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1

Rao, Dhana, Jeremy S. Webb, Carola Holmström, et al. "Low Densities of Epiphytic Bacteria from the Marine Alga Ulva australis Inhibit Settlement of Fouling Organisms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 24 (2007): 7844–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01543-07.

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ABSTRACT Bacteria that produce inhibitory compounds on the surface of marine algae are thought to contribute to the defense of the host plant against colonization of fouling organisms. However, the number of bacterial cells necessary to defend against fouling on the plant surface is not known. Pseudoalteromonas tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.10 (formerly Roseobacter gallaeciensis) are marine bacteria often found in association with the alga Ulva australis and produce a range of extracellular inhibitory compounds against common fouling organisms. P. tunicata and Phaeobacter sp. strain 2.
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2

Egan, Suhelen, Sally James, and Staffan Kjelleberg. "Identification and Characterization of a Putative Transcriptional Regulator Controlling the Expression of Fouling Inhibitors in Pseudoalteromonas tunicata." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 1 (2002): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.1.372-378.2002.

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ABSTRACT The dark green pigmented marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata colonizes living surfaces and produces a range of extracellular compounds that inhibit common fouling organisms, including marine invertebrate larvae, algae, bacteria, and fungi. We have observed a positive correlation between the antifouling activity of P. tunicata strain D2 and the expression of pigmentation. To address the hypothesis that pigmentation and antifouling may be jointly regulated in this organism and to begin to identify potential regulatory elements, we used transposon mutagenesis to generate a strain
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3

Petersen, Dennis S., Thomas Kleinteich, Stanislav N. Gorb, and Lars Heepe. "Competing with barnacle cement: wetting resistance of a re-entrant surface reduces underwater adhesion of barnacles." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 145 (2018): 20180396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0396.

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Surfaces with re-entrant topographies can repel liquids even of extremely low surface tension, almost independently of the material's inherent wettability. We show that this topography-based wetting resistance can also be applied to underwater applications, reducing the permanent adhesion of marine hardfouling organisms. Having combined a biofouling assay in the marine environment with microscopic analyses, we demonstrate how a synergistic effect of a soft silicone-based material with a re-entrant mushroom-shaped surface topography strongly increases the fouling release ability of such coating
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4

Ista, Linnea K., Víctor H. Pérez-Luna, and Gabriel P. López. "Surface-Grafted, Environmentally Sensitive Polymers for Biofilm Release." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 4 (1999): 1603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.4.1603-1609.1999.

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ABSTRACT Controlling bacterial biofouling is desirable for almost every human enterprise in which solid surfaces are introduced into nonsterile aqueous environments. One approach that is used to decrease contamination of manufactured devices by microorganisms is using materials that easily slough off accumulated material (i.e., fouling release surfaces). The compounds currently used for this purpose rely on low surface energy to inhibit strong attachment of organisms. In this study, we examined the possible use of environmentally responsive (or “smart”) polymers as a new class of fouling relea
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5

Pennati, Roberta, and Ute Rothbächer. "Bioadhesion in ascidians: a developmental and functional genomics perspective." Interface Focus 5, no. 1 (2015): 20140061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2014.0061.

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The development of bioadhesives inspired from marine animals is a promising approach to generate new tissue-compatible medical components. A number of marine species, through their adhesive properties, also represent significant foulers that become increasingly problematic to aquaculture, shipping or local biodiversity. In order to develop more sophisticated man-made glues and/or efficient fouling resistant surfaces, it is important to understand the mechanical, structural and molecular properties of adhesive organs in selected species. Ascidians are marine invertebrates with larvae that oppor
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6

Eashwar, M., S. Maruthamuthu, and S. T. Manickam. "An assessment of preference for coupon positions by tropical marine fouling organisms." Biofouling 3, no. 4 (1991): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927019109378182.

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7

Vucko, M. J., A. J. Poole, C. Carl, et al. "Using textured PDMS to prevent settlement and enhance release of marine fouling organisms." Biofouling 30, no. 1 (2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2013.836507.

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8

Rao, Dhana, Jeremy S. Webb, and Staffan Kjelleberg. "Microbial Colonization and Competition on the Marine Alga Ulva australis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 8 (2006): 5547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00449-06.

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ABSTRACT Pseudalteromonas tunicata and Roseobacter gallaeciensis are biofilm-forming marine bacteria that are often found in association with the surface of the green alga Ulva australis. They are thought to benefit the plant host by producing inhibitory compounds that are active against common fouling organisms. We investigated factors that influence the ability of P. tunicata and R. gallaeciensis to attach to and colonize the plant surface and also the competitive interactions that occur between these organisms and other isolates from U. australis during biofilm formation on the plant surfac
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9

Franks, A., S. Egan, C. Holmstr�m, S. James, H. Lappin-Scott, and S. Kjelleberg. "Inhibition of Fungal Colonization by Pseudoalteromonas tunicata Provides a Competitive Advantage during Surface Colonization." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 9 (2006): 6079–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00559-06.

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ABSTRACT The marine epiphytic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata produces a range of extracellular secondary metabolites that inhibit an array of common fouling organisms, including fungi. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the ability to inhibit fungi provides P. tunicata with an advantage during colonization of a surface. Studies on a transposon-generated antifungal-deficient mutant of P. tunicata, FM3, indicated that a long-chain fatty acid-coenzyme A ligase is involved in the production of a broad-range antifungal compound by P. tunicata. Flow cell experiments demonstrated that p
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10

Holmström, C., S. James, S. Egan, and S. Kjelleberg. "Inhibition of common fouling organisms by marine bacterial isolates ith special reference to the role of pigmented bacteria." Biofouling 10, no. 1-3 (1996): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927019609386284.

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11

Ushivtsev, Vladimir B., Sergey V. Vostokov, Nikita B. Vodovsky, Maya L. Galaktionova, and Gulnara А. Akhmedova. "DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES ON THE BASIS OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTTOM STATIONS IN DIFFERENT ZONES OF THE NORTH-CASPIAN SHELF." South of Russia: ecology, development 13, no. 3 (2018): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2018-3-13-30.

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Aim.On the basis of four experimental bottom stations installed at various depths of the North Caspian shelf, the local communities of marine organisms were formed, on various constructions and in close proximity to them were investigated. The aim of the work is to study the features of community development on the basis of bottom biological stations, to measure their quantitative characteristics, to assess the informative character of the structural and functional characteristics of local communities for analyzing the state of the marine environment. Methods. Experimental bottom stations were
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12

Zhang, Minglu, Sunny Jiang, Dian Tanuwidjaja, Nikolay Voutchkov, Eric M. V. Hoek, and Baoli Cai. "Composition and Variability of Biofouling Organisms in Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 13 (2011): 4390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00122-11.

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ABSTRACTSeawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane biofouling remains a common challenge in the desalination industry, but the marine bacterial community that causes membrane fouling is poorly understood. Microbial communities at different stages of treatment processes (intake, cartridge filtration, and SWRO) of a desalination pilot plant were examined by both culture-based and culture-independent approaches. Bacterial isolates were identified to match the generaShewanella,Alteromonas,Vibrio, andCellulophagabased on 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The 16S rRNA gene clone library of the SWRO m
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13

Alsaab, Ahmad, Nick Aldred, and Anthony S. Clare. "Automated tracking and classification of the settlement behaviour of barnacle cyprids." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 128 (2017): 20160957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0957.

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A focus on the development of nontoxic coatings to control marine biofouling has led to increasing interest in the settlement behaviour of fouling organisms. Barnacles pose a significant fouling challenge and accordingly the behaviour of their settlement-stage cypris larva (cyprid) has attracted much attention, yet remains poorly understood. Tracking technologies have been developed that quantify cyprid movement, but none have successfully automated data acquisition over the prolonged periods necessary to capture and identify the full repertoire of behaviours, from alighting on a surface to pe
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14

Sell, David. "Marine fouling." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 100 (1992): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026972700001112x.

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SynopsisA comparison of macrofouling assemblages on offshore structures in the North Sea has revealed some similarity in their general characteristics, with a predominance in climax communities of relatively few species, such as the plumose anemone Metridium senile (L.) and the soft coral Alcyonium digitatum L., covering large proportions of the substratum. Specific geographical differences in community composition, diversity and successional development have been identified, however, and these are discussed in relation to environmental conditions and larval dispersal. In practical terms, the
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15

NAITO, Masanobu. "Functional Materials that Mimic Marine Fouling Organisms." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 87, no. 1 (2014): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai.87.13.

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16

Bauer, S., M. Alles, M. P. Arpa-Sancet, et al. "Resistance of Amphiphilic Polysaccharides against Marine Fouling Organisms." Biomacromolecules 17, no. 3 (2016): 897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01590.

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17

Tadros, A. B. "The role of marine organisms in fouling control." Pigment & Resin Technology 18, no. 7 (1989): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb042623.

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18

Picken, Gordon B. "Moray Firth marine fouling communities." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 91 (1986): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000009313.

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SynopsisFouling communities typical of shallow water inshore sites were found at three locations in the Moray Firth. At each, an initial background cover of solitary tubeworms and barnacles was overgrown by secondary fouling organisms. On the piles of Nigg jetty, overgrowth consisted of mussels in the depth range 0–6 m and hydroids, sponges, soft corals and anemones from 6–26 m. Buoys in the approaches to Cromarty Firth were completely covered by a mixture of algae and mussels. Sunlit areas of the float cleaned annually bore a diverse algal cover, whereas uncleaned shaded areas and the freely
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19

RAMADAN, SH E., A. M. KHEIRALLAH, and KH M. ABDEL-SALAM. "Factors controlling marine fouling in some Alexandria Harbours, Egypt." Mediterranean Marine Science 7, no. 2 (2006): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.168.

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The present work aims to relate the settlement of marine fouling organisms in three different harbours in Alexandria city which present a wide range of ecological/environmental variations. Theses are the Abu Qir, Eastern and El-Dekheila harbours. Monthly samples of marine fouling were collected from the three harbours by using white roughened polystyrene test panels (12.5x12.5 cm), as well as physicochemical, chemical and other biological data. Results were treated with multivariate statistical analysis (PCA). At the Abu Qir harbour, it was found that water temperature and salinity are the mos
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20

G. Petitbois, Julie, and Tatsufumi Okino. "Anti-fouling Effects of Natural Compounds from Marine Organisms." Marine Engineering 52, no. 1 (2017): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.52.33.

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21

Ohba, Tadahiko, Hidetoshi Wusui, Takahiro Kajiyama, Satoshi Iwata, and Morihiko Kuwa. "Anti-fouling of Marine Organisms Adhesion by Zinc Anode." Zairyo-to-Kankyo 50, no. 6 (2001): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1991.50.279.

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22

Low, Koh Lip, Hong Woo Khoo, and Lip Lin Koh. "Ecology of marine fouling organisms at Eastern Johore Strait." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 19, no. 1-3 (1991): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00401321.

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23

Rastogi, Rajesh P., Richa, Rajeshwar P. Sinha, Shailendra P. Singh, and Donat-P. Häder. "Photoprotective compounds from marine organisms." Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 37, no. 6 (2010): 537–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10295-010-0718-5.

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24

Bauer, Stella, Maria Pilar Arpa-Sancet, John A. Finlay, Maureen E. Callow, James A. Callow, and Axel Rosenhahn. "Adhesion of Marine Fouling Organisms on Hydrophilic and Amphiphilic Polysaccharides." Langmuir 29, no. 12 (2013): 4039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la3038022.

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25

Iwanami, Mitsuyasu, Hiroshi Yokota, Hidenori Hamada, Toru Yamaji, and Hiroko Watanabe. "Can Marine Fouling Organisms Extend the Life of Concrete Structures?" IABSE Symposium Report 86, no. 6 (2002): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137802796337062.

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26

Thompson, T. E. "Acidic allomones in marine organisms." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 68, no. 3 (1988): 499–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400043368.

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The phenomenon of acid secretion has arisen independently many times, for feeding, for penetrating calcareous material to make a shelter or to pursue prey, or for defence. This last category contains examples from many groups of marine organisms, in which acidic allomones may serve to deter fouling by epibionts or predation by teleost fish. Histochemical and histophysical methods have increased the precision with which acidic allomones can be identified within acid vacuoles, cells, glands, sacs or capsules. Acidic allomones are produced in pleurobranch molluscs by unicellular epidermal glands,
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27

PEREIRA, R. C., A. G. V. CARVALHO, B. A. P. GAMA, and R. COUTINHO. "Field experimental evaluation of secondary metabolites from marine invertebrates as antifoulants." Brazilian Journal of Biology 62, no. 2 (2002): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842002000200015.

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The crude organic extracts of the endemic gorgonian Phyllogorgia dilatata and two sponge species Aplysina fulva and Mycale microsigmatosa were evaluated for anti-fouling properties through field experiments. To investigate this property in ecologically meaningful conditions, crude extracts from these invertebrates were incorporated at concentrations naturally found in these marine organisms into a stable gel used as a substratum for fouling settlement. Crude extract from A. fulva showed no significant anti-fouling property at the natural concentrations used in the field experiments. In fact, f
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Chen, Rongrong, Yakun Li, Liang Tang, et al. "Synthesis of zinc-based acrylate copolymers and their marine antifouling application." RSC Advances 7, no. 63 (2017): 40020–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra04840h.

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29

Nacorda, Hildie M. E., Nero M. Austero, Cesar R. Pagdilao, Koh Siang Tan, and Rhodora V. Azanza. "Marine Biofouling Communities of Manila South Harbor, Philippines." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, no. 1-2 (2020): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.481.

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An immersion experiment was conducted in the Manila South Harbor to document the development of sessile biofouling communities. Test panels were submerged below the sea surface in April 2012 for short- (one and three months) and long-term (one year) exposures in seawater, then foauling types and occurrences were scored based on digital images of panel surfaces. The short-term immersed panels were found with significant cover of soft fouling (undet.), slime, and the invasive Balanus (=Amphibalanus) amphitrite. These also filled the long-term immersed panels, although some fell off due to mortal
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30

Puentes, C., K. Carreño, M. Santos-Acevedo, et al. "Anti-fouling Paints Based on Extracts of Marine Organisms from The Colombian Caribbean." Ciencia y tecnología de buques 8, no. 15 (2014): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25043/19098642.105.

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Habitually, control of biological fouling includes application of paints containing toxic substances that end upcontaminating marine ecosystem. Many organisms prevent settlement of other species synthesizing secondarymetabolites that could be used in the elaboration of environmentally friendly anti-fouling paints. This work evaluated the behavior of anti-fouling paints based on extracts from marine invertebrates in the ColombianCaribbean: Agelas tubulata, Myrmekioderma gyroderma, Oceanapia peltata, Aplysina lacunosa, Neopetrosia próxima,and Holothuria glaberrima. The painted panels were submer
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31

Pistone, Alessandro, Cristina Scolaro, and Annamaria Visco. "Mechanical Properties of Protective Coatings against Marine Fouling: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 2 (2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020173.

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The accumulation of marine organisms on ship hulls, such as microorganisms, barnacles, and seaweeds, represents a global problem for maritime industries, with both economic and environmental costs. The use of biocide-containing paints poses a serious threat to marine ecosystems, affecting both target and non-target organisms driving science and technology towards non-biocidal solutions based on physico-chemical and materials properties of coatings. The review reports recent development of hydrophobic protective coatings in terms of mechanical properties, correlated with the wet ability feature
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32

Angulo-Preckler, C., E. García-Lopez, B. Figuerola, C. Avila, and C. Cid. "Natural chemical control of marine associated microbial communities by sessile Antarctic invertebrates." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 85 (December 3, 2020): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame01948.

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Organisms living in the sea are exposed to fouling by other organisms. Many benthic marine invertebrates, including sponges and bryozoans, contain natural products with antimicrobial properties, since microbes usually constitute the first stages of fouling. Extracts from 4 Antarctic sponges (Myxilla (Myxilla) mollis, Mycale tylotornota, Rossella nuda, and Anoxycalyx (Scolymastra) joubini) and 2 bryozoan species (Cornucopina pectogemma and Nematoflustra flagellata) were tested separately for antifouling properties in field experiments. The different crude extracts from these invertebrates were
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33

Skindersoe, Mette Elena, Piers Ettinger-Epstein, Thomas Bovbjerg Rasmussen, Thomas Bjarnsholt, Rocky de Nys, and Michael Givskov. "Quorum Sensing Antagonism from Marine Organisms." Marine Biotechnology 10, no. 1 (2007): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10126-007-9036-y.

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34

MURATA, Michio. "Polyether Compounds from Marine Organisms." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 65, no. 12 (1991): 1743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.65.1743.

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35

NAKAMURA, Hideshi. "Bioactive Substances from Marine Organisms." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 67, no. 1 (1993): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.67.1.

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36

Yang, Jian Xin, Cheng Hang You, Xiang Hui Wang, and Qiang Lin. "The Synthesis and Bioactivities of 2-Hydroxyethyl Benzo[d] Isothiazole-3(2H)-One Marine Antifouling Paints." Advanced Materials Research 646 (January 2013): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.646.24.

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Twenty-one novel compounds were synthesized from the benzo[d]isothiazole-3(2H)-one and aromatic acid, the structures were identified by means of 1H NMR, IR, EA. The intro antibacterial experiment was carried out to evaluate the activities against antibacterial and the marine hanging plate experiment was also carried out to evaluate the activities against marine fouling organism. The results showed that all the compounds were active against the six bacterials, with an inhibiting rate of 90% at the concentration of 32 µg/ml against Gram-positive bacterials, and the antifouling paints couldn’t be
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37

Wang, Gen Li, Zheng Mao Ye, and Bin Wu. "The Change of Stress on Marine Concrete Covered with Barnacles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 1031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.1031.

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Barnacle is a major creature in marine fouling organisms, it increases static load and dynamic load of marine structures. In this paper, the change of stress on marine concrete surface covered with barnacles is studied. Moreover, a simplified model is established. The result shows that the stress of seawater increases by 0.53 times on the concrete surface, which is covered with barnacles.
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38

Blunden, Gerald. "Biologically active compounds from marine organisms." Pesticide Science 51, no. 4 (1997): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199712)51:4<483::aid-ps665>3.0.co;2-e.

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39

Gu, Yunqing, Lingzhi Yu, Jiegang Mou, et al. "Research Strategies to Develop Environmentally Friendly Marine Antifouling Coatings." Marine Drugs 18, no. 7 (2020): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18070371.

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There are a large number of fouling organisms in the ocean, which easily attach to the surface of ships, oil platforms and breeding facilities, corrode the surface of equipment, accelerate the aging of equipment, affect the stability and safety of marine facilities and cause serious economic losses. Antifouling coating is an effective method to prevent marine biological fouling. Traditional organic tin and copper oxide coatings are toxic and will contaminate seawater and destroy marine ecology and have been banned or restricted. Environmentally friendly antifouling coatings have become a resea
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40

Rastogi, Rajesh P., Richa, Rajeshwar P. Sinha, Shailendra P. Singh, and Donat-P. Häder. "Erratum to: Photoprotective compounds from marine organisms." Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 37, no. 9 (2010): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10295-010-0779-5.

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41

Gangadharan, Sathya N. "Experimental Investigation of Enteromorpha clathrata Biofouling on Lifting Surfaces of Marine Vehicles." Marine Technology and SNAME News 38, no. 01 (2001): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2001.38.1.31.

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Biological fouling can adversely affect the hydrodynamic performance characteristics of hydrofoil surfaces and lead to deterioration in the vehicle performance and maneuvering abilities and higher fuel and maintenance costs. Much attention has been drawn to the frictional resistance caused by large organisms, such as barnacles, bryozoa, and tubeworms in the past. Resistance to adhesion of many of these large organisms has been demonstrated by the use of antifouling paints. This paper describes the experimental results for fouling of Enteromorpha clathrata on marine surfaces and its impact on h
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42

Ederth, Thomas, Tobias Ekblad, Michala E. Pettitt, et al. "Resistance of Galactoside-Terminated Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers to Marine Fouling Organisms." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 3, no. 10 (2011): 3890–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am200726a.

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43

Feng, Hua, Wenhao Cao, Xiaoyang Tian, Zhiqiang Cheng, and Tao Yan. "Design and development of a data management system for marine fouling organisms." Biodiversity Science 24, no. 7 (2016): 838–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17520/biods.2015344.

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44

Baier, Robert E., and Anne E. Meyer. "Surface analysis of fouling‐resistant marine coatings." Biofouling 6, no. 2 (1992): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927019209386220.

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Cheung, Randy Chi Fai, Jack Ho Wong, Wen Liang Pan, et al. "Antifungal and antiviral products of marine organisms." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 98, no. 8 (2014): 3475–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5575-0.

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46

Narkowicz, C., A. J. Blackman, E. Lacey, J. Gill, and K. Heiland. "Screening Tasmanian marine organisms for antiparasitic activity." Phytochemistry Reviews 3, no. 3 (2004): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-004-2882-6.

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47

Leonardi, Amanda K., and Christopher K. Ober. "Polymer-Based Marine Antifouling and Fouling Release Surfaces: Strategies for Synthesis and Modification." Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 10, no. 1 (2019): 241–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060718-030401.

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In marine industries, the accumulation of organic matter and marine organisms on ship hulls and instruments limits performance, requiring frequent maintenance and increasing fuel costs. Current coatings technology to combat this biofouling relies heavily on the use of toxic, biocide-containing paints. These pose a serious threat to marine ecosystems, affecting both target and nontarget organisms. Innovation in the design of polymers offers an excellent platform for the development of alternatives, but the creation of a broad-spectrum, nontoxic material still poses quite a hurdle for researcher
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48

INA, Kazuo. "Behavioral Control of Marine Attaching Organisms." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 67, no. 11 (1993): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.67.1599.

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49

Lim, Chin Sing, Zuliza Haji Jolkifli, Alina Jair, et al. "An inter-site study of biofouling recruitment on static immersion panels in major ports of South East Asia and India." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, no. 1-2 (2018): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.496.

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Limited knowledge of native marine biodiversity hinders effective biodiversity management to safeguard South and Southeast Asia’s marine coastal environment against the threat of invasive species transfer through shipping. In particular, sessile marine biofouling organisms in South East Asian ports are poorly known. Through the support of the ASEAN-India Cooperation Project on the Extent of Transfer of Alien Invasive Organisms in South/South East Asia Region by Shipping, a coordinated effort to examine diversity of biofouling organisms in major port areas in Southeast Asia and India was made u
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50

Valliappan, Karuppiah, Wei Sun, and Zhiyong Li. "Marine actinobacteria associated with marine organisms and their potentials in producing pharmaceutical natural products." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 98, no. 17 (2014): 7365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5954-6.

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