Dissertations / Theses: 'Marine fungi'

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Garrill, Ashley. "Comparative studies of ion transport in marine fungi." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303686.

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Pinheiro, Angela Maria de Marques Lopes e. Ferreira. "" Study of Bioactive Compounds of Marine-Derived Fungi"." Master's thesis, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/62177.

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Pinheiro, Angela Maria de Marques Lopes e. Ferreira. "" Study of Bioactive Compounds of Marine-Derived Fungi"." Dissertação, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/62177.

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Tariq, Muhammad Buchan. "Antifungal Compounds Produced in Antagonistic Competition Between Marine Fungi." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/271945.

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Competition among fungi has been characteristic of antibiotic relationships between microbes, leading to the discovery of novel antimicrobial compounds. This study observed such antagonistic relationships between marine fungi isolated from coral off the coast of Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Competition assays were conducted on these fungal isolates against two chosen competing species on PDA plates. Three fungal isolates were observed to release antifungal compounds inhibiting the growth of the competing species. Methanol extracts were taken from each of the three fungal isolates and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra obtained. The three fungi were shown to produce antifungal compounds, not observed in previous studies. 14 fractions were obtained from subjecting the methanol extracts from each of the three fungi to chromatography. The final step remains to test these fractions for antifungal activity leading to the isolation and identification of the antifungal compounds.

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Mickle, Fraser. "The Seasonal Distribution of Marine and Non-Marine Fungi Along the New River Estuary." NSUWorks, 2000. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/312.

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A number of studies have investigated the distribution of higher marine fungi in temperate estuarine systems. However, little is known of the distribution of higher marine fungi along tropical and subtropical estuarine salinity gradients and how the species composition may change seasonally. The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution and seasonal occurrence of higher marine fungi along a salinity gradient in a subtropical waterway, the New River estuarine system in southern Florida. In addition, a number of physical parameters such as water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH were measured. Five stations were established along the New River waterway. Mean salinity ranged from 2 ppt at the most freshwater station (station 1) to 32 ppt at the highest salinity station (station 5) . Physical parameters were measured every two weeks at each station. The substrates employed for fugal collection were wood panels of a hardwood, white oak (Quercus alba) and a softwood Douglas fir (Pseudotsugu menziessi). Four sets of panels were submerged at each station. One pair was removed every three months, at each station, for a period of one year. Thirteen species of fungi were identified during the course of the study. The Ascomycotina were represented by four species and the Deutermycotina were represented by nine species. Some fungal species displayed a physiological preference for higher saline waters. Trichocladium achrasporum was only isolated from station 5, with the highest salinity (32 ppt). Three known terrestrial species (Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp.) were isolated from the station that exhibited the lowest salinity, station 1 (2 ppt). These terrestrial species may be considered as contaminant species. Verruculina enalia, a known marine species (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer 1979), was isolated from only the lower salinity regions and not the higher salinity sites. The distribution of fungal species did not appear to follow any seasonal pattern however patterns of succession were discernible. During the first period fungal diversity was at a maximum. Diversity gradually decreased with time consistent with previously observed successional patterns (Dix and Webster 1995). Compared to temperate studies of marine fungal distribution (Kirk and Brandt 1980, Kirk and Schatz 1980, Shearer 1972) species diversity was relatively low. The main theme of this study was dominance. Halosphaeria quadricornuta and Verruculina enalia were the two dominant species. The ascocarp frequency of Halosphaeria quadricornuta was inversely proportional to Verruculina enalia. This abundance pattern may suggest interference behavior.

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Lira, Simone Possedente de. "\"Metabólitos secundários biologicamente ativos isolados de esponjas marinhas e do fungo Beauveria felina de origem marinha\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75132/tde-05062007-112443/.

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Neste trabalho descreve-se o estudo química dos extratos de quatro esponjas e dois fungos de origem marinha oriundos da costa do Brasil. Os extratos de três esponjas (Petromica ciocalyptoides, Topsentia ophiraphidites e Callyspongia sp.) apresentaram atividade inibitória à enzima adenosina fosforribosil transferase de Leishmania tarentolae. A partir desses extratos foram isolados 4 compostos. O trissulafato de halistanol, isolado das esponjas P. ciocalyptoides e T. ophiraphidites, e o ilhabelanol, ilhabreno e isoakaterpina, isolados da esponja Callyspongia sp. A partir do extrato bruto da esponja Axinella cf corrugata foram isolados dois derivados cumarínicos, provavelmente artefatos de isolamento do ácido 4-esculetínico, o qual é inédito como produto natural. O extrato bruto da esponja Axinella cf. corrugata apresentou atividade citotóxica, mas os compostos puros não apresentaram esta atividade. Os dois compostos puros foram testados ainda quanto sua atividade contra o vírus da SARS, na qual o éster etílico do ácido 4-esculetínico se apresentou ativo. A partir de dois extratos oriundos do fungo Beauveria felina, isolado da alga marinha Caulerpa sp, foram isoladas 17 frações puras que após diversas análises foram agrupadas em seis compostos conhecidos na literatura: a (Phe3, N-Val5) destruxina B, a cloroidrina da destruxina E, a roseotoxina B, a roseocardina, a isariina e a isariina B. Além disso, foram isolados dois compostos inéditos, a pseudodestruxina C e a cloloidrina Beta-Me-Pro da destruxina E. Os extratos brutos de Beauveria felina apresentaram atividades em bioensaios de atividade antituberculose e de citotoxicidade em linhagem de células de câncer. Os compostos puros avaliados no bioensaio antituberculose não foram ativos. Somente o composto roseotoxina B apresentou atividade citotóxica in vitro para quatro linhagens de células: mama, cólon, sistema nervoso e leucemia. In this work we report the chemical investigation of bioactive crude extracts obtained from four sponges and two fungal strains of marine origin. The crude extracts of three sponges species (Petromica ciocalyptoides, Topsentia ophiraphidites and Callyspongia sp.) displayed inhibitory activity towards the enzyme adenine fosforribosyl transferase of Leishmania tarentolae (L-APRT). Four compounds have been isolated from these extracts: the known halistanol sulfate was isolated of sponges P. ciocalyptoides and T. ophiraphidites, while the novel ilhabelanol, ilhabrene and isoakaterpin have been isolated from the sponge Callyspongia sp. All compounds exhibited inhibition of L-APRT at micro M concentrations. Two coumarin derivatives have been isolated from the crude extract of the sponge Axinella cf. corrugata, probably as artifacts of isolation: esculetin-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester and esculetin-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. While the crude extract of the sponge Axinella cf. corrugata presented cytotoxic activity, the pure compounds were inactive in these assays. The esculetin-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester was found to be an in vitro inhibitor of SARS virus. The crude extract obtained of a marine-derived Beauveria felina strain, isolated from the alga Caulerpa sp., displayed antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 (breast), HCT-8 (colon) and B16 (murine melanoma) cancer cell lines. Chemical fractionation of the crude extract led to the isolation of two new cyclodepsipeptides pseudodestruxin C and [Beta-Me-Pro] destruxin E chlorohydrin, and of the known destruxin E chlorohydrin, [Phe3, N-Me-Val5] destruxin B, roseotoxin B, roseocardin, isariin and isariin B. The depsipeptides [Phe3, NMe- Val5] destruxin B and rosetoxin B, have been tested against M. tuberculosis H37 Rv and in cytotoxicity bioassays against SF 295 (human CNS) MDA-MB435 (human breast) HCT8 (colon) and HL60 (leukemia) cancer cell lines. Only roseotoxin B displayed moderate cytotoxicity against the cancer cell lines.

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Jenkins, Kelly Matthew. "Chemical investigations of marine filamentous and zoosporic fungi and studies in marine microbial chemical ecology /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9907830.

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Miao, Li. "Potential antifouling compounds of marine-derived fungi from Hong Kong." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3239505.

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Baker, Theresa Antoinette. "Taxonomic studies of the Halosphaeriaceae with special reference to ultrastructure of spore ontogeny." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292398.

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Hagos, Selam. "Chemical Investigation of Bioactive Marine Extracts." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7301.

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Natural products have been a fundamental source of medicinal scaffolds for decades; with sixty percent of marketed drugs. Many synthetic chemists are focused on synthesizing potent and nontoxic compounds for pharmaceutical targets, however, nature is still proving to be a source of new bioactive compounds. Produced by the host organism for defense, reproduction and communication, secondary metabolites also demonstrate promising bioactivity against human pathogens. Hence, natural product chemists continue their quest for new leads. As a continuation of these efforts, this thesis attempts to explore fungi and sponges for new chemistry, and ultimately, new drug candidates. Antarctica is largely untapped; hence herein two Antarctic sponges were chemically investigated. This resulted in isolation and characterization of two metabolites. Concurrently, chemical investigation of fungus, from Floridian mangrove species, resulted in the isolation of two structurally diverse metabolites. Further, a dereplication process was applied to MPLC fractions, which lead to the identification of known metabolites and mycotoxins. This enabled prioritization of fractions for future studies.

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Li, Hang, and n/a. "Chemical investigations of Natural Products from Australian Marine Sponge-Derived Fungi." Griffith University. Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20081103.091038.

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This thesis described the chemical investigations of natural products from Australian marine sponge-derived fungi. Sponge samples were collected from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, by Queensland Museum. The thesis is divided into eight chapters and can be devided into two major parts. The first three chapters comprised the first part of the thesis: Chapter 1 outlined the research background, literature review of marine fungal secondary metabolites; Chapter 2 introduced fungal culture and storage background knowledge, and the list of isolated marine fungal strains. Chapter 3 introduced the background of the thrombin inhibition assay and assay results. The second part (Chapter 4 to 7) of this thesis is focused on chemical isolation and structure elucidation of secondary metabolites from isolated fungal strains, mostly active strains against thrombin. An unidentified fungal strain, FS-G315858 (T)-Y, isolated from the frozen sponge sample Dysidea sp.1400 produced five peptide compounds (chapter 4, 16-20). Compound 16 is a polypeptide which features the same relative configuration with a known compound unguisine A, and compounds 17-20 are diketopiperazines. Active fungal strains FS-G315695 (T)-Y and FDPS-61732-YB were isolated from different sponge samples. However, they were identified to be the identical fungal strain Eurotium rubrum; the chemical isolation of FS-G315695 (T)-Y from its mycelia EtOAc extract resulted in three compounds (chapter 5, 17-19). Compounds 18 and 19 were identified to be flavoglaucin and iso-dihydroauroglaucin. Compound 17 was identified to have the same relative configuration with a known compound neo-echinulin A. The chemical isolation of FDPS-61732-YB from its broth EtOAc extract resulted in several diketopiperazines (chapter 5, 27-29). Another active fungal strain FS-G315695 (T)-WY was identified as Aspergillus ochraceous, the chemical isolation of its mycelia EtOAc extract resulted in one benzodiazepine compound (chapter 6, 18), together with two fatty acids (chapter 6, 16-17). The structure of compound 18 was elucidated and identified to have same relative configuration with the known compound circumdatin E. Media comparison for active fungal strain FS-G315695 (T)-Y was conducted and this work resulted in producing several neo-echinulin analogues (chapter 7, 1-3). The isolation and structure elucidation of these compounds were reported in chapter 7.

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Boot, Claudia M. "Marine-derived fungi : an effective source of novel bioactive natural products /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Alias, Siti Aisah. "Ecological and taxonomic studies of lignicolous marine fungi in Malaysian mangroves." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336913.

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Li, Hang. "Chemical investigations of Natural Products from Australian Marine Sponge-Derived Fungi." Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367548.

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This thesis described the chemical investigations of natural products from Australian marine sponge-derived fungi. Sponge samples were collected from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, by Queensland Museum. The thesis is divided into eight chapters and can be devided into two major parts. The first three chapters comprised the first part of the thesis: Chapter 1 outlined the research background, literature review of marine fungal secondary metabolites; Chapter 2 introduced fungal culture and storage background knowledge, and the list of isolated marine fungal strains. Chapter 3 introduced the background of the thrombin inhibition assay and assay results. The second part (Chapter 4 to 7) of this thesis is focused on chemical isolation and structure elucidation of secondary metabolites from isolated fungal strains, mostly active strains against thrombin. An unidentified fungal strain, FS-G315858 (T)-Y, isolated from the frozen sponge sample Dysidea sp.1400 produced five peptide compounds (chapter 4, 16-20). Compound 16 is a polypeptide which features the same relative configuration with a known compound unguisine A, and compounds 17-20 are diketopiperazines. Active fungal strains FS-G315695 (T)-Y and FDPS-61732-YB were isolated from different sponge samples. However, they were identified to be the identical fungal strain Eurotium rubrum; the chemical isolation of FS-G315695 (T)-Y from its mycelia EtOAc extract resulted in three compounds (chapter 5, 17-19). Compounds 18 and 19 were identified to be flavoglaucin and iso-dihydroauroglaucin. Compound 17 was identified to have the same relative configuration with a known compound neo-echinulin A. The chemical isolation of FDPS-61732-YB from its broth EtOAc extract resulted in several diketopiperazines (chapter 5, 27-29). Another active fungal strain FS-G315695 (T)-WY was identified as Aspergillus ochraceous, the chemical isolation of its mycelia EtOAc extract resulted in one benzodiazepine compound (chapter 6, 18), together with two fatty acids (chapter 6, 16-17). The structure of compound 18 was elucidated and identified to have same relative configuration with the known compound circumdatin E. Media comparison for active fungal strain FS-G315695 (T)-Y was conducted and this work resulted in producing several neo-echinulin analogues (chapter 7, 1-3). The isolation and structure elucidation of these compounds were reported in chapter 7. Thesis (PhD Doctorate) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies Full Text

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Osterhage, Claudia. "Isolation, structure determination and biological activity assessment of secondary metabolites from marine-derived fungi." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962823368.

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Pather, Simisha. "Marine biotechnology : evaluation and development of methods for the discovery of natural products from fungi." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007652.

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One of the major impediments in the development of marine natural products is the provision of biologically active natural products in sufficient quantity for complete pharmacological evaluation, clinical trials and eventual commercial production. Marine microorganisms show great promise in providing a renewable source of biologically active natural products. The main aim of this study was to develop and evaluate methods for the isolation, identification and cultivation of marine fungi from the South African marine environment for the production of biologically active secondary metabolites. Twenty-four species of fungi were isolated from marine algae collected from the intertidal zone near Port Alfred, South Africa. The fungi were cultivated in small-scale under static and agitated conditions and their crude intra- and extracellular organic extracts were screened by ¹H NMR and a series of bioassays. Using this as a basis, one isolate was selected for further study. By analyses of the lTS1 region of the ribosomal DNA, the fungal isolate was identified as a marine-derived isolate of Eurotium rubrum (Aspergillus ruber). Although E. rubrum has been isolated from the marine environment, no investigations have been undertaken to determine the adaptation of these isolates to the marine environment. In order to optimise productivity, creativity and incubation time, the fungus was cultivated in small-scale using a variety of carbon (glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, marmitol and maltose) and nitrogen sources (ammonium tartrate, urea, peptone and yeast extract). An HPLC-DAD method was developed to assess the metabolic creativity and productivity under different fermentation conditions. Distinctive variations in the range and yield of metabolites produced as well as morphology and growth time were observed. The crude extracts from all fermentations were combined and six known compounds were isolated by reversed-phase chromatography and their structures elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. The known compounds were fIavoglaucin, aspergin, isodihydroauroglaucin, isotetrahydroauroglaucin, neoechinuline A and physcion. Neoechinuline A, isodihydroauroglaucin and isotetrahydroauroglaucin showed activity against oesophageal and cervical cancer cell lines.

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Stanley, Susan J. "The autecology and ultrastructural interactions between Mycosphaerella ascophylli Cotton, Lautitia danica (Berlese) Schatz, Mycaureola dilseae Maire et Chemin : and their respective marine algal hosts." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293098.

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Three species of higher algicolous fungi were examined at the autecologica1, cultural, light microscope, and scanning and transmission electron microscope levels. Fungal development and the host-parasite relationship are described for each association. The seasonal occurrence of marine fungi from intertidal populations of Dilsea carnosa, Ascophyllum nodosum and Chondrus crispus was examined at Bembridge, Isle of Wight, UK. A basidiomycete pathogen, Mycaureola dilseae, was found on D. carnosa, and two ascomycetes, Mycosphaerella ascophylli and Lautitia danica, on A. nodosum and C. crispus, respectively. Mycaureola dilseae is host specific and exhibited a limited reproductive cycle with green necrotic lesions and basidiomata observed only during September and October. Mycosphaerella ascophylli is an obligate endophyte of A. nodosum, an association in which the fungal and algal reproductive cycles were found to be synchronous with sporocarps confmed to host receptacles. This fungus is also found in Pelvetia canaliculata. Sporocarps of L. danica were recorded on cystocarpic C. crispus throughout the year, with a higher incidence of the fungus on older fronds. Tetrasporic C. crispus was also infected and in both cases the fungus was confmed to algal reproductive tissues. Mycosphaerella ascophylli was isolated from A. nodosum and P. canaliculata tissues and the anamorph, Septoria ascophylli was induced to sporulate. Growth of M. di/seae from D. carnosa lesions was limited and Lautitia danica could not be isolated from infected C. crispus tissues. Ascospore (L. danica and M. ascophylli) and basidiospore (M. di/seae) cultures did not grow beyond the germ tube phase. Hyphae of M. dilseae grew both inter- and intra-cellularly in D. carnosa. Penetration of algal cells was initially achieved by fme bifurcated penetration hyphae and there is evidence of mechanical pressure and localized enzyme action. The fungus caused a progressive breakdown of algal cell walls and cell contents; particularly evident was the damage to chloroplasts and dissolution of Floridean starch grains. Infection fmally resulted in the formation on necrotic lesions, each surrounded by a ring of basidiomata. Transmission electron microscopy showed the ascus of M. ascophylli to be bitunicate with a thick endoascus and thin ectoascus. Intra-membranous haustoria were occasionally observed in the outer cell wall of A. nodosum and P. canaliculata. Lautitia danica asci were bitunicate and ascospores were covered with a mucilagenous layer. Penetration of host cells caused extensive damage and blackening of host reproductive tissues. The relevance of these results are discussed in relation to algal pathology and marine fungal ultrastructure.

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Farrant, C. A. "Ultrastructure studies in the Halosphaeriaceae with special reference to Halosarpheia kohlmeyer and Aniptoderea shearer et Miller." Thesis, Open University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234619.

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ASTARITA, ENRICO. "Assessing the diversity of microbial assemblages and their bioremediation potential of chronically contaminated marine sediments." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11566/299852.

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Il fenomeno della contaminazione chimica dei sedimenti marini costieri è molto diffuso e rappresenta una grande preoccupazione per il benessere della biodiversità e dell’ecosistema. Il biorisanamento è una strategia ecocompatibile che sta ottenendo sempre più attenzione grazie al suo potenziale di ripulire sedimenti marini contaminati. In questa tesi di dottorato, prima di tutto, ho fornito una panoramica delle attuali conoscenze e prospettive sul biorisanamento di sedimenti marini, presenti in letteratura. Quindi ho valutato la diversità degli assemblaggi microbici in diversi sedimenti cronicamente contaminati delle aree di Bagnoli-Coroglio, Mar Piccolo di Taranto e Falconara Marittima (tutti inclusi nell'elenco dei Siti di Interesse Nazionale, SIN) e le loro relazioni con il livello e la tipologia degli inquinanti chimici. Ho testato l'efficienza delle strategie di biostimolazione nella degradazione degli Idrocarburi Policiclici Aromatici (IPA) in sedimenti a diverso livello di contaminazione sulla base di approcci di aggiunta di nutrienti inorganici e bioaumento utilizzando i singoli consorzi batterici o fungini o entrambi, precedentemente isolati e identificati; ho inoltre studiato i cambiamenti nella ripartizione dei metalli e nella diversità microbica dovuti ai biotrattamenti. I risultati qui presentati suggeriscono che i contaminanti chimici possono avere un ruolo importante nel modellare la diversità procariotica, potenzialmente selezionando taxa microbici tolleranti/resistenti. I sedimenti di Falconara Marittima ospitano taxa microbici con un'elevata capacità di biobonifica verso gli IPA. Questi taxa microbici, batteri e funghi, una volta isolati e cresciuti su terreni specifici, possono essere efficaci per il biorisanamento dei sedimenti di Bagnoli altamente contaminati da IPA. Nonostante i risultati riportati in questo studio non consentano di distinguere tra l'importanza relativa dei taxa microbici alloctoni e autoctoni sulla biodegradazione degli IPA, forniscono nuove conoscenze sulle interazioni batterico-fungine che si verificano durante il biorisanamento dei sedimenti marini altamente contaminati. Complessivamente, questi risultati suggeriscono che i biotrattamenti basati su consorzi batterici e/o fungini selezionati o su una combinazione di entrambi potrebbero costituire una strategia efficace per ridurre significativamente, in tempi relativamente brevi, la contaminazione da IPA dei sedimenti marini, portando possibilmente a opzioni di gestione alternative rispetto al dragaggio e allo smaltimento in discarica. Chemical contamination of coastal marine sediments is a widespread phenomenon and represents a major concern for biodiversity and ecosystem health. Bioremediation is an environmental-friendly strategy gaining increasing attention for its potential to clean-up contaminated marine sediments. In this PhD thesis, first of all, I provided an overview of the current knowledge and perspectives on the bioremediation of marine sediments, based on literature review. Then I assessed the diversity of microbial assemblages in different chronically contaminated sediments of the Bagnoli-Coroglio, Mar Piccolo of Taranto and Falconara Marittima areas (all of them included in the list of Sites of National Remediation Interest) and their relationships with the level and typology of chemical pollutants. I tested the efficiency of biostimulation strategies based on inorganic nutrient addition and bioaugmentation approaches using selected bacterial or fungal consortia or both, previously isolated and identified, on PAH degradation in sediments displaying different contamination level and I investigated changes in metal partitioning and microbial diversity due to biotreatments. Results presented here suggest that chemical contaminants can have an important role in shaping prokaryotic diversity, potentially by selecting tolerant/resistant microbial taxa. Sediments of Falconara Marittima host microbial taxa with a high bioremediation capacity toward PAHs. These microbial taxa, including both bacteria and fungi, once isolated and growth on selected media, can be effective for the bioremediation of Bagnoli sediments highly contaminated with PAHs. Despite findings reported in this study do not allow disentangling the relative importance of the allochthonous vs. autochthonous microbial taxa on the biodegradation of PAHs, they provide new insights on bacterial-fungal interactions occurring during bioremediation of highly contaminated marine sediments. Overall, these results suggest that biotreatments based on selected bacterial and/or fungal consortia or a combination of both could be an effective strategy to significantly reduce in a relatively short time PAH contamination of marine sediments, possibly leading to alternative management options compared to dredging and landfill disposal.

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Mahyudin, Nor Ainy. "Actinomycetes and fungi associated with marine invertebrates: a potential source of bioactive compounds." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1496.

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Actinomycetes and fungi were successfully isolated from both New Zealand and Malaysian marine invertebrates and classified as facultatively marine based on their ability to grow on both sea water and non-sea water media. Most of the extracts obtained from selected isolates were cytotoxic. A clear preference of the actinomycetes for solid-state fermentation was observed, however, for fungi no significant preference was seen. Three isolates of Streptomyces spp., four Penicillium spp. and two Paecilomyces spp. whose extracts showed good cytotoxicity were selected for further investigation. A small-scale extract obtained from a solid culture of Streptomyces sp. (LA3L2) showed good cytotoxicity and a new cytotoxic metabolite was isolated from a large-scale extract of Streptomyces sp. (LA3L2). This metabolite was characterized as S-methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-isopropyl-3,5-dimethylbenzothioate (5.15) and is only the third compound reported to contain the S-methyl benzothioate group. Two known compounds, montagnetol (5.16) and erythrin (5.18), were isolated from a further large-scale cultivation of Streptomyces sp. (LA3L2) and is the first reported actinomycete to produce these lichen-related compounds. In addition, two known inactive metabolites (bohemamine (5.1) and bohemamine B (5.2)) were identified from the small-scale extract. Streptomyces sp. (LA3L2) was also investigated for the effect of temperature and salinity on growth and cytotoxicity and shown to produce bohemamine only at 20 - 28℃ and 4% sea salt concentration on solid media. This isolate gave a low yield of active metabolite under all conditions. Small-scale extracts of two other Streptomyces spp. yielded three known cytotoxic metabolites. These were thiazostatin B (7.14) from Streptomyces sp. (LA5L4) and chromomycin A2 (7.1), chromomycin A3 (7.2) and chromomycin 02-3D (7.3) from Streptomyces sp. (LA3L1). All four Penicillium spp. produced known metabolites. Penicillium sp. (LY1L5) yielded two known metabolites, cycloaspeptide A (7.4) and α-cyclopiazonic acid (7.5). α-Cyclopiazonic acid (7.5) and three other known metabolites (roquefortine A (7.6), cyclopeptin (7.7) and viridicatin (7.8)) were isolated from Penicillum sp. (KK3T23). Penicillium sp. (KK3T8) produced brefeldin A (7.10), while mycophenolic acid (7.12) and brevianamide A (7.11) were produced by Penicillium sp. (KK4T14b). The effect of salinity on growth and cytotoxicity was investigated for the two Penicillium isolates producing the cytotoxic metabolite, α-cyclopiazonic acid (7.5). Saline conditions were not required for growth but metabolite production differed between the two isolates with respect to salinity. Isolate LY1L5 required saline conditions for α-cyclopiazonic production whereas isolate KK3T23 produced the metabolite under non-saline conditions and in concentrations of sea salt up to 6%. Three known compounds, indole-3-carboxylic acid (7.15), indole-3-carboxylate (7.17) and 5-carboxymellein (7.16) were identified from Paecilomyces sp. (PR5L9). Investigation of a small-scale extract obtained from a solid culture of another Paecilomyces sp. (PR10T2) resulted in the isolation and characterization of a unique structure of a symmetrical cyclic depsipeptide, epi-angolide (NAM 6-1). NAM 6-1 was considered as a new compound based on four homoisomeric configurations (A1, A2, A3 and A4). The value of dereplication procedures with respect to the rapid identification of metabolites and enhancement of in-house metabolite libraries is discussed. Structural elucidation of nine known metabolites (7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.10 and 7.11) was greatly aided by the in-house dereplication techniques using LC-MS-UV and AntiMarin database. A significant advantage was gained by the use of the CapNMR which enabled NMR characterization of very small quantities of metabolites (<20 µg). Approximately <5 µg of materials were required to perform 1D proton NMR experiments for the dereplication of seven known compounds; bohemamine (5.1), bohemamine B (5.2), thiazostatin B (7.14), indole-3-carboxylate (7.17) and 5-carboxymellein (7.16). Approximately 20 µg of materials were needed to acquire 1D and 2D (HSQC, HMBC and NOE) NMR spectra for structural elucidation of the new metabolite, S-methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-isopropyl-3,5-dimethylbenzothioate (5.15). Some 8 µg of materials were sufficient to perform 1D and 2D (COSY, HSQC and HMBC) NMR experiments for complete structural characterization of two known metabolites, montagnetol (5.16) and erythrin (5.18). Approximately 10 µg of materials were needed to acquire 1D and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC and HMBC) experiments for structural elucidation of the new compound, epi-angolide NAM 6-1 (A1, A2, A3 and A4). Rapid identification of known fungal metabolites enabled the in-house HPLC-UV/Rt library to be enhanced by eight metabolites (7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.10, 7.11, 7.17 and 7.16). An HPLC-UV/Rt library for actinomycete metabolites was successfully established with the insertion of eight known metabolites (5.1, 5.2, 5.16, 5.18, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 and 7.14).

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Luo, Wen. "Growth studies of marine and terrestrial lignicolous fungi with special reference to laccase and other lignin-modifying enzyme activities of xylariaceous fungi /." access full-text access abstract and table of contents, 2005. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/thesis.pl?phd-bch-b19887905a.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2005. "Submitted to Department of Biology and Chemistry in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 216-256)

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Hassouna, Dina [Verfasser], Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Proksch, and Matthias [Gutachter] Kassack. "Secondary Metabolites of Marine-Derived Fungi / Dina Hassouna ; Gutachter: Matthias Kassack ; Betreuer: Peter Proksch." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1231075139/34.

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Scheepers, Brent Ashley. "Synthesis of triprenylated toluquinone and toluhydroquinone metabolites from a marine-derived Penicillium fungus." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005038.

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This project forms part of a collaborative effort between the marine natural products chemists at Rhodes University and the medical biochemists at the University of Cape Town’s School of Medicine. Our UCT collaborators tested the cytotoxicity of a group of toluhydroquinones and toluquinones (9-15) against the oesophageal cancer cell line WHCO1 and revealed that the triprenylated toluhydroquinone 11 and it’s oxidised analogue 12 were the most active. This thesis presents an investigation into the role of the polyprenyl side-chain in the cytotoxicity of compound 11 and it’s oxidised analogue 12 by synthesizing and testing the cytotoxicity of simplified analogues of this compound. The synthesis of the two ortho-prenylated toluhydroquinone analogues 5-methyl-2-[(2'E,6'E)-3',7' -dimethyl-2',6'-octadienyl]-1,4-benzenediol (19) and 5-methyl-2-[(2'E,6'E)-3',7',11'-trimethyl-2',6',10'-dodecatrienyl]-1,4-benzenediol (21) and their two ortho-prenylated toluquinone analogues, 5-methyl-2-[(2'E,6'E)-3',7'-dimethyl-2',6'-octadienyl]-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione (20) and 5-methyl-2-[(2'E,6'E)-3',7',11'-trimethyl-2',6',10'-dodecatrienyl]-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione (22) is described. Our initial attempts to couple geranyl bromide, farnesyl bromide and farnesal to the aromatic precursors m-cresol and 1,4-dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene using directed ortho-prenylation and phenoxide carbon-alkylation were unsuccessful. The four target analogues were eventually synthesized via the initial metal halogen exchange reaction between 1-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene and geranyl bromide/farnesyl bromide using n-BuLi and TMEDA in ditheyl ether at 0 °C to yield 92 and 104 respectively in moderate yield. The demethylation of both compounds preceded smoothly using AgO giving the target analogues 20 and 22 in good yield (approx. 90 %). The reduction of quinones 20 and 22 with sodium dithionite gave 19 and 21 in quantitative yield. The synthesis reported here is the first regioselective synthesis of these compounds. The anti-oesophageal cancer activity of 19-22 and two commercially available non-prenylated analogues 17 and 18 were tested against WHCO1. The conclusion drawn from the anti-oesophageal cancer study was that the polyprenyl side-chain plays a negligable role in the cytotoxicity of compounds such as 11 and 9 against the oesophageal cancer cell line WHCO1.

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Hamladji, Yasmina. "Efficiency of diatom and flagellate-based marine food webs." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184613.

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Aquatic microbial food webs are in general size structured. Phytoplankton, which constitute the base of the food web, are grazed by protozoa and mesozooplankton, which in turn are consumed by planktivorous fish. Food web efficiency (FWE) is a measure of how efficiently energy is transported up the food web. FWE is low if the phytoplankton is inedible by the grazers, while FWE is higher if the phytoplankton community is dominated by edible phytoplankton. Recently, the presence of microfungi in aquatic food webs have been suggested to facilitate energy transfer up the food web, via the “mycoloop”. The aim of the study was to set-up a model system of phytoplankton – zooplankton food chains, relevant to the Baltic Sea, and to test FWE in diatom and flagellate-based food webs. Further, I wanted to introduce microfungi in the system and observe their impact on FWE. After many phytoplankton and zooplankton species tests, I decided to perform grazing experiments using one grazer, the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, and two phytoplankton species: a diatom (Skeletonema marinoi) and a flagellate (Rhodomonas baltica). I hypothesized that T. pyriformis would more efficiently feed on flagellates than on diatoms. I performed a grazing experiment where the increase in ciliate abundance was measured, the consumption of the phytoplankton monitored and the FWE estimated. The diatom-based food web led to 14 times higher FWE than the flagellate-based food web. The variation in FWE may be explained by a difference in initial abundances introduced in the experimental treatment, which created unequal grazer:prey ratio between treatments. Further, the swimming behaviour of the flagellate might have reduced the capture efficiency by the ciliate. Microfungi were introduce in an experiment, from a natural seawater sample, but fungal infection was not observed for any of the tested phytoplankton species. Further development is needed to test the effects of microfungi on marine FWE.

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Vogel, Catherine. "The Occurrence of Higher Filamentous Fungi and Yeasts in Two Coastal Subtropical Habitats." NSUWorks, 2003. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/102.

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This study addresses the fungi of two poorly studied subtropical coastal habitats: a mangrove site and recreational sandy beaches. Little is known regarding the occurrence and distribution of the higher filamentous fungi in mangroves of South Florida. Previous studies have demonstrated that marine fungi are an important degradative component and assume an important role in nutrient recycling systems in estuarine and near-shore ecosystems. In this study over 30 species of higher filamentous fungi were identified from driftwood collected in the mangroves in J.U. Lloyd State Park over a period of one year. The drift wood collected was mainly comprised of pieces of Rhizophora mangle and Conocarpus erectus. The predominant species, by frequency of occurrence, include the Ascomycetes Hypoxylon oceanicum (8.7%), Leptosphaeria australiensis (15.6%), Lulworthia grandispora (5.2%), and Nais glitra (11.6%) as well as the Fungi Imperfecti Humicola alopallonella (5%) and Cirrenalia species (6.4%). A new record for Florida is the Ascomycete Massarina velatospora, and a new host record for Phaeosphaeria gessneri occurring on R. mangle is reported. In addition, a description of two undescribed ascomycetous species is included. Overall, the marine mycota of South Florida appears to be very similar to that reported for other tropical and subtropical regions. Another site with important overlooked fungal components is the sand of bathing beaches. The second purpose of this study was to obtain mean counts of colony forming units (CFUs) of yeasts from the wet and dry sand of three bathing beaches in South Florida. The different yeast species were also isolated and identified, using molecular methods, in order to see whether there are any pathogenic species that grow in the sand. A total of 21 yeast species were identified including 4 Basidiomycetes and 17 Ascomycetes. Several species are known to be human pathogens. The most frequently occurring species included the Ascomycete Candida tropicalis and the Basidiomycete Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Both species diversity and total mean counts of CFUs were found to be higher in the dry sand vs the wet sand, probably as the result of a more stable habitat. Mean counts were highest at the most crowded beach, suggesting that humans and warm-blooded animals may serve as a source of contamination of the sand.

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Campbell, Jinx. "Molecular phylogeny of the Halosphaeriaceae, Ascomycota." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327000.

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Tarman, Kustiariyah [Verfasser]. "Biological and Chemical Investigations of Indonesian Marine-Derived Fungi and their Secondary Metabolites / Kustiariyah Tarman." Greifswald : Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1010851594/34.

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Höller, Ulrich. "Isolation, biological activity and secondary metabolite investigations of marine-derived fungi and selected host sponges." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1999. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/271061243.pdf.

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35

Clipston, Julie. "An investigation into the production by marine-derived fungi of secondary metabolites with pesticidal activities." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343340.

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Schierbaum, Anna. "Occurrence, distribution and agroactive metabolite production of endophytic fungi isolated from marine and shoreline plants." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.479128.

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37

Hsieh, Sung-Yuan. "Ascoma development and ascosporogenesis in Corollospora gracilis." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327004.

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38

Liu, Shuai [Verfasser]. "Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Marine-Derived Fungi and Exploration of Fungal-Bacterial Co-Cultivation / Shuai Liu." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122263600/34.

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Ossler, Julia. "Seasonal and Salinity Effects on the Distribution of Higher Filamentous Marine Fungi at Rookery Bay, FL." NSUWorks, 2010. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/211.

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More than 500 species of higher marine fungi in over 300 genera have been described. Many marine fungi are highly specialized for marine environments relative to their terrestrial counterparts, having appendaged ascospores and conidia to aid in buoyancy, entrapment, and adherence to substrates. They have been reported to inhabit a wide variety of substrates including decaying wood, leaves, calcareous and chitinous substrates, seaweeds, and seagrasses. Most early studies on marine fungi were carried out in temperate regions. Investigations have now shifted to tropical locations in order to better evaluate the abundance and diversity of marine fungi on a global basis. Many surveys have focused on mangrove habitats in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, resulting in the discovery of many new taxa. The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution and seasonal occurrence of higher marine fungi along a salinity gradient in a marine estuary, Henderson Creek in Rookery Bay Reserve Naples, Florida. Parameters including temperature and salinity were measured. Three stations were established along Henderson Creek. Mean salinity ranged from 5 ppt at the low salinity station Visitor Center to 36ppt at the high salinity station Field Station. Substrates used for fungal collections were wood panels of a hardwood Oak (Quercus sp.) and a softwood Pine (Pinus sp.). Four panels were submerged at each station and removed in 3 month increments over the course of one year. One-hundred-and-sixteen species of filamentous higher marine fungi were identified over the course of this study, including seventy-one Ascomycetes, three Basidiomycetes, and forty-one Deuteromycetes. There was no clear pattern of seasonality in the species composition. Total species diversity and richness decreased in each 3month period following the first 3 month period. Changes in salinity appeared to alter the ratio of Ascomycetes to Fungi Imperfecti observed at each station. Marine fungi in this collection were compared with previous reports on the east coast of Florida (Adams, 2003a; Kukich, 2005; Vogel, Schatz, Laubach, & Rogerson, 2008). A higher total species number as well as greater diversity was observed in this study when compared with reports from mangroves in southeast Florida. Marine fungi are active decomposers in mangrove environments and contribute to total dissolved organic matter in estuarine and near shore ecosystems. While most studies focused on the taxonomy of marine fungi, few have looked at their ecology. Further studies will have to be conducted to better determine the role of filamentous marine fungi in near shore and estuarine environments.

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Knestrick, Matthew A. "From Florida to Antarctica: Dereplication Strategies and Chemical Investigations of Marine Organisms." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7635.

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In the fight against disease and illness, nature has provided mankind some of our best therapeutics in the form of secondary metabolites. The plant, fungi and animal phyla inhabiting the Earth produce diverse and unique chemistry that can be used in our fight against disease. In the growing threat of drug resistance and pathogen evolution, the field of natural products chemistry strives to explore new biological and chemical diversity sources, and develop innovative methodology to identify and isolate new chemistry faster than ever. The dissertation herein presented is one such effort to find new, bioactive chemistry from the marine environments. New biodiversity sources, from the tropical Floridian mangrove forests to the cold waters of the Antarctic oceans, were evaluated for the new, unique chemistry they produce. A large-scale screening of epigenetically modulated mangrove fungi was undertaken, producing a large, biologically and chemically diverse extract library. New methodology was developed in order to evaluate these extracts, leading to rapid identification and isolation of known and new bioactive metabolites. From the Southern Oceans, a collection of sponges was studied, and a new, highly unique peptide was isolated and characterized. These efforts were undertaken in the continued effort to isolate new, unique lead compounds.

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Dias, Daniel Anthony, and danieldias@iprimus com au. "Natural Product Studies of Terrestrial and Marine Organisms." RMIT University. Applied Sciences, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20091019.161302.

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This thesis describes the isolation and structure elucidation of ten novel secondary metabolites from one fungus (Pycnoporus cinnabarinus), four lichens (Chrysothrix xanthina, Candelaria concolor, Ramalina glaucescens and Xanthoria parietina), three algae (Plocamium mertensii, Laurencia filiformis and Laurencia elata), two plants (Haemodorum simplex and Dianella callicarpa) and one sponge (Dactylospongia sp). The structures of these isolated compounds were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic and chemical methods. This thesis also reports two new crystal structures, the identification of two new methylsilylated derivatives as well as the isolation of thirty seven previously reported compounds in which the complete structural assignment by one and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) has been carried out on known compounds with incomplete or no NMR spectroscopic data. Furthermore, detailed spectroscopic analyses resulted in the re assignment of 1H and 13C chemical shifts for several previously isolated natural products. The biological screening (antimicrobial, antiviral and antitumor assays) of crude extracts and isolated natural products has also been presented. The application of chemical profiling techniques including GCxGC and high pressure liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance (HPLC-NMR) were utilised to assist with the natural product dereplication process (chemical profiling), monitor chemical degradations in situ and to identify the presence of new natural products and artefacts. In total, fifteen separate terrestrial and marine organisms were investigated.

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Kukich, Laura N. "Seasonal Distribution of Higher Filamentous Marine Fungi Along the Salinity Gradient of the Loxahatchee River: Jupiter, Florida." NSUWorks, 2007. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/112.

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Mouzouras, R. "Microbiological aspects of stored timbers from the Mary Rose and the decay of wood by marine fungi." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376466.

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Frank, Marian [Verfasser], Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Proksch, and Matthias U. [Gutachter] Kassack. "Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Endophytic and Marine Fungi / Marian Frank ; Gutachter: Matthias U. Kassack ; Betreuer: Peter Proksch." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2020. http://d-nb.info/121070045X/34.

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Mille-Lindblom, Cecilia. "Interactions between Bacteria and Fungi on Aquatic Detritus – Causes and Consequences." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5771.

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Rocha, Lenilson Coutinho da. "Redução de derivados de acetofenonas e resolução de feniletanóis por biocatálise e imobilização de fungos marinhos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75134/tde-05032013-103630/.

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Este trabalho envolveu reações de biocatálise com objetivo de obter compostos enantiomericamente puros. Assim foram realizadas reações de redução de derivados de acetofenonas, resolução enzimática de alcoóis e azido-alcoóis e imobilização de células fúngicas em suportes sólidos para aplicação em biocatálise. Foi realizada a redução enantiosseletiva da 1-(4-metoxifenil)etanona (1) através da triagem com nove fungos marinhos (Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 935, A. sydowii CBMAI 934, A. sclerotiorum CBMAI 849, Bionectria sp. CBMAI 936, Beauveria felina CBMAI 738, Cladosporium cladosporioides CBMAI 857, Mucor racemosus CBMAI 847, Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186, P. miczynskii CBMAI 930). Os fungos A. sydowii CBMAI 935 e Bionectria sp. CBMAI 936 catalisaram a biorredução estereosseletiva da 1-(4-metoxifenil)etanona (1) para o correspondente (R)-1-(4-metoxifenil)etanol (1a) com excelentes excessos enantioméricos (>99%). Os fungos B. felina CBMAI 738 e P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 catalisaram a biorredução estereosseletiva da cetona 1 para o correspondente S-álcool 1a com 69% de excesso enantiomérico. Os fungos marinhos (A. sclerotiorum CBMAI 849, A. sydowii CBMAI 934, B. felina CBMAI 738, M. racemosus CBMAI 847, P. citrinum CBMAI 1186, P. miczynskii CBMAI 931, P. miczynskii CBMAI 830, P. oxalicum CBMAI 1185, Trichoderma sp. CBMAI 932) foram utilizados na bioconversão assimétrica das iodoacetofenonas 2-4 para os correspondentes iodofeniletanois 2a-4a. Todos os fungos marinhos produziram exclusivamente (S)-o-iodofeniletanol (2a) e (S)-m-iodofeniletanol (3a) com diferentes valores de excessos enantioméricos (62-99%). Os fungos B. felina CBMAI 738, P. miczynskii CBMAI 830, P. oxalicum CBMAI 1185 e Trichoderma sp. CBMAI 932 produziram o correspondente (R)-p-iodofeniletanol (4a) com excessos enantioméricos de 32-99%. A bioconversão da p-iodoacetofenona (4) com células microbianas do P. oxalicum CBMAI 1185 mostrou uma competição entre a reação de redução e oxidação. Também foram realizadas as reduções das ceto-azidas 13-16 com fungos marinhos fornecendo bons resultados de seletividade (28-99% ee). As células microbianas dos fungos A. sclerotiorum CBMAI 849 e P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 foram imobilizadas em suportes de sílica gel, xerogel de sílica e quitosana. As células do P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 imobilizadas em quitosana catalisaram a redução da 1-(4-metoxifenil)-etanona (1) para o correspondente (S)-1-(4-metoxifenil)-etanol (1a) com excelente excesso enantiomérico (>99%). O fungo P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 imobilizado em quitosana também catalisou a biorredução de 2-cloro-1-feniletanona (7) para o 2-cloro-1-feniletanol (7a), mas neste caso, sem seletividade. Neste trabalho também foram realizadas as resoluções quimio-enzimáticas dos (±)-o-iodofeniletanol (2a), (±)-m-iodofeniletanol (3a), (±)-p-iodofeniletanol (4a), (±)-2-azido-1-feniletanol (13a), (±)-2-azido-1-(4-metoxifenil)etanol (14a), (±)-2-azido-1-(4-bromofenil)etanol (15a), (±)-2-azido-1-(4-nitrofenil)etanol (16a) e (±)-2-azido-1-(4-clorofenil)etanol (17a) com a lipase CALB. Os (S)-m-iodofeniletanol (3a) e (S)-p-iodofeniletanol (4a) foram obtidos com excelentes excessos enantioméricos (>99%) e posteriormente foram utilizados na síntese de compostos bifenílcos quirais por reação de acoplamento Suzuki fornecendo bons rendimentos (63-65%). A resolução quimio-enzimática dos azido-alcoóis 13a-17a foram realizadas com lipase Candida atarctica e os (R)-2-azido-1-feniletanol (13a), (R)-2-azido-1-(4-metoxifenil)etanol (14a), (R)-2-azido-1-(4-bromofenil)etanol (15a), (R)-2-azido-1-(4-nitrofenil)etanol (16a) obtidos foram utilizados na síntese dos triazóis quirais (R)-2-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-il)-1-feniletanol (13), (R)-2-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-il)-1-(4-metoxifenil)etanol (14), (R)-2-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-il)-1-(4-bromofenil)etanol (15) e (R)-2-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-il)-1-(4-nitrofenil)etanol (16) e (R)-2-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-il)-1-(4-clorofenil)etanol (17), obtidos com ótimos rendimentos (79-85%). This work involved reactions of biocatalysis in order to obtain enantiomerically pure compounds. Thus reactions were performed reduction of acetophenones derivatives, enzymatic resolution of azido-alcohols, secondary alcohols and immobilization of fungal cells on solid supports for use in biocatalysis. We performed the enantioselective reduction of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone (1) by screening with nine marine fungi (Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 935, A. sydowii CBMAI 934, A. sclerotiorum CBMAI 849, Bionectria sp. CBMAI 936, Beauveria felina CBMAI 738, Cladosporium cladosporioides CBMAI 857, Mucor racemosus CBMAI 847, Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186, P. miczynskii CBMAI 930). The fungi A. sydowii CBMAI 935 and Bionectria sp. 936 CBMAI catalyzed stereoselective bioreduction of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone (1) to the corresponding (R)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol (1a) with excellent enantiomeric excess (>99%). Fungi B. felina CBMAI 738 and P. citrinum 1186 CBMAI catalyzed stereoselective bioreduction of ketone 1 to the corresponding S-alcohol 1a with 69% enantiomeric excess. The marine fungi (A. sclerotiorum CBMAI 849, A. sydowii CBMAI 934, B. felina CBMAI 738, M. racemosus CBMAI 847, P. citrinum CBMAI 1186, P. miczynskii CBMAI 931, P. miczynskii CBMAI 830, P. oxalicum CBMAI 1185, Trichoderma sp. CBMAI 932) were used in the bioconversion of asymmetric iodoacetophenones 2-4 to the corresponding iodophenylethanols 2a-4a. All marine fungi produced exclusively (S)-o-iodophenylethanol (2a) and (S)-m-iodophenyletanol (3a) with different values of enantiomeric excess (62-99%). Fungi B. felina CBMAI 738, P. miczynskii CBMAI 830, P. oxalicum CBMAI 1185 and Trichoderma sp. CBMAI 932 produced the corresponding (R)-p-iodophenylethanol (4a) with enantiomeric excess of 32-99%. The bioconversion of p-iodoacetophenone (4) with microbial cells of P. oxalicum CBMAI 1185 showed a competition between oxidation and reduction reaction. Were also performed reductions of azido-ketones 13-16 with marine fungi providing good results of selectivity (28-99% ee). Microbial cells of fungi A. sclerotiorum CBMAI 849 and P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 were immobilized on supports of silica gel, silica xerogel and chitosan. Whole cells of P. citrinum 1186 CBMAI immobilized on chitosan catalyzed the reduction of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone (1) to the corresponding (S)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol (1a) with excellent enantiomeric excess (>99%). The fungus P. citrinum 1186 CBMAI immobilized on chitosan also catalyzed the bioreduction of 2-chloro-1-phenylethanone (7) to 2-chloro-1-phenylethanol (7a), but in this case without selectivity. In this work were also performed chemo-enzymatic resolutions of (±)-o-iodophenylethanol (2a), (±)-m-iodophenylethanol (3a), (±)-p-iodophenylethanol (4a), (±)-2-azido-1-phenylethanol (13a), (±)-2-azido-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol (14a), (±)-2-azido-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanol (15a), (±)-2-azido-1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanol (16a) and (±)-2-azido-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol (17a) with the lipase Candida atarctica. The (S)-m-iodophenylethanol (3a) and (S)-p-iodophenylethanol (4a) were obtained with excellent enantiomeric excess (>99%) and were subsequently used in the synthesis of chiral biphenyl compounds by the Suzuki reaction with good yields (63-65%). Chemoenzymatic resolution of azido-alcohols 13a-17a were carried out using lipase CALB and (R)-2-azido-1-phenylethanol (13a), (R)-2-azido-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol (14a), (R)-2-azido-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanol (15a), (R)-2-azido-1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanol (16a) obtained were used in the synthesis of chiral triazoles (R)-2-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)-1-phenylethanol (13), (R)-2-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol (14) (R)-2-(1H-benzo [d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanol (15) and (R)-2-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanol (16) and (R)-2-(1H-benzo[d] [1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol (17) obtained in good yields (79-85%).

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47

Trimidi, Aline Teixeira do Brasil Morais. "Biotransformação / Biodegradação do Antibiótico Norfloxacino por Fungos de Ambiente Marinho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75133/tde-14112018-164726/.

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A ocorrência de fármacos no meio ambiente têm despertado o interesse de pesquisadores, uma vez que podem causar efeitos adversos à comunidade biótica. O norfloxacino (NOR) é um fármaco amplamente empregado no tratamento de infecções bacterianas tanto em humanos como em animais, e devido as suas propriedades físico-químicas, tem sido alvo de estudos envolvendo o seu monitoramento e efeitos toxicológicos em micro-organismos, principalmente em ambientes aquáticos. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a investigação da biotransformação/biodegradação do fármaco NOR por fungos derivados de ambiente marinho. Primeiramente, foi realizada uma triagem a partir de 7 cepas fúngicas, das quais 4 foram selecionadas - Penicillium raistrickii CBMAI 931, Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1237, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 1241 e Penicillium raistrickii CBMAI 1235 - para avaliar a influência da adição do fármaco na inoculação dos mesmos. Os experimentos foram realizados na presença do fármaco (0,1 mg mL-1), e em caldo nutritivo (malte 2% em água do mar artificial) por 35 dias (32°C, 130 rpm). A adição do fármaco no dia, e após a inoculação, não influenciou no crescimento dos fungos. No entanto, a formação de produtos de biotransformação foi observada para o experimento com adição do NOR no dia da inoculação, os quais foram identificados por LC-QqTOF, baseando-se na similaridade entre as massas obtidas experimentalmente e teórica, assim como os produtos já reportados na literatura. A porcentagem de biodegradação do fármaco foi determinada para o experimento com adição do fármaco após a inoculação, para os fungos: P. raistrickii CBMAI 931 (34,07%) e A. sydowii CBMAI 1241 (58,91%). Para os experimentos realizados em meio mineral (59,35%) e na presença de um consórcio de fungos (57,05%), não foram observadas diferenças significativas. Não foi possível elucidar a estrutura do produto isolado na presença do fungo A. sydowii CBMAI 1241, devido a sua baixa concentração e a possibilidade de conjugação com substâncias endógenas. Um método analítico foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação da porcentagem de biodegradação do fármaco nos experimentos com os fungos marinhos. The occurrence of drugs on the environment has called attention to researchers, since they can cause adverse effects to the biotic community. The norfloxacin (NOR) is a compound widely used for treatment of serious bacterial infections in human and animals. Due to the physicochemical properties of this compound it has been focus of studies concerning about its monitoring and toxicological effects on microorganisms, mainly in aquatic environment. Thus, in the present study the biotransformation/biodegradation of NOR by marine-derived fungi was investigated. Firstly, it was performed a screening with 7 strain of marine fungi, in a which 4 were selected - Penicillium raistrickii CBMAI 931, Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1237, Aspergillus sydowi CBMAI 1241 and Penicillium raistrickii CBMAI 1235 - to evaluate the influence of NOR addition in the inoculation. The experiments were carried out in the presence of NOR (0,1 mg mL-1) in nutritive broth (malt 2% in artificial sea water) for 35 days (32°C, 130 rpm). The NOR addition on the first day and after inoculation, did not affect the fungal growth. Nevertheless, the formation of biotransformation products was observed to the experiment with addition on the first day. These products were identified by LC-QqTOF, based on the similarity between experimental and theoretical mass, as the products already reported on the literature. The percentage of drug biodegradation was determined for the fungi P. raistrickii CBMAI 931 (34,07%) and A. sydowi CBMAI 1241 (58,91%) for the experiment carried out with NOR addition after inoculation. For the experiments performed in mineral medium (59,35%) and in the presence of fungal consortium (57,05%) no differences were observed for the biodegradation. It was not able to elucidate the structure of isolated product, in the presence of A. sydowii CBMAI 1241, due to its low concentration and probable conjugation with endogenous substances. The analytical method was developed and validated to determine the percentage of drug biodegradation in the experiments with marine fungi.

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48

Adams, Kelly. "Studies on the Seasonal Occurrence And Activity of Higher Filamentous Marine Fungi Inhabiting A South Florida Mangrove Forest." NSUWorks, 2003. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/302.

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Ergosterol analysis techniques are relatively new methods for measuring fungal biomass. Ergosterol is a sterol found in the plasma membrane of eumycotic fungal cells. It is unique to higher filamentous fungi and is not found in the plasma membrane of other eukaryotes. Thus, quantifying fungal biomass can be achieved by isolating ergosterol. The purpose of this study was to measure seasonal changes in fungal biomass in intertidal and submerged wood substrates in a South Florida mangrove ecosystem by ergosterol analysis. In addition, fungal species were identified within a South Florida mangrove forest along the Loxahatchee River. Mesh bags containing four different substrates were placed along Whiskey Creek in John U. Lloyd State Park, Florida The four substrates were Red Oak wood, Quercus rubra, Yellow Pine wood, Pinus leiophylla, Red Mangrove wood, Rhizophora mangle, and R. mangle leaves. Mesh bags were placed in the intertidal zone in January, March, May, and September of 2002 and ergosterol levels were measured each month for the four different substrates. Another set of the four different substrates was completely submerged in August 2002, and ergosterol measurements were recorded monthly. Seasonally, it was found that ergosterol levels were higher in the late spring and early summer months. This might be due to the higher water levels in the winter and fall, which increased competition for the available substrates. Ergosterol levels were noticeably lower in the submerged Red Mangrove leaves as compared to the intertidal Red Mangrove leaves. Newell (1997) found similar results and concluded that leaves in the upper intertidal zone that are exposed to periodic desiccation might favor eumycotic fungal growing conditions, whereas Oomycetes, a mycelial protist, might out-compete higher filamentous fungi in submerged leaves. The marine mangrove fungi found along the Loxahatchee River were similar to the mangrove species reported in previous tropical and subtropical studies. The majority (73%) of species was Ascomycetes. The dominant species were Marinosphaera mangrovei, Hypoxylon oceanicum, Cytospora rhizophorae, and Caryosporella rhizophorae. These species are commonly found on Rhizophora mangle. Noticeable trends in seasonal fungal distributions, in addition to differences in fungal biomass between submerged and intertidal mangrove leaves, were evident during the course of this study. Fungi have been shown to play an important role in nutrient recycling within mangrove ecosystems. This study demonstrated that ergosterol methods are appropriate for the study of mangrove fungi. Future studies will likely provide greater insights into the activities of filamentous marine fungi in estuarine and near-shore ecosystems.

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49

Santos, JoÃo Evangelista de Ãvila dos. "Potential study of chemical and pharmacological of secundary metabolites of coast cearense fungi: Aspergillus sp." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17209.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior This study aimed to the chemical and pharmacological research of biodiversity of marine fungi associated with sediment from the coastline of northeastern Brazil, especially the state of CearÃ. From the collection of marine sediments at the beach Pecem - SÃo GonÃalo do Amarante-CE, were cultivated various fungi, of which the strain identified as Aspergillus sp. (BRF 087), showed a preliminary cytotoxic activity. The methodology has been directed in finding secondary metabolites with cytotoxic activity using a kinetic fungus study was grown in four different media, BD (potato dextrose), BDL (potato dextrose and yeast), MPD (malt, peptone and dextrose ) and MntPL (mannitol, peptone and yeast) and in different culture periods (7, 14, 21, 28 days). This procedure resulted in the isolation of nine diketopiperazines two tetrapeptides cycle, 3 derivatives of succinic acid and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, characterized as cyclo (L-Pro-L-Leu) (A-1), cyclo (L-Pro-L -Phe) (A-2), cyclo (4-OH-Pro-Leu) (A-3), cyclo (4-OH-Pro-Phe) (A-4), cyclo (L-Pro-L-tyr ) (A-5), cyclo (L-Leu-L-Val) (A-6), cyclo (L-Phe-L-Val) (A-7), cyclo (L-Phe-L-Leu) (A-8), cyclo (L-Leu-L-Ile) (A-9), cyclo (L-Ile-L-Pro-L-Leu-L-Pro) (A-10), cyclo (Leu-Ile Leu-Phe) (A-11), 2-metilenosuccinic acid (A-12), 3-Methyl-2-metilenosuccinic (A-13), 4-metoxy-2-methylidene-4-oxobutanoic acid (A-14) and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (A-15). The isolation of secondary metabolites was conducted by using usual chromatographic techniques, including chromatography on reverse phase C18 column and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For structural characterization of the compounds were used customary spectrometric techniques like IR, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), one and two dimensional, and compared with literature data. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal a investigaÃÃo quÃmico-farmacolÃgica da biodiversidade dos fungos marinhos associados a sedimentos da costa litorÃnea do Nordeste do Brasil, e em especial do estado do CearÃ. A partir da coleta de sedimentos marinhos na praia do PecÃm - SÃo GonÃalo do Amarante-CE, foram cultivados vÃrios fungos, dos quais a cepa identificada como Aspergillus sp. (BRF 087), mostrou uma atividade citotÃxica preliminar. A metodologia empregada foi direcionada na busca de metabÃlitos secundÃrios com atividade citotÃxica, atravÃs de um estudo cinÃtico do fungo que foi cultivado em quatro meios diferentes, BD (batata dextrose), BDL (batata dextrose e levedura), MPD (malte, peptona e dextrose) e MntPL (manitol, peptona e levedura) e em diferentes perÃodos de cultivo (7, 14, 21, 28 dias). Este procedimento resultou no isolamento de nove dicetopiperazinas, dois ciclo tetrapeptÃdeos, 3 derivados do Ãcido succinio e o Ãcido p-hidroxifenilacÃtico, caracterizados como ciclo (L-Pro-L-Leu) (A-1), ciclo (L-Pro-L-Fen) (A-2),ciclo (4-OH-Pro-Leu) (A-3), ciclo (4-OH-Pro-Fen) (A-4), ciclo (L-Pro-L-Tyr) (A-5), ciclo (L-Leu-L-Val) (A-6), ciclo (L-Fen-L-Val) (A-7), ciclo (L-Fen-L-Leu) (A-8), ciclo (L-Leu-L-Ile) (A-9), ciclo (L-Ile-L-Pro-L-Leu-L-Pro) (A-10), ciclo (Leu-Ile-Leu-Fen) (A-11), Ãcido 2-metilenosuccinio (A-12), Ãcido 3-metil-2-metilenosuccinio (A-13), Ãcido 4-metoxi-2-metileno-4-oxobutanÃico (A-14) e o Ãcido p-hidroxifenilacÃtico (A-15). O isolamento dos metabÃlitos secundÃrios foi realizado atravÃs do uso de tÃcnicas cromatogrÃficas usuais, incluindo cromatografia em coluna de fase reversa C18 e cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia (CLAE). Para a caracterizaÃÃo estrutural dos compostos foram utilizadas tÃcnicas espectromÃtricas usuais como infravermelho, espectrometria de massa e ressonÃncia magnÃtica nuclear (RMN), uni e bidimensional, alÃm de comparaÃÃo com dados da literatura.

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50

Milanetto, Marilia Cardoso. "Investigação da origem metabólica de derivados da esculetina ativos contra o vírus da SARS." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75131/tde-24082009-170610/.

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Recentemente foram isolados da esponja marinha Axinella cf. corrugata dois compostos derivados da esculetina: o éster metílico do ácido 4-esculetínico e o éster etílico do ácido 4-esculetínico. Este último apresentou importante atividade contra o vírus da SARS. Este projeto teve como meta isolar e cultivar as linhagens de fungos associadas à esponja Axinella cf. corrugata, bem como analisar seus extratos por HPLC-PDA-MS, objetivando a possível detecção desses compostos (ou derivados) nesses extratos. Avaliações preliminares levaram à obtenção de 11 amostras potencialmente relacionadas a esses compostos. Dentre elas, uma apresentou espectros no UV e de massas muito similares aos obtidos para o aduto de sódio do éster metílico do ácido 4-esculetínico. No entanto análises espectroscópicas mais detalhadas por RMN - 1H, RMN - 13C, HSQC, HMBC e COSY da amostra purificada permitiram identificar o composto isolado, a 1,3,6-trihidroxi-8-metil-9H-xanten-9-ona. Simultaneamente às análises químicas, os extratos obtidos a partir das linhagens fúngicas isoladas da esponja Axinella cf. corrugata tiveram suas atividades biológicas avaliadas frente a microrganismos e células tumorais humanas, resultando em mais de 20% dos extratos com alguma atividade biológica. Recently two compounds derived from esculetin have been isolated from the marine sponge Axinella cf. corrugata: the methyl ester of esculetin-4-carboxylic acid and the ethyl ester of esculetin-4-carboxylic acid. The latter displayed antiviral activity against the SARS virus. This project aimed the isolation and the growth of fungal strains associated to the sponge Axinella cf. corrugata, and the subsequent analysis of the fungal extracts by HPLC-PDA-MS, aiming the possible detection of the esculetin compounds (or derivatives) in those extracts. Preliminary analysis yielded 11 samples potentially related to these compounds. Among these extracts, one presented UV and MS spectra very similar to the spectra obtained for the sodium adduct of the methyl ester of esculetin-4-carboxylic acid. However, a detailed spectroscopic analysis of a pure compound isolated by RMN - 1H, RMN - 13C, HSQC, HMBC e COSY allowed the identification of the compound, which is 1,3,6-trihydroxy-8-methyl-9H-xanthen-9-one. Simultaneously to the chemical analysis of the fungal crude extracts, the biological activities of the obtained extracts were evaluated against microrganisms and human tumoral cell lines. More than 20% of the extracts displayed some biological activity.

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