski, Jacek Kozłowski, Anna Zróbek-Sokolnik, Konrad Wolter, and Józsa Vilmos. "Vertical Distribution of Cottus poecilopus Heckel, 1837 in Streams of Tatra National Park in Poland." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.032.
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The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Cottus poecilopus in the main streams of the Tatra National Park in Poland. Fishing research was conducted within the summer and in the autumn of 2014 for fourteen streams. The catches were made with pulse fishing device (IUP-24) wading up stream. During fishing caught fishes have been characterized and habitat has been characterized by noting the speed of the current, the presence of obstacles and hiding places for fish, width, type and size of the bottom substrate, the presence of wood and shade. The beginning and end of each transect was described by the geographic coordinates using a Garmin GPS device. Based on the geographical coordinates the project was created in GIS (using ArcMap software 9.3.1) and determined the amount of occurrence of fish above sea level. In the course of fishing three species of fish were found: Cottus poecilopus, Salmo trutta m. fario and Salvelinus fontinalis. In the studied streams Cottus gobio was not found. The most numerous Cottus poecilopus were represented, a total of 485 individuals in 12 streams. Stream Chochołowski Potok (1077.3 m above sea level) was the highest position where the genre occured.
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Hørte, Torfinn, Siril Okkenhaug, and Øivind Paulshus. "Mooring System Calibration of the Intact Condition, Ultimate Limit State (ULS)." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61529.
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Structural reliability analysis (SRA) has been used to calculate the probability of mooring line failure in an intact mooring system as a function of the magnitude of the safety factor applied in design. A range of different units have been considered, comprising ship shaped units and semisubmersibles at different water depths from 100 m to 2200 m. Environmental conditions representative for the Norwegian continental shelf and the Gulf of Mexico are used in the analyses, and the characteristics of the results in the different environments are compared and discussed. Analyses for Brazilian environment are currently ongoing, but not included here. Time domain analysis is applied to obtain the short-term, extreme value distribution of line tension, conditional on stationary metocean conditions. A large number of different conditions are considered. A response surface is used to interpolate on the distribution parameters in order to describe the tension response in varying conditions. Joint probabilistic models of the metocean environment corresponding to the different geographical locations have been applied, taking account of wind, wave and current and their respective heading angles. A continuous model is used for the metocean conditions at the Norwegian continental shelf, whereas a hurricane model is used in the Gulf of Mexico. The effects of uncertainties in the response calculation are included. The mooring line component strength is based on strength data from break load tests. Conventional catenary chain-wire chain systems as well as polyester moorings are considered. With the probability of failure as a function of the safety factor, it is shown that present regulations result in a significant scatter in reliability level between the cases. Safety factors have been calibrated considering all cases. Alternative design formats are proposed and tested including a format with 2 safety factors. Calibration results are provided as a function of the target reliability level. The final recommendation on target reliability level is given in an accompanying paper at OMAE 2017, comprising both the ULS and the ALS. It is demonstrated that alternative design formats can provide a more consistent safety level across the cases. A different design philosophy is needed for the Gulf of Mexico in order to achieve acceptable risk. Options for design are discussed. The present work provides a unique and comprehensive set of results, where advanced reliability methods are used in combination with detailed response calculations in the time domain. The results provide a basis for calibration of mooring design for ULS and subsequently for regulators to update their rules. The work has been carried out as part of the NorMoor Joint Industry Project, with participants from oil companies, engineering companies, rig-owners, manufacturers and marine authorities. This paper is the first one in a series of three at OMAE 2017, where the second deals with structural reliability analysis of the ALS and the third one provides summary and recommendations for safe mooring design in ULS and ALS.
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Okkenhaug, Siril, Torfinn Hørte, and Øivind Paulshus. "Summary and Recommendations for Safe Mooring System Design in ULS and ALS." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61534.
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DNV GL is currently running a Joint Industry Project, “NorMoor JIP”, with participants from oil companies, engineering companies, rig-owners, manufacturers and marine authorities. It is a global study covering Gulf of Mexico, Northern Europe and Brazil waters. Our motivation for initiating a study on mooring line reliability was that all the global standards (API, ISO, DNV GL, others) are mostly based on work from late 1990s, when frequency domain analysis was prevalent. The reliability level implied by these regulations is not known, and we also see that the mooring standards are interpreted and applied differently. Thus, there is a need for a mooring design code with a consistent analysis methodology and with safety factors that are in line with this methodology and calibrated at an appropriate target reliability level. This is achieved through reliability-based calibration for a range of different units, mooring systems, water depths and geographical locations. The focus in the present paper is the calibration of safety factors and selection of target reliability level. The underlying probabilistic analysis results used for the calibration are reported in two accompanying papers at OMAE 2017, [1] and [2], dealing with structural reliability analyses for the ULS and ALS respectively. For mobile units frequency domain analyses are common, and although the main attention in the JIP is towards time domain analyses, it is part of the JIP to calibrate safety factors for frequency domain analyses as well. The annual extreme value distribution of line tension for all cases is calculated in time domain and is applied both in the calibration of safety factors for time domain and frequency domain analyses. It is seen that characteristic tensions from time domain analyses are likely to be higher than those from frequency domain analyses. The dilemma of not being penalized when using more refined time domain analyses is discussed, and different safety factors have been suggested for use with time domain and frequency domain analyses. A discussion about target reliability level is included, and the target levels are proposed with basis in the existing mooring design practice for mobile units, where frequency domain analysis is prevalent. Different targets are proposed depending on consequences of failure. Calibration for different design formats are carried out. The current format using a single safety factor is challenged with a format with two safety factors. The objective is to arrive as close as possible to the target reliability for all cases analyzed. A different design philosophy is needed in the Gulf of Mexico in order to achieve acceptable risk, and options are discussed. The present work provides a unique and comprehensive set of results, where advanced reliability methods are used to calibrate a mooring design code where the mooring line tensions are calculated in the time domain. The results provide a basis for regulators, such as ISO, to update their rules. ULS and ALS are covered here, and a potential phase 3 of the JIP will cover the fatigue limit state. When the NorMoor JIP is completed the plan is to implement the results into DNVGL-OS-E301, [5].